WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION: CSIWZG520

Laboratory Work Sheet -2

Prepared By:
Roll No:
Pre Lab Task:

1) Explain Okumura Model

The Okumura model is an empirical propagation model developed by Yoshihisa Okumura in the
1960s, primarily for use in urban areas of Japan. It is used to estimate the path loss for mobile
radio systems, specifically in the frequency range of 150 MHz to 1920 MHz, although it can be
extended up to 3000 MHz. The model is based on extensive field measurements and is suitable
for both urban and suburban environments. Key features of the Okumura model include:

 Empirical Data: The model is based on extensive measurements across different

environments.
 Correction Factors: It includes correction factors for various types of terrains, such as
urban, suburban, and rural.
 Frequency Range: The model can be applied within the 150 MHz to 3000 MHz
frequency range.
 Path Loss: It accounts for various factors such as distance between the transmitter and
receiver, frequency of operation, and antenna heights.

The Okumura model is expressed as:

L=L0+Af(f)−G(ht)−G(hr)−GA(d)+CL

Where:

 L is the total path loss.

 L0 is the free-space path loss.
 Af(f) is the frequency-dependent correction factor.
 G(ht) and G(hr) are the antenna height gain factors for the transmitter and receiver,
respectively.
 GA(d) is the distance-dependent correction factor.

 C is the terrain correction factor

2) Explain Different Path Loss Models You Know

Path loss models are used to estimate the loss of signal strength as it propagates through space.
Here are some commonly known path loss models:

1. Free-Space Path Loss Model:

 This model assumes line-of-sight (LOS) communication between the

transmitter and receiver.
 The path loss is calculated using the formula:

Lfs=20log10(d) + 20log10(f) + 32.44

 Where d is the distance in kilometers and f is the frequency in MHz.

2. Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model:

 This model considers both the direct path and the ground-reflected path.
 It is more accurate for longer distances and low antenna heights.

3. Hata Model:

 An empirical model derived from the Okumura model, suitable for urban,
suburban, and rural areas.
 It simplifies the Okumura model equations for practical use.

4. Cost-231 Hata Model:

 An extension of the Hata model for frequencies up to 2000 MHz.

 It includes corrections for urban environments, particularly metropolitan
areas.

5. Log-Distance Path Loss Model:

 This model is used when path loss follows a log-normal distribution.

 The path loss increases logarithmically with distance:

L=L0+10nlog10(d/d0)

Where L0 is the path loss at a reference distance d0d, and n is the path loss
exponent.

6. Indoor Models:

 Models like the Log-Distance Path Loss Model are adapted for indoor
environments.
 They account for factors such as walls, floors, and other obstacles.

3) Explain Hata Model

The Hata model is an empirical model developed by Masaharu Hata in 1980. It is based on the
Okumura model and provides a more simplified method to estimate path loss in urban, suburban,
and rural environments. The model is applicable in the frequency range of 150 MHz to 1500
MHz and is particularly useful for mobile communication systems.

Urban Areas:
L=69.55+26.16log10(f)−13.82log10(ht)−a(hr)+(44.9−6.55log10(ht))log10(d)

Where:

 f is the frequency in MHz.

 ht is the height of the transmitter antenna in meters.
 hr is the height of the receiver antenna in meters.
 d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver in kilometers.
 a(hr) is the correction factor for the receiver antenna height.

For suburban and rural areas, adjustments are made to the urban path loss formula:

Lsuburban=Lurban− 2(log10(f/28))2−5.4

Lopen=Lurban−4.78(log10(f))2+18.33log10(f)−40.94

4) Explain the Term Path Loss

Path loss is the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through
space. It is a critical factor in wireless communication systems as it affects the strength and
quality of the received signal. Path loss can result from several factors, including:

 Free-Space Loss: The natural spreading of the wavefront as the distance increases.
 Reflection: Bouncing off surfaces like buildings, ground, and water bodies.
 Diffraction: Bending around obstacles.
 Scattering: Deviation due to small objects and irregularities in the medium.
 Absorption: Loss of signal energy due to interaction with the medium, such as
atmospheric gases, rain, or foliage.

Path loss is usually expressed in decibels (dB) and can be calculated using various models
depending on the environment and application. Understanding and estimating path loss is
essential for designing efficient and reliable wireless communication systems.

Lab Work :

Once we login to the NuvePro lab : Subscription Details | Nuvepro

We need to login to MATLAB software :

Now click on Home and then click on New Live Script

Now we will write below command into Live editor code window :

%Hata-Okumara code to calculate path loss

function L = hata_okumura(f, ht, hr, d, env_type)

% Hata-Okumura model for path loss calculation

% Inputs:

% f - frequency in MHz

% ht - transmitter height in meters

% hr - receiver height in meters

% d - distance in kilometers
% env_type - environment type ('urban', 'suburban', 'open')

if f < 150 || f > 1500

error('Frequency should be in the range 150 MHz to 1500 MHz');

end

if ht < 30 || ht > 200

error('Transmitter height should be in the range 30 m to 200 m');

end

if hr < 1 || hr > 10

error('Receiver height should be in the range 1 m to 10 m');

end

if d < 1 || d > 20

error('Distance should be in the range 1 km to 20 km');

end

% Urban environment specific correction factor

if f > 400

a_hr = 3.2 * (log10(11.75 * hr))^2 - 4.97;

else

a_hr = 8.29 * (log10(1.54 * hr))^2 - 1.1;

end

% Calculate path loss for urban area

L_urban = 69.55 + 26.16 * log10(f) - 13.82 * log10(ht) - a_hr + (44.9 - 6.55 * log10(ht)) * log10(d);

% Adjust path loss based on environment type

switch lower(env_type)

case 'urban'

L = L_urban;
 case 'suburban'

L = L_urban - 2 * (log10(f / 28))^2 - 5.4;

case 'open'

L = L_urban - 4.78 * (log10(f))^2 + 18.33 * log10(f) - 40.94;

otherwise

error('Invalid environment type. Choose from ''urban'', ''suburban'', or ''open''.');

end

end

% Example usage:

% L = hata_okumura(900, 50, 5, 10, 'urban');

% fprintf('Median path loss: %.2f dB\n', L);

Now we will test the program by entering values as parameter in function for Urban, suburban(Medium
size) and open(Small size) areas:

We will write below testing code to pass parameters in the function:

% Test cases

f = 900; % MHz

ht = 50; % meters

hr = 5; % meters

d = 10; % kilometers

% Urban environment

L_urban = hata_okumura(f, ht, hr, d, 'urban');

fprintf('Median path loss (urban): %.2f dB\n', L_urban);

% Suburban environment

L_suburban = hata_okumura(f, ht, hr, d, 'suburban');

fprintf('Median path loss (suburban): %.2f dB\n', L_suburban);

% Open environment

L_open = hata_okumura(f, ht, hr, d, 'open');

fprintf('Median path loss (open): %.2f dB\n', L_open);

%%

We need to write this code after previous code as shown below:

Now click on Live Editor and click run:

We can see the values as output on the right side of screen for Urban, Medium and small size areas.

Explanation

1. Function Definition: The hata_okumura function calculates the median path loss using the Hata-
Okumura model.
2. Input Validation: The function checks if the input parameters are within the valid ranges.
3. Urban Correction Factor: It calculates the correction factor for urban environments.
4. Urban Path Loss Calculation: It calculates the path loss for urban areas.
5. Environment Adjustment: It adjusts the path loss based on the environment type (urban,
suburban, or open).

This MATLAB implementation of the Hata-Okumura model allows for the calculation of median path loss
for different outdoor environments. By testing with various inputs, we can verify the function's accuracy
and reliability. The results provide insights into how environmental factors influence signal propagation,
which is crucial for designing and optimizing wireless communication systems.

The model shows higher path loss in urban environments due to obstacles and reflections, while
suburban and open areas have comparatively lower path loss, emphasizing the importance of terrain
and surroundings in communication planning.