o

-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
✍️. Question Tags:

em
by
• Form: (aux/modal + pronoun+?)

oh

d
- They will not come soon, will they?

aj
ed

-M
•

M
Types:
ev

Al
1. Positive question after negative statement:

by
hi

d
d
- He didn’t work well, will he?
ac

ee
aj

ed
2. Negative question after positive statement:
M

em

ev
- Sara is studying English, isn’t she.
by

hi
• Exceptions:
oh

d
ac

aj
ed

1. The question tag with imperative is “ will you?”:

-M

M
ev

- Open the door, will you?

Al

by
2. The question tag with “Let’s” is “shall we?”;
hi

d
d
ac

ee
- Let’s go shopping, shall we?
aj

ed
M

3. The question tag of “ I am” is “aren’t I?”:

em

ev
- I’m a smart student, aren’t I?
by

hi
oh

d
4. We replace Someone , Everyone, etc.. by “ they”, and Something, Everything

ac

aj
ed

-M

etc.. by “it”:

M
ev

Al

- Someone is knocking the door, aren’t they?

by
hi

- Everything is ok, isn’t it?

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
• Use:
M

em

ev
• To invite agreement ( our voice goes down) :
by

hi
- We are not going to the cinema, aren’t we?
oh

d
• ac

aj
ed

To be sure of something (our voice goes up ) :

-M

M
- Omar told you that, didn’t he?
ev

Al

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
✍️. Reply questions:
M

em

ev
by

•
hi

Form: (aux/modal + pronoun+?)

oh

d
ac

• Types: aj
ed

-M

M
1. Positive question after positive statement:
ev

Al

by

- ‘I’ll finish it for you.’ ‘ will you? thanks.’

hi

d
d

2. Negative question after negative statement:

ac

ee
aj

d
ve

- I haven’t been well.’ ‘Haven’t you? I’m sorry.’

M

em

• Use:
e
by

hi
oh

1. To show that we are interested or surprised about what someone said:

d
ac

aj
d

-M

- ‘You left your bag here.’ ‘ Did I? How silly of me!’

ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
✍️. Reported (Indirect) speech:

em
by

oh

d
aj
ed
• We use reported speech to report what someone said earlier. We report the

-M

M
ev

meaning not the exact words.

Al

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
M
1. Reporting statements with a present tense reporting verb:

em

ev
• The basic steps:
by

hi
oh

d
1- Use say(s) or tell(s).

ac

aj
ed

-M
2- Use (that) it is optional.

M
ev

Al

3- Change the pronouns and what belongs to them: •I → He/She •You

by
hi

d
→I/We• We →they
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
4- Delete the punctuations.
M

em

ev
Don’t change the tense of the verb!
by

hi
oh

d
ac
Examples:

aj
ed

-M

M
ev

a. Tom says, “I like mathematics.” → Tom says that he likes mathematics.

Al

by
hi

b. She says, “I have done the washing up.” → She says that she has done the washing up
d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
c. He says, “we are painting our house today. →He says That they are painting their house
M

em

ev
today.
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
ed

2. Reporting statements using a past tense reporting verb:

-M

M
ev

Al

• The basic steps:

by
hi

d
d

1. Use said or told.

ac

ee
aj

ed
2. Use (that) it is optional.
M

em

ev

3. Change the pronouns and what belongs to them: •I → He/She •You →I/We
by

hi
oh

d
•We →they
ac

aj
ed

-M

4. Delete the punctuations.

M
ev

5. Change the tense of the verb into similar past tense:*

Al

by
hi

d
d

• Simple present → Simple past • Present continuous → Past continuous

ac

ee
aj

d
ve
M

em

• Present perfect → Past perfect • Present perfect continuous → Past perfect

e
by

continuous
hi
oh

d
ac

aj
d

• Past continuous → Past perfect continuous • Simple past → Past perfect

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
• Can → Could • Will → Would • Shall → • Should • May → might • Must → Had to

em
(Now → Then, here → there, tonight → that night, today → that day, yesterday → the previous

by

oh

d
day/the day before, last week → the previous week/the week before, tomorrow → the next

aj
ed

-M
day → the following day, ago → before)

M
ev

Al

by
Examples:
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
a. “ I study my lesson every.”. → He said that he studied his lesson every day.
M

em

ev
b. They said “We are watching TV now.” → They said that they were watching TV
by

hi
Then.
oh

d
ac
c. He said “they arrived late yesterday.” →He said that they had arrived late the

aj
ed

-M

M
previous day/the day before.
ev

Al

d. “I’ll go to Turkey the next month.” →He said that he would go to Turkey the

by
hi

d
d

following month.
ac

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
by

hi
oh

3. Reporting questions using a present reporting verb:

d
ac

aj
ed

• The basic steps:

-M

M
ev

1. Use ask(s) or want(s) to know.

Al

by
2. Use if or whether with Yes/No questions and the question word with wh-
hi

d
d
ac

ee

questions.
aj

ed
M

3. Change the pronouns and what belongs to them: •I → He/She •You

em

ev
→I/We• We →they
by

hi
oh

d
4. Delete the punctuations.
ac

aj
ed

-M

5. change the question into a statement.

M
ev

Al

by
Don’t change the tense of the verb!
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

Examples: ed
M

em

ev
a. “Are you a students?” → He asks if I am a student.
by

hi
oh

b. “Have I passed the exam?” →He wants to know if he has passed

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

the exam.
M
ev

c. “Can you help me?” →He asks If I can help him.

Al

by
hi

d. “What is your job?” →He wanted wants to know what my job is.
d
d
ac

ee

e. “Where does he live?” →He asks where he lives.

aj

d
ve
M

em

f. “How many dollars do you need?” →He asks how many dollars I
e
by

need.
hi
oh

g. “When will they arrive?” →He wants to know when they will arrive?
ac

aj
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
4. Reporting questions using a past reporting verb:

em
• The basic steps:

by

oh

d
1. Use asked or wanted to know.

aj
ed

-M

M
2. Use if or whether with Yes/No questions and the question word with wh-
ev

Al

by
questions.
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
3. Change the pronouns and what belongs to them: • I → He/She •You →I/We
M

em

ev
•We →they
by

hi
oh

d
5.Delete the punctuations.

ac

aj
ed

-M

M
6. Change the question into a statement.
ev

Al

by
hi

7. Change the tense of the verb into a similar past tense.

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
• Simple present → Simple past • Present continuous → Past continuous
M

em

ev
by

• Present perfect → Past perfect • Present perfect continuous → Past perfect

hi
oh

d
continuous

ac

aj
ed

-M

M
• Past continuous → Past perfect continuous • Simple past → Past perfect
ev

Al

by
hi

• Can → Could • Will → Would • Shall → • Should • May → might • Must → Had to
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
(Now → Then, here → there, tonight → that night, today → that day, yesterday → the
M

em

ev
previous day/the day before, last week → the previous week/the week before,
by

hi
oh

d
tomorrow → the next day → the following day, ago → before)
ac

aj
ed

-M

M
Examples:
ev

Al

by
hi

a. Are you a student? →He asked if I was a student.

d
d
ac

ee
aj

b. Have I passed the exam? →He wanted to know if he had ed

M

em

passed the exam.

ev
by

c. Can you help me? →He asked if I could help him.

hi
oh

d
d. Did they arrive yesterday? →He wanted to know if they
ac

aj
ed

-M

had arrived the day before/the previous day.

M
ev

Al

e. What is your job? →He asked what my job was.

by
hi

f. How many dollars do you need? →He wanted to know how

d
ac

ee
aj

many dollars I needed.

ve
M

em

g. What have I bought? →He asked what he had bought.

e
by

hi

h. When will they arrive? →He wanted to know when they

oh

d
ac

aj

would arrive.
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
M

em
5. Reporting commands and request:

by

oh

d
• We use : (Subject + tell/told, order/ordered (for commands) and ask/ asked (for

aj
ed

-M
requests) + Object + to-infinitive + complement).

M
ev

Al

by
_”Sit down.” →She told me to sit down. ( command)
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
_ “Please don’t leave me!” →He asked them not to leave him. (request)
M

em

ev
• For negative requests and commands we use not before the to-infinitive.
by

hi
oh

d
ac
_”Don’t touch the controls “ →He told me not to touch the controls.

aj
ed

-M

M
ev

Al

by
hi

d
d

✍️. Relative Clauses:

ac

ee
aj

ed
M

em

1. Defining Relative Clauses:

ev
by

• We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about a person, thing,

hi
oh

d
ac
possession, place, time, or reason.

aj
ed

-M

M
- She’s the woman who was shouting at me.
ev

Al

• We don’t use commas to separate a defining relative clause from the main clause.

by
hi

d
d

- I’ve found the car which you have lost.

ac

ee
aj

ed
▪ We use relative pronouns with relative clauses:
M

em

ev
• ( who/ that/ whom) for people :
by

hi
oh

a. As a Subject ( who/ that) : I don’t know the person who/that was talking to you.

d
ac

aj
ed

b. As an Object ( who/ that/ whom) : the doctor saw the man who/ that/ whom my
-M

M
ev

father beat yesterday.

Al

by
hi

• (which/that/_) for things:

d
d
ac

ee
aj

c. As a Subject (which/that): I watched the film which/that you told me about .

ed
M

em

d. As an Object (which/that): Someone ate the sandwich which/that I put in the

ev
by

fridge.
hi
oh

d
o We can omit the relative pronoun when it is an object: Someone ate the
ac

aj
ed

-M

sandwich I put in the fridge.

M
ev

Al

o The preposition of a verb comes at the end of the relative clause except (which/
by
hi

whom) it can comes before them.

d
ac

ee
aj

- This is the person who you gave the money to.

ve
M

em

- his is the person to whom you gave the money.

e
by

hi

• (whose) for possession: Did you see the girl whose foot was broken.
oh

d
ac

aj
d

• (where) for place: That’s the house where I grew up.

-M
ve

• (When/that) for time: 2009 is the year when/ that he graduated from college.
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
• (why/ that) for reason: His poverty was the reason why/ that his wife let him down.

em
by

oh

d
aj
ed
2. Non-defining Relative clauses:

-M

M
• We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about a person, thing,
ev

Al

by
possession, place, or time,.
hi

d
d
ac

ee
- The tall man, who was helping us, is my friend.
aj

ed
M
• We use commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from the main clause.

em

ev
- I’ve found the car, which you have lost, near the river.
by

hi
oh

d
▪ We use relative pronouns with relative clauses:

ac

aj
ed

-M
• ( who/ whom) for people :

M
ev

Al

a. As a Subject ( who) : I saw your friend, who is a teacher, driving too fast.

by
hi

d
b. As an Object ( who/ whom) : the doctor assured that the patient, who/ whom we
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
helped yesterday, is getting better.
M

em

ev
• (which) for things:
by

hi
a. As a Subject : The new film, which you told me about it yesterday, is wonderful
oh

d
ac

aj
b. As an Object : I put the big cake , which my mother baked for me, on the table
ed

-M

M
o We cannot omit the relative pronoun with non-relative clauses.
ev

Al

by
o We don’t use (that) with non-relative clauses.
hi

d
d

o The preposition of a verb comes at the end of the relative clause except
ac

ee
aj

ed
(which/ whom) it can comes before them.
M

em

ev
- Your friend, who you gave the money to , is knocking on the door .
by

hi
oh

- Your friend, to whom you gave the money to , is knocking on the door

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

• (whose) for possession: Omar, whose car is red, has lived in London for two years

M
ev

• (where) for place: My house, where I grew up, is unmatched.

Al

by
hi

• (When) for time: He went to London last summer, when his father broke his arm.
d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

M
ev

Al

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

d
ve
M

em

e
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
✍️. Conditionals:

em
by
Zero First Second Third

oh

d
Use Things that are Possible actions or Impossible or actions or • possible actions or

aj
ed

-M
generally true situations in the future situations in the future situations in the past

M
or the present that didn’t happen.
ev

Al
• Regrets or criticisms

by
hi

Form

d
If/When+ present If+ any present tense+ If + past simple/ past If + past perfect/ past
d
ac

ee
simple+ present (will/ can/ could/ may/ continuous+ would/ perfect continuous+
aj

ed
simple. might/ should+ could/ might+ infinitive. would/ could/ might
M

em

ev
infinitive) / Imperative/ have+ past participle.
by

future continuous/

hi
oh

d
future perfect.

ac

aj
ed

Examples ▪ If/ When you heat ▪ If I have a lot of ▪ If you gave me my ▪ If I had got up early, I
-M

M
water, it boils. money, - I will give money, I would buy would have caught
ev

Al

▪ when/ If I see you, I you some. a big house. the bus.

by
hi

get better. ▪ If you are wanting ▪ If they stayed here, ▪ If you had studied
d
d
ac

John, he might not we would have fun. hard, you would

ee
aj

ed
come. have passed the
M

em

ev
▪ If you need help, exam.
call me.
by

hi
oh

Exceptions • We can omit (If) and use (

d
• We can use (was or were)

ac

aj
ed

in the if clause after Had + Subject+ past

-M

participle) in formal

M
(I/he/she/ it)
ev

English.
Al

o If I had told her the

by
o If I was/ were a little
hi

truth, the matters

d

taller, I would be a
ac

ee

would have been

aj

ed
good basketball
player. better. → Had I told her
M

em

ev
• we can use (If I were you) the truth ,‫د‬the matters
would have been
by

to give advice.

hi
oh

better.

d
ac

aj
- If I were you, I would tell
ed

-M

her the truth.

M
ev

Al

by
• we can use ( If+ Subject+
hi

d
d

were+ to-infinitive) in
ac

ee
aj

formal English. ed
M

em

ev
o If you asked me, I
by

would give good

hi
oh

advice → If were you to

d
ac

ask me, I would give

aj
ed

-M

good advice.
M
ev

* we can omit (If) and use

Al

by

(Were + Subject+ to-

hi

d
d

infinitive)
ac

ee
aj

d
ve

- Were you to ask me, I

M

em

would give good advice.

e
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
✍️. I wish/ If only:

em
by
• We use:

oh

d
aj
ed
1. I wish/ If only + past simple to talk about present situations that we want to

-M

M
ev

change:

Al

by
- I wish/ If only I were rich.
hi

d
d
ac

ee
2. I wish/ If only + past perfect to talk about regrets:
aj

ed
M
- I wish/ If only had not eaten that pizza. I feel terrible now.

em

ev
3. I wish/ If only + would+ infinitive to express annoyance:
by

hi
oh

d
- I wish/ If only you wouldn’t shout all the time.

ac

aj
ed

-M
4. I wish/ If only + could+ infinitive to talk about something that we are unable to do:

M
ev

Al

- I wish I could gain more money.

by
hi

d
d
ac

✍️. Passive voice:

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
• We use the passive:
by

hi
oh

d
1. when the doer of the action is not known or not important:

ac

aj
ed

-M

- Someone has stolen my bike. → My bike has been stolen

M
ev

2. when the doer is obvious or ‘people in general:

Al

by
hi

- The police arrested the thief. → The thief was arrested.

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
3. – to avoid saying who was responsible for something:
M

em

- Omar has broken the window. → The window has been broken.

ev
by

hi
oh

• The form:

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

_Active: subject + (auxiliary verb/ modal verb) + main verb + object + qualifying phrase.

M
ev

Al

by
→ _Passive: new object + (auxiliary verb/ modal verb) + an appropriate for of (be) +past
hi

d
d
ac

participle + (by agent) + complement.

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
- They will announce the winner tomorrow. → The winner will be announced
by

hi

tomorrow.
oh

d
ac

- We have sold our house. → Our house has been sold. aj

ed

-M

M
ev

* Note: only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice.

Al

by
hi

d
d

• We use by if we want to mention the agent, and we use with to mention the tool or the
ac

ee
aj

instrument that was used:

ve
M

em

e
by

- The huge tree was cut down by your father last night.
hi
oh

- The man might have been killed with a knife.

ac

aj
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y
 o
-M
Al

d
d

ee
aj
✍️. Causative Form (Have/ Get something done) :

em
by
• We use the causative from (Have/ Get something done) when we don’t do something

oh

d
ourselves but we arrange for someone else to do it for us.

aj
ed

-M
- We are having our car repaired.

M
ev

Al
• The form:

by
hi

d
d
Subject+ have/ get + object+ past participle.
ac

ee
aj

ed
- We had /got all the trees in our garden cut the last month.
M

em

ev
• There are some differences between Get and Have:
by

hi
oh
o We use Have when :

d
ac

aj
ed

1. We talk about something unpleasant:

-M

M
ev

- He had his bike stolen yesterday.

Al

by
2. The emphasis is on the process itself:
hi

d
d
ac

ee
- I like having my house decorated .
aj

ed
M

o We use Get when there’s an effort: finally, I managed to get my car repaired.
em

ev
➢ We can use Have with all tenses and model verbs :
by

hi
oh

d
- She will have her house painted tomorrow.

ac

aj
ed

-M

➢ We don’t use Get with the past or present perfect:

M
ev

Al

- I have just had ( NOT have got) my debt paid.

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

M
ev

Al

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

ed
M

em

ev
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
ed

-M

M
ev

Al

by
hi

d
d
ac

ee
aj

d
ve
M

em

e
by

hi
oh

d
ac

aj
d

-M
ve

M
Al
e

by
hi

d
ac

aj

d
ve
M

ie
y