PIPENET VISIONTM

Standard Module
User and Reference Manual
Software Revision 1.30

© 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Foreword
Standard User and Reference Manual
Sunrise Systems Limited

This manual is designed to act as a user and reference

guide for the Standard module revision 1.30. It contains a
number of tutorial examples which should help both new
users and users of previous PIPENET® modules.

PIPENET® and PIPENET VISION are registered trademarks of Sunrise Systems Limited. All other names
and services mentioned in this manual that are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks, are the
property of their respective owners.
 Contents I

Table of Contents
Foreword 0

Part 1 Sunrise Systems 3

1 Welcome ................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Sunrise - Product
...................................................................................................................................
Modules 3
3 Obtaining Support
................................................................................................................................... 4
4 Sunrise - How
...................................................................................................................................
to Contact Us 4
5 Conventions
...................................................................................................................................
used in this document 4

Part 2 Installation 8
1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Prerequisites
................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Updating a...................................................................................................................................
key license 8
4 Security Key
...................................................................................................................................
Problems 9

Part 3 A Tour of the User Interface 14

1 Overall view
................................................................................................................................... 14
2 The Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Window 15
3 Tabular view
...................................................................................................................................
window 16
4 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
Window 16
5 Component
...................................................................................................................................
Properties 17
6 Fittings ................................................................................................................................... 19
7 The Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Overview Window 19
8 Menus ................................................................................................................................... 20
File Menu ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Edit Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 22
View Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Libraries Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Options Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Colouration
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu 26
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu 26
Tools Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Window Menu
......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Help Menu......................................................................................................................................................... 28
9 Toolbars ................................................................................................................................... 29
Standard Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Options Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Toolbar 30
Tag Toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Find toolbar
......................................................................................................................................................... 32

Part 4 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 34

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II PIPENET® Standard Module

1 Network Representation
................................................................................................................................... 34
2 Labelling...................................................................................................................................
the diagram 34
3 Labels ................................................................................................................................... 34
4 Inlets and...................................................................................................................................
Outlets 35
5 Network Topology
................................................................................................................................... 35
6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and Design Phases 36
7 Three pipe
...................................................................................................................................
system 38
8 Specifying
...................................................................................................................................
Units 39
9 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 39
10 Entering the
...................................................................................................................................
network data 40
11 Undefined
...................................................................................................................................
or invalid components 42
12 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 42
13 Calculating
................................................................................................................................... 44
14 Inspecting
...................................................................................................................................
the results 45
15 Saving and
...................................................................................................................................
loading the network 46

Part 5 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution

System 48
1 Nitrogen ...................................................................................................................................
distribution system 48
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 49
3 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry 51
4 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 54
5 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 54

Part 6 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air

Extraction System 58
1 Machine extraction
...................................................................................................................................
system 58
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 59
3 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry 61
4 Fan data ................................................................................................................................... 63
5 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 64
6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 65

Part 7 Example 4 - Closed Loop Cooling

System 68
1 Closed loop
...................................................................................................................................
cooling system 68
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 69
3 Pump data
...................................................................................................................................
and the library 71
4 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry 72
5 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 73

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 Contents III

6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 74

Part 8 Example 5 - Design of a Steam

Network 76
1 Design of...................................................................................................................................
a steam network 76
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 77
3 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pipe type 78
4 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry 80
5 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 81
6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results 81

Part 9 The Schematic 84

1 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Window 84
2 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Underlay 84
3 Selection...................................................................................................................................
Tool 85
4 Pan and Zoom
...................................................................................................................................
Tool 86
5 Area Tool................................................................................................................................... 86
6 Polygon Tool
................................................................................................................................... 87
7 Text Tool ................................................................................................................................... 89
8 Link Component
...................................................................................................................................
Tools 90
9 Pipe and ...................................................................................................................................
Duct Component Tools 91
10 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Printing 91
11 Exporting...................................................................................................................................
the Schematic 92
12 Moving around
...................................................................................................................................
the network 93

Part 10 The Tabular View 96

1 Tabular View
................................................................................................................................... 96
2 Validation................................................................................................................................... 97
3 Copying Cells
................................................................................................................................... 98

Part 11 Specifications 102

1 Introduction
...................................................................................................................................
to Specifications 102
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Rules 103
3 Breaks and
...................................................................................................................................
Blocks 104
4 User Interface
................................................................................................................................... 104

Part 12 Status Checking 110

1 Status checking
................................................................................................................................... 110
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Checks 110
3 Height Checking
................................................................................................................................... 111

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 IV PIPENET® Standard Module

Part 13 Colour Schemes 114

1 Colour Schemes
................................................................................................................................... 114
2 Tagging ................................................................................................................................... 117
3 Background
...................................................................................................................................
Colours 117

Part 14 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic

Grade Line 120
1 Elevation
...................................................................................................................................
Profile Graph 120
2 Hydraulic
...................................................................................................................................
Grade Line 122

Part 15 Add Multiple Pipes 124

1 Add multiple
...................................................................................................................................
pipes dialog 124

Part 16 Libraries 128

1 Libraries................................................................................................................................... 128
2 Library Editor
................................................................................................................................... 129
3 Pipe Schedules
................................................................................................................................... 131
4 Fittings ...................................................................................................................................
Library 132
5 Control ...................................................................................................................................
Valves 133
6 Fluids library
................................................................................................................................... 134
7 Pumps -...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients Unknown 135
8 Pumps -...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients Known 137
9 Editing System
...................................................................................................................................
Libraries 138

Part 17 Specifying options 140

1 Title ................................................................................................................................... 140
2 Standard
...................................................................................................................................
Options 141
3 Units options
................................................................................................................................... 142
4 Fluid ................................................................................................................................... 146
5 Pipe Types
................................................................................................................................... 147
6 Display ...................................................................................................................................
options 148
7 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
Options 151
8 Standard...................................................................................................................................
Tables 152
9 Defaults................................................................................................................................... 153

Part 18 Modeling 156

1 Fluid specification
................................................................................................................................... 156
2 Design Facility
................................................................................................................................... 157
3 Ambient...................................................................................................................................
pressure correction 158
4 Pipe Modelling
................................................................................................................................... 158

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 Contents V

5 Ducts ................................................................................................................................... 160

6 Pumps ................................................................................................................................... 160
7 Non-return
...................................................................................................................................
valve 166
8 Control ...................................................................................................................................
Valves 167
9 Filters ................................................................................................................................... 168
10 Nozzles ................................................................................................................................... 169
11 Leaks ................................................................................................................................... 170
12 Properties
................................................................................................................................... 170
13 Orifice Plates
................................................................................................................................... 171
14 Fixed pressure
...................................................................................................................................
drops 172

Part 19 Exporting the Schematic 174

1 HP-GL/2...................................................................................................................................
Output 174
2 DXF Ouput
................................................................................................................................... 174

Part 20 Errors 178

1 Errors ................................................................................................................................... 178
2 Basic errors
................................................................................................................................... 178
3 Input errors
................................................................................................................................... 179
4 Global errors
................................................................................................................................... 179
5 Specific...................................................................................................................................
component errors 181
6 Numerical
...................................................................................................................................
errors 182

Part 21 Reference Data 184

1 Bibliography
................................................................................................................................... 184
2 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
of water 184
3 Surface ...................................................................................................................................
Roughness 184
4 Physical...................................................................................................................................
Constants 185
5 Built-in Fittings
................................................................................................................................... 185
6 Built-in Fluids
................................................................................................................................... 186
7 Built-in Gases
................................................................................................................................... 186

Index 189

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 Sunrise Systems

Part

1
 Sunrise Systems 3

1 Sunrise Systems
1.1 Welcome
Welcome to the latest version of the PIPENETÒ modules, collectively referred to as
PIPENET VISIONTM. This version includes a number of improvements, for example:

· All PIPENET modules are certified to operate under Windows Vista

· Ability to export the network as an AutoCAD DXF file
· Addition of new Polygon tool, allowing the selection of non-rectangular areas
· The ability to define pump curves using cubic coefficients and cubic splines in
addition to quadratic curves.
· The maximum number of library pumps allowed has been increased from 50 to
120
· The maximum number of library fluids allowed has been increased from 20 to
50
· Ability to copy pump and control valve plots from the the library dialogs to the
Windows clipboard.

Windows Vista and the location of the Examples directory

For support of the PIPENET modules under Windows Vista, it has been necessary to
change the installed location of the Examples directory. This is because Vista does not
allow data files to be stored anywhere under C:\Program Files.

Examples for all modules can now be found in the following locations:

Windows 2000/XP:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Pipenet\Examples

Windows Vista:
C:\ProgramData\Pipenet\Examples

A shortcut to the Examples directory is to be found in the Windows Start menu and the
directory can also be found on the installation CD.

1.2 Sunrise - Product Modules

The PIPENET suite of programs has been designed to enable the accurate simulation of
the flow of fluid through a network of pipes and other components. The full suite of
programs consists of the following modules:

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 4 PIPENET® Standard Module

Standard Module For the analysis of the single phase flow of liquids and gases.
Spray Module For the analysis of fixed fire-protection systems employing water.
Transient Module For the analysis of transient flow in all types of network
employing a liquid.

1.3 Obtaining Support

Support queries, or details of any problems experienced, should be emailed to:

[email protected].
If you are experiencing problems with a specific PIPENET network please remember to attach the
data files, together with any associated library files, to the email. For PIPENET VISION files
include the .SDF data file and the associated .SLF file, For PIPENET Classic files include the
.DAT file together with the any associated library files, .PDF, .PMP, .UFL, and .VLB. Please also
include any other information that might help in locating the source of the problem.
For queries relating to installation, in particular security key problems, include the key number.
For USB keys this is a five digit number of the form 1nnnn or 2nnnn. For parallel port keys the
number is located in the bottom right-hand corner of the key label (not the Sunrise address label).
Before sending any queries relating to the installation of the software make sure that you have
read the trouble-shooting section in this document and provide details of any error messages
encountered during installation.

1.4 Sunrise - How to Contact Us

Sunrise Systems Limited may be contacted by post, by fax, by email or via our website:

Sunrise Systems Limited

Sunrise Business Park
Ely Road
Waterbeach
Cambridge
CB25 9QZ
United Kingdom

Telephone +44 1223 441311

Fax: +44 1223 441297
email [email protected]
web site http:\\www.sunrise-sys.com

1.5 Conventions used in this document

The following are the conventions used in this manual:

· Items such as File | New shown in bold indicate the selection of an option from a
menu. The item before the vertical bar is the main menu item and the item after

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 Sunrise Systems 5

the vertical bar is the specific menu option. For example; File | New indicates
that the menu option New is to be selected from the File menu.

· Capitalised item shown in bold, for example Apply, generally indicate the
selection of a button or item in a dialog.

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 Installation

Part

2
 8 PIPENET® Standard Module

2 Installation
2.1 Installation
Installation of a PIPENET module will have been described in the installation guide,
which accompanies the CD-ROM. This chapter deals with problems that may occur once
the software has been installed from CD-ROM.

2.2 Prerequisites
To run any of the PIPENET modules, you need the following:

· A valid PIPENET license provided by an appropriate HASP security key

· A release CD-ROM
· A PC with an Intel Pentium IV (or equivalent) processor
· 128Mbyte memory
· At least 40 Mbytes of free disk storage
· Microsoft Windows 2000, XP or Vista
· A display monitor with a resolution of at least 800 x 600, but preferably 1024 x
768 or even 1280 x 1024

2.3 Updating a key license

Depending on the type of licence, a security key may be restricted in its use in some way.
For example, it may only license some of the PIPENET modules, it may be restricted to
run a specific release, or it may have an expiry date applied to one or more modules
licensed by the key.

Keys can be re-programmed without needing to returned to Sunrise Systems Limited for
re-programming, using an encrypted file which can be sent by email to the customer.

Expiry dates
If a module has been licenced with an expiry date, then any attempt to use the module
beyond the expiry date will result in the key no longer being recognized as a valid key. If a
key expires then Sunrise Systems should be contacted, requesting an update. If approved,
a small encrypted text file will be sent to the customer by email.

Updating a licence file

When you are in receipt of an encrypted licence file then proceed as follows to update the
security key:

1. Make sure that you have started PIPENET and there is no network open
2. Select the menu option Help | Update key and the following message will be
displayed:

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 Installation 9

3. Selecting ok will display a dialog for navigating to the encrypted licence file
4. As soon as you have selected the licence file a second dialog will be displayed,
hopefully indicating the success of the operation:

5. If the operation fails then Sunrise Systems should be contacted for further
assistance, which may necessitate the return of the key. This may occur with
security keys that are several years old.

Note that the encrypted licence file is only valid for a specific key, as identified by the
number in the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label. For parallel port keys this will
be a four digit number, for USB keys a 5 digit number greater than 10000. Note also that a
licence file can only be used once to update a key, if an attempt is made to update a
security key more than once, the second and subsequent attempts will fail.

2.4 Security Key Problems

If you have got as far as installing the software then the most common problems
encountered are those to do with licensing. If you can load the software but cannot open or
create a problem because of an error message relating to a security key or licensing
problem then proceed as follows.

Security access rights

It is important that the installation of PIPENET modules be performed with Administrator
access rights and privileges. These rights and privileges are required for:

· Installation of the drivers for the security key

· Addition and/or updating of system files in the Windows System directory. (note

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10 PIPENET® Standard Module

that PIPENET will never replace an existing file in this directory if it is more
recent than the one shipped with PIPENET).
· Access to the Windows' System registry

If you did not have these rights when you installed the software then the key drivers will
not have been correctly installed and thus the software cannot be run. Re-install the
software having obtained the necessary rights and privileges. Contact your IT support
group if you are unsure as to how to proceed.

Fitting the security key

A USB key must be fitted to an available USB port and a parallel key to port LPT1:. If
you are using a parallel port key then the key may be fitted in series with security keys
provided by other software manufacturers.

Licensing provided by a key

Each key is specifically programmed for the needs of each user. Depending on the
licensing agreement, the key will be programmed:

· for one or more PIPENET modules,

· for a specific number of runs or unlimited number of runs
· for use before a programmed expiry date.

If the key is not programmed for the module you are attempting to run, or the number of
runs has expired, or the key has passed its expiry date then any error messages displayed
will inform you of the specific error.

If the key is correctly fitted and the drivers have been correctly installed then the status of
the key and the licences available can be checked via the Help | Key Status menu option. If
the security key is correctly fitted then this will display the key details, including key
number and customer name, in addition to licensing details.

Checking installation of security key drivers

If you have followed all of the instructions above and you have a key licence for the
module you are trying to run then you should have no further problems. However, if you
are still having problems, please perform the following checks and email the results to
Sunrise Systems. Be sure to include the key number. If you cannot run Key Status then the
key number is also printed in the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label.

Trouble shooting
The most common reasons for failure are not having the correct key fitted or the key
drivers were not installed correctly. If the key drivers were not installed then the most
likely reason for the failure is that you did not have the necessary access rights during
installation. The following summarises the checks you should perform to locate the source
of the problem:

1. Check that you are using a security key appropriate to the module you are trying
to run.

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 Installation 11

2. Check that the key is correctly fitted to a USB or parallel port on the computer
where you are attempting to run the PIPENET software.
3. You must have Windows’ Administrator privileges to install the key drivers
since changes are made to the System Registry. If you do not have these rights
you will have to contact your IT department to set up your account details. It is
recommended that you contact your IT department anyway to confirm any other
rights and restrictions there may be.
4. Check that you have read and write access rights to the drive where the software
will be installed (by default C:) and where the temporary files will reside (also
by default drive C:). This is necessary since some organisations prohibit their
users from accessing the local disk and selected network drives, other than for
read access. Again if you do not have these rights then you will have to contact
your IT department.
5. Please check (re-install if necessary) that the software and key drivers are
correctly installed.
6. The installation of the key drivers can be checked by running the program
KEYSETUP.EXE which can be found in the keydriver sub-directory of the
PIPENET installation directory. Running this program produces the display:

Select the Check key drivers button to confirm installation. Entering this
command will display the status of the key drivers, which if correctly installed
will display the date of installation and other information on printer port,
version number of driver etc.
7. If step 5. reports that the key driver is not installed then terminate any running
PIPENET module and select the three buttons in the sequence Remove key
drivers, Install key drivers and Check key drivers.
8. The last of the four buttons in the dialog, Check key, will attempt to read the
key, displaying the internally stored key number and the customer name. The
customer name may not be present on very old keys but the key number should
always be readable if the key drivers are correctly installed.

The key check utility is stored on your hard drive during installation in the sub-directory

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12 PIPENET® Standard Module

keydriver, the key check utility program is named KeySetup.exe.

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A Tour of the User Interface

Part

3
 14 PIPENET® Standard Module

3 A Tour of the User Interface

3.1 Overall view
The user interface is common to all PIPENET modules, although the toolbars and menus
may vary slightly to reflect the different features available. When the program is started
and a PIPENET data file is opened the screen will appear thus:

The four main windows depicted are as follows:

· Upper-left: a Properties Window used for displaying the attributes of the

currently selected component. This window replaces the dialogs of earlier
versions of the software since data can be entered and edited in this window.
· Lower-left: Schematic Overview Window showing an overall view of the
schematic, with a rectangle showing the region covered by the main schematic.
The rectangle may be dragged, with the main schematic window being
automatically scrolled to reflect the changes. Conversely, scrolling the main
window or changing the zoom factor will change the position and/or size of the
rectangle in the Overview window.
· Upper-right: the Schematic Window, essentially as in the previous versions of
PIPENET, but allowing colour coding, multiple selections, an improved Area
Tool with copy, paste, delete, flip and invert operations, and an unlimited

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 A Tour of the User Interface 15

undo/redo facility.
· Lower-right: a Tabular View of the database is provided by a browse window, via
which the user can display and edit component properties, and display results.

The Tabbed Properties and Schematic Overview windows can be closed by clicking the
button at the top-right of each window. To re-display the windows select either the View |
Properties or View | Schematic Overview option.

The Properties Window and the Schematic Overview can be moved to the right-hand side
of the screen or "floated" by clicking and dragging the top of each window.

At the top of the screen is the usual assortment of menus and toolbars and at the bottom
the status bar.

Menu styles
The menus are arranged differently to the previous PIPENET programs, although users of
other Windows' programs may find them more familiar. To revert to the old style of menu
select the menu option Window | Use pipenet menu style. To revert to the new window
style select Window | Use Windows menu style. See also the Window Menu.

3.2 The Schematic Window

The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products but has a number of improvements.

When the window is first displayed it is presented with a light-grey background suitable
for general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However,
for coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable
for viewing.

New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette
and then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.

All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label.
Labeled elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are
used (no tags) with each component type having its own set of unique labels.

The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed
using the Display Options dialog.

Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a
background to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via
the View menu. The underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to
achieve relative scaling and registration. Zooming the network, zooms the underlay by the
same selected zoom factor. In normal use the procedure to use an underlay commences
with a new network:

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 16 PIPENET® Standard Module

1. Import and display the underlay.

2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

3.3 Tabular view window

The Tabular View window provides details of attributes and results for network
components. Data may be entered and edited via this view, columns re-arranged and
attributes/results printed. In fact the grid provides many of the properties (but no
calculation facilities) associated with a spreadsheet product such as Windows Excel or
Lotus 123. Copy/paste facilities are provided with unlimited undo/redo capability.

More than one Tabular View window may be open at a time, each showing the same or a
different component type.

Tabular View windows are opened via the View menu.

3.4 Properties Window

This is a tabbed set of windows showing:

1. The Properties of the currently selected component, including where appropriate

a graph, for example, a pump curve or a filter profile. Unlike earlier versions of
PIPENET, properties can be entered and edited via this window. When a
calculation has been performed this window will also contain the results for the
component. Properties are displayed in three columns; the first is the name of the
property, the second the current value of the property and the third the units
(where appropriate). Properties are either entered explicitly as values or text
strings or a value is selected from a drop-down list of acceptable values. If a
property cell is greyed out it indicates that the value of the property cannot be
edited.
2. a fittings window for assigning fittings to pipes.

The Tabbed properties window is normally displayed but if closed it can be re-opened via
the View menu.

Pump operating point

Following a calculation, the operating point for each pump will be displayed on the
pump curve in the properties window. The operating point is indicated by a small red
triangle and will be at the point where the pressure and flow match the calculated results
for the pump.

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 A Tour of the User Interface 17

3.5 Component Properties

This window displays the properties (and possibly results) associated with the currently
selected component. If no component is selected the window is blank.

When a component has been drawn on the schematic it will be assigned default
parameters. These defaults may be edited in the properties tab. Data entry fields in the
properties window are either straightforward numeric or text entry, or of the selection style
when there is a limited number of options available. Fields which cannot be edited will be
"greyed" out.

The properties for all components are displayed in the same general manner: In the top
left-hand corner of the grid is the symbol for the component, below this a number of rows,
one for each attribute or result. Each row comprises of three columns:

· Column 1 - Name of attribute or result.

· Column 2 - Displays the value of the attribute or result. The value displayed here
may be edited unless it has been "greyed" out.
· Column 3 - Units where appropriate.

The above example shows the attributes for a pipe. All attributes can be edited: The length
and elevation of the pipe are shown in feet and the diameter in inches. The status of the
pipe is selectable from a drop-down list, and will be one of Normal, Blocked or Broken.
To edit a field click in the appropriate row in the second column and enter the new value,
or select from the available options. To accept the value enter Tab to move down to the
next field or Enter on the keyboard. Values with a light-grey background cannot be edited.
Changes made in the window can be undone and redone using the undo and/redo keys:

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18 PIPENET® Standard Module

The left key is Undo and the right key Redo.

Scroll buttons
In the bottom right-hand corner of the window are two scroll buttons, these are used to
move from the currently displayed component to the next or previous component of the
same type. For example, if a pipe is currently displayed, selecting the left button will move
to the previous pipe (if there is one). Pressing the right button will move to the next
component. Components are ordered in the sequence in which they were created.

Display of accompanying graph

Some components may have an accompanying graph. If so, this is also displayed in the
Properties window. For example, selecting a pump in the network will display the pump
curve along with the pump parameters. Currently graphs are displayed for pumps and
filters.

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 A Tour of the User Interface 19

3.6 Fittings
If the currently selected component is a pipe or a duct then this window will display the
fittings on the pipe or duct.

The top window displays a list of available fittings, the bottom a list of the fittings
currently selected on the pipe. The lower window displays for each fitting type; the fitting
name, the K-factor and the number of fittings selected on the pipe. Below the window is
shown the sum of the K-factors for all fittings.

Adding a fitting
To add a fitting to a pipe select the desired fitting from the top window and then the Add
button. Each selection of the Add button adds one fitting of the selected type to the pipe.

Removing a fitting
To remove a fitting select the desired fitting type in the bottom window and then the
Remove button. Each selection of the Remove button removes one fitting of the selected
type.

3.7 The Schematic Overview Window

The Schematic Overview Window provides an overall view of the schematic with a
rectangle showing the part of the network currently displayed in the schematic window.
The rectangle tracks changes in size and position of the main schematic window but the
rectangle in the overview can also be dragged to effect a scroll of the main schematic
window.

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 20 PIPENET® Standard Module

Display of the Overview window, which is not shown on starting the program, is achieved
via the View | Schematic Overview menu option.

3.8 Menus
3.8.1 File Menu
The available options will be from the following. The displayed options will vary
depending on whether or not a network is open.

New
Creates a new network. If licenses are available for more than one module type a
prompt will be displayed requesting the PIPENET module be selected; Standard,
Spray/Sprinkler or Transient.

Open
Opens an existing data file - files may be old format data files with a .DAT file
extension or new style files with a .SDF file extension.

Close
Closes the network - if changes have been made to the network you will be
prompted to save the file first before closing.

Save
Saves the current network and continue working

Save As
Saves the current file under a different file name.

Export...
This will export the current network as an old style .DAT file together with any
associated old-style library files, that is .PDF files, .UFL files, etc. When

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selecting this option you should be aware that some graphical information will
not be saved, for example colour schemes. When prompted for a file name enter
the name of the .DAT file, any associated library files will be saved with the same
name, but with a different file extension.

Autosave...
AutoSave is a feature that can be used to automatically save your edits and
modifications periodically. Select this option to set the interval, in minutes, at
which the network is to be automatically saved. The default is zero indicating that
the autosave feature is disabled.

Open Library
Opens an external system library.

Import Library
Imports a library file - opens a system library or old format library file (e.g. .pmp
pump library file) and import its definitions into the local user library.

Print
Print the schematic or the grid - which is printed will depend on which of the
two windows is selected. If in doubt, click in the desired window before selecting
Print. If the grid is selected, the current grid page will be printed. If the schematic
is selected then a dialog box is displayed via which the user can select the
scaling and hence the number of pages required to print the schematic.

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Print Preview
Previews appearance of printed output.

Print Setup
This option displays a standard Windows dialog from which the user can select a
particular printer, landscape or portrait mode, etc.

Exit
Exits PIPENET.

Recently used file list

Provides a list of recently opened files.

3.8.2 Edit Menu

This menu provides a number of edit related functions:

Undo
Undoes last operation - this command will undo the last change made in the
Schematic, Properties or Tabular View window. Following the word Undo is a
brief description of the last operation performed.

Redo
Redoes last undone operation - as with the Undo command, following the word
Redo is a brief description of the last undo operation.

Cut
Combination of a copy operation followed by a delete.

Copy
If the select tool is in operation this will copy the attributes of the selected
component. If the Area tool is in use it will copy all components within the
selection rectangle.

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Paste
If the select tool is in operation this will paste the last copied attributes to the
selected component as long as the components are of the same type, i.e. both
pipes, both pumps, etc. If the Area tool is used it will paste all components copied
by the last copy operation.

Paste in column
This option is only available in the Tabular View. When a single cell in a column
is selected, it will reproduce the contents of the cell in all cells in the same
column.

Mirror
Used with the Area Tool to mirror the contents of the selected area left-right.

Invert
Used with the Area Tool to invert the contents of the selected area.

Undo/redo on the toolbar

Note the undo and redo operations are available via two shortcut buttons in the toolbar:

The left button is the Undo and the right button Redo.

3.8.3 View Menu

The view menu controls some aspects of the overall appearance of the various windows.

Toolbar
Displays or hides the main toolbar containing the file and edit related buttons -
this is best left displayed at all times.

Status Bar
Displays or hides the Windows status bar - this is best left displayed at all times.

Palette
Displays or hides the palette bar which is used to select the tool for drawing
within the schematic window - this is best left displayed at all times.

Schematic Window
Opens the schematic window if for some reason it has been closed - only one
schematic window can be open.

Data Window
Opens a tabular view window - more than one tabular view window can be open
at any one time.

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Properties
Displays or hides the Properties Window which contains the tabbed set of
windows providing information on the currently selected component and its
fittings.

Schematic Overview
Displays or hides the Schematic Overview Window.

Zoom
Used to zoom the network and/or the graphical underlay.

View graphical underlay

Selecting this option will display a graphical underlay which has been imported
from a Windows .EMF file.

Import graphical underlay

Selecting this option will display a graphical underlay which has been imported
from a Windows extended metafile (.EMF), a Windows metafile (.WMF) or an
AutoCAD .DXF file.

The imported graphic is displayed near the centre of the window scaled to fit the
current size of the window. The size of the imported graphic can be controlled by
zoom (see above). Its position is currently not controllable. However using the
Area tool to move the network, the registration between the underlay and the
PIPENET network can be adjusted. The intensity of the displayed image,
specified as a percentage, can be controlled via the underlay tool (The U button)
on the Options toolbar.

3.8.4 Libraries Menu

Before attempting to use libraries, the user should first read the chapter on libraries.

The Libraries menu contains a number of module specific entries. Those for the Standard
module include:

Schedules
Define or edit pipe schedules in the local user library.

Fittings
Define or edit pipe fittings in the local user library.

Control valves
Define or edit control valves in the local user library.

Fluids
Define or edit library fluids in the local user library.

Pumps - coefficients unknown

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 A Tour of the User Interface 25

Define or edit pumps with unknown coefficients in the local user library.

Pumps - coefficients known

Define or edit pumps with known coefficients in the local user library.

Selecting any of these options displays a tabbed dialog with the appropriate library edit
selected. It is important to note that these edits are applied to the definitions in the Local
User Library. To edit System libraries select the last option Edit system Libraries.

The final option in the Libraries menu opens a very similar window except that in this
case edits are performed on a named System Library. It is important to re-emphasis the
distinction between Local User Libraries, where changes made only affect the current
user, and System Libraries, where changes may affect other users.

3.8.5 Options Menu

Options displays a tabbed dialog for viewing and setting the various options in use:

· Title - Title for the network. Up to four lines of text may be specified.
· Module Options - Various modeling options.
· Units - Units to be used.
· Fluid - Fluid properties.
· Pipe Types - Pipe types.
· Display options - Schematic display options.
· Calculation- Calculation options, including tolerances.
· Output tables - Selection of which output results are to appear in the browser
output.

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 26 PIPENET® Standard Module

· Defaults - Default information for pipes and nozzles (module dependent).

3.8.6 Colouration Menu

This menu contains three items which can be used to setup the colouring of nodes and/or
pipes and ducts based on the value of one or more attributes. The options are described in
detail in Colour Schemes.

Simple rules
This option is used to define the colouring of links and or nodes based on the
value of a single attribute or result. For example node elevation, pipe length,
velocity of fluid through pipe, and so on.

Complex nodes
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for nodes based on
the values of more than one attribute or result.

Complex links
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for pipes and ducts
based on the values of more than one attribute or result.

3.8.7 Calculation Menu

This menu provides a number of calculation and output related commands:

Check
Check conditions for calculation - checks that specifications are complete and
consistent and, if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are consistent. This
option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described in Status
Checking.

Spec. for Calculation

Displays the Options dialog with the Calculation options tab displayed.

Input data
Runs validation in calculator, producing an output browser file. Validation does
not consume a calculation for those users with metered licenses.

Pipe Sizing
Runs the pipe sizing phase of the calculation only. his phase will calculate the
bore of any pipes with an undefined bore. Validation does not consume a
calculation for those users with metered licenses. Pipe sizing is only possible if
there is at least one pipe type and there are no ducts in the system.

Calculate
Runs a calculation, consuming one calculation for those users with metered keys.

Browse

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Browse the output of the last calculation or the last request for input.

3.8.8 Tools Menu

The tools menu provides a number of useful tools:

Tag selected items

Used in colour coding to tag, or mark, selected components as being significant
in some way so that they can be colour coded.

Remove tags
Marks all tagged components as untagged.

Make Path
Used in the construction of an elevation profile to construct a path though two or
more selected nodes.

Export clipboard
Copies schematic to clipboard - from where it can be pasted into other
applications.

Export HP-GL/2
Exports schematic as an HP-GL/2 file containing instructions for off-line
plotting. HP-GL/2 is Hewlett-Packard's standardized Graphics Language
supported by many CAD and graphics programs and peripherals. On selecting
this option you will prompted to supply an output file name.

Export DXF file

Exports schematic as an AutoCadÔ DXF file, which can be used as input to
many CAD programs. On selecting this option you will prompted to supply an
output file name.

Add multiple pipes

This tool provides a means of defining a run of pipes based on a table of
elevations and distances. From this data, if supplied in a suitable form, the
PIPENET module can automatically generate a sequence of pipes with the correct
lengths and rises (elevation changes). For further information on this facility see
the Add multiple pipes section.

3.8.9 Window Menu

In addition to the standard Windows window menu offering options to Tile or Cascade
windows, this menu also offers an option to switch the appearance and ordering the menus
between two styles: New style, which closely resembles other windows programs, and
PIPENET style, which has a similar ordering to earlier versions of the program. However,
there are some obvious differences. For example there is no view menu and most options
are displayed on a tabbed dialog. To revert to the old style of menu select the menu option
Window | Use PIPENET menu style. To revert to the new window style select Window

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| Use Windows menu style.

3.8.10 Help Menu

Help topics
Displays help contents.

About PIPENET VISION

Details of PIPENET version numbers - note that unlike previous versions of
PIPENET the calculators will have version numbers different from those
displayed in the graphical user interface. With the first releases of the software
the version numbers will be of the form:

Graphical user interface - version 1.nn

Standard Calculator - version 4.nn

Key Status
Status and information relating to Hasp security key and associated licenses.
Selecting this option will display the current licenses available on the fitted key,
the following is an example of the display:

Selecting OK closes the window, whilst selecting Save will save the displayed
details to a text file (the save feature is not implemented).

Update Key
This option is only available in the Help menu when no PIPENET file is open.
Activating this option will initiate an update to a local HASP security key using a
license file supplied by Sunrise Systems.

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 A Tour of the User Interface 29

3.9 Toolbars
3.9.1 Standard Toolbar

This toolbar contains, from left to right, the following tools:

A group of five general tools:

Select- Used to select an item on the schematic. For example, to display

properties of a component, to drag a node, to select an item for deletion.
Pan and zoom - pan and zoom
Area tool - Used to select a rectangular area for copy/paste operations.
Polygon tool - Similar to the Area tool except that it allows an irregular
shaped area to be selected
Text tool - For creating text elements on the schematic.

Then there are eight tools for creating the different types of link components (i.e.
components with an input and output node) available with the Standard module:

Pipe
Duct (only enables if fluid is a gas)
Pump
Filter
Nozzle (only enabled if fluid is a liquid)
Non-return valve
Control valve
Leak (only enabled if fluid is a gas)

Finally, there are three component tools - components must be placed on a pipe:

Orifice plate - only one per pipe

Fixed pressure drop - only allowed on pipes without an orifice plate
Property - only one per pipe or duct

3.9.2 Options Toolbar

The options toolbar provides a number of convenient shortcuts to schematic related
options. For example, display of node labels, grid style, etc.

The toolbar consists of four button groups, from left to right the button options are:

Group 1 - grid related options:

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Display grid
Select Orthogonal grid
Select Isometric grid
Snap to Grid

Group 2 - label options:

Display node labels

Display component labels
Display component direction
Display pipe fittings present symbol

Group 3 - results related options:

Display node colouring legend button - if this is selected a node colour

coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which the parameter to be displayed on nodes can be
selected. For example, elevation and pressure.
Display pipe/duct colouring legend button - if this is selected a link colour
coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which can be selected the parameter to be displayed
on pipes, for example flow rate, velocity.
Arrows indicate flow direction

Group 4 - Underlay control:

A single button is provided. Selecting the button will display a dialog where
the intensity of the underlay can be specified as a percentage.
When an option is selected the button is shown as depressed, as illustrated
for the Select Orthogonal grid option (second button in the above diagram).

3.9.3 Calculation Toolbar

This toolbar contains a few buttons related to a calculation and the calculation output.

Check
Checks conditions for calculation - checks that specifications are complete and
consistent, and if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are consistent. This
option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described in Status
Checking.

Input data
Runs validation in calculator, producing an output browser file. Validation does
not consume a run for users with metered keys.

Pipe sizing

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 A Tour of the User Interface 31

Runs the pipe sizing, or design phase, of the calculation only. Pipe bores will be
calculated for those pipes with undefined sizes and returned to the user interface
for display with the rest of the pipes' attributes. Pipe sizing does not consume a
run for users with metered keys. Pipe sizing is only possible if there is at least one
pipe type and no ducts present in the network.

Calculate
Runs a calculation, producing a browser output file that can be viewed in the
supplied browser, Word or Write.

Browse
Browses the output of the last calculation or the last request for input.

Design phase
Places the front-end in design phase, in this phase pipe sizing operations can be
performed repeatedly.

Calculation phase
Selection of this button places the calculator in calculation mode, any pipe sizes
calculated in the design phase are fixed for all future calculations.

3.9.4 Tag Toolbar

This toolbar displays two drop-down lists of the label tags used in the current network for
nodes and for links. It can also be used to select which tag is to be used as the default for
all new nodes and links. To add a tag to a list simply enter the tag in the edit field
followed by return.

Selecting the arrow to the right of the text field will drop down a list of currently used tags
- selecting a tag from this list sets that tag as the default.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag
and a '/'.

Unused tags cannot be explicitly deleted but each time a file is re-opened the tags in use
are re-evaluated, and only those in use will be displayed.

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3.9.5 Find toolbar

This toolbar is useful for finding components in the schematic window, particularly for
large networks.

The toolbar consists of:

· a Find button
· a drop-down list of component types including the special type <Any> that can be
used to find a component of any type with the specified label
· an edit box for entering the label of the component to find
· a Next button - this button is only enabled if the component type is <Any> and a
find has been performed. Having found one component with a matching label,
selecting this button will find the next component with the same label (assuming
there is one).

If a component is not found then an information message will be displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the main window.

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe
System

Part

4
 34 PIPENET® Standard Module

4 Example 1 - Three Pipe System

4.1 Network Representation
Schematic Diagrams
I n general networks consist of a number of components (Pipes, Pumps, Valves, Filters and
Nozzles) all connected together. The points at which the components may be joined to
other components are referred to as nodes. Consider, for example, the simple system
shown in Figure 1.1, which consists of a single pipe with a nozzle on one end. A liquid
enters at the open end of the pipe and is discharged through the nozzle. The network can
be represented schematically by the diagram shown below:

Other Network Data

As well as the topology of the network, PIPENET must be given data on the physical
characteristics of the components in the network. For example, the lengths of the pipes
and the discharge coefficients of nozzles in the network.

4.2 Labelling the diagram

When preparing a network for simulation, every component and every node must be given
a label which identifies it uniquely. The production of a fully labeled schematic diagram is
an essential part of any simulation.

4.3 Labels
Each component and each node in the network must be given a label which identifies it
uniquely. Labels may either be tagged or untagged. Untagged labels are simply a number
in the range 0-32767. Tagged labels consist of a 'tag' (a string of up to 8 characters)
followed by a slash (/) and a number in the range 0-999. Tags can be used to make labels
more meaningful and to allow sections of large networks to be more easily identified. Up
to 100 different tags can be used in one system. Tags must begin with a letter, and may
contain only letters and numbers. For example, the following are all legal labels:

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 35

Untagged:
1
1273
9999

Tagged:
JETTY6/1
JETTY6/876
P/12

Notes:
1. Untagged labels greater than 999 and tagged labels may not be used in the same
network.
2. Tags not followed by a slash and a number are not valid labels. For example,
XYZ is a valid tag but not a valid label when used alone.
3. Tags are case insensitive, that is, RING is taken to be the same as Ring and ring.

4.4 Inlets and Outlets

When drawing a schematic diagram of a network almost all components, for example a
pipe, pump, valve or filter component should have two nodes-one at each end. One of
these nodes is designated the component's input node and the other is designated its output
node. Note that fluid does not necessarily flow from the input node to the output node.
PIPENET uses the convention that flow from input node to output node is referred to as
positive, and flow from output to input is referred to as negative. In displayed results a
negative value for flow indicates flow from the output towards the input.

4.5 Network Topology

The topology of the network is defined by specifying the input and output node of every
component in the network. Thus we can define the topology of a simple network such as:

as having:

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· Pipe P1 has input node 1 and output node 2.

· Nozzle 100 has input node 2.

4.6 Calculation and Design Phases

The Design Phase
When designing a network it is generally required that the velocity of the fluid in each
pipe does not exceed a given value (known as the design velocity of the pipe). The
velocity of the fluid in a pipe depends on:

· The flow rate through the pipe.

· The diameter of the pipe.

It is thus important that all the pipes are correctly sized, so that the fluid velocity does not
exceed the design velocity. This problem is addressed by the design phase of the
simulation.

Given the required flow rates in and out of the network, PIPENET will find optimum
diameters for each pipe in the network, so that the velocity of the fluid does not exceed the
design velocity. The user must supply the required flow rate for all nozzles and for all but
one of the I/O nodes in the network. PIPENET can then find the flow rates required
throughout the network, and thus calculate optimal sizes for the pipes.

The following should be noted:

· If desired, the diameter of some (or all) pipes in the network can be set by the
user. PIPENET will then size only those pipes whose diameter has not been set.
· When sizing a pipe (or group of pipes), PIPENET will choose the smallest pipe
size which ensures that the design velocity is not exceeded by the fluid.
· The design phase assumes that all nozzles discharge at the minimum required
rate. In most systems there will be some nozzles which actually discharge at a
rate greater than the minimum requirement, and so flow rates and velocities in the
system will rise. This may cause the velocity of the fluid to rise above the design
velocity in some pipes in the system. These pipes will be identified during the
calculation phase and a warning will be issued. To solve this problem the user
should set the diameters of these pipes to slightly larger than the designed
diameters.
· Calculated diameters are displayed in the Properties window and the Tabular
View with a yellow background to the text.

More than one simulation may need to be performed in order to size all the pipes in a
network.

The Calculation Phase

In the calculation phase all the diameters of the pipes are known - either set by the user or
found by PIPENET during the design phase. PIPENET simulates the behaviour of the

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 37

network under pressure and flow rate conditions set by the user. All nozzles in the
network are assumed to discharge to atmospheric pressure. The user must supply flow
rates and/or pressures at various parts of the network by making Calculation Phase
Specifications (see next section). PIPENET will then calculate the pressures and flow
rates throughout the network.

Typically the calculation phase is used to do one or more of the following:

· Determine what pressures are needed to produce the required flow rates.
· Select suitable pumps for the network.
· Check that all demands made on the network can be satisfied. A warning will be
issued for any nozzle supplying at less than its required rate.
· Check that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed the design velocity of
the pipe. A warning will be issued for any pipe in which the fluid velocity
exceeds the design velocity.

User Interface and the Design and Calculation phases

When a calculation is performed a Pipe Sizing operation will be performed if there are
unset pipe sizes and the user has requested that the Design Phase be run. However, the
user will usually perform a pipe sizing operation, possibly make some changes to the
network, and then perform another pipe sizing operation, repeating these operations steps
as required. Only when he/she is happy will they perform a calculation.

The controls relating to the two phases are on the Calculation toolbar:

and the sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows:

1. The two buttons D and C correspond to the Design and Calculation phases. If a
design phase is required then the D button is selected by default and the pipe
sizing button (the third button) is enabled.
2. The user enters the network and if he/she requires that PIPENET performs a
Design phase then pipes may be entered with undefined bores.
3. When the user has entered the network they will select the pipe sizing button to
size the undefined pipes. The calculated pipe sizes are returned to the user where
they are displayed along with other pipe attributes, but note if another pipe sizing
operation is performed the sizes may change if changes are made to the network.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required.
5. When the user is happy with the network they select the C button (pipe sizing
button is disabled) to fix the designed pipe sizes and then perform a calculation
(fourth button).
6. The user can revert to the design phase by selecting the D button. However, the
bores of pipes fixed in step 5 do not become unset.

Note that pipe sizing is only possible if there is at least one pipe type defined and there are
no ducts in the system.

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4.7 Three pipe system

The Network under consideration is shown in the figure below:

Water is flowing into pipe 1 at node 1, and out of pipes 2 and 3 at nodes 3 and 4. The two
outlets will be required to have a flow rate of 150 litres per minute, and a pressure of 1 bar
G. In practice only one outlet has its pressure specified, but the symmetry of the network
ensures that the other node is similar. PIPENET will calculate the pressures and flow rates
throughout the network.

The details of the three pipes are as follows:

Pipe label Input Output Diameter Length Elevation Roughness Velocity

node node (mm) (metres) (metres) (mm) head loss
1 1 2 32 1 0 0.01 0
2 2 3 20 1 0 0.01 0
3 2 4 20 1 0 0.01 0

Note that node and link labels will be assigned automatically as the network is entered.
Your network will only agree with the above diagram if the pipe labeled in the diagram
above is drawn first, then the pipe labeled 2 and finally the pipe labeled 3.

Note also that pipes have a notional direction from input to output, which does not
necessarily correspond to the direction of flow. The elevations shown here are changes in
elevation of the pipes as measured from the input to the output. Thus a positive value
means that the elevation increases as we go from the input to the output and a negative
value that it is decreasing. A value of zero indicates that there is no elevation change. Note
that elevation can be specified as elevation changes on pipes, or as absolute elevations on
nodes (see Standard model options for further details).

In this first example the details of entering a network, performing a calculation and
viewing the results will be described in some detail with few references to other parts of
the help. Subsequent examples will contain references to topics already covered in the
example, only going into detail when discussing new features.

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 39

4.8 Specifying Units

By default the system assumes that the units are SI, we will change this to metric where
pipe bores are specified in mm rather than the SI unit of metres and flow is in litres /min

Select the menu option Options | Units and then from the dialog that appears select the
unit system as Metric from the system options in the upper part of the left-hand window.
Information on the other features available in this dialog are discussed in Specifying
Options - Unit Options :

Select OK to close the dialog.

4.9 Initialisation
The initialisation of the network consists simply of specifying the fluid to be used via the
Options menu. Select the menu item Options | Fluid and the following dialog appears:

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4.10 Entering the network data

With the schematic and the editable Properties Window this is a simple task. You can
either draw the first pipe, enter the data for the first pipe, draw the second pipe, enter its
data and so on, or draw all three pipes and then add the data for all three pipes. We will
choose the latter method.

To draw the first point proceed as follows:

1. From the toolbar select the pipe drawing tool
2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the
input node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear and left
click
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing
node then that node will become the output node, otherwise a new node is
created.
7. If in between defining the input node and the output node you want to abort
creation of the link then select the Escape key.
8. Now draw the second pipe in a similar manner ensuring that on the first click the
cursor is over the output node of the first pipe. Finally draw the third pipe in the
same manner as the second pipe. Note that if a pipe is coloured red this means the
pipe is selected and its properties will appear in the Properties Window.

9. Select the node and pipe label buttons from the display toolbar if they

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 41

are not already selected and the network should appear as:

Now we can add the properties to the pipe, for example the bore and length of each pipe.
Click on the first pipe and its current properties appear in the Properties Window.

Click in the value field for the pipe diameter and enter the value 32 followed by Tab to
move to the next field; the length. Enter a value of 1.0 for the length of the pipe followed
by either Tab or Enter to accept the value. You can now click on the second and third
pipes entering the appropriate diameters and lengths. Alternatively, having entered the
values for the first pipe use the red right arrow button in the bottom left-hand corner of the
Properties Window to move to the next pipe (for long time users of PIPENET this is
equivalent to the Next button). Clicking the left arrow button moves to the previous pipe if
there is one. Note pipes are assumed to be in order of creation.

To view all three pipes we can use the Tabular View. Select the menu option View | Data
window to display the window:

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Data can be edited in this window simply by clicking in the appropriate cell , entering a
new value or selecting from a list of valid options, and entering either a Tab to move to
the next field or Return.

Both the Schematic Window and the Tabular View can be displayed simultaneously by
selecting the menu option Windows | Tile horizontally or Windows | Tile vertically.

It is a good idea to save the network at this point by selecting the menu option File | Save.

4.11 Undefined or invalid components

When a pipe, or any link component, is first drawn in the schematic it is coloured blue to
indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has an
invalid combination of attributes, for example a zero length pipe. When one or more
attributes are entered for the component its colour changes to black (or white if the
background is black).

The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:

1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to
be invalid.

4.12 Specifications
Before sending the network to the calculator, we need to specify conditions of pressure
and flow rate at various nodes. Without these, the problem is not mathematically tractable.
Also, we must designate certain nodes as input and output nodes. We achieve this simply
by adding some attributes to some of the nodes.

Click on the first node, that is the node with label 1 on the extreme left of the schematic
and we observe in the Properties Window that it has no specifications and is not
designated as an input or output node. The same applies for nodes 3 and 4.

Since all the pipes have had their diameter set, the design phase of the calculation will not
have much to do. However, it must still run and we must still provide appropriate
specifications for it. The rules for design phase specifications say we must supply the flow
rates at all but one of the I/O nodes. We will set nodes 3 and 4 to have design phase flow

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 43

rates of 50 lit/min.

The rules for calculation phase specifications say that there must be as many specifications
as there are I/O nodes, and at least one of them must be a pressure specification. In this
case then we need three specifications, and at least one of them must be a pressure. We
will specify a flow rate of 50 lit/min on each on the two outlets, and a pressure of 1 bar G
on node 4.

Select the first node and in the properties window, click on the Input/Output node
drop-down in the Input/Output node field, change the selection from No to Input and then
hit the Return key. The properties window should appear as:

Now select node 3, then in the properties window change the Input/Output node status to
Output and the Design and Analysis fields both from NO to YES, the dialog should
appear as:

Now enter the values for node 4 and the Properties Window should appear as:

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 44 PIPENET® Standard Module

If you have the Tabular View window open then you can select Design or analysis
specifications from the drop-down list of components and inspect all specifications:

4.13 Calculating
Having created and specified the network, we are now in a position to calculate its
pressures and flow rates.

Select the menu option Calc | Calculation or click on the Calculate toolbar button .

If you want to check that the data is correct without performing a calculation then (useful
for those users with limited run licenses) you can use the Calc | Check menu option
instead, or click on the Check toolbar button .This option will check that the input data is
valid without performing a calculation.

For all but very large networks (200 pipes or more) the calculation will complete almost
immediately. Whilst the calculator is active the following dialog appears:

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 Example 1 - Three Pipe System 45

On completion of the calculation the dialog will display the completion status. Select the
OK button to close the dialog or the Browse button to close the dialog and display the
output data. Selecting OK simply closes the dialog. The browser can subsequently be
started from the calculation toolbar.

4.14 Inspecting the results

Selection of the Browse button on completion of a calculation, or selecting the Browse
option from the calculation toolbar, displays the following dialog:

Allowing inspection of the results using the PIPENET supplied browser, Write or Word;
we shall use the PIPENET browser.

The calculation results are held in a temporary file but may be saved to a more permanent
file by selecting the menu option File | Save As.

The report file is suitable for printing with most printers with the page orientation set to
landscape. The scroll bars can be used to move around the report. At the top and bottom of
the vertical scroll bars, page icons can be found. These page icons will allow users to
move from one page to the next. On the left side of the horizontal scroll bar, an annotation
appears indicating the current page number.

Using the browser text may be searched for using the Search menu option provided in the
browser window.

When you have finished viewing the output, exit the Output Browser by selecting File |
Exit.

Using the Tabular View to view results

The output produced by the calculation phase is more suited to printing than on-line
viewing. Results can be viewed in the Tabular view by selecting the Results tab for the
appropriate component type. Selecting the Results tab for pipes results in:

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 46 PIPENET® Standard Module

4.15 Saving and loading the network

The network can be saved at any time in a data file from the PIPENET main window, as
follows:

1. Select the File | Save as menu option.

2. The default file type is .SDF and is the one required. Enter the file name as
SPR.SDF.
3. Click on the OK push button or press Return.
4. After saving a data file, it is safe to close PIPENET. If an attempt to close
PIPENET is made at any other time, the user is warned of unsaved work and
asked to confirm whether they want to save the changes, or not, or whether they
want to return to PIPENET.

The network can be loaded again very simply. When loading a data file, PIPENET will
load any related library files automatically.

Open PIPENET Standard

Select the File | Open menu option, or the equivalent button. When the file open dialog is
displayed, enter the desired file name or double click on SPR.SDF. Note the file type can
be changed to .DAT to enable reading of old style data files.

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 Example 2 - Nitrogen
Distribution System

Part

5
 48 PIPENET® Standard Module

5 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution System

5.1 Nitrogen distribution system
This example will look at a nitrogen distribution system. The network is fairly simple and
consists only of pipes. The example illustrates the following points:

· The use of a default pipe roughness.

· The input of pipe data.
· The use of a built-in gas (Nitrogen) as the network fluid.
· The provision of specifications.

The files relating to this example are supplied with PIPENET, and are as follows:
_nitroge.dat and _nitroge.out.

The network
The network consists only of pipes, which are carrying nitrogen. There is a single input at
which nitrogen flows into the network, and nitrogen is supplied at three output points. The
diagram below shows the full network.

We can split the simulation into 4 stages:

· Initialisation.
· Network data entry.
· Specification data entry.

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 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution System 49

· Calculation and results.

These four stages are outlined in the following sections.

5.2 Initialisation
All initialisation is perform via the options dialogs, select Options | Title

Title
Enter title lines one and two as shown below:

Units
In this example we are going to use user-defined units. Select the menu option Options |
Units and then from the dialog that appears select the unit system as User defined from
the system options in the upper part of the left-hand window. Information on the other
features available in this dialog are discussed in Specifying Options - Unit Options :

Select the Units tab and then User defined from the system options in the upper part of
the left-hand window.

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50 PIPENET® Standard Module

The left-hand window can be scrolled down to display more unit options. Make sure you
select the following options:

Measure Unit
Length metres
Diameter mm
Velocity m/s
Temperature Celcius
Viscosity cP
Density kg/m3
Pressure Bar gauge
Flow type Mass flow
Mass flow kg/hour
units

Note in particular the selection of the flow rate type as Mass since changing between
Mass and Volumetric can lead to problems later on if the fluid density cannot be
determined.

Defaults
Since all our pipes have a roughness of 0.0457mm, it would ease data entry if we made
this the default value for the roughness. This can be done by choosing the Defaults tab and
entering 0.0457mm for the default roughness.

Fluid
The fluid in our network is nitrogen at 25°C and in order to model the gas, we will use the
Ideal Gas equations. Select the Fluid tab and:

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 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution System 51

1. Select the fluid class as Ideal gas from the upper left-hand window.
2. From the lower left-hand window select the gas as Nitrogen.
3. Set the temperature to 25° C.
4. Finally, select OK to accept all values and leave the options dialogs.

5.3 Network data entry

The table below gives full details of the pipes used in the network:

Pipe label Input Output Diameter Length Elevation Roughness Fittings

node node (mm) (metres) (metres) (mm) k-factor
SUPPLY/1 (1) SUPPLY/1 SUPPLY/2 80 20 -10 0.457 GLOBE
DISTRIB/1 (2) SUPPLY/2 DISTRIB/3 50 20 0 0.457 0.0
DISTRIB/2 (3) DISTRIB/3 DISTRIB/4 25 30 0 0.457 GLOBE
ELBOW
DISTRIB/3 (4) DISTRIB/3 DISTRIB/4 25 30 0 0.457 GLOBE
ELBOW
OUTPIPE/1 (5) DISTRIB/4 OUTPIPE/5 30 20 -10 0.457 GLOBE
DISTRIB/4 (6) SUPPLY/2 DISTRIB/6 50 50 0 0.457 2.7
OUTPIPE/2 (7) DISTRIB/6 OUTPIPE/7 25 10 -6 0.457 GLOBE
OUTPIPE/3 (8) DISTRIB/6 OUTPIPE/8 25 10 -6 0.457 GLOBE
ELBOW

The built-in fittings GLOBE and ELBOW are used to model, respectively, the globe
valves and 90º elbows in the network. The k-factor of 2.7 in pipe DISTRIB/4 is due to a
diaphragm valve and a blanked-off junction on that pipe (not shown on the diagram).

Tags
The labels used in the table above require some explanation. If nodes and components are
entered as in the previous example then they will automatically be assigned a unique
numeric id. Note that a node can have the same numeric id as a pipe, a pump, or any other
component but it will never be assigned the same numeric id as another node. Assuming
we entered the pipes in the order shown above then the pipes would be assigned the
numeric identifiers shown in parentheses in the first column. Similarly, nodes would be
assigned the numeric id show following the character '/' in the second and third columns.

In the above table the parts of the label SUPPLY, DISTRIB and OUTPIPE are tags and
the labels referred to as tagged labels. With a relatively small network like this it is
probably easier to enter the network (using purely numeric labels) and then edit the labels
in the Tabular view. Simply click on an item in the label column and change its label to
the desired value. If you attempt to use a label which is already in use then the change will
be rejected. Note if you proceed in this way then it is probably best to rename the nodes
first.

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52 PIPENET® Standard Module

For larger networks there is a better way, using the Tag tool bar:

Tags can be assigned separately for nodes and components, by default both have a setting
of <NO TAG>. you can either:

· Click in the data entry field and enter a new tag followed by a Return, or
· select an existing tag by selecting the drop-down button to the right of the data
entry field and selecting from the list of available tags.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag
and a '/'.

Of course there is no need to change the labels, as long as the entered network is
topologically the same as the following the calculated results will be the same. The use of
tags simply makes the identification of key points of interest easier.

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 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution System 53

Note in th layout above use has been made of waypoints and an isometric grid (the grid is
not shown here for clarity).

Adding multiple pipes

For some networks (but not this one), large parts of the network may consist of long runs
of pipes, typically with the same diameter and the Add multiple pipes tool (Tools menu
may help:

Here you can enter information for a single pipe, including a tag and then have PIPENET
generate a number of connected copies of the pipe when OK is selected. Before clicking
OK you can set the length and elevation for each individual pipe.

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 54 PIPENET® Standard Module

5.4 Specifications
Outlined below is a summary of the specifications used in our network.

I/O nodes:
· The input node for the system is SUPPLY/1.
· The output nodes for the system are OUTPIPE/5, OUTPIPE/7 and OUTPIPE/8.

Pressure Specs:
· Node SUPPLY/1 is at 1.8 bar g.
· Node OUTPIPE/5 is at 1.0 bar g.

Flow rate Specs:

· Flow rate out of node OUTPIPE/7 is 100 kg/hr.
· Flow rate out of node OUTPIPE/8 is 100 kg/hr.

Specifications are entered in the properties window by selecting the appropriate node,
making the node an I/O node if necessary and entering the specification data. The Property
window for SUPPLY/1 is shown below:

5.5 Calculation and results

Having entered all the data, we can check the data by choosing the menu option Calc|
Check (or alternatively the check button on the calculation toolbar). If there are no errors,
we can run the simulation by choosing the option Calc | Calculation or the calculation
button on the calculation toolbar. All of the results can be examined with the browser or
via the Tabular view. In the tabular view select the component type of interest (for this
example we only have results for pipes, and nodes), and then the Results tab. The results
for the pipes are shown below:

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 Example 2 - Nitrogen Distribution System 55

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Example 3 - Machine Shop Air
Extraction System

Part

6
 58 PIPENET® Standard Module

6 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air Extraction System

6.1 Machine extraction system
This example will look at an air extraction system for an industrial machine shop and it
illustrates the following points:

· How to mix pipes and ducts in a network.

· The use of non-built-in fittings.
· The use of user-defined units.
· The use of a non-library fan.

The files relating to this example are supplied with PIPENET, and are: _newvent.dat, and
_newvent.ufl.

The network

The system, as shown above, consists of a number of pipes and ducts of various sizes
which remove contaminated air from several locations in a machine shop. Air from two
lathes is passed through a pre-separator before joining other air streams. The combined
streams are passed through two filters—a "bag filter" and a "hepa filter" before being
vented to the atmosphere via the fan. The problem to be investigated is the behaviour of
the system when the filters and separator are choked with dust so that they no longer allow
a free flow of air.

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 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air Extraction System 59

Running the simulation

As before, we split it into Initialisation, Network data entry, Specifications data entry and
Calculation and results.

6.2 Initialisation
Title
Choose the menu option Options | Title and enter 'Example 3 - Machine Shop Air
Extraction System' as the first and only title.

Units
Choose the Units tab, set the Unit System to User-defined.

Make sure that the unit options are selected as follows:

Measure Unit
Length metres
Diameter mm
Velocity m/s
Temperature Celcius
Viscosity Pa s
Density kg/m3
Pressure inches of
water gauge
Flow type Volumetric
flow

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60 PIPENET® Standard Module

Volumetric m3/s
flow units
Fluid
The fluid in the system is Air which is modeled as an ideal gas at a constant temperature
of 15°C. Choose the Fluid tab and:

1. select from the upper left-hand window the fluid class as Ideal gas
2. from the lower left-hand window select the gas as Air
3. set the temperature to 15° C
4. finally select OK to accept all values and leave the options dialogs.

Fittings
All the fittings used in this example are characterised by velocity head loss (k-factor) and
are defined as follows:

PBEND 0.2
D-IN 3.2
D-TEE 0.9
DBEND 0.27
FANIO 2.0
GRILL 5.0
P-IN 0.95
P-TEE 0.48
SEP 20 *
BAG 3.5 *
HEPA 3.0 *

In order to simulate the case where the filters and separator are choked with dust, we
simply increase the values of velocity head loss associated with the last three fittings of
the above list which are denoted by *. Thus we can very easily run several simulations to
investigate the effect of different degrees of choking on the system. It is suggested that the
user experiments by running several simulations with different values of velocity head
loss (k-factor) associated with the last three fittings.

In order to enter the user-defined fittings data, we choose the menu option Libraries |
Fittings to obtain a dialog box similar to the following:

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 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air Extraction System 61

In the upper left-hand window there is a list of available fittings. In the lower left-hand a
set of excluded fittings. These are fittings we have elected to be made unavailable for this
network. To make a fitting unavailable, select the fitting from the upper window followed
by the - button. To make a fitting available again, select the fitting in the lower window
and then select the + button.

Select the type of the fitting from the upper right-hand side of the dialog, provide a name
and one or more attribute values. The attributes listed will depend on the fitting type
selected. The example above is for the BAG fitting which is a K-factor device, as are all
the fittings in this example.

When you have finished, select the Apply button to store the changes. Repeat the process
for all fittings.

Default Values
Using the menu option Options | Defaults set the default pipe/duct roughness to 0.005
mm, the default elevation to 0 m and the default k-factor to 0.

6.3 Network data entry

Both pipes and ducts are required for this system. Pipes are circular, and have just a
diameter. Ducts are rectangular and have both height and width. The table below provides
details about the pipes and ducts used in the system. Note that elevations and roughness
are only specified when they differ from the defaults values.

Enter pipe and duct data using the pipe and duct tools - note if the duct tool is not
selectable (greyed out) this means you have not specified the fluid correctly since ducts

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62 PIPENET® Standard Module

can only be used with gases.

Note that for historical reasons pipes and ducts share a common number scheme. That is,
pipes and ducts are assigned labels such that no pipe or duct has the same label.

Pipe In Out Diameter Length Elevation Roughness Fittings

Duct or (metres) (metres) (mm)
Width Height
1 1 2 1300 400 0.05 0.005 2.5
2 2 3 1800 1100 0.85 0.005
3 3 4 250 1.0 0.005 0.5 + PBEND
4 3 4 250 1.0 0.005 0.5 + PBEND
5 4 11 330 7.0 0.005 P-TEE
6 5 6 390 390 0.05 0.005 D-IN
7 7 8 860 860 0.05 0.005 D-IN
8 8 9 1000 1000 1.0 0.005
9 6 9 1300 1000 0.5 0.005
10 9 10 1300 1000 0.5 0.005
11 10 11 330 1.0 0.005 0.74
12 11 12 330 1.0 0.005 P-TEE
13 12 13 330 1.0 0.005 SEP
14 13 19 330 1.0 0.2 0.005 2 x PBEND
15 14 16 53.5 12.0 0.018 P-IN
16 15 16 53.5 6.0 0.018 P-IN
17 16 18 53.5 2.5 0.018 2.5
18 17 18 53.5 10 0.018 P-IN
19 18 19 53.5 2.75 1.75 0.018 6.0 + P-TEE
20 19 28 330 9.0 0.005 0.3 + PBEND

Pipe In Out Diameter Length Elevation Roughness Fittings

Duct or (metres) (metres) (mm)
Width Height
21 20 24 300 300 0.05 0.005 GRIILL
22 21 25 300 300 0.05 0.005 GRIILL
23 22 26 300 300 0.05 0.005 GRIILL
24 23 27 300 300 0.05 0.005 GRIILL
25 24 25 380 150 1.0 0.005 D-TEE + 2 x DBEND
26 25 26 380 150 1.3 0.005 D-TEE
27 26 27 380 150 1.3 0.005 D-TEE
28 27 28 380 150 3.4 0.005 1.64 + D-TEE +
DBEND
29 28 31 360 2.0 0.005 0.4
30 29 30 600 600 0.05 0.005 GRILL

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 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air Extraction System 63

31 30 31 150 8.75 1.0 0.005 0.24 + D-TEE +

DBEND
32 31 33 380 0.5 0.005 0.3
33 32 33 53.5 2.15 1.0 0.005 P-IN
34 33 34 380 0.5 0.005 0.3
35 34 35 380 1.0 0.005 BAG
36 35 36 600 8.0 8.0 0.005 0.1 + PBEND
37 36 37 380 1.0 0.005 HEPA
38 37 38 600 1.2 0.005 1.4 + FANIO
39 39 40 500 9.2 9.2 0.005 1.25 + FANIO

6.4 Fan data

The characteristics of the fan used in this system are shown in the diagram below. It would
be possible to read points off this curve and process these with the Libraries | Pump -
Coefficients Unknown, but this is unnecessary as the coefficients are given. Note that
the flow rates are given in ft3/min, and not our chosen units of m3/s. Hence, before we
enter the data for the Fan choose the menu option Options | Units and set the flow rate
units to ft3/min.

To enter a fan select the Pump/fan tool from the tool bar and draw the fan between nodes
38 and 39. Note the arrow shown in the pump/fan symbol shows the direction, which
should be from node 38 to node 39. If you draw the pump the wrong way around simply
click on the pump and from the popup menu select the option Reverse.

In the properties window enter the coefficients, minimum and maximum flows and
efficiency and the Properties window should appear as shown in the left-hand image.

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 64 PIPENET® Standard Module

Note the pump curve is displayed in the lower part of the Properties window.

Remember to go back to the Options | Units and set the units of flow rate back to m3/s.
The Properties window will now appear as shown in the right-hand image above.

6.5 Specifications
The I/O nodes for this problem are nodes 1,5,7,14,15,17,20,21,22,23,29,32 and 40. All the
I/O nodes are at atmospheric pressure (i.e. 0 inches of water gauge). This is all we need for
the specification data. Select each node in turn and add the specification. The
specifications can be visually checked by opening the Tabular view:

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 Example 3 - Machine Shop Air Extraction System 65

6.6 Calculation and results

Having entered all the data, we can check the data by choosing the menu option Calc|
Check (or alternatively the check button on the calculation toolbar). If there are no errors,
we can run the simulation by choosing the option Calc | Calculation or the calculation
button on the calculation toolbar. All of the results can be examined with the browser or
via the Tabular view. In the tabular view select the component type of interest (for this
example we only have results for pipes, and nodes), and then the Results tab. The results
for the pipes are shown below:

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Example 4 - Closed Loop
Cooling System

Part

7
 68 PIPENET® Standard Module

7 Example 4 - Closed Loop Cooling System

7.1 Closed loop cooling system
This example will consider a closed loop cooling system and it will illustrate the
following points:

· How to deal with varying fluid temperature when this affects the transport
properties.
· How to model miscellaneous network items such as Heat Exchangers.
· The use of pumps from a Pump/Fan Preprocessor Library File.
· Ways of modelling a closed loop system.

The files relating to this example are supplied with PIPENET, and are: _cooling.dat,
_cooling.ufl, and _cooling.pmp.

The network

The network, as shown above, is a closed loop cooling system. The coolant is circulated
through four heat-exchangers by two identical pump sets, each of which operates with
local recycle, controlled by a throttle valve. After passing through the exchangers the
coolant streams are combined, chilled and returned to the recycle pump inlets.

The components and nodes in PUMPSET 1 are labeled with the tag 'PS1' - this tag has

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 Example 4 - Closed Loop Cooling System 69

been omitted from the diagram. PUMPSET 2 is identical to pump set 1 except all node
and component labels have the tag PS2.

Running the simulation

We will split this example into Initialisation, Pump data, Network data entry,
Specifications data entry and Calculation and results.

7.2 Initialisation
Units
The units used are user-defined and are as follows:
Measure Unit
Length feet
Diameter inches
Velocity ft/s
Temperature Celcius
Viscosity cP
Density lb/ft3
Pressure psi Absolute
Flow type Mass flow
Mass flow lb/s
units

Fluid Type
The fluid (the coolant) is a glycol-water mixture at 2°C. Its density and viscosity vary with
temperature, T, according to the correlation equations:

where the coefficients A, B, C and M and the critical temperature, Tc, of the fluid are as
follows:

A = 41.97 lb/ft3
B = 0.6043
C = 2.10E18 Cp
M = -7.362
Tc = 328.2°C

Note that temperatures T and Tc are degrees Kelvin.

Exchanger and Fittings

For simplicity, each exchanger is represented as a fitting on the section of pipe
downstream from the exchanger. A velocity headloss coefficient (k-factor) of 3.5 is

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70 PIPENET® Standard Module

assigned to the exchanger. The fittings used in the system are as follows:

Fitting type K-factor Fitting name

90° bend 0.75 B90
T junction 1.0 TJUNC
Throttle valve 50.0 THRT
Exchanger 3.5 EXCH

Default Values
All pipes in the network have roughness 0.0018 inches. Enter a Title, Units, Default
Values, Fluid Type and Fittings using the appropriate menu options.

Properties
The default system temperature is 2°C as recorded in the menu option Options | Fluids.
However, the temperature in pipe LINE1/2 is 20°C and in pipes LINE1/3, LINE2/2 and
LINE3/1 the temperature is 40°C.
These temperatures are set by selecting the Property tool from the toolbar and then
placing the property on the appropriate pipe by simply pointing and clicking on the pipe.
The position of the symbol representing the property can be changed using the Selection
tool and click-dragging the property along the pipe. Only one property may be placed on
each pipe.

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 Example 4 - Closed Loop Cooling System 71

7.3 Pump data and the library

The characteristic curve of the pump is as shown below.

The performance coefficients of the pump are unknown so we must take co-ordinates
from the performance curve and use the Libraries | Pumps - Unknown coefficients to
find values for the coefficients A, B and C. The data required is as follows:

Pump descriptor: TYPE-300

Minimum flow rate = 40 m3/hr
Maximum flow rate = 300 m3/hr

The data points are:

Flow rate Pressure

(m3/hr) (metres of water)
40 19.18
100 18.03
200 15.24
300 8.89

Adding the pump to the library

Select the tab Libraries | Pump Coefficients Unknown, select New and enter the
following data:

1. Select the New button

2. Provide the name for the pump as TYPE-300 (this is the name that will appear in

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 72 PIPENET® Standard Module

the drop-down box at the top right-hand on the dialog when data entry is
complete)
3. provide an optional description
4. Provide a minimum flow rate of 40m3/hour and a maximum flow rate of 300m3
/hour
5. Now place the cursor in the first cell in the data entry grid in the lower left-hand
side of the dialog and enter the first flow rate value of 40.0
6. tab to the next field and enter the corresponding pressure of 19.18
7. continue in this way entering the remaining data pairs, using tab to move from
one cell to the next
8. when all the data pairs have been entered, select the Apply button to calculate
and display the pump curve

The completed pump specification should appear as:

7.4 Network data entry

The table below gives details about the pipes used in the system.

Pipe In Out Diameter Length Elevation Fittings

(in) (feet) (ft)
PS/1 LINK/1 PS1/2 3.826 4.0 0.0 TJUNC
PS1/2 PS1/2 PS1/3 3.826 4.0 -1.0
PS1/4 PSI/4 PS1/5 3.826 3.0 0.5
PS1/5 PS1/2 PS1/5 3.826 11.0 -0.5 THRT
PS2/1 LINK/2 PS2/2 3.826 4.0 0.0 TJUNC
PS2/2 PS2/2 PS2/3 3.826 4.0 -1.0

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 Example 4 - Closed Loop Cooling System 73

PS2/4 PS2/4 PS2/5 3.826 3.0 0.5

PS2/5 PS2/2 PS2/5 3.826 11.0 -0.5 THRT
LINK/2 RISER/1 LINK/2 5.761 5.00.5 0.0 B90
LINE1/1 PS2/5 LINE1/2 5.761 16 2.0 TJUNC + B90
LINE1/2 LINE1/2 LINE1/3 5.761 6.0 4.0 EXCH
LINE1/3 LINE1/3 LINE1/4 5.761 14.0 -2.0 B90 + EXCH
LINE3/1 LINE1/4 LINE3/2 5.761 15.0 0.0 B90
LINE3/2 LINE3/2 LINK/1 5.761 35.0 -3.5 EXCH + 2 *B90
LINE2/1 PS1/514 LINE2/1 3.826 10.0 2.0 TJUNC + B90
LINE2/2 LINE2/1 LINE1/4 3.826 12.0 2.0 EXCH
LINK/1 LINK/1 RISER/1 5.761 5.02.5 5.0

7.5 Specifications
The network is a closed-loop with a single opening to the atmosphere where a user to an
expansion tank connects to the loop. The pressure at that point is 25 psi absolute, which
may be assumed constant whatever the recirculation rates are in the network. In order to
analyse a network using PIPENET, there must be at least two I/O nodes. As the network
stands, there is only one I/O node: RISER/1 which has a pressure specification of 25 psi
A.

The second I/O node and a second specification may be provided in two different ways:

1. Make a gap in the loop at the point where the pressure in the system is known (i.e. at
the point where the riser to the expansion tank joins the loop). This creates two free
ends, which can then be made I/O nodes with identical pressure specifications of 25
psi A.
2. Declare an I/O node in the middle of the loop with a flow rate specification of zero
(i.e. no draw-off). This may be thought of as a drainage tap that is shut. Note that
connecting nodes may not be declared I/O nodes if using volumetric flow rate units
and variable fluid properties. However, in this case we are using mass flow rate units,
and so this method is feasible.

Both methods are equally effective, though the second method is usually better in that it
maintains the loop and so allows the program to detect any elevation consistency errors
which may be present. We will use the second method in this case.

Our specifications for this example are thus:

RISER/1 as an inlet with pressure 25 psi a.

LINE1/3 as an outlet with flow rate 0 lb/s.

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7.6 Calculation and results

Having entered all the data, we can check the data by choosing the menu option Calc|
Check (or alternatively the check button on the calculation toolbar). If there are no errors,
we can run the simulation by choosing the option Calc | Calculation or the calculation
button on the calculation toolbar. All of the results can be examined with the browser or
via the Tabular view.

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 Example 5 - Design of a
Steam Network

Part

8
 76 PIPENET® Standard Module

8 Example 5 - Design of a Steam Network

8.1 Design of a steam network
In this example we look at the design of part of the high pressure section of a steam utility
system. The example illustrates the following:

· Production of a Private Data File.

· Use of PIPENET's Design facility to find optimum pipe sizes.

The files relating to this example are: _steam.dat and steam.pdf

The network

The network under consideration is the high pressure section of a steam utility system.
The existing system is to be extended and pipe work to supply four new outlets is to be
added. The above diagram shows our proposed new network. The existing network has
labels with the tag 'OLD', whilst the proposed new section is labeled with the tag 'NEW'.
We will use PIPENET's Design Facility to help us size the new pipes in the system. Steam
is available at the header inlet at 18 Bar G and 230°C. The outlet demands are shown on
the diagram (in units of kg/hr).

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 Example 5 - Design of a Steam Network 77

8.2 Initialisation
Title
Enter a suitable title, for example "Example 5 - Design of a Steam Network"

Units
The units used are user-defined and are as follows:
Measure Unit
Length metres
Diameter mm
Velocity m/s
Temperature Celcius
Viscosity cP
Density kg/m3
Pressure Bar gauge
Flow type Mass flow
Mass flow kg/hr
units

Fluid
The fluid is steam at a constant temperature of 230°C.

Design data
Given a list of available pipe sizes and the maximum permitted velocity of fluid in the
network, PIPENET will choose an appropriate size for the pipes in the new part of the
network. The user must supply data about the pipe schedule in use. The pipe schedule
used in this example is steel piping with a roughness of 0.0457, and comes in the
following sizes:

Nominal size Actual internal diameter

(mm) (mm)
25 24.31
40 38.10
50 49.25
80 73.66
100 97.18
150 146.33
200 193.68
250 242.87
300 288.90
350 317.50
400 363.52

Design Velocity
When defining a pipe type a maximum design velocity can be provided for each pipe size.

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 78 PIPENET® Standard Module

If not specified (value is shown as Unset - see Pipe Type dialog in the following section) a
default maximum velocity will be assumed. For gases (including Steam) this default
maximum is 20.4 m/s, for liquids it is 2.25 m/s.

Design phase specifications

PIPENET must also be given a full set of specifications for the design stage of the
calculation. These design specifications must satisfy the same conditions as calculation
specifications, with the additional constraint that there must be exactly one pressure
specification in the network. The design specifications for this example are the same as
the calculation specifications.

8.3 Creating a pipe type

Entering the Pipe Schedule
Select the menu option Libraries | Schedules; a tabbed dialog set appears with schedules
displayed:

In the left-hand window is a list of all currently defined schedules; selecting an item in this
list displays the schedules properties on the right-hand side of the dialog. Data for 29 pipe
schedules are built into the PIPENET Standard module. A non-built-in schedule in the list
can be edited by simply selecting it in the left-hand window and editing the various
attributes that appear in the right-hand side. Note that built-in schedules cannot be edited.

To add data for a schedule select the New button and provide:

· The schedule name, Schedule 80 (this is the name that will appear in the left-hand
window when the data entry is complete).

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 Example 5 - Design of a Steam Network 79

· An optional description (if not specified the name will be the same as the
schedule name).
· A roughness value of 0.0457 mm.

The Tab key can be used to move from one field to the next. Note that in selecting New,
the data grid in the bottom right-hand side lists all internal bores as unset, this simply
means that no value has been supplied for the corresponding nominal bore.

Now place the cursor in the internal bore field corresponding to a nominal bore of 25.00
mm and enter the value 24.003 (from table above). Selecting tab moves to the next field
which we can skip (leaving the value as unset). Selecting tab again moves to the next field
where we enter the value 38.10. Continue in this way until the last diameter has been
entered. Select the Apply button - changes are accepted and the new schedule appears in
the list in the left-hand window.

If you are happy with the displayed results you can either select OK to quit the dialogs or,
since we going to define other library items, simply select another tab, specifically the
Nozzles tab since we are going to define a library nozzle in the next section.

Creating the pipe type

Before we can create any pipes we must first create a pipe type. This is done using the
menu option Options| Pipe types . Proceed as follows:

1. Select New.
2. Select the corresponding schedule from the schedule drop-down, this is the first
editable box on the right-hand side of the dialog - the pipe type name becomes
the schedule name.
3. Select the Apply button to accept the pipe type.

The dialog should appear as:

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 80 PIPENET® Standard Module

Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type, then instead of explicitly entering the
pipe diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes
together with the unset value.

8.4 Network data entry

The table below gives details about the pipes used in the system:

Pipe label Input node Output Nominal bore Length Fittings

node (mm) (metres) (headloss)
OLD/1 OLD/1 OLD/2 300 15.0
OLD/2 OLD/2 OLD/3 300 60.0
OLD/3 OLD/3 OLD/4 300 9.0
OLD/4 OLD/4 OLD/5 300 6.0
OLD/5 OLD/5 OLD/6 300 6.0
OLD/6 OLD/4 OLD/7 50 9.0 1.0
OLD/7 OLD/5 OLD/8 25 9.0 1.0
OLD/8 OLD/6 OLD/9 25 9.0 0.5
OLD/9 OLD/2 OLD/10 250 18.0 1.0
OLD/10 OLD/10 OLD/11 250 9.0
OLD/11 OLD/11 OLD/12 200 9.0 1.0
OLD/12 OLD/11 OLD/13 250 9.0
OLD/13 OLD/13 OLD/14 150 9.0 1.0
OLD/14 OLD/15 OLD/13 250 9.0 1.0
OLD/15 OLD/15 OLD/16 50 9.0 1.0
OLD/16 OLD/17 OLD/15 250 9.0
OLD/17 OLD/17 OLD/18 150 9.0 1.0

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 Example 5 - Design of a Steam Network 81

OLD/18 OLD/10 OLD/17 250 18.0 1.5

NEW/1 OLD/3 NEW/19 60.0 1.5
NEW/20 NEW/19 NEW/20 6.0
NEW/21 NEW/20 NEW/21 6.0
NEW/22 NEW/21 NEW/22 6.0
NEW/23 NEW/19 NEW/23 9.0 1.0
NEW/24 NEW/20 NEW/24 9.0 1.0
NEW/25 NEW/21 NEW/25 9.0 1.0
NEW/26 NEW/22 NEW/26 9.0 1.0

The pipe data for the network is given in the above table. Note that all pipes have a
roughness of 0.0457 (from the pipe schedule data) and an elevation of 0m.

Note the following:

1. Where a pipe diameter is left unset PIPENET will calculate suitable sizes for
these pipes in the Design phase of the simulation.
2. Where a pipe's diameter is given it must be a nominal diameter from the pipe
schedule used.

8.5 Specifications
The specifications for both the design and calculation phases are as shown below. Enter
the specification data as in previous examples via the properties window. Remember that
the same specifications must be made for both the calculation phase and design phase of
the simulation.

Node label Pressure Flow rate I/O

(Bar G) (kg/hour)
OLD/1 18.00 In
OLD/7 900 Out
OLD/8 100 Out
OLD/9 50 Out
OLD/12 25000 Out
OLD/14 8000 Out
OLD/16 1500 Out
OLD/18 8000 Out
NEW/23 1500 Out
NEW/24 1500 Out
NEW/25 1500 Out
NEW/26 300 Out

8.6 Calculation and results

Having entered all the data, we can check the data by choosing the menu option Calc|
Check (or alternatively the check button on the calculation toolbar). If there are no errors,
we can run the simulation by choosing the option Calc | Calculation or the calculation
button on the calculation toolbar. All of the results can be examined with the browser or

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82 PIPENET® Standard Module

via the Tabular view.

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 The Schematic

Part

9
 84 PIPENET® Standard Module

9 The Schematic
9.1 Schematic Window
The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products but has a number of improvements.

When the window is first displayed it is presented with a light-grey background suitable
for general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However,
for coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable
for viewing.

New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette
and then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.

All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label.
Labeled elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are
used (no tags) with each component type having its own set of unique labels.

The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed
using the Display Options dialog.

Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a
background to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via
the View menu. The underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to
achieve relative scaling and registration. Zooming the network, zooms the underlay by the
same selected zoom factor. In normal use the procedure to use an underlay commences
with a new network:

1. Import and display the underlay.

2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

9.2 Schematic Underlay

It is possible to import a graphic to underlay the main pipe network. The graphic to be
imported must be a Windows enhanced metafile (file extension .EMF), a Windows
metafile (file extension .WMF) or an AutoCAD .DXF file.

Currently the image is loaded on the first request to display the underlay (see View menu).
Once loaded the underlay may be zoomed to establish the relative scale between the
underlay and the network. Generally the procedure will be as follows:

1. Load the underlay.

2. Establish a suitable scaling for the underlay.
3. Start drawing the network over the underlay.

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 The Schematic 85

The display of the underlay can be turned on or off via the View menu - when turned off
the underlay will track any changes to the scale of the network, retaining the correct
relation.

Zoom of the underlay is independent of the network, whereas zooming the network, also
zooms the underlay to maintain relative scales.

Currently the underlay can not be translated left-right or up-down, although the network
can be moved using the Area Tool.

9.3 Selection Tool

The first button is the selection tool, and is used to select a single component. Simply
click the left mouse button whilst pointing at a component to select it. A selected
component is shown highlighted in red and its attributes displayed in the Properties
Window. Right-clicking the mouse on a selected component will display a pop-up menu,
the contents of which are dependent on the type of component selected, but generally, the
pop-up menu will allow you to:

· Delete a component.
· Add waypoints.
· Delete waypoints.
· Insert a node in a pipe.
· Reverse the direction of a component, note reversing the direction of a pipe will
negate the elevation change.
· Copy and paste the attributes of a component.

The selection tool can also be used for dragging nodes to a new position, and for dragging
pipe components, such as orifice plates, along the length of a pipe. To drag a node or a
component, click the left mouse button and whilst holding the button down move the
mouse to the desired position and release the mouse button. Note, that if a node is dragged
then all of the components to which it is connected also move with it.

Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.

Adding a waypoint
If you left-click on a pipe, and with the mouse button held down move the mouse then a
waypoint will be inserted at the selected point in the component link.

Selecting several components

To select multiple components select the first component in the normal way by placing the
cursor on or near the component and left-clicking on the component. Subsequent
selections are made in the same way but with the keyboard Ctrl key held down whilst
making the selections. Another way to select multiple components is using the Area tool.

Copy/Paste
To copy the attributes from one source component onto another target component of the

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same type:

1. right-click on the source component and select the Copy option (alternatively
use Ctrl-c)
2. right-click on the target component and select the Paste option (alternatively
use Ctrl-v) - all attributes are copied from the source component to the target
component.

If the source and target components are pipes, then prior to the copy all fittings are
removed from the target pipe and replaced with the fittings from the source pipe.

If Paste (Incl. layout) is selected instead of Paste the process is very similar, except that
any waypoints and components (for example orifice plates) are also copied from the
source to the target.

9.4 Pan and Zoom Tool

This tool can be used to zoom the network to a required size or to pan across the network.

· To zoom the network, hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor
until the network is at the required size. Dragging to the right will enlarge the
network, to the left will minimize.
· To pan across the network, click the left mouse button whilst in the schematic
window and move the mouse in the direction you wish to pan. Click the left
mouse button again to cease panning. Whilst panning, if the cursor is moved to
the edge of the window the network will scroll along until the end of the scroll
bar is reached.

9.5 Area Tool

The Area tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same time.
With the Area tool it is possible to:

· Move a group of components

· Select a group of components.
· Copy-paste a group of components.
· Delete a group of components.
· Mirror (left-right) a group of components, i.e. mirror the components about a
vertical centre line.
· Invert (up-down) a group of components, i.e. flip the components about a
horizontal centre line.

To use the tool, click the left mouse button at the point which is to be the top-left of a
rectangular area. Whilst holding the mouse button down move to the point which is to be
the bottom-right-hand corner of the rectangle and release the mouse button. A dashed
outline of the defined rectangle is drawn and all nodes and components which lie
completely within the rectangle are selected.

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 The Schematic 87

Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be moved, deleted,
mirrored, inverted or copied. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.

Selected items
The items marked as selected are:

· Each node contained within the rectangle.

· Each link component contained within the rectangle whose input and output
nodes are both within the rectangle, i.e. components crossing the boundary are
not selected.

Moving the selected area

The rectangle and all selected items within the rectangle can be moved by selecting the
left mouse button and whist it is down dragging the rectangle to a new position. On
releasing the mouse button the components will be drawn at the new position.

Copying selected items

Items selected within the rectangle can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can
be pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the
same module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste
buttons on the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up
menu of options.

Note that if
you are using
copy/paste to
copy from
instance of a
module to
another
instance of the
same module,
ensure that
both instances
are using the
same unit
systems.

9.6 Polygon Tool

The Polygon tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same
time. It is similar to the Area tool except that it allows components to be selected within a
polygonal area. With the Polygon tool it is possible to:

· Move a group of components

· Select a group of components.

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88 PIPENET® Standard Module

· Copy-paste a group of components.

· Delete a group of components.
· Mirror (left-right) a group of components, i.e. mirror the components about a
vertical centre line.
· Invert (up-down) a group of components, i.e. flip the components about a
horizontal centre line.

Note that for the purposes of mirror and inversion operations the centre of the polygon is
the centre of the enclosing rectangle.

To use the tool, proceed as follows:

1. Define the first point by holding the shift key down click the left mouse button.
2. Define the second point by moving the mouse to the location of the second point
and whilst holding the shift key down, click the left mouse button;
3. Repeat step 2 for as many points as you require to define the polygonal area.
4. When you have defined all the points right click the mouse anywhere in the
schematic (without the shift key being down) to close the defined polygon - the
last defined point is connected to the first.

Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be deleted, mirrored,
inverted or copied. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.

Selected items
The items marked as selected are:

· Each node contained within the defined polygon.

· Each link component contained within the polygon whose input and output nodes
are both within the polygon, i.e. components crossing the boundary are not
selected.

Moving the selected area

The polygon and all selected items within the polygon can be moved by selecting the left
mouse button and whist it is down dragging the polygon to a new position. On releasing
the mouse button the components will be drawn at the new position.

Copying selected items

Items selected within the polygon can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can be
pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the same
module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste buttons
on the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up menu
of options.. or the Copy and Paste buttons on the toolbar.

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 The Schematic 89

9.7 Text Tool

The Text Tool is used to place text on the schematic, for example, as titles and additional
labeling information. To place a text item on the schematic click the left mouse at the
approximate point at which the first character is to appear; the following dialog appears:

Enter the text which is to appear in the text field and then select OK to accept the text or
Cancel to abort. Text options can be specified in the Properties Window and include
typeface, size, style (normal, bold, italic or bold and italic) and colour.

To change the colour of the text right click in the cell and a small selection of colours will
be displayed:

Moving and editing text

Once a text element has been added to the schematic it can be selected, edited and
moved:

1. Click on a text element and its properties can be edited in the Properties
Window.

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 90 PIPENET® Standard Module

2. Click and drag to move the text.

3. Right-click on a text element and select Delete from the pop-up menu to delete
the text.

9.8 Link Component Tools

For all link elements, the procedure for creating a new link is as follows:

1. Select the appropriate element tool from the tool palette.

2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the
input node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear and left
click.
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing
node then that node will become the output node, otherwise a new node is
created.
7. If in between defining the input node and the output node you want to abort
creation of the link then select the Escape key.

When the component is drawn it will be displayed in blue to indicate that this is new
component for which the component defaults have been used. If any changes are made to
the component's attributes then it will change to black.

Waypoints
For some components, specifically those for which both an output and an input node is
displayed (excludes components such as spray nozzles and Transient caissons), additional,
intermediate points may be specified between the input and output nodes. These
intermediate nodes, or waypoints, do not form part of the hydraulic network and merely
exist to aid in the layout of the schematic. To add waypoints at the time a new component
is added, proceed as follows:

1. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
2. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the
input node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
3. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
4. To add an intermediate point hold the shift key down and left-click the mouse at
the desired position. This may be repeated as many times as you like to create
multiple-segment pipes and ducts.
5. If you left click without holding down the shift key then the output node is
created.
6. If, after creating the pipe or duct, you want to add additional waypoints or to
move waypoints, this can be done using the selection tool.
7. The creation of a pipe or duct can be aborted any time between the creation of the
input and the out node by pressing Escape.

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 The Schematic 91

If you have selected the display of direction and/or the presence of fittings on pipes or
ducts then the associated symbol will be displayed on each segment of the pipe or duct.

Undefined or invalid components

When a pipe, or in fact any link component, is first drawn in the schematic it is coloured
blue to indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has
an invalid combination of attributes, for example a zero length pipe. When one or more
attributes are entered for the component its colour changes to black (or white if the
background is black).

The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:

1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to
be invalid.

9.9 Pipe and Duct Component Tools

These tools are used for placing components on a pipe, for example orifice plates and
equipment items. These components can only be added to existing pipes and cannot be
created in isolation:

1. Place the cursor on the pipe.

2. Left click to add the attribute element to the pipe.
3. The component may subsequently be moved along the length of the pipe using
the selection tool.
4. Attributes for the added component are displayed in the Properties Window as for
link components.

With any of the attribute element tools selected it is possible to move any attribute
element along the length of a pipe using click and drag; see also the section on the
Selection Tool.

9.10 Schematic Printing

A schematic may be printed by selecting the File | Print option. The schematic may be
printed to any supported Windows' printer on a single page or across multiple pages. Note
however, that printing to a large plotter using a Windows' printer driver may be very slow
since some Windows' drivers will work by rasterizing the schematic. For optimum
drawing you should export the schematic for off-line plotting.

To print a schematic select the File| Print option, this will display a dialog box showing a
range of print scales and the number of pages required to print at each scale, and offering
the option to print all pages or a selected range of pages.

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However many pages are required to display the schematic, the network will be displayed
centred across all pages. Each printed page will show the network title, the date, and the
page number in the form Page m of n. Page fit can be selected to print the complete
schematic on one page. If the option Visible window only is selected, only that part of the
network visible in the schematic window will be printed on a single page.

Printing will be to the currently selected printer with the currently selected page
orientation. To change either or both of these: select the File | Print Setup menu option to
display the standard Windows print setup dialog.

The appearance of the printed schematic can be previewed using the File| Print Preview
option.

9.11 Exporting the Schematic

The schematic may be exported for use with other graphical or CAD programs. Currently
the only export format provided is HP-GL2. Support for additional formats will be
provided in future versions.

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 The Schematic 93

HP-GL/2 is a widely used format and is suitable for off-line plotting and can be used as
input to some graphical and CAD programs. To export the schematic select the Tools |
Export HP-GL/2 option. This will create an HP-GL2 file in the temporary directory with
the name temp.hpgl.

9.12 Moving around the network

To move around the network, displaying each component in turn can of course be
achieved by using the mouse to select the component and then viewing its attributes in the
Properties Window. Alternatively, you can view all components of a given type via the
Tabular Window, clicking on a row will highlight the corresponding component in the
schematic window, and vice-versa, selecting a component in the schematic window
highlights the corresponding component in the Tabular View. Yet another way is to use
the two arrow buttons in the bottom right-hand corner of the Properties Window to select
the next component of the same type (right-facing arrow) or the previous component of
the same type (left-facing arrow).

There is another way to move around the network, highlighting components in turn, using
the four cursor keys on the keyboard. This is best illustrated by the following example.
With pipe 2 the currently selected component and all component directions being from left
to right, selecting the right cursor key moves to pipe 3 and selecting the left cursor key
moves backwards to pipe 1.

Now consider what happens when we are on pipe 3:

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94 PIPENET® Standard Module

Selecting the right cursor key will move to uppermost component on the right, i.e. pipe 4:

To move to pipe 5 from pipe 4 simply select the down cursor key:

Selecting the down cursor key again will move to pipe 6 whilst selecting the up cursor key
will move back to pipe 4.

If the component is reversed, i.e the input node is to the right of the output node then
selecting the right cursor key will move to the link to the left. Similarly selecting the left
cursor key will move to the link to the right of the current link. So selecting the right
cursor key is interpreted as a move in the component direction and the left cursor key as a
move in the reverse direction.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 The Tabular View

Part

10
 96 PIPENET® Standard Module

10 The Tabular View

10.1 Tabular View
The Tabular View window and the Properties Window are used to enter and edit the
attributes of components displayed on the schematic. The Tabular View window cannot
be used for adding new components or deleting existing components. These operations
must be performed via the schematic.

Each tabular view displays the information for one component type selected from the
drop-down list at the top of the window:

Sorting
Components are initially displayed in data entry order, however, rows may be re-ordered
by clicking in a column heading. For example, to sort pipes in ascending order of
diameter, click on the heading for the pipe diameter column. To sort in descending order
of diameter, click on the column heading a second time - clicking on a heading toggles
between ascending and descending order.

Cell shading
Cells are normally displayed with a white background, however the following cell
shadings may also be observed:

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 The Tabular View 97

· Cells coloured light grey are read-only.

· Cells coloured yellow (currently only for pipe sizes) indicates that the displayed
size has been calculated during the design phase.

Selecting a row
Left-click on the leftmost cell of the row to select a row.

Editing a cell
The contents of editable cells (non-editable cells will be grayed out) are either of the direct
data entry type or of the drop-down selection type, For example in the pipe tab, pipe bore
and pipe length are both of the direct data entry type - simply click on the cell to edit or
re-enter the value. The pipe status is selected from a drop down list and is one of Normal,
Broken or Blocked.

Cell edits can be undone using the Undo/Redo facilities.

Printing
The current grid can be printed by selecting the Print button.

Add to report
This facility is not implemented yet.

10.2 Validation
All attributes are validated as they are entered:

· Fields are validated to check that they are of the correct type, that is if a field
must contain only numeric data then only entry of numeric digits and optional
sign and decimal point are permitted.
· Simple range checking is carried out to ensure that numeric values are within
range, for example pipe bores must always be positive, filter coefficients must
always be negative, temperatures must be at or above absolute zero and so on.

If an invalid entry is made then a simple dialog is displayed indicating the fault, for
example:

Clicking OK leaves the error highlighted, the value must be corrected before moving on
to further editing.

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 98 PIPENET® Standard Module

10.3 Copying Cells

A cell or a rectangular group of cells can be copied using techniques similar to those used
in Excel or 123. All paste operations can be undone.

Copying a single cell

To copy a single cell simply right-click on the cell to display a popup menu and then
select the Copy option. The copied cell can be pasted to another target cell by
right-clicking on the target cell and selecting the Paste option. However, note that a cell in
one column can only be copied to another cell in the same column, since it makes no sense
to allow copying between columns which represent completely different types of attribute.

Paste does not work in read-only columns or component label columns.

Copying a cell or range of cells

Right click on the cell to be copied and select the Copy option. Now select the target
group of cell as follows:

1. Left click the first target cell.

2. Whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the last target cell (in the same
column).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Paste option.

Copying a single cell to multiple, non-contiguous cells in the same column

The previous operation will also work if the selected cells in the column are
non-contiguous:

1. Left click the first target cell.

2. Whilst holding down the Ctrl key select any number of other cells in the column.
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Paste option.

Paste-in-Column
Since the operation of reproducing a single value in a column is common, a shortcut is
provided via the Paste-in-Column option in the popup menu. Simply point to the value to
be repeated in the column and select Paste-in-Column.

Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding

cells in another row
Select the source cells as follows:

1. Left click the first source cell.

2. Whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the last source cell (in the same
row).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Copy option.

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 The Tabular View 99

Select the target cells in the same manner only now select the Paste option in the popup
menu. Note the source and target selections must start and end in the same columns.

Copying a rectangular group of cells from one area of the grid to another
Select the source area as follows:

1. left-click a cell at one corner (top-left for example) of the rectangular group.
2. whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the diagonally opposite corner cell
to select the group.
3. Right click on any cell within the group to display the popup menu.
4. select the Copy option.

Select the target area in the same manner only now selecting the Paste option in the popup
menu. Note the following:

· The source and target areas must have the same shape, i.e. they must be the same
number of columns wide and the same number of rows high. Note however, the
one exception to this in the next paragraph.
· The source and target areas must start and end on the same column.

Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding

cells in several rows
A combination of the previous two copy operations provides the facility to copy cells from
one row to the corresponding cells in a number of rows:
1. Select the cells from the source row as described in "Copying a contiguous group
of cells from one row to the corresponding cells in another row".
2. Select Copy from the popup menu.
3. Select the target cells as described in "Copying a rectangular group of cells from
one area of the grid to another".
4. Select Paste from the popup menu.
5. Repeating a value.

Copy cells to external programs

Cells can be copied in the ways described above and then pasted into an external program,
typically a spreadsheet. All cells in the Tabular View can be selected by clicking in the top
left-hand corner cell.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Specifications

Part

11
 102 PIPENET® Standard Module

11 Specifications
11.1 Introduction to Specifications
In order to solve a network, boundary conditions must be provided in the form of flow or
pressure specifications on input and output nodes or pressure specifications on internal
nodes (an internal node is any node which is not an input or output node. These
specifications must obey the rules described more formally in the following Specification
Rules section.

Many of the aspects of specifications can however, be described by reference to a simple

single pipe network.

With this simple example, an initial approach might be to provide equal flow
specifications on both the input and output nodes. However, since the output flow must
equal the input flow, one of these specifications is not required. If we provide two
identical flow specifications then there is redundancy and there is no unique solution to
the network. If instead, we provide two different flow specifications then the
specifications would be inconsistent, and again there would be no solution.

With one flow specification provided at one node we know the flow at the other node.
However, we do not know the pressure. In fact pressures cannot be determined without the
specification of a reference pressure. So, for our simple network, it turns out that we must
provide two specification, one of which must be a pressure specification. Thus there are
three possibilities:

1. We provide a flow specification on the input and a pressure specification on the

output.
2. We provide a pressure specification on the input and a flow specification on the
output.
3. We provide a pressure specification at both the input and output.

This can be generalized to larger networks with any number of input and output nodes to
the simple statement that:

The number of specifications must be equal to the total number of input and output
nodes, and at least one of the specifications must be a pressure specification. See
Specification Rules for further details and the special considerations which apply to the
Design Phase, nozzles and remote specifications.

Disjoint Network
A network is considered disjoint if it is in two or more unconnected parts, or
sub-networks. The following is an example of a simple disjoint network, with two
sub-networks A and B:

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 Specifications 103

Since each sub-network is solved separately, the specifications in each sub-network must
be valid. Thus in the above example there must be a total of four specifications, with
sub-networks A and B each having at least one pressure specification.

It is obvious from this example that the network is disjoint. However, disjoint networks
can also arise in a less obvious way from the use of breaks and blocks in pipes. Consider
the following simple three-pipe network, with the central pipe blocked.

The network was initially setup with the pipe in the normal, unblocked state and the
calculation ran satisfactorily with a flow specification provided at the input and a pressure
specification provided at the output. When the blocked pipe was added the network
refused to calculate - why? Simply, that the blocked pipe has split the network into two
disjoint networks, one consisting of the single pipe A/1 and the other of the single pipe
C/1. Whilst the network containing the pipe C/1 includes the original pressure
specification, the A/1 network does not have a pressure specification. It should be noted
that with a blocked pipe a zero flow specification is added to the node at each end of the
block, hence there are a correct number of specifications.

11.2 Specification Rules

Assumptions
1. Input and output nodes (I/O nodes) correspond to those points in the network
where fluid enters or leaves the network.
2. Internal nodes are those nodes which are not inputs or outputs.
3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and blocks.
4. If a node is at one end of a break then it is considered to have an attached
pressure specification.
5. If a node is at one end of a block then it is considered to have an attached flow
specification.
6. In the Design Phase an arbitrary pressure of 50 bar G is associated with one of the
nodes, therefore a user-supplied pressure specifications is not used in this phase.

Design phase
1. There must be one (and only one) pressure specification, which may be on an
input node, an output node or an internal node.

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 104 PIPENET® Standard Module

2. In a network with a total on n input and output nodes, all but one of these nodes
must have a flow specification applies.

Calculation Phase
1. There must be at least one pressure specification.
2. Pressure specification may appear on input, output or internal nodes.
3. The total number of pressure and flow specifications must equal the total number
of input and output nodes, but see the following:
4. A user supplied pressure specification is not required in the Analysis Phase if
there are one or more nozzles present. The rule that the total number of
specifications must equal the total number of input and output nodes still holds.
5. Selection of the Most Remote Nozzle option adds one flow specification to the
Analysis Phase. This means that we must only provide n - 1 pressure or flow
specifications, where n is the number of input or output nodes.

11.3 Breaks and Blocks

In terms of the solving of a network, breaks and blocks are modeled as follows:

Block
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated
zero flow specification.

Break
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated
pressure specification.

Each break or block may separate a single network into two sub-networks, and since
specifications must be valid in each sub-network, problems can occur. The most likely
problem to arise is that the presence of a blocked pipe breaks a valid network into two
sub-networks with one of the sub-networks having no associated pressure specification.

11.4 User Interface

Viewing and editing specifications
The specifications associated with a node can be viewed in a number of ways:

1. by clicking on a node, the details of the specification appear in the Properties

window where they may be edited. If no specifications have been attached to the
node then the properties window appears as:

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 Specifications 105

2. by displaying the tabular view window and selecting the component type as Node
to display all nodes with details of any specifications attached or Design phase
specification or Calculation phase specification as required.

Adding specifications
Specifications are added by selecting the appropriate node and then setting the status of
the node as an I/O node as appropriate, changing the Design specification drop-down to
Input or Output if you want to add a design specification and the Calculation
Specification drop-down to Input or Output if you want to add a calculation
specification. Changing either of these will result in the display of additional attributes.
For example, adding a calculation phase input specification will change the display to:

where the pressure and/or flow can be provided.

Removing specifications
Specifications are removed simply by clicking on the node and changing the Design
specification and/or Calculation specification options to NO.

Checking specifications
Specifications are checked during the performance of a check operation along with height
checking and general consistency checking. This can be initiated by a user selecting the
Calculation | Check menu option.

A number of messages, relating to specifications can appear in the status window. Most
will be errors preventing a calculation from being performed. Specifications are checked

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106 PIPENET® Standard Module

separately for the Design and Analysis phases.

The errors and warnings are as follows:

Broken pipe found - warning

The presence of a broken pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks,
where each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications.

Blocked pipe found - warning

The presence of a blocked pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks,
where each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications.
There is a potential danger here that one of the sub-networks may be left without
a pressure specification, resulting in a network for which there is no solution.

Node has no inputs and is not an I/O node - warning

Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no
inputs. It may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the
node.

Node has no outputs and is not an I/O node - warning

Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no
outputs. It may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the
node.

No design pressure specification - error

One, and only one, design pressure must be provided for the design phase.

No design flow specification -error

At least one flow specification must be provided in each sub-network, together
with a single pressure specification.

One I/O node with no flow specification is required for Design

For the Design phase at least one I/O node must be provided which has no flow
specification. The I/O node may have a pressure specification.

No analysis pressure specification - error

At least one design pressure must be provided for each sub-network. See also
blocked pipe warning above.

There must be at least two specifications - error

At least two specifications must be provided for each phase.

Network is over specified in analysis phase

More specifications than are necessary have been supplied, that is:

number of flow specifications + number of Pressure specifications > number

of I/O nodes.

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 Specifications 107

Network is under specified in analysis phase

Insufficient specifications have been supplied, that is:

number of flow specifications + number of Pressure specifications < number

of I/O nodes.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Status Checking

Part

12
 110 PIPENET® Standard Module

12 Status Checking
12.1 Status checking
A facility is provided for checking the correctness of the currently defined network prior
to attempting to perform a calculation. This will check for component errors, specification
errors and height elevation inconsistencies. This facility is activated whenever a
calculation is attempted or explicitly by selection of the Calculation | Check option, when
the following window is displayed:

If there are no errors or warnings, the window contains a single status line as depicted
above. If there are errors and/or warnings these are shown one to a line, with the first
column showing a component label (where appropriate) and the second column a
description of the error. All components found to be in error, for example a zero length
pipe will be coloured blue.

Warnings are shown in back text, and indicate possible problems with the network. Errors
are shown in red text and indicate problems that may prevent a successful calculation.

If a component number is displayed in a cell then double-clicking anywhere in the row

will highlight the component in the schematic window, scrolling the schematic window to
display the component if it is not already visible.

For reference purposes a copy of the check results can be printed via the Print button.

12.2 Specification Checks

When a check is activated the number of specifications and their type is validated against
the rules defined in Specification Rules. The following is the check window displaying a
specification error.

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 Status Checking 111

Double-clicking in the first column of a row containing an error will select a node in the
sub-network containing the error

12.3 Height Checking

Height checking will be performed if pipe elevations are used, and essentially involves
summing the rises and falls in every loop to check that the sum is zero (within the height
check tolerance. For every loop in error one line will be displayed in the status window,
with the component identifying one node in the loop. The error description will include
the value of the error in user-defined length units. Clicking on the component cell will
highlight all of the components in the loop, as well as creating a path. The creation of a
path means that a graphical elevation profile can be displayed.

If two or more height errors are found then selecting the Common Height Errors button
will highlight all of the pipes that appear in two or more loops. This is not guaranteed to
pinpoint the error, but it may help.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Colour Schemes

Part

13
 114 PIPENET® Standard Module

13 Colour Schemes
13.1 Colour Schemes
A colour scheme is a simple set of rules used for the colouring of components on the
schematic. At any time two colour schemes may be in effect, one for colouring nodes and
one for colouring pipes/nozzles. The two colour schemes can be selected from an
application specific set of colour schemes. There is a default colour scheme for both nodes
and pipes/nozzles which provides the default colouring of:

· RED - item is selected

· BLUE - item is not completely defined or is invalid.

In all other situations a component is displayed in the default colour: black for white and
grey backgrounds or white on a black background.

Each colour scheme can assign one of six colours to a component: RED, ORANGE,
GREEN, CYAN, BLUE and MAGENTA. If a component falls outside of the rules for a
colour scheme it will assign a default colour of black (on a white or grey background) or
white (on a black background).

Two generic types of colour scheme are identified:

1. Simple schemes where components are coloured according to the value of a

single attribute or result.
2. Complex schemes where components are coloured according to some logical
combination of one, two or more attributes and results.

Simple Colour schemes

With simple colour schemes, the user selects a component attribute or result, for example,
pipe length, pressure difference, node elevation, and then creates a scheme by associating
the selected attribute or result with a set of intervals. The intervals are defined by five
values v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, the intervals being:

< v1 RED
ùv1 & < v2 ORANGE
ùv2 & < v3 GREEN
ùv3 & < v4 CYAN
ùv4 & < v5 BLUE
ùv5 MAGENTA

If intervals are not defined they will be provided automatically based on a suitable scaling
of the known values for the attributes or results. Note for results the intervals are
calculated on the completion of a calculation.

Colour schemes are displayed and edited via the Classes dialog.

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 Colour Schemes 115

This consists of two columns, one for nodes and the other for pipes/nozzles. At the head
of each column is a combo box for selecting the colour scheme. Note these two combo
boxes have a dual purpose in also selecting which attribute is displayed above a
component in the schematic.

Below the combo box are five edit boxes used for defining the six intervals. The coloured
boxes alongside the edit boxes define the colours for the six intervals. The edit boxes will
be grayed out if the selected colouring scheme does not use intervals.

Immediately below each column of five edit boxes are two check boxes:

· Colours On - used to enable/display colours. If this box is unchecked then the

default colouring scheme will be used. However, the selected attribute will still
be displayed when the Display Attributes buttons are selected.
· Auto classify - used to select automatic calculation of ranges following
completion of a calculation. If this box is checked then the five values defining
the six intervals will be re-calculated each time a calculation is performed.
· Use modulus - if this is selected then classification will not take the sign of the
attribute into consideration.

The final three buttons are used to select the way in which the intervals are coloured, the
default being the six colours ordered as RED, ORANGE, GREEN, CYAN, BLUE and
MAGENTA. The ordering of the colours may be reversed by selecting the Reverse
colours button. As an alternative to the six colours a single colour may be selected to be
represented in six shades. Selecting the Graduated button displays a pop-up window via
which the colour can be selected.

The two combo boxes for selecting the colour scheme (and hence the attribute to be

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116 PIPENET® Standard Module

displayed on the schematic) are reproduced on the Options Toolbar. The Options toolbar
can also be used to display legends (one for nodes and one for pipes/ducts) on the
schematic. For example:

The legends can be moved around by clicking and dragging with the mouse.

Values are displayed with the correct sign for directional components; negative if the flow
is in the opposite direction to the component direction, or positive if it is in the same
direction.

Complex rules
Complex rules allow the user to define a colouring rule in a more flexible manner. This is
best described by reference to the dialog used to enter a complex colouring rule:

This shows the dialog for entering a complex rule for a pipe or duct, that for a node has
the same layout. It comprises:

1. A name for the rule.

2. Up to three conditions (only two are used in this example) consisting of an
attribute or result name (selectable from a drop down list), a relational operator

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 Colour Schemes 117

(again selectable from a drop-down list), a value, and a Use modulus check box
(if the box is checked then the absolute value of the attribute must satisfy the
condition).
3. Logical And or Or operators relating the conditions.
4. The colour to be used for display.

The above example states that each pipe with a bore greater than 12 inches, where the
calculated velocity in the pipe exceeds 30 ft/sec, is to be coloured red.

The legend window can be selected for display as with simple rules, for the above
example it would appear thus:

13.2 Tagging
Inaddition to the default colour scheme, one additional tagging colour scheme is provided
which is common to all application modules. This scheme can be used to colour
components based purely on user selection. This operates as follows:

1. The user selects components in the normal way

2. The user then tags these selected items by selecting the menu option Tools | Tag
Selected Items and selecting a colour from the resulting popup menu.
3. Steps 1 and 2 can be repeated, each Tag-Selected-Items operation adding to the
set of tagged items.

Now if the tagged colour scheme is selected, tagged items will be displayed in CYAN
(this colour may be changed via the Options | Display Options menu item).

Tagged items of a certain colour can be made untagged by selecting the menu option
Tools | Remove Tags and selecting the colour from the resulting popup menu, or
selecting All to remove all tags.

13.3 Background Colours

By default the schematic is displayed on a light grey background, this is probably the best
choice if component colouring is used. Other background colours can be selected via the
Options | Display Options menu item.

Regardless of the chosen background colour, the schematic is always printed on a white
background.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Elevation Profile and
Hydraulic Grade Line

Part

14
 120 PIPENET® Standard Module

14 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line

14.1 Elevation Profile Graph
This window can be selected for display via the Graphs tab in the Data Window.

Before a profile can be plotted a path must be defined using the Tools | Make Path menu
option. To use this, simply select two or more nodes and then select the Tools | Make
Path menu option to select all components joining the selected nodes. To select more
than one node at a time, simply hold down the Ctrl key down whist selecting the nodes.

The path found is the shortest path, where shortest means the smallest number of nodes.
Having created a path, the elevation profile will be displayed with the nodes plotted from
the leftmost of the two nodes selected to the second, rightmost node. The vertical axis
displays an elevation scale in the user-selected units and the horizontal axis the distance as
measured from the starting node.

Right-clicking with the mouse displays a popup menu with the following options:

· Show values - selecting this option will display the value at a point in a bubble
tool-tip.
· Label Point - if the mouse is position on or close to a node this will label the
node.
· Add Text - add text annotation to plot
· Add Arrow - add an arrow to plot
· Add arrowed text - add arrowed text to plot
· Copy - copies the plot to the clipboard, from where it can be inserted in, for
example, a Word document.
· Edit properties - selecting this option will display a tabbed dialog, via which it is

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 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line 121

possible to edit the title, labels, styles and the axes. These properties can be saved
as a template.

The following figure shows the same plot with some nodes labeled and an arrowed text
item:.

The Elevation profile has a number of uses, the major two being:

1. The display of a Hydraulic Grade Line, the following shows an example of a

hydraulic grade line plot (blue) with the elevation profile in black:

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 122 PIPENET® Standard Module

2. locating height check errors reported in theStatus Window - clicking on the

line in the Status Window, displaying a height error, will highlight the loop in
the network, as well as making a closed path. The following depicts the profile
of a height check error (with labeled nodes) which clearly indicates the error.
Note the first and last nodes shown on the plot are the same physical node and
hence their differing heights on the plot illustrates the scale of the error.

14.2 Hydraulic Grade Line

The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) is the sum of the static head, and elevation head., that is:

HGL = SH + EH {with units of length}

If the static pressure is known then we can also use the relation :

where P is the static pressure, Z is the elevation, and the density.

The Hydraulic grade line can be displayed in the elevation profile window following a
calculation by creating a path between two nodes in the network, using the Tools | Make
path facility.

Note that for a hydraulic grade line to produced the fluid must either be a liquid with no
temperature items in the network or a gas and the temperature unit is other than Kelvin.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Add Multiple Pipes

Part

15
 124 PIPENET® Standard Module

15 Add Multiple Pipes

15.1 Add multiple pipes dialog
This facility is activated via the Tool menu and provides a quick and simple method of
generating pipe runs, typically as used in pipeline applications. Here the user may start
with a set of distance and elevation pairs, possibly in a spreadsheet form.

Selecting the tool via Tools | Add Multiple Pipes option produces the dialog:

The left-hand window contains the attributes to be set for each pipe created when the OK
button is selected, the right-hand window the set of distance-elevation pairs. Above this
right-hand window is the number of pipes to created, which can be changed using the
up-down buttons to the right of the displayed value. The distance is incremented
automatically by the length of the pipe specified in the left-hand window. Values in the
right-hand window can be edited.

The check box at the bottom of the dialog indicates that the pipe run will be displayed in
profile with pipes being drawn to scale according to their lengths. If this box is unchecked
then the window appears thus:

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 Add Multiple Pipes 125

Here the pipe run is displayed in plan at a specified angle of inclination, angles being
measured anti-clockwise from the horizontal. Selecting the option Use proportional
lengths draws the pipes to scale according to their lengths.

Data can be copied from a spreadsheet and pasted into the right-hand window, the number
of rows being set automatically from the number of data pairs copied. This facility must
be used with caution since the data from the spreadsheet must be arranged in the same
column order as that used in the right-hand window, and the units must agree with those in
the column headings. Undo/redo is available with this facility.

SSL/UM/0001/04 - © 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

 Libraries

Part

16
 128 PIPENET® Standard Module

16 Libraries
16.1 Libraries
Two types of library are used in PIPENET modules:

Local User Library

This library is associated with the data file and is opened when the data file is open. It can
contain various items, depending on the module in use:

· pipe schedules
· fittings
· valves
· fluids
· pumps
· linings

There is only one local user library. It has the file extension .SLF and replaces all of the
separate library files from previous modules. Whilst a data file is open entries can be
added, deleted or edited using the Library Editor dialog.

A local user library can be shared by one or more data files, although if the library is
changed in one network, it is changed for all users of the library.

Local and system libraries have the same format, the only difference is in their
relationship to the data file.

System Library
Whereas the local user library is considered to be under the control of the user opening the
data file, and is for all intents and purposes part of the data file, system libraries are
external libraries, generally considered to be under the control of some central
administrator.

System libraries can be referenced by a data file but are not normally edited whilst a data
file is open, instead the user must edit system libraries in an External System Library
Editor.

The concept of separate System Libraries introduces extra flexibility in that now a user
can have more than one source for schedules, fluids, etc. There also is the possibility of
imposing central control over some (System) libraries whilst allowing users to have their
own private library definitions.

A network data file referencing a single Local User Library essentially corresponds to the
way in which previous products have worked. I.e., in previous products a network data file
could only refer to a single PDF file, a single UFL library and so on. However, System
libraries provide the facility for a network to gather library definitions from multiple files.

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Opening Libraries
Libraries opened from the File menu are always considered external system libraries. Only
the new format libraries, that is those with a .SLF extension, can be opened.

Importing libraries
New and old style libraries (i.e. .PDF, .PMP, etc.) can be imported via the Import Library
option in the file menu. Imported libraries are merged into the single local user library.

Exporting Libraries
Libraries cannot be exported individually but only as a result of exporting the network as
an old style .DAT file. This is achieved by selecting the File | Export... menu option and
then providing the name to be given to the .DAT file. Any associated library files will be
saved with the same file name but with the appropriate file extension.

Libraries - example 1 - new data and library file

In this example we assume that a new data file is being created and no library files exist.

1. Create a new project.

2. Define the library items using the Library Editor dialog.
3. Create the network.

Libraries - example 2 - new data file using old style library files
In this example we assume that a new data file is being created but it is required to import
library files created under a previous version of the PIPENET.

1. Create a new project.

2. Go to the File menu and select the option Import library.
3. Use the file dialog to select the library to open, that is a .PDF, .PMP, etc. file.
4. Open the file - the file is imported into the local user library.
5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each old style library to be imported.
6. Create the network.

Libraries - example 3 - old data file using old style library files
Opening an old style .Dat file automatically imports any old style library files referenced
by the .Dat file.

16.2 Library Editor

The Library Editor comprises a number of pages, one for each type of library item, for the
Standard module these are:

Schedules - Define or edit pipe schedules.

Fittings - Define or edit pipe fittings.

Control valves - Define or edit pipe control valves.

Fluids - Define or edit fluids.

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Pumps - coefficients unknown - Define or edit pumps with unknown

coefficients.

Pumps - coefficients known - Define or edit pumps with known coefficients.

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16.3 Pipe Schedules

This library page is used for creating and editing pipe schedules:

To the left is a list of available schedules, both built-in and user-defined, selecting any
item in this list displays the properties of the schedule on the right.

At the top right are three fields common to all library editors:

1. The name of the schedule as it appears in pop-up menus, the length of this
name is limited to 20 characters.
2. An optional longer description.
3. The source of the schedule, which may be one of the following:
· Built-in schedule provided with the Standard module. Built-in schedules
cannot be edited.
· Local user library - these items may be edited whilst a network is open.
· System library - these items can only be edited when using the External
System Library Editor.

Below these three fields is a field containing the roughness, and below that a grid showing
the standard nominal sizes and the corresponding internal diameters. If the nominal
diameter is "unset" then the corresponding nominal diameter is not included in the
schedule. Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to
the clipboard.

Nominal diameters are greyed-out indicating that their value is fixed, however by scrolling
down to the end of the grid 10 user-defined sizes are revealed, for these entries both the
nominal and internal bores can be edited.

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Roughness and diameters are displayed in the user specified units (see Options - Units).

Adding a new schedule

To add a new schedule select the New button in the bottom left-hand corner of the dialog.
Enter the desired values (if the Description field is left empty it will by default be the same
as the schedule name). When all of the data has been entered click the Apply button to
accept the new schedule or the Cancel button to abort.

Editing an existing schedule

Select the schedule to be edited from the left-hand window, enter the desired changes and
then select the Apply button to accept the changes.

Deleting an existing schedule

Select the schedule to be deleted in the left-hand window and then the Delete button.

16.4 Fittings Library

Fittings are added to the library via the following dialog:

Making fittings available or unavailable

In the top left-hand window is a list of the available fittings and in the bottom right-hand
corner a list of those fittings which are to be excluded from selection in the Fittings
window. To make a fitting in the top window unavailable for selection highlight the fitting
in the upper window and select the - button. To make an unavailable fitting in the bottom
window available for selection, highlight the fitting in the lower window and select the +
button.

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Adding a fitting
To add a new fitting proceed as follows:

1. Select the New button.

2. Enter the name of the fitting.
3. Enter an optional long description for the fitting.
4. Select the type of fitting from those listed.
5. Supply the Parameters (dependent on fitting type) in the one, two or three edit
boxes provided. Note the number of edit boxes provided and the label for each
box will change according to the fitting type selected.
6. Select the Apply button to apply add the fitting.

Deleting a fitting
Highlight the desired fitting in the top left-hand window and select the Delete button;
button is disabled for built-in fittings.

16.5 Control Valves

To view a library control valve, select the required control valve from the top left-hand
window and its properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a control valve
select the control valve in the left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add
a new control valve:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide a unique name for the control valve and an optional description.
3. Select the valve type.
4. If K-factor valve type selected enter the value for the area.
5. At least two entries must be provided in the grid.
For K-factor valves these consist of a valve setting (between 0.0 and 1.0), a
K-factor (which must be positive) and a value for the gradient at each point dK/ds
(must be less than or equal to zero).
For Flow coefficient valves these consist of a valve setting (between 0.0 and 1.0),
a Flow coefficient (which must be positive) and a value for the gradient at each
point dCv/ds (must be positive).
6. Select the Apply button to add the control valve to the library.

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Selecting the Linear button (lower left-hand corner) will fill in the values for dK/ds or
dCv/ds using a linear gradient between each two successive points.

Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the
clipboard; right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

16.6 Fluids library

To view a library fluid, select the required fluid from the top left-hand window and its
properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a fluid select the fluid in the
left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add a new fluid:

1. Select the New button.

2. Provide a unique name for the fluid and an optional description.
3. Select the fluid class from the bottom left-hand window, the required properties
appear on the right-hand side.
4. Depending on the fluid class selected, enter the required parameters.
5. Select the Apply button to add the fluid to the library.

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16.7 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are
unknown:

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:

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1. Select the NEW button and provide a name and description.

2. Select the desired flow rate and pressure units from the drop-down lists provided
at the top left-hand corner of the dialog.
3. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
4. provide a minimum of three points for the curve in the bottom left-hand corner
window
5. select the desired curve type- Quadratic (default), Cubic or Smooth (cubic spline)
6. provide the two degeneration factors (defaults 0.0) for a Quadratic curve that
modify the curve slope outside the working range
7. select Apply to add the pump to the library
8. the coefficients are calculated and displayed, along with the pump curve.

Note that the definition of the pump curve will only be accepted if:

· for a quadratic curve - at least three points are provided for a quadratic
and the slope of the calculated curve is negative everywhere between
the minimum and maximum values
· for a cubic or smooth curve at least four points are provided.

Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the
clipboard; right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

Editing an existing pump

1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. Make any changes required to the pump parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pump
1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box;
2. Select the Delete button.

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16.8 Pumps - Coefficients Known

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are
known:

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:
1. Select the NEW button and provide a name and description.
2. Select the desired flow rate and pressure units from the drop-down lists provided
at the top left-hand corner of the dialog.
3. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
4. Provide the coefficients.
5. Select Apply to add the pump to the library.
6. The pump curve is displayed.

Note that the definition of the pump curve will only be accepted if the slope of the
calculated curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and maximum values.

Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the
clipboard; right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

Editing an existing pump

1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. make any changes required to the pump parameters.
3. select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pump
1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.

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2. Select the Delete button.

16.9 Editing System Libraries

Editing System Libraries is essentially the same process as for editing the Local User
Library, using the same dialogs. There are however, some important observations:
· System Libraries can be edited whilst a network referencing the file is open, but
this is not generally recommended.
· System Libraries are designed to be shared by a number of users and any edits
may affect other users.
· System Libraries will typically be administered by a central controller who would
control access to the libraries via read/write permissions.
· Whilst there is only one User Library referenced by a network there can be many
referenced System Libraries.

Selecting this option will either:

Open a library file directly if one and only one system file is referenced by the network.

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17 Specifying options
17.1 Title
Use this dialog to enter a title for the PIPENET problem. A title may consist of up to four
lines of text, each line no more than 65 characters in length. The first line of the title will
be displayed on each page of a printed schematic:

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17.2 Standard Options

The options page provides control over a number of modeling and calculation options for
the Standard module:

Pressure Model
Select from the available options, referring to the Modeling section - Pressure Models for
further details.

Elevations
Specify means by which node heights are derived:

Use pipe/duct elevations

Each pipe or duct is assigned a change in elevation (rise) from its input to its
output. A reference node is selected and assigned a reference height. The height
of each node calculated with reference to the reference node. This option can
result in height inconsistencies if a network contains one or more loops. In a loop
the sum of the elevation changes must sum to zero. However, if a rise has been
incorrectly entered the sum will not be zero and a height check error will be
reported. Height check errors can be difficult to locate in large loops.

Use node elevations

The elevation of each node is directly entered as an attribute of the node - height
check errors cannot occur with this method.

Warnings Control
The default is to treat warnings as errors. Occasionally, it may be appropriate to allow a
calculation to continue even if there are warnings.

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Orifice plate model

Select one of the available options:

BS1042
If the BS1042 model is used, the restrictions of that standard are applied so
plates may only be used in pipes with diameters in the range 2–14 inches (50.8–
355.6mm). Furthermore the ratio of the orifice diameter to the pipe diameter
must be in the range 0.1 – 0.748 for larger pipes.

Heriot-Watt
If the "Heriot-Watt Orange Book" orifice plate model is used the ratio of the
orifice diameter to the pipe diameter should be less than 0.8 (see also Modeling -
Orifice plates).

Crane
Orifice plates are modeled according to [CRANE]

17.3 Units options

A wide selection of unit systems are provided, including:

· SI
· Metric
· US
· Imperial
· User Defined

Each of the first four provides a fixed, consistent set of options. For example the unit of
diameter (of pipes) and length in the SI system is fixed at metres and the unit of
temperature is fixed at Kelvin. The User Defined option allows the user to specify the
unit to be used for each measure independently. We could, for example, have length
measured in metres but diameter measured in inches.

In general it is recommended that the very first operation in the process of creating a new
network should be the selection of the appropriate units. Whilst units can be changed later
it can lead to complications and confusion to do so. In particular switching between mass
and volumetric flow can create problems when the fluid density is unknown (dependent
on fluid model being used) and a warning may be issued in these situations.

The Units dialog

Selecting the menu option Options | Units displays:

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The left-hand side is a scrollable window via which for each quantity (length, diameter,
velocity, etc) a unit (metres, feet, etc.) may be selected. For users of previous versions of
PIPENET this window is functionally identical to the Units dialog in those versions; the
same set of options is available. The units options window can be scrolled vertically to
display more options.

The example above illustrates that SI units are in use and units cannot be changed
individually. Selecting the User-defined option will result in the following display and all
unit options are now enabled:

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Display Precisions
At the upper right of the dialog is an area where the display precisions can be set
individually for general display (in the Property windows, dialogs and the data window)
and in the Schematic window. To use this facility select the name of the quantity (Length,
Diameter, etc.) in the left-hand window and the display changes to:

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Here Length has been selected. The values displayed for the precision [0.123] indicate
that three decimal places will be used for the display of length in the selected unit of
length (metres in this example).

Selecting the arrow to the right of each field produces a drop-down showing that the
number of decimal places can be selected to between zero and eight.:

When a network is saved the preferred precisions are saved and they are reloaded when
the the file is re-opened. Selecting the Save As Defaults button will save the current
settings in the registry and these will be the defaults used when new networks are created.

Unit Conversion Tool

At the lower right of the dialog is a unit conversion tool, again this area is only active if a
measure is selected

To use the tool simply enter a value in the left-hand field, select the unit that the value
represents from the left-hand column (from unit) and the unit to which to convert to from
the right-hand column (to unit) and the result is displayed in the right-hand field. This
example illustrates that 1 metre is converted to 3.2808399 ft. The example below
illustrates the use of the tool to convert a pressure, specifically 1.0 psi Abs converts to
6894.75... Pa Abs.

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17.4 Fluid
The fluid used in the simulation is specified via this options page:

This page consists of three main areas:

Top-left - generic type of fluid, for a description of the parameters required see
the properties description below. Note that the van der Waals equation is an
attempt to improve the ideal gas law by including repulsive and attractive
molecular interactions and the non-zero volume taken up by the molecules
themselves.

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Bottom-left - if the fluid type is a gas, then this area is enabled and the specific
gas can be selected.

Right-hand - properties for selected fluid, the parameters displayed here will be
dependent on the fluid class.
· Water or steam - Temperature.
· Liquid, direct specification - Density, viscosity and vapour pressure.
· Liquid, property correlations - Temperature, critical temperature, A, B, C and
M coefficients. For a description of these coefficients refer to the Fluid
Specification section of the Modeling chapter
· Liquid, variable properties - At least two sets of density, viscosity and
temperature.
· Van der Waal's gas or ideal gas - Temperature, critical Properties
(temperature, pressure and volume), Ratio of specific heat capacities
(Gamma) and Molecular Weight.
· Low or medium pressure natural gas - Gas gravity and correlation equation to
be used.

17.5 Pipe Types

This dialog is used to provide a pipe type:

In the standard module all pipes in a network can be entered directly (that is not using pipe
types) or all pipes in a network must be of a specified type. It is not possible to have some
pipes in a network using pipe types and some pipes not. If after entering some pipes you
define a first pipe type then a warning will be issued giving the user the opportunity to
ensure that all pipes have a pipe type.

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A pipe type will be associated with a pipe schedule, and this schedule must already exist
before the pipe type can be created.

Creating a new pipe type

To create a new pipe type:

1. Select the New button - name and description provided automatically.

2. Select the associated schedule from the drop-down list provided.
3. Provide velocities or pressure drops for all those bores which are to be provided
by the schedule, bores being marked as available or unavailable by selecting the
bore in the bottom right-hand corner window and selecting the Use in design or
Avoid in design button as appropriate (default is all valid bores are marked as
available). Bores for which Avoid in Design have been selected are shown with a
red background in the velocity/pressure cell.
4. Select Apply to add the pipe type to the library.

Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type, then instead of explicitly entering the
pipe diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes
together with the unset value.

Editing an existing pipe type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. Make any changes required to the pipe type parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.

Deleting a pipe type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. Select the Delete button.

A pipe type cannot be deleted if it is in use.

17.6 Display options

All schematic related display options are displayed on the Display tab. Selecting this
option will display a dialog box:

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Label Options
The label options allow nodes to be labeled, links to be labeled, component direction to be
indicated and the presence of any fittings on a pipe to be shown.

For pipes an additional option is available indicating whether or not all segments of a
multi-segment pipe or duct (that is one containing way points) are to be labeled, or only
the central segment. Labeling only the central segment may improve the appearance of
printed schematics.

An arrowhead pointing from the input towards the output indicates component direction.
As with the standard PIPENET definition, component direction does not necessarily
correspond to the direction of flow.

The presence of one or more fittings on a pipe is indicated by a blue diamond symbol
centred along the length of the pipe.

Results Options
Selecting this option allows flow direction to be indicated on all links once a calculation
has been performed.

Line Thickness
Specify the thickness of the lines used for drawing as one (default), two, three or four

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pixels.

Grid Options
Via the Grid options you can select the display of a grid, its style and whether all nodes
and waypoints are confined to lay on grid intersections. The grid can be orthogonal
(vertical and horizontal grid lines) or isometric (one vertical axis, one axis at 30 degrees to
the horizontal and a third at 150 degrees to the horizontal).

Colours and Fonts

These options are used to select the background colour and the font size for node and link
labels.

Tool Tips
Selecting this option will cause tool tips to be displayed when the mouse cursor is on or
near a component. the tool tip will display the component type, its label and the current
parameter selected from the Options toolbar. The information is displayed for a few
seconds and then will disappear. For example, moving the mouse to a pipe will display:

Here the tool tip is displaying the calculated volumetric flow.

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17.7 Calculation Options

Calculation related options are displayed on the Calculation tab. Selecting this option will
display a dialog box:

This page contains a number of calculation related options:

Number of lines per page

This is the number of lines per page used in the traditional output file produced
by the calculator.

Maximum number of iterations

The default value of 50 should be sufficient for almost all circumstances. If you
see the error message "Failed to Converge" then increasing this value may
produce results.

Convergence Accuracy
This parameter defines the convergence accuracy used to determine when two
iterations are sufficiently close to assume a solution has been reached.

Height Check Tolerance

If pipe elevations are used this is the acceptable error in resolving node heights in
loops.

Temporary Path
Enter the path to be used for the storage of all intermediate temporary files
required by the calculator.

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Hydraulic Gradient Calculation

This option is only available when the fluid is a liquid and there are no properties
present in the network. In order to calculate the hydraulic gradient at every node
in the network, PIPENET must be supplied with the absolute elevation of one
reference node with respect to a datum line.

Ambient Pressure Correction

This option is only available when the fluid is a gas and gauge pressure units are
in use. To use the ambient pressure correction facility the user must specify the
absolute atmospheric pressure and temperature at a reference node.

17.8 Standard Tables

This dialog allows the user to select the tables to appear in the calculation output: for the
Standard module:

If the include validation box (lower left-hand corner) is selected, a listing of the original
input file will be included at the beginning of the output file. This will display any errors
or warnings arising from the input file.

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17.9 Defaults
Via this dialog the user can specify the defaults to be applied when creating new pipes,
ducts and nozzles:

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Part

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18 Modeling
18.1 Fluid specification
The properties of the fluid being used have a large influence on the way in which the
system behaves. PIPENET recognises the following fluid classes:

· Class 1: Liquids such as water, brine, crude and fuel oils and most process
liquids.
· Class 2: Saturated or super-heated steam.
· Class 3: Gases modeled using van der Waal's equation.
· Class 4: Gases modeled using the Ideal Gas equation.
· Class 5: Low and Medium Pressure Natural Gas.

The user can either make use of the fluids which are built into PIPENET or define his own
liquid (Class 1) or gas (Class 3 or 4).

The data for a fluid type depends on the fluid class. This can either be liquid (property
correlations, direct specification or variable properties), van der Waals gas or ideal gas.
For all these cases, a fluid name must be provided.

User-Defined fluids
For a user-defined fluid the density and viscosity must be defined. They may be given
either as constants or as varying with temperature.

In the case where density and viscosity vary with temperature, PIPENET uses the
correlation formulae:

where:
T is the temperature (K),
Tc is the critical temperature (K)
A, B, C and M are constants for the fluid.

In order to define the fluid the user must provide values for A, B, C, M, T and Tc.

The density equation is the Rackett equation, which can also be formulated as:

where:

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Vs is the saturated liquid volume at temperature T

Vc is the critical volume
Zc is the critical compressibility factor

One suggested source of critical properties and the viscosity equation is [POLING].

User-defined gases
A gas may be defined by the user either as a Van der Waals gas or as an ideal gas. In either
case the user must provide:

· Molecular weight
· Critical properties (temperature, pressure and volume)
· Ratio of specific heat capacities (Gamma).

18.2 Design Facility

PIPENET's Design Facility helps the user to design safe networks, which meet given
supply demands whilst ensuring that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed a
given maximum value (known as the design velocity of the pipe), or that the pressure drop
per unit length of pipe does not exceed a given maximum value (the design pressure
drop).

As a simple example of this type of calculation, consider once again the example network:

Suppose that the nozzle is required to supply water at a rate of 600 lit/min, but that for
safety reasons the velocity of fluid in the pipe must not exceed 4m/s. (i.e. the design
velocity is 4m/s). Then we have:

Flow rate through pipe = Fluid velocity x Pipe cross-sectional area >= Pipe
Design velocity x Pipe cross-sectional area.

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Using 600 lit/min = 10 lit/s = 0.01 m3/s:

0.01 4 x (0.25 x p x d2)

or

d2 >= 0.01/p1 = 0.003183

d >= 0.056411m = 56.4 mm.

Thus in this case the diameter of the pipe should be larger than 56.4 mm. The actual
diameter of the pipe used will depend on what sizes of pipe are available, and this is
determined by the pipe schedule being used.

Given the flow rates required in and out of the network, PIPENET will calculate the flow
rates through every pipe in the network. PIPENET will then perform a calculation similar
to the one given above, and select a suitable diameter for each pipe.

18.3 Ambient pressure correction

While PIPENET performs its calculations using absolute pressure units of Pascals, it
allows use of a variety of units for pressure including gauge units such as Bar G and psi G.
Normally the program converts pressures in gauge units to absolute units by adding a
constant value of one standard atmosphere (101325 Pa).
In networks with large elevation changes, users may wish to take account of the variation
in atmospheric pressure with height when converting from gauge to absolute pressures.
Atmospheric pressure Pi, at a height hi above a datum point is given by the equation:

where:
P0 is the absolute atmospheric pressure at the datum point.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
r is the fluid density.

To use this correction facility the user must simply supply the absolute atmospheric
pressure at a given reference node.

Ambient pressure correction is permitted by PIPENET only when gauge pressure units are
being used and the fluid in the network is a gas.

18.4 Pipe Modelling

Modeling Equation
Pipes are assumed to be of uniform circular cross-section.

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P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat

where:
Pfric = Pressure loss due to friction and fittings.
Pelev = Pressure loss due to elevation change.
Pplat = Pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted.

Friction losses - Coulson & Richardson

Pfric is found using the Bernoulli equation method. The Bernoulli equation is a theoretical
equation which gives the pressure in pipes, ignoring frictional effects. By comparing the
theoretical results obtained using the Bernoulli Equation with those obtained in
experiments the pressure drop due to friction effects can be found. Based on the work of
the French engineer Henri Darcy (1803–58) the following equations are obtained:

where:
D is the internal diameter of the pipe.
L is the pipe length.
f is the Fanning friction factor.
u is the fluid velocity.
r is the fluid density.

The Fanning friction factor depends on Reynold's number (Re = uDr/µ where µ is the
fluid dynamic viscosity) and the relative roughness of the pipe (pipe roughness/pipe
diameter). The standard values for f can be obtained from a graphical representation
known as the Moody diagram. This is represented in PIPENET by the following
empirical formulae (where r is the surface roughness of the pipe):

Laminar flow (Re < 2000):

f =16/Re

Transitional flow (2000 < Re < 3000):

f is found by interpolating between laminar value for Re = 2000 and turbulent
value at Re = 3000.

Turbulent flow (Re > 3000):

1/Öf = -1.768ln(0.27r /D + 1.252/ReÖf )

Friction losses - Colebrook-White method

PIPENET can also use an alternative formulation of friction loss using the Colebrook -

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White equation:

1/Öf = -4log(r/3.7D + 1.256/ReÖf)

The pressure drop caused by the difference in elevation of the two ends of the pipe, Pelev,
is given by:

where:
r is the fluid density.
Z is the change in elevation in the pipe
g is the acceleration due to gravity

18.5 Ducts
Ducts are very similar to pipes except for the obvious difference that ducts have a
rectangular cross-section.

Modeling Equation
Ducts are modeled using the same equations as pipes. In order to do this PIPENET
calculates a mean hydraulic diameter, DH, for the duct using:

where:
H is the duct height and
W is the duct width.

Data Required
Supplied in the data file:

· Height and Width.

· Duct length.
· Increase in elevation from inlet to outlet.
· A list of fittings on the duct.

Notes
1. Ducts cannot be used with PIPENET's Design Facility.
2. Ducts can only be used when the fluid is a gas.
3. Increase in elevation may be given directly or by supplying the elevations of the
input and output nodes.

18.6 Pumps
A pump provides a pressure increase which depends on the pump speed and performance
curve. The pump performance curve is entered as a library.

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User Input Parameters

Pump Type - selected from a list of defined library pumps (with either unknown
coefficients or known coefficients).

Quadratic Modeling Equations

The pressure increase produced by the pump is:

where:
s is the pump setting.
Q is the flow rate through the pump.
A, B, C are pump performance coefficients.

The pump performance coefficients A, B and C are entered directly, or calculated by

PIPENET for a specified pump curve, in pump libraries. The user also specifies an
operating range for flow rates through the pump. It is recommended that the zero flow rate
point is given when defining a pump curve.

The pump setting, s, must be between 0.0 and 1.0. A setting s = 0.0 represents a shut
down pump, while s = 1.0 represents a pump at full speed.

The quadratic curve will, in general only apply to the specified working range of the
pump, however degeneration factors can be used to specify the behaviour of the curve
below the specified working range and/or above the specified working range.

Within the work region – QLL to QUL

PIPENET calculates a binomial correlation to fit the input data, see the solid line
in the above figure:

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Below the minimum flow rate QLL

We introduce a degeneration factor n, which is an integer in the range 0 to 10. The

larger the value of n., the flatter of the pump curve is. When the degeneration
exponent n is zero, i.e. no degeneration the equation becomes the normal
quadratic.

where:

Above the maximum flow rate QUL

We introduce a degeneration factor m, which is an integer in the range 0 to 10. The
larger the value of m the quicker of the pump curve degenerates..

where:

Notes
If the performance coefficients for a pump are known, then the pump can be defined as a
non-library pump by giving the values of A, B, C, Qmin and Qmax.

In order for the calculator to function correctly, it is necessary to ensure that there is only
one flow rate corresponding to each pressure gain, and so the following restrictions are
applied:

· For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, the slope of the performance curve must
be negative or zero.
· For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, there must be no flow rate that gives no
pressure change. (That is, the performance curve must not cross the horizontal

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axis.)

For flow rates outside the range Qmin to Qmax, PIPENET extrapolates the performance
curve using the tangent to the curve at the minimum or maximum flow rate, and issues an
appropriate warning message.

PIPENET will calculate the power required by a pump based on specified efficiency. The
power calculation will assume that the pump is 100% efficient if the efficiency is not
specified

Cubic Modeling Equations

A simple quadratic curve can deviate considerably from the supplied pump data,
especially when the flow rate exceeds the pump capacity, or is less than the allowed
minimum flow rate. The cubic curve can provide better results.

There is a potential problem with the cubic curve in that it may lead to multiple solutions.
Therefore, the above function must satisfy the following condition:

Smooth Cubic Spline Modeling Equations

The smooth curve uses cubic spline functions to fit a known pump curve. The obtained
curve is not only a smooth curve but also can closely match all input data.

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Within the specified working range QLL to QUL in the region of [Qi, Q i+1]

Below the lower limit, with Q < QLL and along the tangent direction at the point
[QLL, DPLL]

where:

Above the upper limit, with Q > QUL and along the tangent direction at the point
[QUL, DPUL]

where:

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NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is an analysis of the energy conditions on the suction
side of the pump to determine if the liquid will vaporize at the lowest pressure point in the
pump. NPSH is measured in the units of length.

There are two components that must be considered for NPSH:

· NPSHR is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Required. NPSHR is a function

of the design of the pump, and is determined by the pump manufacturers via
testing.

· NPSHA is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Available, which can be

calculated as follows:

Where,

Pi is the (absolute static) pressure at pump inlet;

Pvap is the vapour pressure;

r is the liquid density;

g is the gravitational acceleration;

Patm is the atmospheric pressure;

HS is the suction head which includes not only the suction lift but also the sum of
the losses in the inlet pipe and the velocity head.

If NPSHA < NPSHR, then cavitation will happen.

The cavitation parameter is a dimensionless ratio used to relate the conditions which
inhibit cavitation to the conditions which cause cavitation. There are several common
forms of the cavitation parameter. In PIPENET, the cavitation parameter uses the

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definition:

cavitation parameter = NPSHA / H

where H is the total head of the pump.

NPSHA and the cavitation parameter are only available in the output report for pumps
when water or a directly specified liquid is being used.

18.7 Non-return valve

Non-return valves allow unrestricted flow of fluid in a positive direction, and prevent all
flow in a reverse direction. Positive flow is taken to mean from the valve's input node to
its output node, in which case there will be no pressure drop across the component.
Caution should be exercised not to position a non-return valve such that it would isolate a
portion of the network. If this was to happen, the calculator could report an error: "
network cannot be solved"

Note that even if the solution to the problem has the valve open, PIPENET can still
generate this message. Occasionally, a non-zero "leakage flow" may be reported through a
closed valve. This arises from rounding errors in the calculation which are smaller than
the requested convergence accuracy, and is therefore usually negligible.

User Input Parameters

None

Modeling Equations

Open valve
P1 = P2

Fully closed valve

Q1 = 0

Continuity Equation
Q1 = Q2

where:
P1 is the inlet pressure.
P2 is the outlet pressure.
Q1 is the inlet flow rate.
Q2 is the outlet flow rate.

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18.8 Control Valves

The valve may be characterised by one of three built-in models which require either a
K-factor and a port area, or a flow coefficient, or by a control valve type. Select the
appropriate choice from the Valve type combo-box and radio buttons and enter the
required data, if any, in the valve characteristics boxes below. Note that the flow
coefficient is that for water at 20ºC.

Modeling Equation

Or

where:
P is the pressure drop across the valve.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve.
r is the fluid density.
r0 is the density of water at 20ºC.
s is the valve setting, 0 < s < 1.
K is the K-factor for the valve.
A is the cross-sectional area of the valve port.
Cv (s) is the valve flow coefficient for water at 20ºC.

Data Required
In the input:
Either: A constant K-factor and cross-sectional area - k-factor valve.
or: A constant flow coefficient (Cv(s) = Cv.s) - flow coefficient valve.
or: A control valve type.

Either: Sensor details.

or: A setting, s, entered as a percentage; 0% is fully closed and 100%
fully open.

In the valve library:

Either: A cross-sectional area and at least two points from the K(s) curve,
and the gradients at those points.
or: At least two points from the Cv(s) curve, and the gradients at those
points.

The gradients at points on a K(s) curve must be negative. Those on a Cv(s) curve must be

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positive.

Control Valve Considerations

A control valve regulates flow or pressure in a network. The pressure drop across the
control valve is dependent on the valve setting, s, and its physical characteristics.

The valve setting can either be specified directly by the User, or be determined by
PIPENET such that a particular sensor reading is satisfied. Three sensor types are
available:

· Pressure at a node, Pn.

· Flowrate Q through a particular pipe.
· Pressure Difference between two nodes, PD = Pm - Pn

PIPENET calculates a control valve's setting such that the associated sensor reading is
attained. In some scenarios this is not possible. For example, a control valve monitoring
flowrate in an adjacent pipe may be unable to achieve the sensor reading even with a fully
open setting. In such cases the valve setting will be fully open or closed, whichever gives
the closest result for the sensor reading.

Some care is required when using control valves that use a sensor to calculate the valve
position. A fully closed control valve behaves like a closed non-return valve and can
isolate parts of the network resulting in an unsolvable system. In particular, this can
sometimes occur if blocked pipes and control valves are both present in a scenario.

Three built in control valve characteristics are available: Linear, Equal Percentage or
Quick opening. Alternatively a library control valve type can be created by specifying the
valve characteristic curve of k-factor or flow coefficient against s. PIPENET then uses
cubic interpolation to determine intermediate points on the characteristic curve.

The linear control valve option provides the same model as used in earlier versions of
PIPENET, which did not offer equal percentage or quick-opening valves.

18.9 Filters
Modeling Equation

P = AQ|Q| + BQ
where:
P is the pressure increase from inlet to outlet.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the filter.
A is a coefficient less than or equal to zero.
B is a coefficient less than zero.

This is operative for values of Q whose modulus is less than a given maximum flow Qmax.
Note that filters are reversible (Q may be negative), and that as

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A £ 0 and B < 0

the pressure drops in the direction of the flow.

Typical Performance Curve

18.10 Nozzles
Modeling Equation

where:
A is the cross-sectional area of a port.
G is mass flow rate through a single port.
Cd is the coefficient of discharge (0.0 – 1.0).
Cv s the coefficient of vena contracta (0.0 – 1.0).
r is the fluid density.

Typical Performance Curve

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Data Required
The coefficient of discharge.
The vena-contracta coefficient.
The number of ports.
The port diameter.

Notes
Nozzles may only be used when the fluid is a liquid.

18.11 Leaks
This models a leak in a pipe and may only be used when the fluid type is a gas.

Modeling Equation

where:
P is the pressure drop across the leak.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the leak.
A is the area of the leak.
n is an index in the range 1–2. (the Power Factor).
k is a units dependent constant (0.827 for SI units).

Typical Performance Curve

Data Required
Area of Leak.
Power factor of Leak.

18.12 Properties
PIPENET allows the properties of the fluid to be constant or to vary in the system. The
default constant fluid properties are set up using the menu option Options | Fluid Type. If
the fluid properties are to vary then this can be done in one of two ways:

By allowing the density and viscosity to vary with temperature

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This method can only be used if the default fluid class is not liquid, direct specification.
See Options | Fluid Type for more details on choosing a fluid class. This allows density
and viscosity of the fluid in a given pipe depend on its temperature. Hence, the present
menu option allows the user to set the temperature of the fluid in a pipe.

By specifying the density and viscosity directly

This method can only be used if the default fluid class is liquid, direct specification. See
Options | Fluid Type for more details on choosing a fluid class. The present menu option
will allow the user to input the value of the fluid density and viscosity for a pipe where the
default properties are not to be used. This method is particularly useful for simulating the
mixing of liquids within the network.

Notes
If a pipe does not have fluid properties defined for it using this command then the program
uses the default fluid properties determined by the menu option Options | Fluid Type.

18.13 Orifice Plates

Orifice plates may be inserted into any pipes in the network, and produce an additional
pressure drop across the pipe. In order to define an orifice plate the user must specify:

1. A label for the plate.

2. The label of the pipe to which the plate is attached.
3. Either the diameter of the orifice plate or the pressure drop required across the
plate.

Modeling - Pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate

Orifice plates may be inserted in any pipe, and are modeled using one of three models as
selected by the user:

· Plates with flange tappings in accordance with BS1042, taking into account
pressure recovery downstream. The restrictions of BS1042 are applied so plates
may only be used in pipes with diameters in the range 2 – 14 inches (50.8 – 355.6
mm). Furthermore the ratio of the orifice diameter to the pipe diameter must be in
the range 0.1 – 0.748 for pipes over 4 inches in diameter.

· The "Heriot-Watt Orange Book" orifice plate model. This model derives from
curves for laminar flow given by Miller in "Internal Flow Systems" and for
turbulent flow given by the ESDU in "Flow of liquids. Pressure losses across
orifice plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates in ducts." The ratio of the
orifice diameter to the pipe diameter should be less than 0.8.

· Sharp-edged orifice plates as described in Crane T.P. 410M. The ratio of the
orifice diameter to the pipe diameter should be in the range 0.2 – 0.75. In
addition, the Reynolds number of flow in the pipe should be greater than 100, as
the accuracy of the model decreases at lower values.

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The pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate may be found in one of two ways: either it may
be specified directly by the user (in which case PIPENET will calculate the orifice
diameter necessary to produce this pressure drop), or it can be calculated by PIPENET
from the orifice diameter given by the user. Users should exercise caution when using this
facility as the calculation of pressure drop from plate diameter is unstable in that a small
change in orifice diameter may result in a very large change in the pressure drop.

18.14 Fixed pressure drops

A single fixed Pressure Drop may be added to any pipe in the network not containing an
orifice plate, to produce an additional pressure drop across the pipe which is independent
of flow through the pipe. In order to define a fixed pressure drop, the user must specify the
constant pressure drop.

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19 Exporting the Schematic

19.1 HP-GL/2 Output
Via the Tools | Export HP-GL/2 menu option the schematic can be output as a Hewlett-
Packard HP-GL/2 file, with a .hpgl file extension. This type of file can be read by a
number of graphics programs and is commonly used as an offline plotting format. The
specifications for the HP-GL/2 format are provided by [HPGL2].

19.2 DXF Ouput

Via the Tools | Export DXF file menu option the schematic can be output as an
AutoCAD DXF ASCII file. The format of the DXF files produced is according to the
Autodesk DXF Reference March 2006 [ACAD06]. The DXF format is a complex format
and one which can change with releases of of AutoCAD. The output produced by
PIPENET has been verified by loading the files into AutoCAD 2008, but is also know to
be compatible with a number of other CAD programs, for example QCAD (low cost CAD
program from RibbonSoft) and progCAD 2007 (ProgeSOFT).

The DXF file specifies the following layers:

· SCHEMATIC - the main part of the schematic including all nodes and
components
· NLABELS - node labels
· CLABELS - component labels
· INDICATORS - fittings symbol (blue lozenge) and directional arrows.
· TEXT - text items other than node and component labels.

The following screenshots show model and paper layouts:

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20 Errors
20.1 Errors
Errors can be detected at various points in the opening of an existing network file, or in
the creation of a new network:

· Basic errors in the operating environment, the most common error being the
absence of a valid licence to run a PIPENET module, or the absence or incorrect
operation of the security key drivers.
· Input errors detected either in reading the main data file or an associated library
file
· Specific component errors detected in the GUI when a check operation is
performed, for example pipe has zero length – these errors should be
self-explanatory;
· Global errors detected in the graphical user interface (GUI) when a check
operation is performed
· Numerical errors that can only be checked after the calculation starts and are
therefore reported in the calculator output.

20.2 Basic errors

These are usually related to the absence of a valid licence to run the program or incorrect
operation of the security key drivers, but other options are also possible:

· Attempts to run the software on earlier versions of Windows operating system

may fail – the software is only validated for Windows 2000 and XP.
· A working PIPENET system may suddenly stop working if a new operating
system is installed or a new Windows service pack is installed. Generally Sunrise
Systems will discover these errors in advance and be able to provide suitable
fixes, new security key drivers, etc.
· No valid licence – separate licences are available for the three PIPENET
modules Transient, Spray/Sprinkler and Standard. Attempting to run a module
for which you have no licence will produce an error. To determine which
licences you have see the Help | Key status menu option . If in doubt, contact
Sunrise Systems for details of your current licences.
· Licence has expired – with the issue of PIPENET VISION 1.10 expiry date
checking was added to HASP security keys. If an old key is being used, or if the
licence for the module you are attempting to run has expired, then a message will
be displayed informing you of the situation. To see the expiry dates see the Help
| Key status menu option, if no expiry dates are shown then you have an old key
that needs to be updated. Keys can be updated remotely by Sunrise Systems
providing (usually via email) a small encrypted key-update file – see the
Updating a key licence section for further details.
· Drivers for security keys not installed correctly – see the installation instructions
supplied with the software for information on how to check the status of the
drivers and if necessary re-install them. Periodically the supplier of the security

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key drivers will have to issue new versions of the drivers when a new operating
system or service patch is released. When this occurs Sunrise Systems will make
the drivers available on our website or via email.

20.3 Input errors

Input errors can occur when reading either old .DAT files or library files, or more rarely
when reading the newer .SDF data files and SLF library files. These errors should not
occur, since PIPENET wrote the files and they should be correct. However, with the older
.DAT files and library files some users would edit the file directly using a simple text
editor, and this could result in errors. With the newer file formats (which can still be
opened in a simple text editor) it is not expected that users will directly edit the files.

One error that may occur with both the old and new types of file is that one of the library
files referenced by the main data file may be missing. In the earlier version of PIPENET
this could occur if the .DAT file and the associated library files were moved to a new
location, since the .DAT file would contains references to the library files in their original
location. With PIPENET VISION, if a library file cannot be found in its original location a
search will be made in the directory where the main data file (.SDF file) is located.

20.4 Global errors

These are errors detected when a check is performed, and which relate either to the
network as a whole, or to some section of the network. For the Standard module the
following errors are possible, classified as errors, warnings or information:

Blocked pipe found – warning

A blocked pipe has been found – this is a warning message only but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an expected affect on a calculation. If this item is
double-clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the block will be highlighted.

Broken pipe found – warning

A broken pipe has been found – this is a warning message only but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an expected affect on a calculation. If this item is
double-clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the break will be highlighted.

Calculator does not permit non-scheduled pipes whilst in the design phase –
error
One or more pipes do not belong to a schedule and therefore the design phase
cannot be run.

Height discrepancy discovered at node – error

Pipe elevations are being used, and in checking a loop an error has been
discovered, that is the sum of all elevations in the loop does not sum to zero.
Double-clicking on this item will highlight the loop in error in the schematic, for
further information see the height checking section.

I/O node must be on a single pipe when using variable fluid properties and

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volumetric flow rate - error

An input or output node must only be connected to one pipe when using variable
fluid properties and volumetric flow rate.

Network is empty – error

Network contains no components and there is therefore nothing to calculate.

Network is over specified in analysis phase - error

There are too many specifications in the analysis phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements.

Network is under specified in analysis phase – error

There are insufficient specifications in the analysis phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements.

Network is under specified in design phase - error

There are insufficient specifications in the design phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements.

Network must have at least one inlet - warning

The network must have at least one inlet.

Network must have outlets or nozzles – error

The network must have one or more outlets.

No analysis phase pressure specification – error

At least one pressure specification must be provided for the analysis phase – see
specifications requirements.

Node has no inputs and is not an I/O node - warning

A node has been discovered that has no pipes that use the node as an output, but
the pipe is not declared as an I/O node. An equivalent description is that all the
pipes connected to the node use the node as an input.

Node has no outputs and is not an I/O node - warning

A node has been discovered that has no pipes that use the node as an input, but the
pipe is not declared as an I/O node. An equivalent description is that all the pipes
connected to the node use the node as an output.

No design flow specification – error

If a design phase is being used then there must be one or more design phase flow
specifications – see specifications requirements.

No design phase pressure specification – error

If a design phase is being used then there must be one design phase pressure

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specification – see specifications requirements

One I/O node with no flow spec is required for Design - warning
If a design phase is being used then there must be at least one input/output node
with no flow specification – see specifications requirements

Only one design phase pressure specification allowed – error

If a design phase is being used then there must be one and only one design phase
pressure specification – see specifications requirements

Pipe type <pipe-type-name> has a lining that is too thick – error

The pipe named pipe type has a lining with a thickness that is greater than or equal
to half the smallest used bore.

Reversed flow at inlet- warning

There is a reversed flow at an input node. This will occur if (and taking
specifications into account) the total flow into the network is greater than the flow
out of the network and the node has been specified as an input node with the value
for the flow specification being unset.

Reversed flow at outlet- warning

There is a reversed flow at an output node. This will occur if (and taking
specifications into account) the total flow out of the network is greater than the
flow into the network, and the node has been specified as an output node with the
value for the flow specification being unset.

There must be at least two specifications - error

There must be at least two specifications provided for the analysis phase – see
specifications requirements.

Water temperature is greater than 368.15 K (95 degrees C) - warning

A warning is issued if the selected fluid is water and the temperature is greater
than 368.15 K.

20.5 Specific component errors

These are errors detected during a check operation and relate to a single specific
component. These errors are self-explanatory and usually relate to an incorrect or missing
parameter. Examples include:

· Elevation change exceeds length (pipes)

· Roughness more than 10% of diameter (ducts)
· Coefficients must be less than zero (filters)
· Valve setting must be given (control valves)
· Pump efficiency must be given (pump)

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· Orifice plate - pressure drop must be given (orifice plates)

Note that many of these errors are of the general form <attribute name> must be given, as
in the last three examples above, indicating that a value for the attribute has not been
provided.

Double-clicking on the error in the Check status dialog will highlight the component in
the schematic.

20.6 Numerical errors

There is a general category of errors that cannot be detected in the GUI because they can
only be checked by the calculator, either in setting up the calculation, or during the
calculation itself. For example:

· calculation fails to converge – this may because the calculation cannot be solved
as defined, or it may just require a few more iterations than are specified in the
calculation options.

Also note that when you request a calculation a check is performed first and any errors or
warnings noted in the check status dialog. If errors are detected and you select the option
Calculate (Ignore Errors) then the calculation may fail or produce unpredictable results.

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21 Reference Data
21.1 Bibliography
[CRANE] Technical paper No 410M "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and
pipe"; Crane Co, 1988

[POLING] "The Properties of Gases and Liquids", Poling, Prausnitz and O'Connell,
Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, 2000.

[HPGL2] "The HP-GL/2 and HPRTL Reference Guide", Third edition, Addison
Wesley, 1997

[ACAD06] "DXF Reference", March 2006, Autodesk

21.2 Properties of water

The physical properties of water are built into PIPENET. A selection of the properties for
the temperature range 5 - 90°C are shown below:

Temp °C Viscosity Density

Pa s Cp lb/ft.hr kg/m3 lb/ft3
5 0.001506 1.506 3.643 999.9 62.42
10 0.001300 1.300 3.145 999.7 62.41
15 0.001135 1.135 2.746 999.1 62.37
20 0.001002 1.002 2.424 998.2 62.32
25 0.000891 0.891 2.156 997.0 62.24
30 0.000797 0.797 1.928 995.6 62.15
35 0.000718 0.718 1.737 994.0 62.05
40 0.000651 0.651 1.575 992.2 61.94
50 0.000544 0.544 1.316 988.1 61.69
60 0.000463 0.463 1.120 983.3 61.38
70 0.000400 0.400 0.968 977.5 61.02
80 0.000351 0.351 0.849 971.8 60.67
90 0.000311 0.311 0.752 965.3 60.2

21.3 Surface Roughness

Table showing values of surface roughness for typical materials:

Material Roughness (in) Roughness

(mm)
Drawn tubing 0.00006 0.0015
Commercial steel 0.0018 0.0457
Wrought iron 0.001 0.0254

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Cast iron 0.010 0.2540

Galvanised iron 0.006 0.1524
Asphalted cast iron 0.0048 0.1219
Riveted steel 0.036–0.36 0.9144 – 9.144
Concrete 0.012–0.12 0.3048 – 3.4

21.4 Physical Constants

All values are SI.

Atmospheric Pressure 101325 Pascal

Acceleration due to 9.80665 ms-2
gravity
0° C 273.15 Kelvin

21.5 Built-in Fittings

Note the abbreviations are those used in the old style .DAT files
Abbreviation Description
BEND 90 deg bend (r/d = 1.5)
ELBOW 90 deg elbow
TEE Tee (run)
BRA Tee (branch)
ELB45 45 deg elbow
BALL Ball valve
BFLY Butterfly valve
GATE Gate valve
GLOBE Globe valve
ANGLE Y - pattern valve
GLANG Globe/angle valve
CHECK Y swing check
GLBSC Globe swing check
GLBLC Globe lift check
ANGLC Y lift check
DISC1 5 deg tilting disc
DISC2 5 deg tilting disc
GLOST Globe-stop check
ANGST Angle-stop check
YGLST Y globe-stop check
YANST Y angle-stop check
FOOTP Poppet foot valve
FOOTH Hinged foot valve

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PLUG Plug valve

COCK2 3 way cock (run)
COCK3 3 way cock (branch)
RETB Return bend
INP Projecting entrance
FLUSH Sharp flush entrance
EXIT Pipe exit

Losses due to the presence of fittings are calculated in accordance with the Crane manual
[CRANE].

21.6 Built-in Fluids

Data for a number of common fluids is built into PIPENET. This enables users to rapidly
set up problems involving these fluids. The built-in fluids are as shown below:

Class 1: Water

Class 2: Saturated and super-heated steam

The properties of saturated and super-heated steam are calculated using
correlations from the 1967 IFC Formulation for Industrial Use.

Class 3 or 4: built-in fluids

For all these built-in fluids, the only information the user must supply is the fluid
temperature:
· Oxygen
· Nitrogen
· Carbon Dioxide
· Air
· Water Vapour
· Methane
· Propane

21.7 Built-in Gases

The following table provides details of the specifications used for each of the seven built
in gases:

Code Name of Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Critical Ratio of

Weight Temp (K) Pressure Volume Specific
(kg/kgmol) (bar) (m3/kg) Heats
1 Oxygen 32.0 154.8 50.76 0.00233 1.40
2 Nitrogen 28.0 126.2 33.94 0.00322 1.40
3 Carbon 44.0 304.2 73.87 0.00214 1.28
Dioxide

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Code Name of Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Critical Ratio of

Weight Temp (K) Pressure Volume Specific
(kg/kgmol) (bar) (m3/kg) Heats
4 Air 28.97 132.5 37.66 0.00305 1.40
5 Water Vapour 18.02 647.0 221.19 0.00311 1.31
6 Methane 16.04 190.65 46.41 0.00620 1.28
7 Propane 44.1 369.0 42.56 0.00454 1.1

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 Index 189

Calculation options 25, 151

Index Calculation phase 36

Calculation toolbar 30
Cavitation 160
Cell shading 96
-.- Changing units 142
Check 26
.DXF 84 Checking specifications 104
.EMF 84 Closed loop cooling system 68
.WMF 84 Closing a file 20

-<- Colebrook-White method 158

Colour schemes 114
Colouration menu 26
<Any> 32 Complex colouring rules 114

-A- Complex links 26

Complex nodes 26
Component properties 17
Add multiple pipes 27, 124 Component tools 90
Add to report 96 Contacting Sunrise Systems 4
Adding a pump 135 Control valve library 133
Adding a schedule 131 Control valves 167
Adding components to pipes 91 Control valves library 24
Adding specification 104 Convergence accuracy 151
Adding waypoints 85 Copy 22, 85
Area tool 86 Copy/Paste 85
AutoCAD 174 Copying cells 98
Autosave 20 Copying selected items 86, 87

-B- Coulson & Richardson 158

Crane 171
Creating a path 120
Background colour 148
Creating a pipe type 147
Background colours 117
Cubic pump curve 160
Basic Errors 178
Cubic spline 160
Bibliography 184
Cursor keys 93
Blocks 104
Cut 22
Breaks 104
Browse 26
BS1042 171
-D-
Built-in fittings 185 Defaults 153
Built-in fluids 186 Defaults options 25
Built-in gases 186 Degeneration factor 160

-C- Deleteing a pump 135

Deleteing a schedule 131
Deleting a pipe type 147
Calculate 26
Design facility 157
Calculation menu 26
Design of a steam network 76

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Design phase 36 Fluid specification 156

Design velocity 77 Fluids library 24, 134
Display options 25, 148 Font sizes 148
Display precisions 142 Friction losses 158
Drawing components 90
Ducts 160 -G-
DXF 174
Global errors 179
-E- Grid display options 148

Edit menu 22 -H-

Editing a cell 96
Editing a pipe type 147 Height check errors 120
Editing a pump 135 Height check tolerance 151
Editing a schedule 131 Height checking 110, 111
Editing system libraries 24, 138 Help topics 28
Elevation change 158 Henri Darcy 158
Elevation profile 120 Heriot-Watt 171
Elevations 141 HPGL 92
Equal percentage valve 167 HP-GL/2 174
Errors 178 Hydraulic grade line 120, 122
Examples directory 3
Exit the program 20 -I-
Expired licence 8
Expiry date checking 8 I/O nodes 103
Expiry date licencing 8 Import graphical underlay 23
Export 20 Import library 20
Export clipboard 27 Importing libraries 128
Export DXF file 27 Including validation in output file 152
Export HP-GL/2 27 Inlets and outlets 35
Exporting libraries 128 Input data 26
Exporting the schematic 92, 174 Input errors 179
Exporting to an HPGL file 92 Installation 8
Invalid components 42, 90, 110
-F- Invert 22

Fanning factor 158 -K-

File menu 20
Filters 168 Key status 28
Find button 32 K-factor valve 167
Finding components 32
Fittings library 24, 132 -L-
Fittings window 19
Fixed pressure drops 172 Label display options 148
Flow-coefficient valve 167 Labelling the dialgram 34
Fluid options 25, 146 Labels 34

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Laminar flow 158 Orifice plates 171

Leaks 170 Output tables options 25
Libraries 128 Overall appearance 14
Library editor 129 Overview window 19
License 8
Licenses 9 -P-
Line thickness 148
Linear option 133 Pan 86
Linear valve 167 Paste 22, 85
Lines per page 151 Paste (Incl. layout) 85
Local user library 128 Paste in column 22
Physical constants 185
-M- Pipe component tools 91
Pipe modelling 158
Machine extraction system 58 Pipe schedules 131
Make a path 27 Pipe sizing 26
Mass flow 142 Pipe type options 25
Mirror 22 Pipe types 147
Module options 25, 141 Polygon tool 87
Moody diagram 158 Prerequisites 8
Moving and editing text 89 Pressure model 141
Moving around the network 93 Print preview 20, 91
Print setup 91
-N- Printing the grid 96
Printing the schematic 20
Network representation 34 Product modules 3
Network topology 35 Properties 170
Next button 32 Properties of water 184
Nitrogen distribution system 48 Properties window 16
Non-return valves 166 Property window scroll buttons 17
Nozzles 169 Pump operating point 16
NPSH 160 Pumps 160
NPSHA 160 Pumps - coefficients unknown 135
NPSHR 160 Pumps - cofficients known 137
Number of iterations 151 Pumps library 24
Numerical errors 182
-Q-
-O-
Quadratic pump curve 160
Obtaining support 4 Quick-opening valve 167
Open library 20
Opening a file 20 -R-
Opening libraries 128
Options menu 25 Redo 22
Options toolbar 29 Remote update 8
Orifice plate model 141 Remove tags 27

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Removing specifications 104 Three pipe system 38

Results display options 148 Title 140
Reynold's number 158 Title option 25
Tool tips 148
-S- Tools menu 27
Transitional flow 158
Save as 20 Trouble shooting 9
Saving a file 20 Turbulent flow 158
Schedules library 24
Schematic diagrams 34 -U-
Schematic printing 91
Schematic underlay 84 Undefined components 42, 90
Schematic window 15, 84 Undo 22
Scroll buttons 17 Undo/Redo buttons 22
Security key 8 Unit conversion tool 142
Security key problems 9 Units 142
Selected items 86, 87 Units options 25
Selecting a row 96 Update key 28
Selecting several components 85 Updating a license 8
Selection tool 85 Use Pipenet menu style 27
Simple colouring rules 114 Use Windows menu style 27
Simple rules 26 User-defined fluids 156
Smooth pump curve 160 Userdefined gases 156
Sorting in the grid 96
Spec. for calculation 26 -V-
Specific component errors 181
Specification checks 110 Validation 97
Specification rules 103 Van der Waals 146
Specifications 102, 151 Version numbers 28
Specifications - user interface 104 View graphical underaly 23
Standard toolbar 29 View menu 23
Status checking 110 View palette 23
Status dialog 110 View schematic overview 23
Support 4 View schematic window 23
Surface roughness 184 view status bar 23
System library 128 View toolbar 23
Vista 3
-T- Volumetric flow 142

Tables 152 -W-

Tabular view 16, 96
Tag selected items 27 Warnings control 141
Tag toolbar 31 Waypoints 90
Tagging 117 Welcome 3
Temporary path 151 Window menu 27
Text tool 89

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 Index 193

-Z-
Zoom 86

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