6

Chapter 4
Sinusoidal Steady
State Response

As we know, any response, in a circuit (a current response i ( t ) or a voltage

response v ( t ) ), consists of a natural response and a forced response:
i ( t )  in ( t )  i f ( t )

v( t )  vn ( t )  v f ( t )
The initial energy, stored in the capacitors and inductors, produces the
natural response and the forced response becomes the form of the source-
waveform.
If a sinusoidal source supplies a circuit, then any response in the circuit
becomes, immediately, a steady state response because, practically, the
sinusoidal source is applied to the circuit since a very long time compared with
the period time of the sinusoidal waveform.
If the circuit is containing resistors, which is the case in practical circuits,
then the initial energy can be considered as completely dissipated in the
resistors, so that only the forced response will remain which has a sinusoidal
waveform:

i ( t )  i f ( t )  I cos( t   i )

v( t )  v f ( t )  V cos( t   v )
i ( t ) , v ( t ) are called: “Sinusoidal Steady State Responses”, where I , V are
the Magnitudes, and  i , v are the Phase-shifts of the responses.
 7

4-1 Analysis Using Complex Source- Method:

Assuming that the sinusoidal-source, supplying the circuit, is given by

v s ( t )  Vs cos( t   )
Then any response in the circuit, for example a current response i ( t ) , will have
a sinusoidal waveform which can be represented by:

i ( t )  I cos( t   )
If we now add an imaginary source ( jVs sin( t   ) ), to the real source, the
resulting source becomes complex, as follows:

v s  Vs cos( t   ) + jVs sin( t   )  Vs e jt * e j

Consequently, any response will become also complex, having a real part due
to the real source and an imaginary part due to the imaginary source as follows:
j t j
i  I cos( t   ) + j I sin( t   )  Ie *e

v s  V s e j t * e j  , i  Ie jt * e j

Now we can analyze the circuit using usual analysis techniques with the
complex variables and find any response as a complex response. The real part
of this complex response is the required response in the time domain.

4-2 Analysis Using the Phasor Concept:

As we used the complex source-method, we noticed that the factor ( e )
jt
always disappeared from the analysis-equations. This means that we can obtain
more simplification if we use the complex source divided by this factor from the
beginning.
 8

4-2-1 Phasor:
The result of dividing the complex source by the factor ( e
j t
) is known as
“Phasor”, which contains the magnitude and phase angle.
If we convert the real source to a phasor, then any response becomes a
phasor containing magnitude and phase angle of this response, for example:
v
v ( t )  V cos( t   )  v  V e jt * e j  V  V e j
e j t
Time response Complex response Phasor

Example 4-1: Convert the following sinusoidal signal to a Phasor

v( t )  100 sin( 400 t  60 o )

Solution:
v( t )  100 sin( 400 t  60 o ) = 100 cos( 400 t  60 o  90 o )

 o
v ( t ) = 100 cos( 400 t  30 o )  v  100 e j 400t *e j 30

o
V  100e  j 30 = 100  30 o = 50 3  j 50

Example 4-2: For V  11545 o , obtain the corresponding response in

time domain: v ( t ) .
Solution:
o jt j 45 o o
V  11545  v  115 e *e  v( t )  115 cos( t  45 )

4-2-2 Phasor - Relationships for R, L, and C:

For an element, operating in a circuit supplied by a sinusoidal source, the
element-current and voltage will be sinusoidal with the same frequency as the
source, and can be represented as follows:

i ( t )  I cos( t   i ) i  Ie jt * e j i

v( t )  V cos( t  v ) v  Ve jt * e j v
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Thus, we can obtain the phasor relationships for R, L and C as follows:

di dv
v Ri , vL , iC
dt dt
V e jt e j v = R Ie jt e j i ,V e jt e
j v
= jL Ie
j t j i
e , Ie jt e j i = jC Ve jt e jv

V e j v = R Ie j i , V e j v = jL Ie j i , Ie j i = j C Ve jv
1
V R I , V  j L I , V I
jC
4-2-3 Impedance Z :
The above relationships written as ratios of Phasor voltage V to Phasor
current I will give:
V V V 1
R ,  j L , 
I I I j C
We can see that these relationships are dependent of frequency  and not of
time t , therefore they are called “Frequency Domain Relationships”, and the
ratio (V / I ) is known as the "Impedance Z ".
Thus, R , L , and C can be represented, in the frequency domain, as
Impedances as follows:

1
ZR  R Z L  j L ZC 
jC
4-2-4 Frequency Domain Circuits:
If the sinusoidal source is replaced by its phasor, each element is replaced by its
impedance, and each response is assigned as a phasor, then the resulting
circuit is called a “Frequency domain circuit”. This circuit may be analyzed
using the usual analysis techniques, where the required response can be found
as a phasor and then converted to the corresponding response in time domain
 10

4-3 Analysis Techniques in the Frequency Domain:

The usual analysis techniques such as Equivalent impedance, Source
transformation, Superposition, Thevenin’s equivalent, Nodal analysis, Mesh
analysis, etc. ..., can be applied on frequency domain circuits since all these
techniques are derived from Kirchhoff's Laws which are applicable on
frequency domain circuits.
Note that all sinusoidal sources, in the circuit, should have the same
frequency otherwise superposition must be applied first.

4-3-1 Equivalent Impedance Z eq :

The equivalent impedance in the frequency domain could be obtained using
the same methods applied to find the equivalent resistance in resistive circuits,
except that we deal here with impedances and phasors.
The impedance is usually complex and dependent of the source frequency

V j
Z eq = = R  jX = Z eq e z = Z eq  z
I

tan 1 (
X
Z eq = R2  X 2 , z = )
R
Ris called “ Resistive Component “ and X “ Reactive Component “ and both
R and X have the basic unit (  ).

4-3-2 Equivalent Admittance Y eq :

Admittance is simply the reciprocal of the impedance:

I 1 j y
Y eq = = = G  jB = Yeq e = Yeq y
V Z eq

B
Yeq  G 2  B 2 ,  y  tan 1
G
G is called “Conductive Component “and B “ Susceptive Component “and
both G and B have the basic unit Mho ( ).
 11

Example 4-3: Find the current i ( t ) in the circuit shown in Fig. 4-3.

Fig.4.3
Solution:
o  j 90 o =  j 40
v s  40 sin 3000 t  40 cos( 3000 t  90 )  s
V  40 e
1 1 1
jL  j 3000 *  jk ,  =  2 jk
3 j C 1
j * 3000 * 
6

jk ( 1k  2 jk )
Z eq = 1.5 k  ( jk //( 1k  2 jk )  1.5 k 
jk  1k  2 jk
o
Z eq = ( 2  1.5 j )k = 2.5 ke j 36.9

 j 90 o
o
16 mAe  j 126.9
Vs 40 e
I = = = 
Z eq
2.5 ke j 36.9 o

i ( t )  16 mA cos( 3000 t  126.9 o )

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Problems
4-1 Find the corresponding phasor to each of the following sinusoidal-
signals, and then draw each of these phasors on the complex plane

a) v1  4 sin t , v 2  2 sin( t  120 o ) , v 3  3 sin( t  45 o )

b) i1  4 cos( t  30 o ) , i2  5 cos( t  120 o ) , i3  4 cos( t  150 o )

4-2 Transform each of the following phasors to the time domain.

 o
a) V 1 = 65  60 o , V2 = 45 e
j 45 , V 3 =  56  j 42

b) I1 = ( 6  3 j ) /( 1  0.5 j ) , I 2 = j /( 6  9 j )

4-3 Find v(t) in the circuit shown in Fig.4-3, if the electrical element is
a) 100  -Resistor , b) 2mH-Inductor , c) 5  F-Capacitor

Fig.4.3

4-4 Find i1 (t ) in the circuit shown in Fig.4-4, if i R ( t ) is given by

Fig.4.4

4-5 What is the value of C in the circuit shown in Fig.4-5? if

i ( t )  4 cos 10 3 t , V  80  j 200

Fig.4.5
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4-6 If the circuit shown in Fig.4-6 is operating in the sinusoidal-

steady-state with a radian frequency  = 500,
a) draw the corresponding frequency-domain circuit.
b) find the input impedance Z in if the output terminals (c-d) are:
1- open circuit, 2- short circuit, 3- connected to a 10  - resistor

Fig.4.6

4-7 Find the impedance Z in for each of the frequency domain-circuits of

Fig. 4.7.

a b

Fig .4.7

4-8 Find the admittance Y in for each of the frequency domain-circuits

of Fig.4.8.

a b

Fig.4.8