iPbv kxU

e„ÿ‡ivcY Awfhvb
A_ev, cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ebvqb
A_ev, ebvqb Kg©m~Px ev gvbe Rxe‡b e„ÿ
f~wgKv :
Ò`vI wdwi‡q †m AiY¨ jI G bMiÓ
Kwei G Av‡e`b AiY¨ m„wói Rb¨| KviY AiY¨ Rxe‡bi g‡ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq| Rxeb I RMZ G‡K Ic‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj|
cwi‡ek I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wbweo m¤úK©| Avw`gKvj †_‡K gvbyl cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avm‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î
gvbyl KLbI cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbh©vZb Pvwj‡q‡Q d‡j cwi‡ek n‡q‡Q e„ÿ k~Y¨| e„ÿnxbZv mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K K‡i‡Q
fvimvg¨nxb| AvenvIqvi Dci m„ó e„ÿ wbabRwbZ weiæc cÖwZwµqvi d‡j †`Lv w`‡q‡Q MÖxY nvDm G‡d±, IRb ¯Í‡i ÿq,
e„ÿnxbZv cÖf…wZ| AvaywbK gvbe mgvRI GB gnvgvixi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvqwb| ZvB GB wek¦ mgvR AvR aŸsmvZ¥K gvbwmKZv
cwieZ©‡b AvMÖnx| Kwei K‡É KÉ wgwj‡q AvgivB ZvB e„ÿ‡ivcb Z_v ebvq‡bi D¾¡j Aa¨vq‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq|
cwi‡ek wK :
Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q †h eÜb I k„•Ljv m„wó/ M‡o D‡V‡Q ZvB n‡”Q cwi‡ek| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb
n‡”Q gvbyl, Dw™¢` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxK~j, b`x, mvMi, Lvj, wej, MvQcvjv, cï-cvwL, AvKvk, Pvu`-Zviv m~h© cÖf…wZ mK‡jB
cwi‡e‡ki AšÍM©Z|
cwi‡e‡ki GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v :
gvbyl wPiKvjB e‡bi MvQcvjv †K‡U‡Q R¡vjvwbi cÖ‡qvR‡b, AvkÖq R‡b¨ AvmevecÎ •Zwi
Kivi Rb¨| ZvQvov AviI A‡bK Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y GB cwibvg AvR e¨vcK iƒc wb‡q‡Q| GK Kv‡j, e‡bi
MvQcvjv KvU‡j Zv cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g cybivq RxešÍ nZ| wKš‘ AvR webv‡ki cwiYvg GZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q †h, cÖvK…wZK ebvqb Zvi
mv‡_ Zvj †i‡L †e‡o DV‡Z cvi‡Q bv| mviv c„w_ex‡Z RbemwZi GjvKv †hgb e„w× cv‡”Q ebv‡ji cwigvYI µ‡gB K‡g
Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k ebv‡ji cwigvY AvR cÖwZ eQi GK fvM K‡i Kg‡Z Kg‡Z †`‡ki †gvU ¯’jfv‡Mi `k kZvs‡ki bx‡P
G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j fzwg ÿq gvivZ¥K iƒc wb‡q‡Q| DËiv‡j f~wg ÿ‡qi d‡j b`xi LvZ ey‡R wM‡q e¨vcK eb¨vi
cÖ‡Kvc evo‡Q| ebv‡ji cwigvY K‡g Avmvi d‡j Rjevqy‡Z my`~i cÖmvix cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| MÖxY nvDm cÖfve, cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú‡`i h‡_”Qv e¨envi I Ace¨env‡ii GKwU cwiYwZ| ZvcgvÎv e„w× Gi D‡jøL ‡hvM¨ cÖwZwµqv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi A¨v‡cvwjq
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi msM„nxZ Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq 1980 †_‡K 1986 mv‡ji ‡fZi wek¦e¨vcx ZvcgvÎv 0.6 wWMÖx †m›U‡MÖW (1.1 wWMªx
dv:) e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 2050 mvj bvMv` †gvUvgywU 2 †_‡K 4.5 wWMÖx †mw›U: evo‡e e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡”Q| Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q 2060
mv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖxY nvDm cÖfv‡ei d‡j mgy‡`ªi ¯Íi AšÍZ: 3-40 †m.wg. †e‡o hv‡e| ebvÂj aŸsm Gi cÖavb KviY|GQvov e„ÿ
wbab IRb¯Íi ÿ‡qi e¨vcv‡iI e¨vcK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
GK¸”Q K_v :
cÖwZ eQi we‡k¦ 280 †KvwU MvQ gvby‡li wbg©g KzVv‡i aivkvqx nq| me‡P‡q †ewk MvQ KvUv c‡o hy³iv‡óª I
eªvwR‡j| eQ‡i †h cwigvY MvQ KvUv c‡o we‡k¦ Zvi A‡a©K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| fvi‡Z GB cwigvY †e‡o wM‡q kZKiv
91 fv‡M `uvwo‡q‡Q| mgMÖ hy³iv‡óª 850 cÖRvwZi MvQ Av‡Q| wKš‘ gvj‡qwkqvi gvÎ wZb weNv we¯Í…Z GKB ‡iBb Kv‡i †m±i
Zvi †P‡q †ewk cÖRvwZi e„ÿ i‡q‡Q| MvQ n‡”Q cÖK…wZi G‡KKwU kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯’v| Mo GK eQ‡i GKwU MvQ 26 cvDÛ
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW MÖnY K‡i Ges cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ggb cwigvY Aw·‡Rb hv GK eQ‡i evi m`‡m¨i GKwU cwiev‡ii Rb¨
h‡_ó| mg‡qi gvb`‡Û hw` aiv nq Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e, cÖwZ lvU †m‡K‡Û GKk GKi MÖx®§gÛjxq e„wócvZ ebvÂj aŸsm n‡”Q|
Gi d‡j cÖwZ eQi 2 †KvwU 70 jÿ GKi ebf~wg f~-c„ó †_‡K we`vq wb‡”Q| e„ÿ wekvi`‡`i g‡Z, Gfv‡e e„ÿ wbab n‡Z
_vK‡j AvgvRb gnveb wb:‡kl n‡q hv‡e| c„w_exi `k jvL cÖRvwZi Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq AvovB jvL GLb aŸs‡mi gy‡LvgywL|
cieZ©x 20 †_‡K 30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ G¸‡jv wbwðý n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi wi‡cv‡U© ejv n‡q‡Q| Rvcv‡b wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨
ms¯’v mevi Rb¨ Dw™¢` I ¯^v¯’¨ •eÁvwbK AMÖMwZ wel‡q wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi †k‡l G K_v Rvbv‡bv nq|
GKwU e„ÿ I Zvi f~wgKv:
e„‡ÿi f~wgKv ïay gvbe Rxe‡b †Kb, cÖvYx RM‡ZI †h KZ eo Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q AZxZKvj †_‡K †m
m¤^‡Ü KjKvZvi mvßvwnK Ô‡`kÕ cwÎKvi 7B gvP© 1987 msL¨vi wPwVcÎ wefv‡M b›`jvj ivq ‡P․ayix cwi‡ewkZ †`iv`yj wimvP©
BÝwUwUDU cÖPvwiZ GKwU g~j¨evb Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq| G m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb- ÒGKwU MvQ hw` cÂvk eQi evu‡P Zvn‡j Zvi
KvV,dzj,dj QvovI Avi hv hv cvIqv hvq Zvi g~j¨ GB iKg|Ó
 cÂvk eQ‡ii GKwU eo MvQ (Aw·‡Rb) O2 †`q cÖvq 2,50,000/- UvKv g~‡j¨i|
 RxeRš‘i Rb¨ Lv`¨ †RvMvq cÖvq 20 nvRvi UvKv|
 gvwU ÿq‡iva I De©iZv e„w× K‡i cÖvq 2,50,000/- UvKvi|
 evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv evwo‡q e„wócv‡Zi AbyK~‡j Ae¯’v •Zwi K‡i evuPvq cÖvq 3,00,000/- UvKvi|
 evqy`~lY †_‡K Avgv‡`i iÿv K‡i mvkÖq K‡i cÖvq 5,00,000/- UvKv|
 cvwL, KvVweovjx cÖf…wZ MvQ wbf©i cÖvYxi g~j¨ wn‡m‡e 50 eQ‡ii `vg cÖvq 2,50,000/- UvKv|

1
cwimsL¨vb :
eb I ebvÂj mswkøó wKQz cwimsL¨vb D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| mviv we‡k¦ †n±i wn‡m‡e gv_vwcQz e‡bi cwigvY 1.2|
DËi Av‡gwiKvq 3.4, A‡ówjqvq 5, Gwkqvq 0.28| †MvUv we‡k¦ eQ‡i e¨eüZ Dw™¢‡`i cwigvY 117 wewjqb Ub| Gi g‡a¨
e‡bi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY n‡”Q 80, mvfvbv I ¯‘c 18 Ges Pvl Rwg, giæf~wg Zz›`ªv I Rjvf~wg cÖ‡Z¨‡K 9| GB MÖ‡ni gvby‡li
`vbv Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z gv_v wcQz webó e„‡ÿi msL¨v 200| c„w_exi 2/3 fvM eb MZ 100 eQ‡i aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| Gwkqv,
Avwd«Kv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq cÖwZ eQ‡i eb mvd n‡”Q †gvU GK †KvwU 200 jÿ ‡n±i| G‡Z Gwkqvi Ask fvM 60 jÿ
†n±i| 20 eQi Av‡MI _vBj¨v‡Ûi A‡a©KUvB ebf~wg wQj| GLb †mB eb Av‡Q ïay msiwÿZ AÂj I AfqviY¨ wn‡m‡e|
wdwjcvB‡bi ebv‡jiI GLb AwšÍg `kv| gvj‡qwkqvi ebvÂj AvMvgx kZ‡K †c․Qvevi Av‡MB wbwðý n‡q hv‡e e‡j g‡b
Kiv n‡”Q| fvi‡Zi DËi cwðg AÂj ebnxb n‡q c‡o‡Q| GB GjvKv Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji PvlRwg I e‡bi AbycvZ
`vuwo‡q‡Q 70-80 t 0| fvi‡Zi ebv‡ji cwigvY ¯’jfv‡Mi 10 kZvsk| †`‡ki AvqZ‡bi b~¨bZg 25 fvM ebf~wg _vKv
Avek¨K| evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î AsKwU 10/15 fvM| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cwigvY 10 fv‡Mi Kg nIqvi Bnv‡Z KviYI Av‡Q| GKwU
cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q †h, giæcÖeY DËie½ GjvKvq cÖwZ eQi 60 †KvwU BU †cvov‡Z bó n‡”Q 13 †KvwU gY KvV|
ga¨cÖv‡P¨i eb nj †`‡ki AvqZ‡bi 2.5-3 fvM Ges AZ¨šÍ wewÿß| wmwiqvi evejv eb K‡qK †n±‡i †V‡K‡Q| †jevb‡bi
†`Iqvb eb †jvc †c‡Z P‡j‡Q| `y‡f©`¨ AiY¨ K…ò gnv‡`k Avwd«Kv GLb cÖvq ebk~Y¨| 19 kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwSB wbiÿxq
Avwd«Kvi GK Z…Zxqvsk ebf~wg aŸsm n‡q wM‡qwQj| 1970-80 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Avj‡Rwiqvi 10 nvRvi eM©gvBj R½j Avev` K‡i
†d‡j‡Q| †Kwbqvq cÖwZ eQi ebf~wgi 5.10 kZvsk †K‡U †djv n‡”Q| wMwb‡Z R½j Avev` wbqwš¿Z bv n‡j AvMvgx 15 eQ‡i
G‡`k ebnxb n‡q co‡e| Nvbvq 1945 mv‡jB ebf~wgi 75 fvM mvd Kiv n‡qwQj| gv`vMv¯‥vi cÖwZeQi eb Avev` K‡i‡Q 65
nvRvi †n±i| ‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 10 kZvsk eb i‡q‡Q| MZ K‡qK eQ‡i G‡`‡k eb mvd n‡q‡Q 10 jÿ †n±i| wZDwbwkqvq
SwUKv eb mv‡di cwigvY 2000 †n±i| AiY¨ Nb my`vb BwZg‡a¨B 25 jÿ †n±i ebf~wg nvwi‡q‡Q| cÖwm× mv` n«` ïwK‡q
†M‡Q| ejxKiY I wbe©bxKiY Gi AbycvZ Gwkqvq 1t5 Ges Avwd«Kvq 1t29|
Z_¨cwÄ :
1| Dw™¢` cwi‡ek ZË¡ I Dw™¢` f~‡Mvj †gvt kvgmyj ingvb I evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv 1985, c„óv 235|
2| Z_¨m~Î t Ecology and development O. Dryes, B. los V. Los Progress Pablishis, Moscow,
1900 & Ecology , Caesse of Alam, Zhukou Nouosti, Moscow 1990.
3| Changing the Foxe of the Earth J.G Simmon Basil Backhell Oxford 1989, P 364 Ges
Internet ‡_‡K cÖvß|
evsjv‡`k giæi Bkviv :
1977 I 1984 mv‡j AbywóZ RvwZms‡Ni giæ cÖwµqv msµvšÍ m‡¤§j‡bi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q †h, c„w_exi
cÖvq `yB cÂgvsk GivKv giæf~wg nevi fqven m¤§yLxb| cÖwZ eQi 2 jvK eM© wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKv (cwðg Rvg©vbxi AvqZ‡bi
mgvb) giæ‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k we‡klZ †`‡ki DËiv‡j BwZg‡a¨ gviægqZvi mywbw`©ó jÿY †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| ga¨
Avwd«Kvi mvnviv AÂj GLb †h giægq ¯’vqx Liv GjvKvh cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖavb Kvib wbwe©Pv‡i e„ÿ KZ©b| GK mg‡q
GLv‡b Nb eb wQj| †K‡U Zv mvd Kivi d‡j gvwUi cvwb aviY ÿgZv †jvc †c‡q‡Q| †jvc †c‡q‡Q e„wóI| evsjv‡`‡ki e‡i›`ª
GjvKvq GKB ai‡bi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| bx‡Pi cwimsL¨v‡b `„wó w`‡j G Kvh© ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k giæ Bkvivq
i‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi AvqZb ey‡S †mLv‡b 25% fvM ebvÂj _vKvi K_v †mLv‡b cÖ_g 6wU †`‡ki Ae¯’v Lye B fvj| fviZ †gvUvgywU
wKš‘ evsjv‡`k giæf~wgi w`‡K µgk wbKUeZ©x n‡”Q|

1| evg©v 67% fvM ebvÂj| 2| B‡›`v‡bwkqv 64% fvM ebvÂj|

3| gvj‡qwkqv 62% fvM ebvÂj| 4| wdwjcvBb 57% fvM ebvÂj|
5|nsKs 32 fvM ebvÂj| 6|‡m‡bMvj 26% fvM ebvÂj
7|fviZ 22% fvM ebvÂj| 8|evsjv‡`k 9% fvM ebvÂj (gZvšÍ‡i 7%)
evsjv‡`‡ki my›`ieb AvR wecbœ| `wÿbvÂjxq 16wU †Rjvq M„n wbg©v‡Yi DcKi‡Yi GK weivU AskB my›`ieb †_‡K AvniY
Kiv nq| eQ‡i 84 †KvwU UvKv msMÖn Kiv nq| 1976 mv‡j †hLv‡b P‡Kvwiqv my›`ieb (PÆMÖvg) wQj ebv”Qvw`Z †mLv‡b gvÎ 4
eQ‡ii e¨eav‡b G GjvKv cÖvq weij n‡q hvq| e‡i›`ª f~wg‡Z 6/7 eQ‡i †hLv‡b 10 jvL Pviv jv‡bvi K_v wQj, †mLv‡b
jvMv‡bv n‡q‡P gvÎ 3 jvL Pviv| 1990 mv‡j K·evRv‡i ebwefv‡Mi wiRy †iÄ Gi gvÎ 917 GKi e‡bi e„ÿ wewµ K‡i 4
†KvwU 71 jÿ UvKv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB ZvB ej‡Z B”Qv nq-
ÔevOvjxi Rxe‡b †bB nl©Y
‡Kej nZvkv Avi µ›`b
ZvB †Zv †`wL‡j †Kvb †ivcb
e„ÿ‡i wb‡q Awbevh© KZ©b|Õ
weL¨vZ Kwe RR© †cvc gwim (1802-1864) e‡jwQ‡jb-
ÔKvVz‡i fvB IB MvQwU‡K iÿv K‡iv
Ii GKUv WvjI Qz‡qvbv
hyeKv‡j I Avgvq AvkÖq w`‡qwQ‡jv
I‡K iÿv Kivi fvi GLb Avgvi|Õ
KvVz‡i Kwei Aby‡iva ï‡bwQj MvQwU‡K †invB w`‡qwQj| GB MvQwU‡K AviI wbDBqK© gnvbMixi bvBbwU GBU óªxU I I‡q›U
G¨vÛ GwfwbD‡qi µwm‡O †`Lv hvq wKš‘ XvKv bMixi AmsL¨ e„ÿ †cÖgx Kwei Abybq D‡cÿv K‡i wWAvBwU KZ©„cÿ Pv‡gjx
2
fe‡bi †gv‡oi evMvbwejvm mg„× fv‡e †fvjv Amy¯’ KzwUi gy‡j KyVvi nvb‡Z wØav K‡iwb| A_ev wek¦ weL¨vZ wKD Mv‡W©Ý Gi
B›UªvKUi wgt MÖvDWjK 1908 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k G‡m c~e©evsjvi wPi k¨vgj iƒc †`‡L †mvnvr‡m e‡jwQ‡jb, ‘’I shall make it
a 2nd perry”.
Avwg igbv‡K wØZxq c¨vix wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzje| XvKvi †mB k¨vgj iƒc Avi †bB|
cÖvK…wZK fvimv‡g¨ †miv Rvcvb :
cÖvK…wZK fvimv‡g¨i w`K †_‡K c„w_exi gywó‡gq †h KqwU †`k‡K me‡P‡q myiwÿZ e‡j MY¨ n‡q _v‡K
Rvcvb n‡”Q ZviB GKUv| †`k Ry‡o we¯Í…Z cvnvo I Avg`vbx| eªvwRj, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv †h¸‡jv Rain forest bv‡g
cwiwPZ †mLv‡b †h KvV Drcbœ Rvcv‡bi miKvwi Dbœqb mvnvh¨ cÖwZôvb Jica gvj‡qwkqvq ebvq‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv nv‡Z
†bq| GB cwiKíbvi ïiæ‡Z eQ‡I LiP n‡e cÖvq 100 wgwjqb B‡qb|
cwi‡e‡ki Dci Dw™¢‡`i cÖfve :
AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv hw` Pvwiw`‡K †PvL †g‡j ZvKvB Z‡e †h wbmM© †`L‡Z cve Zvi g‡a¨B
RxeRMr we‡klZ Dw™¢`RMr GKUv cÖavb ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| c„w_exi Rb¥ AvR †_‡K cÖvq 500 †KvwU eQi Av‡M|
RxeRM‡Zi `yÕAsk Dw™¢` RMZ I cÖvYxRMZ ci¯ú‡ii Dci Mfxi fv‡e m¤úwK©Z| AvR‡Ki evqygÛ‡j wg‡_b G¨v‡gvwbqvi
¯’v‡b bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi i‡³i c`v_© i‡q‡Q| Dw™¢` e¨_© Kj¨v‡Yi `viæbB| Dw™¢‡`i †Kv‡l ‡K¬v‡ivwdj bv‡gi meyR i‡Oi c`v_©
i‡q‡Q| Dw™¢` hLb Kve©b WvB A·vBW Ges cvwb‡K †Rvov w`‡q Møy‡KvR •Zwi K‡i ZLb Zvi evqygÛ‡ji Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY
evo‡Z _v‡K hv cwi‡ek iÿv‡_© we‡kl fv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq| mv‡jvK ms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖPzi gy³ Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ K‡i cÖwZeQi
20 nvRvi †KvwU Ub Kve©b‡K Lv‡`¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| Dw™¢` Ges wewfbœ cÖvYx Zv‡`i k¦vm Kv‡h© GB Aw·‡Rb e¨envi K‡i|
Dw™¢` I mv‡_ Zv evqygÛ‡j Qvov cvq| Gfv‡e c„w_exi evqygÛ‡ji weï×Zv iÿvi Kv‡R Dw™¢` mnvqZv K‡i Avm‡Q| Dw™¢‡`i
GB Ae`vb‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB ZvB nqZ WMÖvm gv‡jvP (1877-1938) e‡j‡Qb-
Òhw` ce©Z kx‡l©i cvBb bv n‡Z cv‡iv
wb‡`b DcZ¨Kvi †QvU †Svc n‡qv
Z‡e †QvU b`xi av‡i Rb¥v‡j me‡P‡q †miv †Svc
n¨uv, MvQ bv n‡Z cvi‡j †SvcB n‡qv|Ó
eb I cwi‡ek :
cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi m‡½ gvbyl I Zvi Rxe RM‡Zi mgZvwfwËK mnve¯’vb‡KB fvimvg¨ c~Y© cwi‡ek ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i| AvenvIqv, g„wËKv, cvwb, Dw™¢`, RxeRš‘, kã BZ¨vw` Øviv cwi‡ek cÖfvweZ nq| evsjv‡`k µvšÍxq A‡j Aew¯’Z|
ZvcgvÎv 2 †mjwmqvm †_‡K 40 †mjwmqvm †iKW© cvIqv †M‡jI eQ‡ii AwaKvsk mgq 25 35 †mjwmqv‡mi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Ryb
0 0 0- 0

†m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m DËi cwðg A‡j †`o nvRvi †_‡K AvovB 1500- 2500 wgUvi Ges `wÿY c~e© A‡j 5000 wgUvi e„wócvZ
nq| GB e„wó GKw`‡K †hgb ZvcgvÎv mnbkxj ch©v‡q iv‡L Aciw`‡K evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv Amnbxq ch©v‡qI wb‡q hvq| ch©vß
ebvqb ZvB cwi‡ek iÿv‡_© Riæwi| evsjv‡`‡ki ‡gvU Rwgi cwigvY 1 †KvwU 44 jÿ †n±i| Gi g‡a¨ 22 jÿ †n±i
ebf~wg| ebf~wgi g‡a¨ 8 jÿ †n±i nj miKvix A‡kÖYxfz³ ebf~wg| hv e„ÿnxb ej‡jB P‡j| gvÎ 9 jÿ a~qv”Qvw`Z| 70%
-80% KvV, 90% R¡vjvbx KvV Ges 90% evuk e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb ebf~wg †_‡K mieivn Kiv nq| MvQ ev eb aŸs‡mi
Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYvg mgwš^Z cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó nIqv, hvi d‡j †`Lv hvq fqven f~wgÿq I f~wg aŸsm Ges Liv I eb¨v
mgm¨v AvZsKRwbZ ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq| Rj mieivn wewNœZ nq& Rwgi De©iZv K‡g hvq| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h,
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖvq 9 b`xi DrmB †bcvj I fviZ, †hLv‡b Ae¨vnZ MwZ‡Z ebKvm© e‡q P‡j‡Q hyM hyM a‡i| fviZ I
†bcv‡ji ZivB (AÂj) eb cÖvq DRvo n‡q †M‡Q| GB eb _vK‡j el©vKv‡j cÖej e„wócv‡ZI Rj mieivn wngvj‡qi cÖv`‡`‡k
evavcÖvß nZ| †¯ªv‡Zi †eM K‡g †hZ| evsjv‡`‡k eb¨vi cvwb GZ e„w× †cZ bv| d‡j ÿq ÿwZi cwigvYI ¯^fveZB K‡g
†hZ| Mv‡Qi bx‡P ¸j¥, Nvm BZ¨vw`i cÖv`yf©ve _v‡K hv e„‡ÿi wkK‡oi gZ Rwg a‡i iv‡L| hvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k cvwbi cÖevn
Kg nq| d‡j f~wg ÿq Kg nq, cwj¯‘cxK…Z nIqv †_‡K iÿv cvq| Kv‡RB cÖK…wZi Ae`vb ebf~wg gvby‡li Awem„Z KvixqZvi
Kvi‡Y ÿwZ MÖ¯’ n‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ mn‡RB wecbœ n‡e Avgv‡`i ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|
M„nxZ c`‡ÿc :
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wg cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg Ges RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ m½wZ c~Y© bq|
h_v- RbmsL¨vi 7% `wÿY c~e©v‡j evm K‡i| A_P cÖvK…wZK e‡bi gvb 41% †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q `wÿY cwðgvs‡k A_©vr PÆMÖvg
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g RbmsL¨vi gvÎ 5% wKš‘ eb n‡”Q 42%| †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ As‡k ev` evwK 88% Awaevmx evm K‡i wKš‘
cÖvK…wZK e‡bi gvÎ 17% †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q| K…wÎg be m„wói Rb¨ miKv‡ii Aax‡b Rwg `wÿY c~e©v‡j mxgve× A_©vr PÆMÖvg
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU| eb wefv‡M ebv‡j 85% GLv‡bB| GQvovI DcK~j eivei eb m„wói KvR cÖvq 10 eQi a‡i Kiv
n‡”Q| 6/7 eQi a‡i DËiv‡j mvgvwRK ebvq‡b Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY cwð‡gi cvnvox GjvKv Qvov
e„ÿ‡ivcY Kg©m~Px m‡e ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b ebvqb Kg©m~Px †Rvi`vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| `ªæZ ea©bkxj e„ÿ cÖRvwZ µgea©gvb
nv‡i jvMv‡bv n‡”Q| my›`i e‡b KvVKvUvi nvi 30% Ges wm‡jU PÆMÖv‡g A‡a©K bvwg‡q Avbv n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b msiwÿZ e‡b
MvQ KvUv m¤ú~Y© eÜ| m¤úªwZ AevwYwR¨K e„ÿ cÖRvwZi ¸Y wbY©q Ges e¨envi c×wZi cixÿv, wbixÿv eb M‡elYv BbwówUDU
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| G ch©šÍ 30 cÖRvwZi M‡elYv mgvß n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b eb M‡elYv BbwówUDU Ges cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i D‡`¨v‡M
I e¨e¯’vcbvq euvk I Avg RvZxq Kv‡Vi mwVK cÖwµqvRvZKiY c×wZ MÖvg evsjvq m¤úªmviY Kivi KvR ïiæ n‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ
eb M‡elYv BbwówUDU Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ †g‡S‡Z MZ©K‡i •Zix Kiv Pz‡jvq ïay evqy mieiv‡ni e¨e¯’v K‡iI †avuqv
wbM©g‡bi Rb¨ wPgbx e¨envi K‡i cÖv_wgK cixÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, R¡vjvbx e¨q 50% Ges mgq 40% mvkÖq n‡q‡Q|

3
e„ÿ iÿvq wek¦e¨vsK :
wek¦e¨vsK MÖx®§gÛjxq ebv‡j MvQ KvUvi Rb¨ Avi †Kv‡bv A_© †hvMvb †`‡e bv| Dnv ebvÂj¸‡jv aŸs‡mi
nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kivi D‡`¨v‡Mi Ask wnmv‡e Zviv A_© †hvMvb †`Iqvi welqwU evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mv‡eK divmx
cwiPvjK wg‡mj †cwZ n‡jb 1944 mv‡j wek¦e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci †_‡K Zviv 80wU gvÎ e¨v‡jÝ 230 †KvwU Wjvi
Aby`vb w`‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i 83 kZvsk MÖx®§gÛjxq ebvÂj †h me †`‡k i‡q‡Q Ges †hLv‡b ebvÂj¸‡jv ûgKxi m¤§yLxb †miKg
20wU †`‡ki cÖwZ we‡kl `„wó †`qv n‡e| G‡`k ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eªvwRj, fviZ, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, AvB‡fwi‡Kvó, †gw·‡Kv Ges
wdwjcvBb Ab¨Zg|
Dcvq :
evsjv‡`‡k ebvÂj aŸs‡mi †h cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖwZKv‡ii K‡qKwU Dcvq wb¤œiƒc t
1. Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki R¡vjvbxi Kv‡R Kv‡Vi Dci m¤ú~Y© fv‡e wbf©i bv K‡i miKvix D‡`¨v‡M †Mvei M¨vm cø¨vU Gi gva¨‡g
R¡vjvbx msK‡Ui mgvavb Kiv|
2. miKvix I †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M e„ÿ‡ivcb I ebvqb m„wó Kiv Ges MÖvg BDwbqb ch©v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡i Dci e„ÿ‡ivcb I
msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y|
3. e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb Acwic° e„ÿ KZ©‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Ges e„ÿ KZ©‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb KZ©„c‡ÿi Abygvb
eva¨ evaKZv ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb Abvev`x cvnvox Rwg ev f~wg‡Z e„ÿ‡ivc‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK AvBb cÖYqb A_ev miKvix ch©v‡q
e„ÿ‡ivc‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
5. miKvix Lvj I b`xi cvk¦©eZ©x ¯’v‡b ebvq‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
6. gvV fv‡Mi Kg©Pvix Ges Kg©KZ©v‡`i 3/4 eQi AšÍtebvqb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
7. ebwefv‡Mi KZ©©„c‡ÿi wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M †`‡ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ KvV msMªn K‡i KfviRvZ Ki‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
8. wbw`©ó K‡qK eQ‡ii Rb¨ jvBU ev dzM wbjvg m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c wbwl× KiY Ges †Q‡U G¸‡jv‡K myBR †MBU wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g
el©vi †_‡K cvwb a‡i ivLvi e¨e¯’v Ges m~‡h©i cÖPÛ Zv‡ci nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ KjgxjZv ev KPzwi cvbvi gZ RjR
Dw™¢‡`i Pvl Kiv|
Dcmsnvi :
evsjv‡`‡ki Aw¯ÍZ¡msKU g~jZt G‡ZB AšÍwb©wnZ cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi c‡_ AviI evav Av‡Q hv gvby‡liB m„wó| †hgb-
ivmvqwbK we‡ùviY, wewfbœ wk‡íi Aa©R¡wjZ eR©¨ c`v_©, ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi BZ¨vw`| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖ‡K․kjx‡K Áv‡b
Afve bq eis cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ae‡njvi Kvi‡YB msKU m„wó n‡q‡Q& weÁvbx Kvj© wjwjqvm Zvi kqb N‡ii `iRvq wj‡LwQ‡jb, Òhw`
GKwU Mv‡Qi KZ©b Ki Z‡e Zvi RvqMvq AviI MvQ †ivcb Ki|Ó Avgv‡`i †`‡k 1983 mv‡j cwi‡ek `~lYgy³ Kivi K_v
miKvixfv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| eZ©gvb miKvi G wel‡q m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Avi cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y e„‡ ÿi †h weKí †bB
Zvi cÖgvY Avgiv GB †NvlYvi gva¨‡g eyS‡Z cvwi| ZvB GB ‡¯ø vMvb †nvK Avgv‡`i AvMvgx w`‡bi cv‡_q| ÒMvQ jvMvb cwi‡ek
evuPvbÓ|
AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em

cÖviw¤¢Kv :
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi GLb Avi †Kej Avgv‡`i bq| GB GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g GKz‡k †deªæ qvwi‡Z we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GK bwRiwenxb m¤§v‡bi Avmb cvZv n‡q‡Q| Gw`b †_‡K cÖwZ eQi Avgv‡`i gnvb fvlv w`em Agi GKz‡k
†deªæqvwi AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em iƒ‡c D`hvwcZ n‡e| GKzk kZ‡Ki GB GKzk Aek¨B bZzb GKzk| GKz‡k †deªæqvwii
eûgvwÎKZv µgvš^‡q D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”Q| Avgv‡`i fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ mg„×| wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †c‡q fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi knx`iv evOvwji gh©v`v we‡k AviI evwo‡q w`j| e¨vcK cwiwPwZi `iRv Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q bZzb kZvãxi GKz‡k
†deªæqvwi‡Z|
Avgv‡`i †M․ie Avgiv gv‡qi Rb¨ j‡owQ, Avgv‡`i AnsKvi Avgiv fvlvi Rb¨ j‡owQ, Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ j‡owQ|
Avgv‡`i Me© †KD Avgv‡`i gZ fvlvi Rb¨ j‡owb, †KD Avgv‡`i gZ ey‡Ki i³ †X‡j gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v‡K myD‡”P Zz‡j
a‡iwb, eY©gvjvi Aÿi¸‡jv‡K AvUPwjøk Avi evqvbœi Zß †kvwYZ avivq AeMvnb K‡i Avgv‡`i fvlv †PZbv †mw`b kvwYZ
n‡qwQj| e¨vß n‡qwQj PivP‡i| i³ w`‡q †mw`b †h †mvcvb iPbv K‡iwQjvg †mB †mvcvb †e‡qB Avgiv GKvˇi
†c․u‡QwQ,wecyj i³`v‡bi g‡a¨B †c‡qwQ evsjvfvlv‡K, †c‡qwQ gvZ…f~wg evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K|

evsjv fvlv BwZnv‡m GKz‡k †deªæqvwi †Kej evsjvi †M․ie Ges M‡e©i bq| ev½vjxi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi A½xKvi D”PviY Ges
cvj‡bi w`b GKz‡k †deªæqvwi| ZvB Kwei fvlvq ej‡Z B‡”Q nq-
‡deªæqvwi †Kvb gvm bq, †Kv‡bv w`b bq
†Kvb MÖvg bq, †Kvb c_ bq,
†Kvb dzj bq, †Kvb MvQ bq,
AvKvkI bq, b`xI bq,
cÂvbœ nvRvi eM©gvB‡j
Aweivg K_v ejv|
(nvexeyjøvn nvRvix)
GB †M․ie ïay cÂvbœ nvRvi eM©gvB‡ji g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| mgMÖ f~gÛ‡ji cÖwZ eM©gvB‡j †m †M․ie Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|
4
gvZ…fvlvi-AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ `vb :
1999 mv‡ji 7B b‡f¤^i RvwZms‡Ni wkÿv, weÁvb I ms¯‥…wZ ms¯’v (BD‡b‡¯v‥v) Gi mvaviY
cwil‡`i 30 Zg c~Y©v½ Awa‡ek‡b GKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e †NvlYvi cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nq| BD‡b‡¯‥vi
cÖ¯Ív‡e ejv nq- 1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Abb¨ Z¨v‡Mi ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc Ges 1952 mv‡ji GB
w`‡bi knx‡`i ¯§„wZ‡K mvivwe‡k¦ ¯§iYxq K‡i ivL‡Z GKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e cvj‡bi wm×všÍ
†bIqv n‡”Q| BwZnvm I HwZn¨‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ BD‡b‡¯‥vi †h D‡`¨vM Zvi Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx evnb n‡”Q fvlv| ms¯‥…wZi
eûgvÎwKZv I fvlv •ewP·K BD‡b‡¯‥v memgq Drmvn w`‡q Avm‡Q| GB jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em
D`hvc‡bi D‡`¨vM †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| GLb †_‡K cÖwZ eQi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi BD‡b‡¯‥vi 118wU m`m¨ †`k Ges BD‡b‡¯‥vi m`i
`ßi AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e D`hvwcZ n‡e|
AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e eQ‡ii †Kvb GKwU w`b‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡j Zv we‡k¦ cÖPwjZ wewfbœ gvZ…fvlv
msiÿY I cÖmv‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKwU Kvh©Ki cš’v wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ n‡e| GK_v we‡ePbv K‡iB BD‡b‡¯‥v G wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q|
BD‡b‡¯‥vi GB †NvlYvi ga¨ w`‡qB we‡k¦i cÖvq Pvi nvRvi fvlv m¤§vwbZ n‡jv| evqvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯§„wZ weRwoZ GKz‡k
†deªæqvwi AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv w`em wnmv‡e M„nxZ nIqvi e¨vcviwU evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ †M․i‡ei|
wKfv‡e GKz‡k †deªæqvwi AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nj :
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GwU GK eo AR©b---gyw³hy‡× weRq jv‡fi c‡i †evanq GwUB me‡P‡q
†M․iegq| AR©b eQi `yB Av‡M GKwU ‡jLvq wePvicwZ gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb 21†k †deªæqvwi‡Z wek¦ fvlv w`em cvjb Kiv
hvq wKbv, Zv †f‡e †`L‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb| Z‡e G wel‡q D`‡hvMUv G‡mwQj KvbvWv cÖevmx iwdKzj Bmjvg bv‡g GK evOvwj
f`ª‡jv‡Ki gv_vq| KvbvWvi f¨v¼zevi G emevmiZ iwdKzj Bmjvg Ges Avãym mvjvg bv‡g Av‡iK evOvwji D‡`¨v‡M gv`vi
j¨v½y‡qR Ad `v Iqvì© bv‡g GKwU msMVb M‡o I‡V| 1988 mv‡j 9 Rvbyqvwi GB msMV‡bi cÿ †_‡K GKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em †NvlYvi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe Kwd Avb‡bi Kv‡Q GKwU Av‡e`bcÎ cvVv‡bv nq| Kwd Avbvb
Zv‡`i BD‡b‡¯‥vi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z civgk© †`b|
Kwd Avbv‡bi civgk© †c‡q gv`vi j¨v½y‡qR Ad `¨ Iqvì© be D`¨‡g KvR ïiæ K‡i| Gevi Zviv 7wU wfbœ
fvlvq 10 R‡bi ¯^vÿi mn BD‡b‡¯‥vi Kv‡Q Av‡iKwU Av‡e`bcÎ cvVvb| BD‡b‡¯‥vi GWz‡Kkb wWwfk‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †¯úkvwjó
wg‡mm Avbv gvwiqv GB Av‡e`‡bi Rev‡e Rvbvb, †Kv‡bv †emiKvix msMV‡bi cÖ¯Íve BD‡b‡¯‥v we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Z‡e
hw` †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvi G e¨vcv‡i D‡`¨vM nq ZLb cÖ¯ÍvewU we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gici iwdKzj Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki
wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe KvRx iwKe DwÏb Avn‡g` welqwU wkÿvgš¿x G Gm GBP †KZ
mv‡`K‡K AewnZ K‡ib| wkÿvgš¿x welqwU `ªæZ cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv‡K Rvbvb| AvgjvZvwš¿K cÖwµqv cwinvi K‡i cÖavbgš¿x
†g․wLK AbygwZµ‡g wkÿgš¿x Zrÿbvr BD‡b‡¯‥vi Kv‡Q GB cÖ¯Íve DÌvc‡bi e¨e¯’A K‡ib| e‡j †`q BD‡b‡¯‥vi ¯^vfvweK
cÖwµqvI wKQz mswÿß Kiv nq| BD‡b‡¯‥vi fvlv welqK wefvM cÖ¯ÍvewU cvVvb `y b¤^i Kwgk‡b- Zvi g‡a¨ wgki, ‡m․w`, Avie,
Bivb, cvwK¯Ívb, fviZ, gvj‡qwkqv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv BZ¨vw`i bvg g‡b c‡o|mvaviY m‡¤§j‡b me©m¤§wZ µ‡g GB cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ
nq|
52Õi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg :
cvwK¯Ívb c&ªwZôvKv‡j c~e©e‡½i RbmsL¨v wQj ‡MvUv †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi 56 kZvsk| gvZ…fvlv evsjv wQj
wnmv‡eI mg„× Zvi| ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡Y gvbyl Avkv K‡iwQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv n‡e evsjv|evsjv Ges D`©y GB `yB
fvlv‡ZB †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii KvR Kg© Pj‡e, wkÿvi gva¨g n‡e c~e©e‡½ evsjv Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b D`©y A_ev H A‡ji
cÖv‡`wkK fvlv mg~n wKš‘ c~e©evsjvq gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•Lv aywjmvr n‡q hvq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii KwZcq wm×v‡šÍ| WvK I Zvi
wefv‡Mi mKj KvR K‡g© cÖ‡qvRbxq dig Qvcv nq D`©y‡Z| Kv‡iwÝ †bv‡UI evsjv †bB| †K›`ªxq mywcwiqi mvwf©‡mm cixÿvi
welq wnmv‡e evsjv Abycw¯’Z| ïay ZvB bq c~e©e‡½ D`©y cÖPj‡bi e¨vcK Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv nq| Gi cvkvcvwk D`©y ni‡d evsjv
†jLvi †K›`ª Pvjy Kiv nq cÖ‡`‡ki me©Î| GB cwiw¯’wZ mvg‡b ‡i‡L 1948 mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi KivPx‡Z ïiæ nq cvwK¯Ívb
MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb| Awa‡ek‡b c~e©e½ †_‡K wbe©vwPZ m`m¨ ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë `ywU ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| Gi
GKwU wQj fvlv welqK| fvlv welqK ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Ív‡e ejv nq †h, D`©y Ges Bs‡iRxi cvkvcvwk evsjv‡KI MYcwil‡`i Kvh©
cwiPvjbvi fvlv wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv †nvK| `yw`b ci 25 †deªæqvwi cÖ¯ÍvewU Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ I‡V| cÖavbgš¿x I gymwjg jxM
cvj©v‡g›Uvwi cvwU©i †bZv bIqve wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb ms‡kvabx cÖ¯ÍvewUi we‡ivwaZv K‡i D‡V e‡jb, cvwK¯Ív‡bi Awaevmx‡`i
g‡a¨ HK¨m~Î M‡o †Zvjvi cÖqvm †_‡K gymjgvb‡`i wew”Qbœ Kivi jÿ¨ wb‡q GB ms‡kvabx DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q| wjqvKZ Avjx
Lvb†K mg_©b Ki‡Z D‡V c~e©e‡½i cÖavbgš¿x m¨vi LvRv bvwRgDwÏb e‡jb, c~e©e‡½i AwaKvsk gvbyl D`©y‡Z K_v e‡j Ges
Zviv D`©y‡KB ivóªfvlv Kivi cÿcvZx| miKvix `‡ji we‡ivaxZvi Kvi‡Y axi›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi ms‡kvabx cÖ¯ÍvewU evwZj n‡q hvq|
52Õi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ :
MYcwil‡`i evsjv‡K ¯^xK…wZ `v‡b cÖ¯Íve evwZj Ges D`©yi c‡ÿ LvRv bvwRgDwχbi wbj©¾ IKvjwZi
cÖwZev‡` XvKvi QvÎ-QvÎxiv 1948 Gi 26 †deªæqvix ¯‥zj-K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©NU cvjb K‡ib| 1948 Gi 2 gvP© dRjyj
nK n‡j AbywôZ GK mfvq gvZ…fvlvi weiæ‡× PµvšÍ cÖwZnZ Kivi A½xKvi wb‡q MwVZ nq ivôfvlv msMÖvg cwil`| gymwjg
jxM e¨ZxZ mKj ivR‣bwZK `j,mvs¯‥…wZK cÖwZôvb QvÎ lOMVb, QvÎvevm¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwa GB mfvq Dwcw¯’Z wQj| mfvq
M„nxZ cÖ¯Ív‡e evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivôªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z Ges MYcwil‡`i Kvh© cwiPvjbvi fvlvi ZvwjKv †_‡K
evsjv‡K ev` †`qvi cÖwZev‡` 1948 Gi 11 gvP© mgMÖ c~e©e‡½ mvavib ag©N‡Ui Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nq|
gvZ…fvlvi g©hv`v iÿvi GB Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©bAv‡m cÖvq mKj gnj †_‡KB| ZeyI 11B gvP© ag©NU Ges 17B gvP© mKj wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡b ag©NU Ges cÖwZev` mfvi Kg©m~Px MÖnb Kiv nq| Gi ci QvÎ-QvÎxiv cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx
wRbœvni XvKv mdi wb‡q e¨¯Í n‡q c‡ob| MfY©i †Rbv‡ij 1948 mv‡ji 19 gvP© XvKvq AvMgb K‡ib| †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni
5
XvKv mdiKv‡j 1948 mv‡ji 24 gvP© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GK we‡kl mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b fvlY †`b| fvl‡Yi GK ch©v‡q wZwb
`„pZvi m‡½ †NvlYv K‡ib, GKgvÎ D`©~B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivôªfvlv| Dcw¯’Z QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i GK wKivU Ask cÖwZev‡` †d‡U
c‡ob| Zuviv †bv †bv e‡j KvR©b nj Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡jb| mvgwqKfv‡e _g‡K †M‡jI ivRYxwZwe` wRbœvn wb‡R‡K mvg‡j †bb|
c‡i wZwb msMÖvg cwil` Ges Ab¨ QvÎ msMV‡bi †bZv‡`i m‡½ c„_K c„_K fv‡e N‡ivqv Av‡jvPbvq e‡mb| msMÖvg cwil‡`i
†bZv‡`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbv nq `xN© mgq wb‡q| wKš‘ wRbœvn Qv·bZv‡`i gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`vi `vwe gvb‡Z mivmwi A¯^xKvi K‡ib|
d‡j QvÎiv Avevi Av‡›`vj‡bi K_v wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
BwZg‡a¨ 1948 mv‡ij 11 †m‡Þ¤^i cvwK¯Ív‡bi MfY©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|
1950 mv‡j cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb cÖ¯ÍvweZ msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ †NvlYv K‡ib| g~jbxwZ KwgwUi wi‡cvU© ïay D`©y‡K
ivôªfvmv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| GB wi‡cv‡U©i weiæ‡× c~e©e‡½i m‡PZb bvMwiKiv `yev©i Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb|
GKz‡ki i³v³ Av‡›`vjb t
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wnmv‡e wZwb XvKv md‡i G‡m 27 Rvbyqvix cëb gq`v‡b e³…ZvKv‡j †NvlYv
K‡ib,D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivôªfvlv| m‡½ m‡½ Aviwe ni‡d cëb e³…Zv †kl nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ QvÎ- RbZv ivR
c‡_ cÖwZev` wgwQj †ei K‡ib| Zvuiv Awej‡¤^ evsjv†K ivóªfvlv Kivi †NvlYv `vwe K‡ib| AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ
gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb‡K mfvwcZ K‡i me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MVb Kiv nq 30 Rvbyqvwi| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ
†bZ…e„›` n‡j n‡j Av‡jvPbv †k‡l Avãyj gwZb‡K Kb‡fbi K‡i Òwek¦we`¨vjq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Ó MVb
K‡ib|wek¦we`¨vjq msMÖvg cwil` 4 †deªæqvwi XvKvi mKj ¯‥zj K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©NU cvj‡bi Kg©m~wP †`q| Gici 8
†deªæqvwi XvKvi mKj ¯‥zj K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©NU cvj‡bi Kg©m~Px †`q| Gici 8 †deªyqvwi Ges 12 †deªæqvwi cZvKv w`em
cvjb Ges wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv½‡b (AvgZjvq) QvÎ mgv‡ek Kivi Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv nq| mviv cÖ‡`‡k niZvj I ag©NU †NvlYv
Kiv nq 21 †deªæqvwi| †K›`ªxq me©`jxq msMÖvg cwil` Abyiƒc Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡i Ges 21 †deªæqvwi cÖ‡`ke¨vcx niZvj,
we‡ÿvf, mgv‡ek BZ¨vw` AvnŸvb K‡i Ges GB w`b XvKv kn‡ii Pvwiw`‡K niZvj, we‡ÿvf I mgv‡ek ïiæ nq|
GB w`b †ejv 3Uvq w`‡K cywjk ¸wj Pvjv‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| d‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GgG K¬v‡mi QvÎ Aveyj eiKZ, mvjvnDwÏb
(Zvi gv_vi Lywj D‡o hvq), ReŸvi Ges kwdDj ingvbmn Kgc‡ÿ cvuPRb knx` nb| AvnZ nb eû QvÎ-QvÎx| ivRavbx
XvKv GB msev‡` miKvi we‡ivax g‡bvfve wb‡q M‡R© I‡V| IB mgq c~e©e½ e¨e¯’vcK mfvi Awa‡ekb PjwQj| Awa‡ek‡b QvÎ
nZ¨vi wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ g~jZwe cÖ¯Íve Avbv nq Ges gymwjg jxM `jxq m`m¨ Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmywÏb gIjvbv Avãyi ikx`
AvK©evMxk AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi Av‡bvqviv LvZzb Ges LqivZ †nv‡mb, ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ëmn Ks‡MÖ‡mi mKj m`m¨ IqvK AvDU
K‡ib| Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvuiv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R mg‡eZ QvÎ- QvÎx‡`i m‡½ mvÿvZ K‡ib| my-
mvwnwZ¨K I AvRv` m¤úv`K Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmywÏb AvBb mfvi m`m¨ c_ †_‡K B¯Ídv †`b|
Gi ci bvbv PivB DrivB cvi n‡q D`y©i m‡½ evsjvI cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv ¯^xK…wZ cvq Ges gvZ…fvlvi `vex‡Z hviv knx`
n‡qwQj Zv‡`i‡K fvlv knx` wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| mšÍv‡bi mv‡_ †hgb gv‡qi bvoxi m¤úK© †Zgwb gvZ…fvlvi `vex‡Z GB
AvZ¥ûZx`vbKvix knx`‡`i Z¨v‡Mi AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ †mB wbweo Awew”Qbœ m¤úK©‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| gvZ…fvlv Avgv‡`i gvbweK
mË¡vi Acwinvh© I Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| Avi.wm.†UÝ e‡j‡Qb-- gvZ„fvlv n‡”Q gw›`‡ii gZ cweÎ hvi ïwPZv iÿvi Rb¨ Rxeb`vb
Ki‡Z wØav‡eva Kiv DwPZ bq|
wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq n‡jI mZ¨ †h gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i msMÖvg I Z¨v‡Mi ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi c~‡e© AwZevwnZ n‡q †Mj my`xN©
47wU eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq| Zey Avgiv AR©b K‡iwQ gvZ…fvlvi GB gnvb ¯^xK…wZ| gvZ…fvlvi GB ¯^xK…wZ Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Ly‡j
w`‡q‡Q bZzb m¤¢vebv †eu‡P _vKvi cÖZ¨vkv|

fvlv I fvlv knx`‡`i m¤úK© :

GKz‡k †deªæqvix ev½vwji RvZxq †PZbvi Ges beRvMi‡bi cw_K…r| ZvB ev½vjx ey‡Ki i³ ivRc‡_
†X‡j AR©b K‡i‡Q----
Ò†gv‡`i Me© †gv‡`i Avkv
Avgwi evsjvfvlv |Ó
ZvB ev½vjxi be †PZbvi GKzk GKwU jvj ZvwiL, hvi bvg i³v³ msMÖvg| GKwU fvjevmv hvi cÖvYmËv GKwU †mv”Pvi wecøe
hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z iwPZ GB ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k| gvZ…fvlvi GB AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ Z_v my`„p Ae¯’vb GKw`‡b M‡o I‡Vwb|
c„w_ex‡Z m¤¢eZ evsjvB GKgvÎ gvZ…fvlv hv‡K AwZ cÖvPxbKv‡j †_‡K gh©v`v I AwaKv‡ii cÖ‡kœ jovB K‡i Avm‡Z n‡q‡Q|
cÖvPxb †mb kvmbvg‡j evsjvfvlv PP©vi weiæ‡× my¯úô wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i ejv n‡qwQj-
evsjv fvlvi P©Pv Ki‡j †i․ie bvgK bi‡K hv‡e|
ga¨hy‡M G‡mI evsjv fvlvi weiæ‡× AeÁv †_‡g _v‡Kwb| hvi Rb¨ †mB mg‡qi Agi Kwe Ave`yj nvwKg‡K wjL‡Z n‡qwQj-
Ò‡hme e½‡Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evbx
†mme Kvnvi Rb¥ wbY©q b Rvwb|Ó
fvlv weÁvbx‡`i wPšÍv †PZbv t
fvlv weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Pvi †_‡K cuvP nvRvi gvZ…fvlv i‡q‡Q| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Gi
A‡b‡KiB g„Zz¨ N‡U‡Q| †hgb :- j¨vwUb, ms¯‥…Z, Kwb©k BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ cÖK…Z c‡ÿ fvlv Kfz g‡i bv GUvB n‡”Q gvZ…fvlvi
Zvrch©| b~‡ni hy‡Mi fvlv wQj wn‡eªYt K‡qK nvRvi eQi e¨env‡ii ci fvlvwU wQj g„Ze¨| wKš‘ AvaywbK BmivB‡j wn‡eªY
fvlvi e¨envi Avevi ïiæ K‡i‡Q| †Zgwb evsjv Avgv‡`i ü`‡qi AK…wÎg fvjevmv| Kwe diiæL Avng‡`i fvlvq--
ÔI Avgvi
gvZ…fvlv evsjv fvlv
6
 †Lv`vi †miv `vb
wek¦ fvlvi mfvi †Zvgvi
iƒc †m Awb©evY|Õ
fvlv weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z AvR †_‡K cuvP jÿ eQi c~‡e© c„w_ex‡Z fvlvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj| we`vqx mn¯ªv‡ãi †kl cÖv‡šÍ
G‡m RvwZms‡Ni weÁvb, wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZ I cÖwZôvb BD‡b‡¯‥v gvZ…fvlv¸‡jvi AwaKvi Ges G‡K gh©v`v c~Y©f v‡e wUwK‡q
ivL‡Z †m Abb¨ AmvaviY msMÖv‡gi m~Pbv Ki‡jv| Zv mgMÖ we‡k¦i fvlv cÖev‡n Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb ivL‡e|
ev½vjx †kÖôZ¡ AR©b :
21‡k †deªæqvwi ïay evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¨q Aÿq m¤ú`| Agi GKz‡ki g‡a¨ wbwnZ ev½vjxi kZ eQ‡ii fvlv
wfwËK ¯^Z‡š¿i exR| myZivs Agi GKzk‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi g‡a¨ w`‡q ev½vjx cÖZxKx weRq
wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q| fvlv knx`‡`i AvZ¥`v‡b wgjj AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ| Gi cw_K…Z wnmv‡e Ab¨vb¨ gvZ…fvlvi Kvfv‡i evsjv
fvlv †cj AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ| myZivs g‡b nq †hb GK weivU hy‡× GKwU ¸wjI bv Qz‡o Avgiv mviv wek¦ Rq K‡i wb‡q G‡mwQ
nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| nvRvi eQ‡ii ev½vjxi Rb¨ Gi †P‡q eo AR©b eo cvIqv Avi wK n‡Z cv‡i Zv Avgv‡`i ARvbv|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvšÍR©vwZK w`emmg~n :
(K) AvšÍR©vwZK bvix w`em (L) †g w`em (M) wek¦ cwi‡ek w`em (N) wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ w`em (O) wek¦ RbmsL¨v w`em (P) wek¦ wkï
w`em (Q) wek¦ mv`vQwo w`em (R) RvwZmsN w`em (S) wek¦ GBWm w`em (T) wek¦ gvbevwaKvi w`em (U) AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlv w`em|
Kvw•LZ ¯^‡cœi ev¯Íevqb :
Kvw•LZ ¯^cœ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q wK? wKš‘ GB †h G‡Zv i³`vb Ges i³`v‡bi wewbg‡q GB wecyj AR©b Zv
wK Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi Kvw•LZ ¯^cœ‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q? ev½vjx‡`i GB ¯^vfvweK AvKv•Lvi cÖwZdjbI N‡UwQj
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`†ki msweav‡bi 3 Aby‡”Q` Ges 153 Aby‡”Q`| 3 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q t ÔcÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóª fvlv evsjv,
Ges 153 (2) Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q t evsjvq GB msweav‡bi GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ cvV¨ I Bs‡iRx‡Z Abyw`Z GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨
Aby‡gvw`Z cvV¨ _vwK‡e| GB Aby‡”Q‡` AviI ejv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, evsjv I Bs‡iRx cv‡Vi we‡iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î evsjv
cvVB M„nxZ| msweav‡b evsjv‡K cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªfvlv ejv n‡jI AvBb cÖYqb I cÖPv‡i Ges AvBb Av`vj‡Z evsjv fvlvi
e¨env‡i GKwU m‡PZb evav Av‡Q| ejvevûj¨, G evav G‡mwQj GK †kÖYxi Avgjv‡`i KvQ †_‡K| hviv GB †`‡k evm K‡i
we‡`‡ki wejvmx Rxebhvc‡bi ¯^cœ †`‡L, hviv gv‡K †i‡L wegvZvi cv‡q gv_v KzU‡Z Møvwb‡eva K‡i bv-j¾v cvq bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki, ¯^vaxbZvi ci me©¯Í‡i evsjv cÖPj‡bi c‡ÿ cÖvq mevB e‡j G‡m‡Qb| `yÕGKRb e¨wZµgx wQ‡jb bv Ggb bq|
wKš‘ Zviv msL¨vq wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ bMY¨| Zvu‡`i hyw³ n‡jv evsjv fvlvq wPwKrmv we`¨v ev cÖhyw³ we`¨vi A_ev weÁv‡bi eB‡qi
mv_©K Abyev` ‡bB| evsjv D”P wkÿvi evnb n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv½b DbœZ we‡k¦i wkÿv½vb †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hv‡e| myZivs
Zv‡`i g‡Z, D”P wkÿvi evnb n‡Z n‡e AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv Bs‡iRx| Bs‡iRx fvlv e¨wZ‡i‡K weÁvb, wPwKrmv cÖhyw³ welqK
wel‡q wkÿv`vb Am¤¢e| AvBb Av`vj‡ZI Bs‡iRx fvlv Qvov AvBb cÖYqb, AvBb wkÿv Ges wePvi m¤úbœ Kiv Pj‡Z cv‡i
bv| G‡`i e³‡e¨i DËi gvÎ K‡qKwU †`‡ki D`vniY w`‡qB ‡`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| d«vÝ, Rvg©vbx, ivwkqv, Rvcvb, DËi
†Kvwiqv,Pxb GB mg¯Í †`‡ki †KvbwU‡ZB Bs‡iRx wkÿvi evnb bq| GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ Zvi gvZ…fvlv KZUv Mfxifv‡e †mB
RvwZi mg¯Í †PZbv, HwZn¨, Dcjwä Kg©ZrciZv I m„RbkxjZv aviY K‡i Av‡Q Ges ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ Zv µgvMZ mÂvwiZ
K‡i RvwZ‡K mRxe I HK¨e× K‡i iv‡L Zv mn‡R aiv c‡o bv| cÖwZwU gvZ…fvlv †mB fvlvfvlx gvbe‡Mvôxi mgMÖ †PZbv,
¯§„wZ I Dcjwä, Kíbvi I m„RbkxjZvi A`„k¨ GK Rvj m„wó K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K HK¨e× I avib K‡i iv‡L mvs¯‥…wZK GK cÖfve
ej‡qi g‡a¨|
Avgv‡`i G mg‡qi KZ©e¨ :
gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖwZwµqvkxj Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× msMÖvg I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi Abb¨
†M․i‡ei ¯^xK…wZ †`wi‡Z n‡jI wek¦evmx Avgv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡‡Q| GUv Avgv‡`i GKUv wekvj AnsKvi m‡›`n †bB; wKš‘ Zv GK
KwVb KZ©e¨‡PZbviI ¯§viK| †m ‡PZbv hyMcr evsjv fvlv I AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv mg~n‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z n‡e GUvB
¯^vfvweK| evsjv fvlv BbwówUD‡Ui cÖPvi wefvM evsjv I Bs‡iRx GKwU wØfvwlK gvwmK ey‡jwUb Ges Av‡iKwU M‡elYvag©x
‣ÎgvwmK cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, †h¸‡jv †`‡k I mviv we‡k¦ weZiY Kiv n‡e| cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi AvIZvq c„w_exi cwðg I c~e©
†Mvjv‡a© we`¨gvb PviwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviwU evsjv wefv‡M Avgv‡`i ivóªxq A_©vq‡b PviRb evsjv cÖ‡dmi wb‡qvM Kiv hvq;
†hgb cwðg †Mvjv‡a© wkKv‡Mv-jÛb Ges c~‡e© †eBwRs †UvwKI| Zviv Aa¨vcbv I evsjv fvlv‡Kw›`ªK Zv‡`i AvÂwjK Kg©KvÛ
cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| Avgv‡`i mK‡ji jÿ¨ n‡e evsjv fvlvi mvgwMÖK AwfÁZvi cwiPq Ávcb I Z_¨wewbgq| Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi
Ici evsjv fvlvi AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi bq| eis Avkivd wmwÏKxi fvlvq-
Qq nvRvi fvlv- †`‡k Drme ïiæ †nvK AvR|
gv‡qi fv‡qi fvlv- †h fvlvi gv‡S
cÖwZw`b †e‡o DwV - †cÖg fv‡jvevmv
AvR †mB fvlv †cÖ‡g †`‡k Drme n‡e
fvlvi †cÖ‡gi g‡š¿ †`‡k †`‡k DV‡e M‡o
GK RvwZ- RbZvi mn¯ªv‡ãi ‡cÖ‡gi wgwQj|
gvZ…fvlv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i mKj AwfcÖvq wK nIqv DwPZ :
Avgiv Avgv‡`i fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ‡K wØKÿ wewkó evmvi g‡Zv we‡ePbv Kie| Avgv‡`i WªBsiæ‡g
G‡m em‡e we‡k¦i me gvZ…fvlv Ges fvlv ms¯‥…wZ| mevB mggh©v`vi †gngvb Avgv‡`i| abevb Bs‡iwR fvlv, 100 †KvwU
gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv Pxbv ; Zvi cvkvcvwk ek‡e 175 R‡bi gvZ…fvlv Ô†Uv‡UvÕ 250 R‡bi gvZ…fvlv ÔRv‡ivqvÕ I (we.`ªt BD‡b‡¯‥v I
7
myBwWk B›Uvib¨vkbvj †Wfjc‡g›U G‡RwÝi evwl©K wi‡cv©U, 1980) Avgiv mcwiev‡i Zv‡`i Avc¨vqb Kie, Mí ¸Re Kie,
Av‡eM-we‡e‡Ki Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kie| ZvB e‡j †kvevi N‡i Avgv‡`i GKvšÍ wbR¯^ weQvbvq I‡`i wb‡q GKvKvi n‡q n‡q _vKe?
_vKe bv ! GKUv RvqMvq (Entity) wM‡q Avwg hw` AvwgB bv _vKjvg, Zv n‡j Avgiv e‡j wKQz Zv‡K wK ? Avwg hw` RvwZ
bv _vwK, Zv n‡j AvšÍR©vwZK nB-B ev †Kgb K‡i| †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡Mvôxi ms¯‥…wZ hZ D`viB †nvK bv †Kb, we‡kl GK ch©v‡q
†m Zvi wbR¯^ZvUzKz a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq, Ges †mUv †h †Kvb g~‡j¨| GUv‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ evwZK wKsev iÿYkxjZv hv-B ewj bv †Kb, wek¦
ms¯‥…wZi F×Zvi ¯^v‡_©B †mUvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| mgvR-gb¯^‡Ë¡ ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i GB †eva wKsev m~Î hw` KvR bv KiZ, Zvn‡j 52-i
fvlv Av‡›`vjb n‡Zv wKbv m‡›`n Kwi| cvwK¯Ívbx †kvlK‡`i Av_© -mvgvwRK AvMÖvm‡biB wewkó cÖwZwµqv wQj fvlv Av‡›`vjb|
†mw`b fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡qB iwPZ n‡qwQ Cultutral protest, AvR Acms¯‥…wZ I mvs¯‥…wZK Aeÿ‡qi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
Cultural Protection- Gi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| A_©vr wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZ we‡bv`b Ges Avg`vwb e¨e¯’vi †ÿ‡Î †`kvbyKzj
†hvM¨ e¨w³i ¯^fve n‡e bv| bvMwiK ga¨weË †kÖYxi †bZ…‡Z¡ msNwUZ n‡jI GKz‡k †deªæqvix AvR mevi DËivwaKvi| Avgv‡`i
Ges mviv wek¦evmxiI e‡U| GB ‡M․i‡e AvcøyZ nIqvi mgq 2000 mvj bq, 1952 †KB †ekx K‡i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e evqvbœi †PZbv‡K, evqvbœi †cÖiYv‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e 2000 mv‡ji Bs‡iRx wkÿvi wbwe©Pvi I AvZ¥we¯§„Z
†gvnMÖ¯ÍZv‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cyuwRev`x we‡k¦i cÖ‡ivPbv‡KI | hw` GKRb †f‡e _vwK †h, GKz‡ki †Uwbm ej‡K †Zv H †Kv‡U©
Pvjvb K‡iw`‡qwQ, e¨m Avgv‡`i `vq-`vwqZ¡ ‡kl ; Zvn‡j gvivZ¥K f~j Kie| Gi d‡j GKw`b GgbI n‡Z cv‡i GKz‡k
†deªæqvix mviv c„w_ex‡Z Av‡Q, Avgv‡`i †`‡k †bB| GB Avk¼v Lye †ekx AgyjK bq| GKz‡k †deªæqvixi m‡½ GKz‡k Rvbyqvix,
GgbwK GKz‡k ‡deªæqvixi m‡½ evB‡k †deªæqvixi Zzjbv Ki‡jB e¨cviUv AuvP Kiv hv‡e| cqjv •ekvL, cuwP‡k •ekvL, QvweŸ‡k
gvP©, †mvjB wW‡m¤^i- G RvZxq K‡qKUv w`b ev` w`‡q, evKx 360 w`‡bi m‡½ GKz‡ki Zzjbv Ki‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i- GKz‡k
†deªæqvix GK w`emxq ms¯‥…wZ gvÎ, •`wbK ms¯‥…wZ gvÎ, w`bw`bvšÍ‡ii ms¯‥…wZ wKQz‡ZB bq| G I g‡b n‡Z cv‡i GKzk
Avgv‡`i DÏxcbvi Drm bvqK, D‡ËRbvi †LvivK gvÎ|
Ò Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ iv½v‡bv
GKz‡k †deªæqvix Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwiÓ
Dcmsnvi :
‡h Kvi‡Y GKz‡k †deªæqvwii Rb¥ n‡jv Ges GKz‡k †deªæqvwii Kvi‡Y hv wKQz Rb¥ wb‡jv Zvi ms¯‥…wZK mvgvwRK
BwZnvm †hb Avgiv fz‡j bv hvB| Zvi AwaKvi †hb Avgiv we¯§„Z bv nq| Z‡eB Avgiv cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev- AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlv w`em| hv evOvwj ms¯‥…wZiB GKwU †M․iegq Ae`vb| ZvB Avgiv Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K fv‡jvevm‡ev, jvjb
Ki‡ev Ges Zvi cÖPvi Kie, wKš‘ †mUv DrKU ¯^‡`wkKZv cÖ`k©b bq| wb‡ew`Z cÖvY n‡q gvZ…fvlvi †mev Kivi cvkvcvwk
Avgiv we‡k¦i mKj gvby‡li fve gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb †`Lv‡ev| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi--- AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em‡K
GKwU gnvb w`em wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kie|

hye mgv‡Ri Aeÿq I Zvi cÖwZKvi

m~Pbv :
AvR‡Ki ZiæY hye mgvR AvMvgxKv‡ji †`g I RvwZi KvÛvix| Zv‡`i mwVK fv‡e M‡o †ZvjvB †`k I RvwZi KZ©e¨|
KviY Zv‡`i M‡o †Zvjvi gv‡SB RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y wbwnZ| Zv‡`i mwVK wb‡`©kbv bv w`‡Z cvi‡j Zviv wec`Mvgx n‡q †`‡kiB
me©bvk †W‡K‡ Avb‡e| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q GKgvÎ `vex t
wPi hyev ZzB †h wPiRxex
RxY©Riv Swi‡q w`‡q
cÖvb Adzivb Qwo‡q †``vi w`we
Shakespear e‡j‡Qb- Youth, I adore thee ‡k·cxqvi †h ai‡bi c~‡Rv K‡ib| KviY †h‡Kvb GKwU †`k, RvwZ
mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †h․eb GKwU Av`k© ¯^cœ| AvR‡Ki hyeKB cwiPvjbv Ki‡e AvMvgx Kv‡ji mgvR, ivóª I RvwZ‡K| hyeK‡`i
†mevgqiƒc `ye©‡ji cv‡k `vuovq ej n‡q nZvkvi ey‡K RvMvq Avkv| hyeK‡`i †cÖggq iƒ‡ci Kvi‡Y `wi`ª, wbtmnvq, cÖewÂZ I
wbtM„nxZ RbZv jvf K‡i bZzb Rxeb- cÖ`xß nq Awfbe DÏxcbvq| AvR Zviv w`‡knviv, c_åó Ges Awbevh© aŸs‡mi w`‡K
AMÖmigvb| G iv¯Ív †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K wdwi‡q Avbv GLb RvwZi •bwZK `vwqZ¡|
hyemgvR I Aeÿq :
hviv eq‡m bexb, hv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm i‡q‡Q AMva, hviv Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q gv_v †bvqvq bv, hviv cyivZb‡K
†f‡½ bZzb wKQz Mo‡Z Pvq Zvivq hyeK| Zviv ¯’exi bq, Zviv PÂj| Zviv civRq gvb‡Z bvivR| Zviv †`k I RvwZi †M․ie|
GB ZiæYivB hw` wecixZgyLx iƒc aviY K‡i Ab¨v‡qi w`‡K cv evovq Zvn‡j GKUv RvwZi wK Ae¯’v n‡e? Awbevh© aŸsm| hye
mgv‡Ri GB Ae¯’v‡KB ejv nq Aeÿq|
Avgv‡`i hye mgvR bvbv Aeÿ‡q wkKvi| mgvRI bvbv Aeÿ‡q wbgw¾Z| mgv‡R †Kvb bxwZ †bB| Amr- A‣ea cš’vq GLv‡b
‡ivRMv‡ii cvnvo M‡o D‡V‡Q| wePv‡ii evYx wbf…‡Z Kvu‡`, •bwZK g~j¨‡eva ay‡jvq jy‡UvcywU Lvq| G Ae¯’vq cÖ_‡gB AvµvšÍ
n‡q c‡o hye mgvR| Zviv bvbv Kvi‡Y aŸs‡mi gy‡LvgywL| ‡eKviZ¡, mš¿vm, ivR‣bwZK KzcÖfve, Acms¯‥…wZ, A_©‣bwZK •`b¨
BZ¨vw` hye mgvR‡K `viæYfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| d‡j Zviv my¯’ Rxeb †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q Suy‡K co‡Q Aeÿ‡qi Mnxb Ave©‡Z|
Aeÿ‡qi KviY ¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
Rxe‡bi Av`k© I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve : Avgv‡`i hye mgv‡Ri mvg‡b RxešÍ Av`‡k©i GKvšÍ Afve| g‡Wj wnmv‡e Zv‡`i
mvg‡b `vuo Kivi g‡Zv †Kvb Aeqe †bB| eo‡`i gv‡S Av`k©evb e¨w³Z¡ Lye KgB Lyu‡R cv‡”Q hv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Zviv mr

8
c‡_i Aby‡cÖiYv cv‡e| eis Zviv †`L‡Z cv‡”Q ivRbxwZi bv‡g wg_¨vPvi, mgvR †mevi bv‡g †¯^”QvPvi, Av`k© Qvov wkí
KviLvbvi `ªæZ weKvk|
g~jZ t me©Î AvR †h g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Zvi Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb hye mgvR|
hye ms¯‥…wZi cÖfve : hye mgv‡Ri Dci wm‡bgv, wUwf, wewfbœ cÖKvi msev`cÎ Gm‡ei KzcÖfve AZ¨šÍ †ewk| wm‡bgvi Kvwnbx,
bvP, Mvb, †cvkvK cwi”Q` BZ¨vw` Ggbfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ †h Zv‡Z hye‡Kiv AwZ m¯Ívq I mn‡R Av‡gv`- cÖ‡gv‡`i DcKiY
Lyu‡R cvq| Zviv A‡bK mgq Gme D™¢U I Aev¯Íe Kvwnbx‡K ev¯Íe Rxeb e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡Z wM‡q gvivZ¥K fzj K‡i| wm‡bgv
QvovI eZ©gv‡b wWm G‡›Ubvi e‡`․j‡Z †gvUvgywU bMœZv‡K mvgvwRKxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Avgv‡`i mgv‡R wb›`bxq| eZ©gv‡b
Lyb, ivnvRvwb, wQbZvB, al©Y Gme Kvh©Kjv‡ci g~‡j ejv hvq Gme Acms¯‥…wZi cÖfve| bvbv cÖKvi weÁvcb cÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y
hyeKiv †fvM I wejvwmZvi w`‡K AvK…ó n‡”Q| ZvQvov wfwmAvi- wfwmwW Gi gva¨‡g Akøxj Qwe †`‡LI hyeK‡`i •bwZK Aeÿq
N‡U‡Q|
wkÿv½‡Y mš¿vm : wkÿvq Ae¨e¯’vI hyeK‡`i A‡bK mgq wec`Mvgx K‡i| fwZ© mgm¨v, cy¯ÍK mgm¨v, AvevwmK mgm¨v, Lv`¨
mgm¨v, dj cÖKv‡k A‡nZzK wej¤^, hLb ZLb ag©NU- G me NUbv‡Zv K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¸‡jv‡Z LyeB gvgywj e¨vcvi| Gme
e¨vcvi ZiæY‡`i gvbwmKZv bó K‡i †`q| ZvQvov wkÿv½‡b †evgvevwR, gvivgvwi †Zv †j‡MB Av‡Q| ¸wU K‡qK mš¿vmx mg¯Í
QvÎ mgvR‡K wRw¤§ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Avi Gi wkKvi n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †MvUv hye mgvR|
PvKzwi †ÿ‡Î ¯^Rb cÖxwZ : Kó K‡i wek¦we`¨vj‡q Mvwo ‡`evi ciI GLvbKvi PvKzwi cÖvwßi †Kvb wbðqZv †bB| ei †`Lv
hvq, †h †Q‡j bKj K‡i cvm K‡i †m †Q‡jB Kvjµ‡g †c‡q hvq eo ai‡bi GKUv c`| Avi Gi d‡j mviv evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv
e¨e¯’vB AvR boe‡o| QvÎiv AvRKvj A‣ea bK‡ji `vwe †Zv‡j| KviY Zviv Zv‡`i †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡Q ivR‣bwZK †bZviv
wKfv‡e †fvU WvKvwZi gva¨‡g †fvU wQwb‡q wb‡”Q|
AwffveK‡`i `vwqZ¡nxbZv : evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK gvZv- wcZvB AvRKvj mšÍvb‡`i †Zgb LeivLei iv‡Lb bv| mšÍvb ¯‥zj -
K‡j‡R †M‡Q wK hvqwb, †M‡jI †mLv‡b wK Ki‡Q, mviv w`b ivZ †Kv_vq _v‡K †m e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i †Zgb gv_v e¨_v †bB|
AwffveK‡`i `vwqZ¡nxbZv hyeK‡`i Aeÿ‡q A‡bKLvwb mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
msev`c‡Îi f~wgKv : Acms¯‥…wZ cÖPv‡ii Av‡iKwU gva¨g n‡”Q msev`cÎ| †ewkifvM mvßvwnK I cvwÿK cwÎKvq bMœ Qwe
†h․ebv‡eM wel‡q K_v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i Aeÿ‡qi c_ cÖk¯Í K‡i ‡`qv n‡”Q| ZvQvov Lyb, ¸Ûvwg, Pzwi-
WvKvwZ Gm‡ei Kvwnbxi imgvjvB †Zv i‡q‡QB|
mnwkÿv : mnwkÿv e¨e¯’vI hyeK‡`i bó nIqvi wcQ‡b A‡bKLvwb `vqx| KviY GKB mv‡_ †h †Q‡j- †g‡q †jLvcov K‡i Zviv
nq‡Zv GKB mv‡_ wgk‡Z cv‡i bv mvgvwRK evavi Rb¨| Avi G †_‡KB e¨_© †cÖ‡gi Rb¥ †bq, Zviv Avevi Rb¥ †`q nZvkvi|
Avi G nZvkv K‡i e¨vwßPvi|
gv`K `ª‡e¨i f~wgKv : †Kvb †`‡ki hye m¤úª`vq gv`Kvm³ nIqvi KviY n‡”Q †m †`‡ki •bwZK Pwi‡Îi †`Dwjqvcbv I
Awbevh© AatcZb| MuvRv, fvs, Avwdg, †n‡ivBb, c¨v‡_wWªb, †Kv‡Kb, gvwiRyqvbv BZ¨vw` bvbv ÿwZKi gv`K `ªe¨ AvR me©ÎB
cvIqv hv‡”Q Avi DVwZ eq‡mi ZiæY-ZiæYxiv Gi my‡hv‡M wb‡R‡`i aŸs‡mi c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q|
ivR‣bwZK `‡ji cÖfve : ivR‣bwZK `‡ji †bZviv wb‡R‡`i D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj Kivi gvb‡m hyemgvR‡K A‡bK mgq Kzc‡_
cwiPvwjZ K‡i| wg_¨v Avk¦vm w`‡q hyeK‡`i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i| A‡bK mgq †fvU WvKvwZ, jyU, MyÛvwg Ki‡ZI
wØav‡eva K‡ibv hvi cwiYvg hye mgv‡Ri Awbevh© AatcZb |
‡eKviZ¡ : †eKviZ¡ n‡”Q hyemgv‡Ri wec_MvwgZvi Ab¨Zg c&ªavb KviY| Zviv †jLvcov †k‡l hLb ‡Kvb KvR cvq bv ZLb
Amr Dcv‡q DcvR©‡bi iv¯Ívq bv‡g| ZLb Zviv Pzwi, WvKvwZ, Lyb, ivnvRvwb,wQbZvB, AcniY BZ¨vw` RNb¨ Acivag~jK KvR
Ki‡ZI wØav‡eva K‡i bv| Gfv‡e †eKvi hye mgvR Rxeb m¤ú‡K© nZvkvq †fv‡M Ges bvbv Aciv‡a wjß nq|
e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i D‡b¥l : cwðg mvgvwRK RvqMvq G‡`‡ki eû cÖvPxb †h․_ cwievi †f‡½ hv‡”Q| Gi d‡j cÖmvi NU‡Q e¨w³
¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i Ges n«vm cv‡”Q g~j¨‡eva| g~j¨‡ev‡ai G Aeÿq g~jZ hyemgvR‡KI Aeÿ‡qi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡”Q|
bvixi ¯^vaxbZv : evsjv‡`‡k Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb bvix wQj Av`‡k©i cÖZxK| jvÃbv- MÄbv mn¨ K‡iI Zviv cwievi‡K
AvK‡o ai‡Zv| G‡Z mvgvwRK eÜb AUzU _vK‡Zv Ges mšÍv‡biv gv‡qi `yt‡Li cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡q wb‡R‡K mywkwÿZ K‡i
Zzj‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb bvix mgvR cÖMwZi av°vq, we`¨vi av°vq Avi ‡Kvb mgm¨v, evKweZÛv mn¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bq| d‡j msmv‡i
fvOb ai‡Q Avi we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q eû weevn| d‡j mšÍv‡biv n‡”Q wcZv- gvZvi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| mgvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i‡K
cwinvm| ZvB Zviv n‡q co‡Q nZvkvMÖ¯’ Ges nZvkv wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ MÖnY Ki‡Q WªvM hv Zv‡`i‡K wZ‡j wZ‡j g„Zz¨i w`‡K
PvwjZ Ki‡Q| Avi Wªv‡Mi A_© †hvMvo Ki‡Z wb‡R‡K mvRv‡”Q Ôgv¯ÍvbÕ|
Awffve‡Ki Av`k©nxbZv : Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb wcZv-gvZvi Av`‡k©i cÖ‡kœ Av‡cvl KiZ bv KL‡bvB| bxwZi †ÿ‡Î Zviv
KLbI wePz¨Z n‡Zb bv| GLb GKRb wkÿK ¯‥zj-K‡j‡R wVKg‡Zv ‡jLvcov bv Kwi‡q evwo‡Z cÖvB‡fU covb, Avi cixÿvi
n‡j Qv·`i †_‡K UvKv wb‡q bKj Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡Kiv cÖkœ duvm K‡i †`b| GB hLb cÖexY‡`i
Ae¯’v ZLb bexb‡`i •bwZK Aeÿq bv n‡q DbœZ n‡e G ai‡bi wPšÍv Kiv weK…Z gw¯Í‡®‥i cwiPq gvÎ|
cÖwZKvi : hyemgvR‡K myc‡_ wdwi‡q Avbv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji •bwZK `vwqZ¡, G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi fvi m‡PZb gn‡ji mKj‡KB
wb‡Z n‡e| KviY¸‡jv cyÄxf~Z mgm¨v| GKw`‡b Gi cÖwZKvi m¤¢e bq| ax‡i ax‡i Zvi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³
welq¸wj we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
K) G‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ek wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|
L) A‡¯¿i ivRbxwZ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) h_vh_ wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g h_vmg‡q wkÿvi mgvß Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) wkÿK‡`i h_vh_fv‡e Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
O) Qv·`i `jxq ivRbxwZ †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
9
 P) cÖv‡qvwMK wkÿvi cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e,hv‡Z K‡i QvÎiv wkÿvel© mgvß nIqvi ci A_©‣bwZK msMÖv‡g wjß n‡Z cv‡i|
Q) my¯’ mvwnZ¨ mvs¯‥…wZK †PZbvi D‡b¥vl NUv‡Z n‡e|
R) hye mgv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡bv`bgyjK e¨e¯’vi cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e|
S) AwffveK‡`i h_vmg‡q Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i we‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| hvi d‡j Zv‡`i gb Kzc‡_ PvwjZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
T) cvwievwiK eÜb my`„p Ki‡Z n‡e|
Dcmsnvi :
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi AwaKvskB hyeK| ZvB Zviv hw` Gfv‡e bó n‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j †MvUv †`kUvB D‡”Q` hv‡e|
myZivs G e¨vcv‡i QvÎ-wkÿK, AwffveK, miKvi, ivRbxwZwe` , eyw×Rxex mevB‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i hyeKiv
c~Y©v½iƒ‡c •bwZK I Av`k©evb n‡q G †`‡ki mKj Ab¨vq, AwePvi, AbvPvi `~i K‡i| Zv‡`i ZviæY¨‡K mr I mwVK c‡_
cwiPvj‡bi cwi‡ek MVb Ki‡j we‡k¦ ¯^vaxb RvwZ wn‡m‡e Avgiv gv_v Zz‡j `vuov‡Z cvie| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgv‡`i GKUvB
Av‡e`b--
ÒI‡i ZiæY, I‡i Avgi KvuPv
Ava-giv‡`i Nv †g‡i ZzB evuPv|Ó

Kw¤úDUvi

f~wgKv t
wkíweÁv‡bi ci †_‡K hš¿weÁv‡bi RqhvÎv Ae¨vnZ| ev®úkw³ I AvYweK kw³ hš¿weÁvb I cÖhyw³we`¨vq wbZ¨ bZzb Øvi
Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| d‡j msL¨wZxZ Avwe®‥v‡ii ga¨¯’Zvq gvbyl hš¿kw³‡Z n‡q‡Q `ye©vi kw³i AwaKvix| hš¿ AvR Zvi nv‡Zi
µxobK| Zvi Kg©Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi e„nËi †ÿ‡Î AbyMZ f…‡Z¨i g‡Zv ûKzg Zvwgj Ki‡Z †h hš¿ m`v e¨¯Í Zvi bvg Kw¤úDUvi|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b ZvB gvbemf¨Zv n‡q c‡o‡Q Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i ¯^qswµqZv‡Kw›`ªK| weÁv‡bi GK hyMvšÍKvix we®§q I AvaywbKZg
Avwe®‥vi Kw¤úDUvi|
Kw¤úDUvi Kx :
AvwfavwbK A‡_© Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv GK ai‡bi MYK-hš¿| wKš‘ AvRKvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K †Kej MYbvKvix ejv P‡j
bv| GLb Zv GK B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i aviYv †`q, hv AMwYZ Z_¨ ev DcvË MÖnY K‡i AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ I wbf©yj msiÿY, Mbbv,
we‡kølY BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D™¢veb I µ‡gvbœwZ :
Kw¤úDUvi D™¢ve‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZi AwaKvix n‡jb weªwUk MwYZwe` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR| Zvi cwiKwíZ
MYK-hš¿B Kw¤úDUvi wbg©v‡Yi †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| e¨v‡e‡Ri MYK-h‡š¿i gvbeKíbv wQj Aóv`k kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq `k‡K| Gi cÖvq
GK kZvãxKvj c‡i B‡jKUªwbK I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq †gje܇b gvby‡li nv‡Z Gj B‡jKUªwbK MYbv hš¿| j¨vwUb kã †_‡K
Kw¤úDUvi K_vi DrcwË| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii m~ÎcvZ n‡q‡Q 1833 mv‡j|
Kw¤úDUvi I Gi Kvh©KvwiZv :
Kw¤úDUvi Avm‡j GK ai‡bi hš¿ gw¯Í®‥| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wZbwU my®úó Ask _v‡K| 1. †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms
BDwbU 2. BbcyU 3. AvDUcyU| †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v msµvšÍ me iKg Z_¨ wb‡q KvR K‡i †m›Uªvj| hveZxq Z_¨ wb‡q Kw¤úDUvi
KvR K‡i Zv‡K e‡j Ô†cÖvMÖvgÕ| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ I wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h we‡kl fvlv e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K e‡j †cÖvMÖvwgs
j¨v½y‡qR| Avi Gme wKQz‡K GK‡Î AwfwnZ Kiv nq Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi bv‡g| GQvov Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿YKvix
GKUv KvVv‡gv _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j nvW©Iqvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eo Dc‡hvMx n‡jv Z_¨ I †cÖvMÖv‡gi e`j ev ms‡hvRb NwU‡q GKB
Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q bvbv KvR Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi †h AvR‡Ki w`‡b we®§qKi I wek¦¯Ífv‡e me ai‡bi Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ n‡”Q,
Zvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Gi we‡kl wKQz •ewkó¨, †hgb 1. AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ MYbvi ÿgZv 2. wecyj cwigvY DcvˇK mymse×fv‡e hš¿gw¯Í‡®‥
a‡i ivLvi ÿgZv 3. Z_¨ we‡køl‡bi wbf©~j ÿgZv 4. WvUv I †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KvR Kivi ÿgZv|
Kw¤úDUvi I AvaywbK Rxeb :
Kw¤úDUvi AvaywbK hy‡M gvby‡li cig wbf©ikxj eÜz| Kw¤úDUvi GLb eo KjKviLvbvq e‡m
Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv Avi Zv wbqš¿‡Yi Lei`vwi Ki‡Q, jvf ÿwZi wnmve wbKvk Ki‡Q| †ijI‡q, GqvijvBb, e¨vsK wimvP©
†m›Uvi, BÝy¨‡iÝ cÖf…wZ cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨| cixÿvi dj cÖKvk, Acivax‡K Luy‡R †ei Kiv, cy‡iv‡bv
gvgjvi bw_ Luy‡R Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv, weÁvcb cÖPvi Kiv G meB Ki‡Q gvbem„ó GB hš¿gMR| †hme `yiƒn KvR gvby‡li Amva¨,
†hme `yM©g ¯’vb gvby‡li AMg¨ †mLv‡bB Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM| Avi †mLv‡bB Zvi AKíbxq mvdj¨| AvaywbK Rxe‡b
Kw¤úDUvi ZvB Acwinvh©| GKB Kvi‡Y mf¨Zvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| evsjv‡`‡kI Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi RbwcÖq
n‡q D‡V‡Q| G †`‡k GLb g~jZ wkí, e¨vsK Awdm I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi I Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv :
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii m~Pbv nq lv‡Ui `k‡K Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡K Zv e¨vcKZv jvf
K‡i| 1964 mv‡j AvYweK kw³ †K‡›`ª AvBweGg 1620 wmwi‡Ri GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Avbvi gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK fv‡e ÿz`ª cwim‡i
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`PviY ïiy nq| wKš‘ Avwki `k‡Ki Av‡M G †`‡k Kw¤úDUvi wel‡q wkÿvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv|
beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡KB G †`‡k Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv ïiæ nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb wefvM cÖwZwóZ nq|
1992 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk miKvwi I †emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvi Rb¨ wefvM Pvjy Kiv

10
n‡q‡Q| D”P gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 1991 mvj ‡_‡K Ges gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 1994 mv‡j Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv‡K cvV¨µ‡gi AšÍf©y³ Kiv
nq|
evsjv mdUIq¨vi D™¢veb :
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ_g evsjv †jLv m¤¢e nq 1987 mv‡j Ges G mvd‡j¨i K…wZZ¡ gvBbyj Bmjvg bvgK
GKRb cÖ‡K․kjxi| wZwb wb‡Ri D™¢vweZ evsjv d›U ÒgvBby wjwcÓ e¨envi K‡i A¨vcj g¨vwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv †jLvi
e¨e¯’v K‡ib| gvBbywjwci ciciB knx` wjwc I ReŸvi wjwc bv‡g AviI `y‡Uv evsjv d›U D™¢vweZ nq| Gici 1988 mv‡j
Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm© bvgK GKwU ‡emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M •Zwi nq A¨vcj †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cÖ_g
B›Uvi‡dm weRq| IB mgqB cÖ_g evsjv wK †evW© †j AvDU •Zwi nq| 1993 mv‡j evsjv d›U I evsjv wK †evW©‡K AvBweGg
Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvaywbK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g gvB‡µvmdU DB‡Ûvm Gi mv‡_ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ D™¢vweZ nq|

Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ :

weÁv‡bi Ae¨vnZ RqhvÎvi GKwU e„nËg Ae`vb n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi| wek `k‡Ki †kÖô Avwe¯‥vi
Kw¤úDUvi| eZ©gvb hyM Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z hyM| Kw¤úDUvi G hy‡M Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ †h Acwimxg, Zv ejvi A‡cÿv
iv‡L bv| Kw¤úDUvi Qvov AvaywbK G hyM‡K Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Pjgvb Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i Kw¤úDUvi Avgv‡`i m‡½ †Kvb
†Kvb fv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q| ZvB Kw¤úDUvi‡K ev` w`‡q Avgiv Rxe‡bi †Kvb GKwU g~ûZ©‡KI AvR Kíbv Ki‡Z cviwQ bv| ZvB
AvaywbK G hy‡M Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| evsjv‡`‡k M‡elYv I wkÿvcÖwZôvb, miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ `ßi,
e¨vsK Ñ exgv mn Ab¨vb¨ evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb, wkí-KviLvbv,mvgwiK ¯’vcbv, me †ÿ‡ÎB Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi n‡”Q| miKvwi
`ßimg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb e~¨‡iv e„nËg Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix cÖwZôvb| evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK A_©‣bwZK
†jb‡`b cÖeZ©‡b we‡`wk e¨vsKmg~n cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wKQz msL¨K †`wk
I we‡`wk e¨vsK GKK I mw¤§wjZfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q GwUGg †bUIqvK©| †`‡ki cÖ_vb cÖ_vb kn‡i GwUGg KvW© e¨e¯’v `ªæZ
m¤úªmvwiZ n‡”Q| 1999 mvj †_‡K †`‡ki me©Î RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q †µwWU KvW©| Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi GB
wbivc` I mnR‡eva¨ e¨e¯’v †µwWU KvW© mvwf©mwU wfmv, gvóvi KvW© I ewYK bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡k miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖhyw³wbf©i Awa`ßi I ms¯’vmg~n, †hgb ¯úvi‡mv, evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k Rwic
Awa`ßi, cvwb m¤ú` cwiKíbv ms¯’v, evsjv‡`k f~ZvwËK Rwic Awa`ßi cÖf…wZ cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i WvUv‡em •Zix I gvbwPÎ
cÖYq‡bi KvR Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡gB m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wRAvBGm mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g bvbv ai‡bi
`ÿZvc~Y© gvbwPÎ Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨B cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`ßi DcMÖn †_‡K msM„nxZ AvenvIqv
DcvËmg~n Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY I gvbwPÎ cÖYqb K‡i `ªæZ AwaKZi wbf©~j AvenvIqv c~e©vfvm cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mÿg
n‡”Q| d‡j gvbyl `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq cÖ¯ÍywZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Ges G‡Z ÿqÿwZI A‡bKvs‡k Kg‡Q| wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi
cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡b WvUv‡em A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Q Ges GKmgq Gme mdUIq¨vi we‡`k †_‡K
Avg`vwb Kiv n‡jI GLb AwaKvsk ‡ÿ‡ÎB †`wk wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi cÖwZóvb‡K w`‡q Gme Kv÷gvBRW mdUIq¨vi •Zix
Kiv‡bv n‡”Q|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi :
Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi i‡q‡Q| Bnv gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ A‡bK Kj¨vY e‡q G‡b‡Q| Bnv wewfbœ wel‡q
Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b e¨eüZ nq| wb‡P G m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jv t

1| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi : DbœZ we‡k¦ AvR wkÿvi gva¨g n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi | we¯§qKi ÿgZvai G hš¿wU wkÿv †ÿ‡Î
wewfbœ fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb †Kvb GKwU Kvwnbx cov ev †kLvi †P‡q H Kvwnbx wb‡q wm‡bgv ev PjwPÎ g‡b A‡bK †ekx
†iLvcvZ K‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wkÿv`vb ev MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cy‡ivcywi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i| cixÿv LvZv †`Lv,
cÖkœ cÖYqb , djvdj ‣Zix I cÖKvk Kivi mgy`q `vq-`vwqZ¡ Kw¤úDUv‡ii| G‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ I wbf©~jZvi m¤ú~Y©
wbðqZv w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j wkÿv c×wZ‡Z G‡m‡Q •ecøweK cwieZ©b| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’v †i‡LB †`‡k cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q
djvdj g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †MÖwWs c×wZ| AvR G RwUj KvRwU m¤úv`‡b Kw¤úDUvi Qvov Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki
wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q ey‡qU mn we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB AvR D”P wkÿvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi n‡”Q| †cÖvMÖvg Kiv wewfbœ
mdUIq¨vi e¨envwiK welq mn cÖ‡qvRbxq cvV AvR N‡i e‡mB Kw¤úDUvi gwbUi †`‡L ky‡b wkLv hvq| weÁvb, A_©bxwZ,
ivRbxwZ,K…wl, wPwKrmv cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î DbœwZi c~e©kZ© ¸‡jv n‡jv M‡elYv| GRb¨ cÖwZwU †`‡kB i‡q‡Q wewfbœ M‡elYvi
cÖwZôvb| wKšÍÍ mgm¨v nj mswkøó wel‡q me©‡kÖô Z_¨ memgq GK RvqMvq cvIqv hvq bv| Gi mgvav‡b GwM‡q G‡m‡Q
Kw¤úDUvi| mxmvi Advi w`‡q K‡¤úvR K‡i n¯Í PvwjZ †jUvi †cÖ‡m †h eB †ei Ki‡Z GK eQi jvMZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kj¨v‡Y
m¤ú~Y© A‡Uv‡gwUK †gwk‡b Zv GLb `y GKw`‡bi g‡a¨ †ei Kiv m¤¢e|
2| wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi : wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii nvi AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| †h ‡ivM ¸‡jv‡K Lvwj ‡Pv‡L aiv
c‡o bv †m¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ DcmM© †`‡L †ivM wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Acv‡ikb Kiv †ivMxi Rb¨ Lye SzwK c~Y©| G‡Z
Zvi Rxe‡bi AvksKv _v‡K| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Acv‡ikb QvovB †ivM wbivgq Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
3| K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi : eZ©gvb K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi n‡”Q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª eo eo K…wl Lvgv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| A‡bK `~‡i e‡m K…lKiv myBP †U‡cb, Gi d‡j Uªv±i P‡j, exR †evbvi KvR K‡i Kw¤úDUvi, myBP wU‡c
‡`Iqv nq, dmj †Zvjv nq, dmj gvov‡bv nq, Ggb wK dmj ¸`v‡g G‡m Kv‡Pi eo eo ev‡· fivi KvRI K‡i Kw¤úDUvi|
4| Abyev‡`i †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi : Abyev‡`i Kv‡RI Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ÿZv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q | Zviv ‡h mvwn‡Z¨i mKj welq
Abyev` Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv bq| Kw¤úDUvi GKwU Lei ev Z_¨ ev wee„wZ ev cÖwZ‡e`b GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq wVKVvK
11
iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 1960 mvj †_‡K GKwU Kw¤úDUvi ivwkqvb fvlvi Lei ¸‡jv me ‡evaMg¨ Bs‡iRx Abyev` K‡i
Avm‡Q|
5| gnvKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi : AvRKvj gvbyl Pv‡` hv‡”Q gnvKvk ågb Ki‡Q Ges mewKQz m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Rb¨| gnvKv‡ki wUwKU, †ijI‡qi wUwKU BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi i‡q‡Q|

6| †hvMv‡hvM : Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kj¨v‡Y mgMÖ c„w_ex P‡j G‡m‡Q nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î GK Awfbe wecøe
mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
7| msev` cÖPvi I cÖKvkbvq : wkÿvi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi msev‡`i cÖPvi I cÖKv‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| wUwfi
cÖwZw`bKvi mwPÎ msev` cwi‡ekb I msev`c‡Îi cÖKvkbvq Kw¤úDUvi AvR e¨vcK fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
8| Z_¨ msMÖn : Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi GK mnR I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvÛvi n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h‡Kvb Z_¨ Abvqv‡m
wbivc‡` msiÿY Kiv hvq| Pvwn`vgvÎ †h †Kvb Z_¨ D×v‡i mÿg Kw¤úDUvi DcvË ¸‡jv B”Qv gvwdK mvwR‡q ivLv hvq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ msiwÿZ †h †Kvb Z‡_¨i wbivcËvi c~Y© wbðqZv _v‡K| cÖhyw³MZ DrKl© Kvi‡Y w`b
w`b Kw¤úDUvi Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y Awfbe cš’v Avwe¯‥…Z n‡”Q| d‡j µ‡gB †e‡oB P‡j‡Q Zvi Dc‡hvMxZv|
Kw¤úDUvi I †eKviZ¡ :
weÁvbx‡`i †Póvi dj GB hš¿`vb‡ei ÿgZv Acwimxg| Zvu‡`i Avk¼v gvbem„ó GB hš¿ `vbe‡K w`‡q KvR
Kiv‡Z Kiv‡Z Ggb GK mgq Avm‡e hLb Kv‡Ri ÿzavq Db¥Ë `vbe Gi m„óv gvby‡li KvR †K‡o †bIqvq †eKv‡ii wgwQ‡j
f‡i hv‡e †`k| Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨env‡i BwZg‡a¨ Awd‡m, wkí cÖwZôv‡b, wewfbœ ms¯’vq Kg©xi msL¨v D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e n«vm
†c‡q‡Q| Aek¨ Aciw`‡K Kw¤úDUvi bZzb bZzb Kg©I m„wó K‡i‡Q| Acv‡iUi, †cÖvMÖvgvi, nvW©I qvi BwÄwbqvi BZ¨vw` c‡` eû
†jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vbI n‡”Q| Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi mvgwqKfv‡e bKg©k~Y¨Zv m„wó Ki‡jI mvgwMÖK fA‡e GwU
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvMI m„wó Ki‡e|

Kw¤úDUviRwbZ Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v :

GKbvMv‡o A‡bKw`b Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡j wKsev gvÎvwZwiw³ Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡j ‡Pv‡Li ÿwZ, gv_v e¨_v mn
Ab¨vb¨ kvixwiK DcmM©I †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq fvBiv‡mi AvµgY, hvwš¿K ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y A_ev •e`y¨wZK †Mvj‡hv‡M
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ g~û‡Z©B bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gme welq Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi I cÖhyw³MZ w`‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i|

Dcmsnvi :
weÁv‡bi Avwke©v` †_‡K gvbyl wcwQ‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj ‡`k¸‡jvq AvR AvaywbK cÖhyw³we`¨vi
cÖ‡ek Acwinvh©| Kw¤úDUvi‡KI AvR †VwK‡q ivLv m¤¢e bq| Awbevh©fv‡eB Gi AvMgb N‡U †M‡Q mviv we‡k¦| †m †ÿ‡Î
Ae¯’v‡K ¯^xKvi K‡iB cÖ‡qvM†ÿÎ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡ek `~lY I cÖwZKvi

f~wgKv :
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡q gvbyl Ges Acivci Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U| c„w_exi ey‡K †hw`b cÖvY I cÖvYxi m„wó
n‡qwQj †mw`b †_‡KB cÖK…wZ Avi cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ wQj GK mylg mvg¨Zv| GB fvimvg¨Zv iÿv K‡i Avm‡Q cÖK„wZ I cwi‡ek|
gvbe Rxeb GB cwi‡e‡ki wbM‡o e›`x| ZvB gvbe Rxe‡b cwi‡e‡ki f~wgKv Acwimxg| Avevi GB cwi‡ek †Kvb bv †Kvb
fv‡e gvbe Rxe‡bi mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi c_ a‡iB †e‡o D‡V‡Q| AvR‡Ki cwi‡ek ZvB mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi dmj| Rxeb
weKv‡ki bvbvwea DcKi‡Yi cÖfve I cÖ‡qv‡MB AvR cwi‡ek µgk n‡”Q wecbœ Avi `~wlZ| gvbe Rxe‡b Avm‡Q DbœwZ Avi
DbœwZi eR©v Qwo‡q co‡Q Pvicv‡k cwi‡ek n‡”Q `~wlZ| `~wlZ cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y cÖK…wZ nvwi‡q †d‡j fvimvg¨| d‡j mgMÖ
Rxe RMZB AvR wecbœ|
cwi‡ek wK ?
cwi‡ek ej‡Z cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v‡K eySvq| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k Avgiv hv †`wL Ges hvi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ nB Zv‡KB
cwi‡ek e‡j| e¯‘Z gvby‡li c‡ÿ Rxeb weKv‡ki Rb¨ hv wKQz cÖ‡qvRb Zvi mgy`q Gi GKwU evwn¨K cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I
Ae¯’v‡K cwi‡ek e‡j| g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, ÒRxeb I cwi‡ek AZ¨šÍ Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©hy³Ó| gvg©vwUb †eUm Gi g‡Z, Òcwi‡ek
n‡jv †mB mKj evwn¨K Ae¯’vi mgwó hv Rxe‡bi weKvk‡K Mfxi fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iÓ| cwi‡ekB Avgv‡`i Rxeb avÎx|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖv_wgK BwZnvm :
KLb †_‡K cwi‡ek `~lY ïiæ nq †Kvb mwVK wn‡me Rvbv bv _vK‡jI GUv aviYv Kiv nq †h Avw`g hy‡Mi
c„w_ex‡Z hLb †_‡K gvbyl Av¸‡bi e¨envi wk‡L ZLb †_‡KB cÖvYx cÖ`vqx Aw·‡R‡bi aŸsm ïiæ nq| GB Aw·‡R‡bi aŸs‡mi
mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kej cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨B bó nq bv eis †avuqv I f®§ cwi‡ek‡K K‡i KjywlZ|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY :
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi AMwYZ KviY i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq RbmsL¨v|
c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZg~û‡Z© RbmsL¨v `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ evo‡Qbv cÖK…Z cÖ`Ë m¤ú`| †h Kvi‡Y mxwgZ cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú‡`i Dci Pvc evo‡Q cÖwZwbqZ| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi ewa©Z Pvwn`v cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl wbg©g nv‡Z aŸsm Ki‡Q ebm¤ú`|
G‡Z K‡i GKw`‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q Dw™¢` RMZ Ab¨w`‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q cÖvYx RMZ| GB `yB RM‡Zi ÿwZ mva‡bi d‡j cªK…wZ

12
I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ GK msKU RbK Ae¯’vq G‡m †c․u‡Q‡Q| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Avi GKwU KviY nj kw³ Drcv`b| kw³
Drcv`‡bi m‡½ m‡½ gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek `~l‡Y bvbv ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wbM©Z nq|
ebR m¤ú‡`i webóx :
we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z GKwU †`‡k kZKiv 25 fvM f~wg _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †m Zzjbvq Avgv‡`i †`‡k kZKiv 25 fvM
eb f~wg AcÖZzj| Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki ebf~wgi cwigvY †gvU AvqZ‡bi kZKiv 16 fvM| Z`ycwi wbwe©Pv‡i e„ÿ KZ©‡bi d‡j
ebf~wgi cwigvY µgk n«vm cv‡”Q| G wb‡q wek¦evmx AvR kswKZ| Gfv‡e Avi K‡qK eQi Pj‡Z _vK‡j †`‡k ebf~wgi
cwigvY k~‡Y¨i †KvVvq G‡m `vov‡e| hvi cwiYvg n‡e fqven| gvbyl, Miæ, QvMj, nvm,gyiMx,cïcvwL mn †Kvb cÖvYxB †e‡P
_vK‡e bv †`Lv hv‡e gnv wech©q, wea¯Í n‡e mf¨Zv, aŸsm n‡e †`k I RvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡|
evqy`~lY I cÖwZwµqv :
cÖK…wZi AdzišÍ wbqvg nj evqy| evqy Qvov c„w_exi gbyl¨K~jB †Kej bq eis mg¯Í RxeRš‘ MvQ cvjv GK g~ûZ©
evuP‡Z cv‡i bv| †mB evqy AvR `~wlZ n‡q my¯’ ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi †ÿ‡Î GK weivU ûgwK n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| wewfbœ
R¡vjvbx †hgb Kqjv, †Zj, M¨vm cy‡o cÖwZwbqZB evqy‡Z Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvQvov RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡jI
evZv‡m cÖwZwbqZ Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| weÁvbx‡`i wn‡m‡e 1860 mvj †_‡K 1960 mvj ch©šÍ 100
eQ‡i c„w_exi †jvKmsL¨v e„w× cvIqvq evqygÛ‡j Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi cwigvY 283 wc,wc,Gg †_‡K 330 wcwcGg e„w×
†c‡q‡Q|G‡Z &c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv 1.8 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm †e‡o hvq| GQvov †K¬vi‡d¬vi wg‡_b bvBUªvK A·vBW BZ¨vw`i Øviv
evqy `~wlZ n‡”Q| Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y Amg‡q e„wó, Kyqvkv, So I eb¨vi m„wó n‡”Q| †Zj, Kqjv, M¨vm cy‡o †h M¨v‡mi m„wó nq
Zv †_‡K gvby‡li gv_vaiv, k¦vmKó, nuvcvwb, `xN©¯’vqx eªsKvBwUm, dzmdym K¨vÝvi BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi m„wó nq|
cvwb`~lY I cÖwZwµqv :
we‡k¦ cvwb gRy‡`i cwigvY 141 wewjqb NbwgUvi| wKš‘ Gi gvÎ 2 kZvsk ¯^v`y cvwb| Avevi G cvwbi 8
kZvsk eid, wngevn, f~Mf© Ges AvenvIqv gÛ‡j wewfbœfv‡e i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li e¨env‡ii Rb¨ i‡q‡Q gvÎ 2000 Nb
wK‡jvwgUvi cvwb| A_P evqyi b¨vq cvwbI AvRKvj bvbv fv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q| wewfbœ wkí eR©¨, Zij †c‡Uªvwjqvg, n¨v‡jv‡Rb
welv³ nvB‡WªvKve©b, Kve©b WvB A·vBW, K…wÎg †ZRw¯…qZv, kn‡i †Wªb I bvjv b`©gv w`‡q e‡q Avmv `~wlZ cvwb cÖwZwbqZ
b`-b`x‡Z wM‡q co‡Q| GQvov wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡qI cvwb `~wlZ n‡”Q| GK †`‡ki wkí eR¨©RvZ
`ªe¨ Ab¨ †`‡ki mgy`ª fv‡M †djvi gva¨‡g mgy‡`ªi cvwb `~wlZ n‡”Q| mgy‡`ªi cvwb `~wlZ nIqvi Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY Zij
Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg RvZ `ªe¨vw` cvwb‡Z wgkªY, weMZ DcmvMixq hy‡× BivK Kz‡q‡Zi eû †Zj‡ÿÎ †_‡K jÿ jÿ
e¨v‡ij Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z †d‡jwQj| d‡j DcmvMixq A‡ji mgy‡`ªi cvwb fxlY fv‡e `~wlZ n‡q c‡owQj|
gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ RxeRš‘i Rb¨ cvwb Acwinvh©| G Kvi‡Y cvwb `~wlZ n‡j †mB `~wlZ cvwb cvb K‡i gvbyl bvbv ai‡bi †iv‡M
AvµvšÍ n‡q c‡o| b`-b`x I mgy‡`ªi cvwb `~wlZ n‡j †Kej gvbylB bq wewfbœ RjR cÖvYx I gvQ AvµvšÍ nq bvbv †iv‡M| gv‡S
gv‡S GLb †ivM gnvgvix AvKvi aviY K‡i| RbRxe‡bi e¨vcK ÿwZ mvab K‡i|
kã`~lY I Zvi cÖwZKvi :
eZ©gvb hvwš¿K mf¨Zvq kã Acwinvh©| wKš‘ k‡ãi gvÎv hLb Zvi ¯^vfvweKZv Qvwo‡q A¯^vfvweK ch©v‡q †c․Qvq
ZLbB kã Avi ¯^vfvweK _v‡K bv eis †mUv n‡q hvq `~lYhy³ kã| kni e›`‡i Kj KviLvbvi weKU AvIqvR, †gvUihv‡bi nY©
evwR cUKvi kã †iwWI †Uwjwfk‡bi kã ,gvby‡li †PPv‡gwP wPrKvi ÕErme Avb‡›`i bv‡g •n û‡jøvo |E”P ¯Í‡i gvBK †iK©W
†cøqvi evRv‡bv me wgwj‡q †hb k‡ãi †hb k‡ãi GK gnvh Pj‡Q|k‡ãi 20 †_‡K 40 †Wwmej ch©šÍ gvÎv nj ¯^vfvweK|XvKv
kn‡i vGLb k‡ãi cwigvY 55 †_‡K 60 †Wwmej †Kv_vq 75‡Wwmej Gme k‡ãi d‡j gvby‡li Rxe‡b bvbv iKg wech©q †`Lv
†`q| kÖeY kw³i we‡jvc, gvbwmK wech©q, D”P i³Pvc, Awb`ªv‡ivM, ü`¯ú›`b e„w× I Aw¯’iZv cÖf„wZ A¯^vfvweK k‡ãiB
cwiYvg|
MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqv :
evqy gÛ‡j MÖxY nvDm M¨v‡mi (Kve©b WvB A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, Kve©b g‡bv-A·vBW, bvBwUªK
A·vBW, †K¬v‡iv‡d¬vi Kve©b BZ¨vw`) gvÎv cwieZ©‡bi d‡j m„ó cÖK…wZRMZ Ges cwi‡ekMZ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv‡K ejv nq MÖxb
nvDm cÖwZwµqv| MÖxb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi cÖfv‡e cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ weivU ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| MÖxb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi `iæb c„w_ex‡Z
ZvcgvÎv evovi mv‡_ eidMjvi cwigvY evo‡e| ZviB djkÖæwZ‡Z evo‡Z _vK‡e mgy‡`ªi cvwb| d‡j c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki
DcK~jeZ©x I wb¤œvÂj ev mvM‡ii `¦xc AÂj ¸‡jv Zwj‡q hv‡e| BwZg‡a¨ cwi‡ek wech©‡qi d‡j c„w_ex ‡_‡K 76 iK‡gi
cÖvYx I K‡qK nvRvi iK‡gi MvQcvjv wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| 132 iK‡gi ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx I 26 iK‡gi cÖRvwZi cvwLi esk wejywßi
c‡_| eû ¯’vb giyf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| cÖwZeQi KjKviLvbv I hvbevnb †_‡K 20 †KvwU Ub Kve©b WvB A·vBW wbM©Z n‡q
evZv‡m Rgv n‡”Q| G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _vK‡j my›`i GB c„w_ex mwZ¨ GKw`b emev‡mi A‡hvM¨ n‡q co‡e|
cvigvYweK †evgv I cwi‡ek :
wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©B G‡m‡Q cvigvYweK hyM| KvV, Kqjv I †Zj `n‡b evqygÛj †h cwigv‡Y `ywlZ nq,
cvigvYweK `n‡b cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq Zvi †P‡q jÿ ¸Y †ewk| wØZxq gnvhy‡× wn‡ivwmgv, bvMvmvwK‡Z †h GUg †evgv wb‡ÿc
Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi cÖej cÖwZwµqvq †m AÂj I Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki gvbyl RxešÍ I Dw™¢‡`i my¯’ Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœn‡q c‡owQ| †mB
fqvenZvi K_v ¯§iY †i‡LI c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j GLbI Pj‡Q cvigvYweK †evgv I A¯¿ cÖ¯‘wZi cÖwZ‡hvMxZv| weMZ K‡qK
eQi Av‡M mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †Pi‡bvwej cviwgvYweK †K‡›`ªi `yN©Ubv I †ZRw¯…qZv Qwo‡q covi fqvenZv gvbyl
GLbI †fvM Ki‡Q| GQvovI kw³kvjx i‡K‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ gnvKvk Awfhv‡b I DcMÖn Drhvc‡b †h cwigvY welv³ M¨vm c„w_exi
evqy gÛ‡j wbwÿß n‡”Q Zv‡ZI cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q|

13
cwjw_b I Zvi cÖwZwµqv :
K‡qKw`b Av‡MI evsjv‡`‡k cwjw_‡bi e¨vcK e¨envi wQj| †h †Kvb wRwb‡mi mv‡_ ‡`vKvb`viiv cwjw_b w`‡q
w`Z| GK mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, XvKvq cªwZw`b 1 †KvwU cwjw_b e¨envi nZ| cwjw_b gvby‡li GKUv Rxeb m½x n‡q wM‡qwQj|
GB cwjw_‡bi cÖwZwµqv gvivZ¥K| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
 cwjw_b 400 eQ‡ii c‡P bv| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki gvivZ¥K ÿwZ nq|
 cwjw_b gvwUi De©iZv kw³ bó K‡i|
 ‡h‡nZz cwjw_b gvwUi De©iZv kw³ bó K‡i ZvB MvQcvjv fv‡jv R‡b¥ bv| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki gvivZ¥K ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
 cwjw_‡bi Kvi‡Y †Wªb, bvjv BZ¨vw` RvqMvi gqjv AveR©bv m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv d‡j †mB ¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
 GK mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h eywoM½v b`xi Zj‡`‡k cwjw_b Gi GK wekvj ¯Í‡i R‡g †M‡Q| hvi d‡j cvwb hvZvqv‡Z
evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| Avi GB cwjw_b Gi ¯Íi miv‡Z †M‡j miKv‡ii †KvwU †KvwU UvKv e¨q n‡e|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi dj :
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Rb¨ So, eb¨v, Lov, Abve„wó cÖf…wZ m„wó n‡”Q| MvQcvjvi m‡½ e„wó cÖvK…wZK †hvMm~Î
i‡q‡Q| MvQcvjv †K‡U DRvi Kivq e„wócvZ I K‡g Avm‡Q| d‡j Liv e„w× cv‡”Q, dmj cy‡o hv‡”Q|Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
†`Lv w`‡”Q Lv`¨vfve cvwbi ¯Íi ax‡i ax‡i Mfx‡i P‡j hv‡”Q| gvwU cvwb k~Y¨ n‡q co‡Q| G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _vK‡j A`~i
fwel¨‡Z RxeRš‘ aŸsm cÖvß n‡q hv‡e|
‡hfv‡e cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Kiv hvq :
mgm¨v hZ eo Ges RwUj †nvK bv †Kb Zvi mgvavb ev cÖwZKvi _v‡KB| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cwi‡ek `~lY GKwU
eo mgm¨v| Aek¨ wKfv‡e GB mgm¨vi cªwZKvi Kiv hv‡e Zvi Rb¨ we‡k¦i DbœZ I AbybœZ †`k wPšÍv fvebv Ki‡Q| Ges
BwZg‡a¨ †ek K‡qKUv c`‡ÿc M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iva K‡í RvwZms‡Ni wb‡`©‡k cÖwZeQi 5B Ryb wek¦ cwi‡ek
w`em iƒ‡c cvwjZ n‡”Q| weÁv‡bi µg AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ wek¦ cwi‡ek wKiƒ‡c `~wlZ n‡”Q Zv wek¦evmxi †MvP‡i Avbvi Rb¨
GB w`em cvj‡bi D‡Ïk¨| cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi nvZ †_‡K evPvi Rb¨ hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q t
mKj aŸsmvZ¥K cvigvYweK cixÿv mg~‡j wb‡la Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡ek my›`i I wbg©j ivL‡Z n‡j mgMÖ wek¦evmx‡K mw`”Qvq
GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| mevB g‡b cÖv‡Y myKv‡šÍi wb¤œ wjwLZ PiY¸‡jvi mv‡_ GKvZ¡Zv †cvlY Ki‡Z n‡e---
ÒP‡j †h‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i|
P‡j hve- Zey AvR hZÿb †`‡n Av‡Q cÖvY
G wek¦‡K wkïi evm‡hvM¨ K‡i hve Avwg|
beRvZ‡Ki Kv‡Q G Avgvi A½xKvi|Ó
`~wlZ c`v‡_©i wbqš¿b :
e„ÿ ‡ivcb K‡i G c„w_ex‡K mey‡Ri mgv‡iv‡n f‡i w`‡Z n‡e| GKB m‡½ Kqjv, M¨vm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y| Kve©b g‡bv A·vB‡Wi nvZ †_‡K evuPvi Rb¨ cy‡iv‡bv †gvUi hvb¸‡jv evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e| c„w_exi e„nr kw³
mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wnsmv, †Øl, nvbvnvwb i‡q‡Q Zv `~i Kivi cÖqvmx n‡Z n‡e| eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e c„w_exi evqy gÛ‡j i‡KU I DcMÖn
wb‡ÿc GKB m‡½ cvigvYweK A‡¯¿i •Zwi I cixÿvg~jK we‡ùviY eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwi‡ek `~l‡Y evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii c`‡ÿc :
evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi gvÎv AwZwi³| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi †ek wKQz c`‡ÿc MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| Zvig‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q cwjw_b wbwl× Kiv| Gi d‡j evsjv‡`k mviv we‡k¦ cÖkswmZ n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k
e„ÿ‡ivcb Awfhvb †Rvi `vex K‡i‡Q| my›`ieb †_‡K mKj cÖKvi KvV KvUv wbwl× K‡i‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x Lv‡j`v
wRqv Ges cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv e‡j‡Qb---
ÒMvQ jvMvb cwi‡ek evuPvb|Ó- (Lv‡j`v wRqv)
Ò Avcbvi cÖ‡Z¨K mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i MvQ jvMvb|Ó- (†kL nvwmbv)
Dcmsnvi :
cwi‡ek ‡h‡nZz evqygÛj bq ‡m Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek‡K `~lY gy³ Ki‡Z n‡j ïay evqygÛj‡K gy³ Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv| GKB
m‡½ cvwicvwk¦©K gvbe mgvR‡K Ki‡Z n‡e cPb gy³| Awkÿv, Kzwkÿv Ges `vwi`ª gvbe mgvR‡K †h cPb Ae¯’vq †W‡K
G‡b‡Q Zvi †_‡K mgvR‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡j gvbyl‡K Dchy³ wkÿvq wkwÿZ K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| `wi`ªZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zv bv n‡j gvbe RvwZi cwi‡ek `~lY RwbZ Acg„Zz¨ ‡KI †VKv‡Z cvi‡e bv| cwi‡ek `~lY mgm¨v wb‡q AvR kswKZ| c„w_exi
mKj gvbyl wPwšÍZ| Ôgvby‡li cwi‡ekÕ wb‡q RvwZms‡N e‡m óK †nv‡b-G AviI eû ms¯’v †iv‡a KvR Kiv ïiæ K‡i‡Q c„w_exi
cÖwZwU †`k|

14
 gvbe Kj¨v‡Y weÁvb

DcµwgKv :
weÁvbB eZ©gvb RM‡Zi gvcKvwV
weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ‡ZB mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ|
- AvPvh© cÖdzjø P›`

gvbyl Zvi Amnvq Ae¯’v KvwU‡q DVevi Rb¨ m„wói Avw`gKvj †_‡K µgvMZ †h AK¬všÍ †Póv K‡i G‡m‡Q Zvi bvg weÁvb|
gvbe mf¨Zvi weKv‡k weÁv‡bi `vb Acwi‡gq| Avw`g ¸nvevmx I AiY¨Pvix gvbyl‡K weÁvbB K‡i‡Q mf¨| GB weÁvb
gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q †eM, c„w_ex‡K K‡i‡Q †QvU, AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡K K‡i‡Q m¤¢vebvgwÛZ| weÁv‡bi be be Avwe®‥vi mf¨Zvi Øvi
K‡i‡Q D‡b¥vwPZ| gvby‡li `„wófw½, a¨vb-aviYv, Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ I Kíbvi cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q weÁvb| Rj I evZvm‡K ev` w`‡j
†hgb Rxe‡bi KvR Kg© ¯Íä n‡q hvq, weÁvb‡K ev` w`‡jI wVK †Zgwb mf¨ RMZ I gvbyl cÖvYnxb, wb¯ú›`b n‡q c‡o|
weÁvb Qvov G hy‡Mi mf¨Zv APj|

cÖwZw`‡bi Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi Ae`vb :

AvR gvby‡li Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î weÁv‡bi Aeva c`ÑmÂvi| weÁv‡bi e‡`․j‡Z gvbyl AvR Avivg I
¯^”Q‡›`i AwaKvix|Avgv‡`i bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cÖwZw`‡bi Kvh©ZvwjKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jB Zv ¯úó n‡q D‡V| cÖfv‡Zi kh¨vZ¨vM
n‡Z wbkx‡_ kh¨vMÖnY ch©šÍ weÁvb Zvi AbyMZ AbyPi| cÖfvZ Gjvg Nwoi k‡ã wKsev †iwW‡qvi cÖfvZx †NvlYvi m‡½ m‡½ Nyg
fv‡½ Zvi| weÁv‡bi wewPÎ †K․k‡j ZZÿ‡Y K‡j cvwb G‡m‡Q| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv KLbI †m Rj Dò KLbI ev kxZj| gv_vi
Dci cvLv Nyi‡Z jvM‡jv, ‡iwWI‡Z evR‡Z jvM‡jv bvbv wewPÎ Mvb| †Kv_vI ev `~i-`~iv‡šÍi Qwe I evYx †Pv‡Li wbwg‡l
†Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vq D™¢vwmZ n‡q DV‡jv| evRv‡i hvevi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| weÁv‡bi †`․j‡Z N‡ii GKcv‡k d«x‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU
Av¯Í evRvi‡K Avwe®‥…Z Ae¯’vq e›`x K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| Gw`‡K •e`y¨wZK Dby‡b ev M¨v‡mi Pzjvq Pv-Kwdi cvwb Mig nq, cÖ¯ÍZ
nq cÖvZivk| m¤§y‡Li †Uwe‡j msiwÿZ msev`cÎ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwÎKv gy`ªvh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ gyw`ªZ Ges ZvI weÁv‡bi Ae`b| GK
cv‡k iwÿZ bxie †Uwj‡dvb mnmv †e‡R DV‡jv| nvRvi gvBj `~‡ii eÜzi KÚ¯^i †Uwj‡dv‡b †f‡m Avm‡jv| Kwjs †ej
evR‡jv| †Kvb AwZw_ we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b mvÿvrcÖv_x©| AwZw_i mwnZ Avjvcv‡šÍ Nwo‡Z †PvL co‡jv| Iw`‡K weÁv‡bi nv‡Z
ev_iæ‡g †Mvm‡ji Rj cÖ¯ÍZ| †Mvmj †m‡i evB‡i †h‡Z n‡e| †cvkvK-cwi”Q` c~e© n‡ZB Iqvwks †gwk‡b KuvwPqv B‡jKwUªK
Bw¯¿‡Z Bw¯¿ K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| weÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y †Kvb †Kvb †cvkvK-cwi”Q‡`i Avevi Bw¯¿ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| hv nDK
Ô`yqv‡i cÖ¯ÍZ MvoxÕ| †m †m․fvM¨ hv‡`i †bB, Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q evm, U¨vw·,‡U¤úy, †Uªb| Awd‡m Av‡jv R¡j‡Q, cvLv Nyi‡Q,
‡Kvb Awdm nq‡Zvev kxZvZvc wbqwš¿Z| Pvwe †Ucvi m‡½ m‡½B El©v‡jvK n‡Z i_ †b‡g Avm‡jv| †m wjd&U Zv‡K Awd‡mi
ØvicÖv‡šÍ bvwg‡q w`‡q †Mj| UvBcivBUvi I Kw¤úDUv‡i wPwVcÎ UvBc Kiv n‡”Q Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ m~ÿ¥vwZm~² wnmve
iwÿZ n‡”Q| QzwUi ci Av‡gv` cÖ‡gv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wm‡bgv-wfwm-Avi, m¨v‡UjvBU wUwf, wUwf (mvavib) BZ¨vw`| iv‡Î Nyg
Avm‡j weÁvb Zvi wkq‡i mvivivZ AK¬všÍ nv‡Z cvLv Nyiv‡e wKsev kxZvZvc wbqš¿K hš¿wU‡K Pvjy †i‡L gvby‡li myL -wb`ªvi e¨e¯’v
Kievi Rb¨ kxZwb`ª _vK‡e|
AZxZ Rxeb t
BwZnv‡mi Avw` c‡e© gvbyl wQj ee©i| _vi A½yjx wQj ¯’’~j, Kjv‡K․kj ewR©Z| Avmj gvbyl Ges cï‡Z hLb
AvKviMZ cv_©K¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †`Lv †h‡Zvbv| Zvi ci gvbyl ¯^xq wPšÍvkxjZvq Rxe‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK cÖ‡qvRb ‡gUv‡bvi
Rb¨ Mv‡Qi Qvj, cïi Pvgov e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GK mgq ejøg, Zxi, abyK, Xvj I Z‡jvqvi e¨envi Ki‡Z wkLj| Zvici
n‡Z myZv •Zix K‡i‡Q| Zv‡Z eyb‡Q Kvco| Kvgvi †jvnv wcwU‡q, Kzgvi gvwU †Q‡b PvKv Nywi‡q msmv‡ii AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq
wKQz mvgMÖx •Zix K‡i‡Q| Ggwb K‡i P‡j‡Q w`b, ‡K‡U‡Q gyn~Z©, mgvavb n‡q‡Q cÖ‡qvR‡bi| `~‡ii c‡_ gvbyl †Kvb
AvZ¥xqZvi m¤úK© •Zix Ki‡Z mvnm cvqwb| GgbwK †`‡ki †K_vqI `y wf©ÿ,gnvgvix †`Lv w`‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` mieivn
Kiv wQj `ytmva¨ KvR| Rxeb wQj Ggwb Amnvq|
AvaywbK weÁvb t
GK mgq ------
Elv `vuov‡jb, c~e©vP‡ji wkLi P~ovq,
cwðg mvMi Zx‡i mܨv bvgv‡jb gv_vq wb‡q kvwšÍNU|
me©Z¨vMx Ávb-Zc¯^x‡`i hyM-hyMvšÍ‡ii mvabvq weÁvb iƒcK_vi •`Z¨cyix †_‡K msMÖn K‡i G‡b‡Q †mvbvi KvwV Ges iƒ‡cvi
KvwV| Zv n¯ÍMZ K‡i mf¨Zvi cÖZz¨l j‡Mœi †mB Amnvq gvbyl AvR Amxg kw³ai| †mw`‡bi AiY¨Pvix, ¸nvevmx gvbyl
AvKv‡m †gN I we`y¨r †`L‡j fq †cZ| AvR gvbyl weÁv‡bi e‡j ejxqvb n‡q †gN‡K K‡i‡Q c`vbZ, weRjx‡K K‡i‡Q
ekxf~Z|

AvaywbK mgvR I Rxe‡b weÁvb t

15
 Avgv‡`i mgvR I Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î weÁv‡bi e¨vcK I m~`~icÖmvix cÖfve| GgbwK Avgv‡`i Pvj-
Pjb ch©šÍ eû mgq weÁv‡bi Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Avgiv Nyg †_‡K D‡VB `uvZ gvRvi Rb¨ nv‡Z wbB eªvk| wUD‡ei gyLUv Ly‡j,
wUc w`‡ZB †ewi‡q G‡jv †có - GUv Kvi `vb? Avgiv Uªvg, evm ev †Uª‡b hvZvqvZ Kwi| ‡Uwj‡dv‡b ewj cÖ‡qvRbxq K_v,
d¨v·, †UwjMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g `~i-`~iv‡šÍ cvVvB evZ©v| G Qvov wPwV bv wjL‡j Avgv‡`i P‡jB bv| hvbenb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
wech©¯Í n‡j Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b KvR Kg©I wech©q †b‡g Av‡m| Avgv‡`i c‡_-Nv‡U, Awd‡m-Av`vj‡Z, ¯‥zj-K‡j‡R me©Î
weÁv‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfve| evuav‡bv †h iv¯ÍvwU a‡i nuvUwQ †mwU †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `~‡ii H jvBU †cvówU ch©šÍI weÁvb kw³i Ae`vb|
cÖwZwU AvaywbK Awdm AvR weÁvb Øviv cÖfvweZ †mLvbKvi wjd&U Ges kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z hš¿, Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mvgvb¨
Kwjs‡ej ch©šÍ cÖwZwU wRwbmB weÁv‡bi `vb|
weÁv‡bi RqhvÎv t
weÁv‡bi e‡j gvbyl AvR Lwbi AÜKv‡i Av‡jv †R¡‡j‡Q| Nyg fvw½‡q‡Q cvZvjcyixi NygšÍ ivRKb¨vi| •`Z¨
cyixi e›`xkvjv †Z‡K gy³ K‡i G‡b Zv‡K cwiKíbvgZ mvwR‡q‡Q, D™¢veb K‡i‡Q Drcv`‡bi be be cÖKiY| c„w_exi •kk‡ei
RoZv KvwU‡q G‡b w`‡q‡Q †h․e‡bi AdzišÍ Djøvm| Ab¨w`‡K weÁv‡bi kw³e‡j gvbyl Dk„•Lj b`x †¯ªvZ‡K ekxf~Z K‡i
Elvi giæ cÖvšÍi‡K K‡i‡Q Rjwm³, f~-M‡f©i mwÂZ be¨ m¤¢vebv‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q mdj, `~i K‡i w`‡q‡Q Anj¨ awiÎxi
Abye©iZvi Awfkvc| weÁvb Aí De©iZv w`‡q ÿwqòz emyÜiv‡K km¨eZ©x K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| be be wkí cÖKi‡Y †m Drcv`b RM‡Z
G‡b‡Q hyMvšÍi Ges my`~i‡K K‡i‡Q wbKUeÜy| weÁv‡bi mvd‡j¨ awiÎx AvR Kjnvm¨ gyLiv|
mgq I `~iZ¡ R‡q weÁvb t
weÁvb Rxeb‡K K‡i‡Q mnR-mij, AvivgcÖ` Ges Dc‡fvM¨| gvwUi iv¯Ívq c‡o‡Q wcP, cv‡q av‡c
av‡c c_ Pjvi cwie©‡Z Nyi‡Q PvKv, Pj‡Q evnb| †Rgm Iqv‡Ui w÷g BwÄb, w÷‡dbm‡bi †ijI‡q, Gd,we,‡mvm Ges
†UwjMÖvd, Av‡jKRvÛvi wR-‡e‡i‡ji †Uwj‡dvb, gvK©bxi †eZvi, †WBgjv‡ii gUimvB‡Kj, ivBU fvZ…؇qi E‡ovRvnvR, BMj
wmKiw¼i †nwjKÞvi Avwe¯‥vi we‡k¦i RoZv‡K KvwU‡q `vb K‡i‡Q MwZgqZv| EaŸ©k¦v‡m DËxY© MwZ‡Z gvbyl Pj‡Q R‡j, ¯’‡j,
gnvk~‡b¨| †Uwe‡ji Dci †_‡K †Uwj‡dvb Zz‡j wb‡jB kZ kZ gvBj `~‡ii gvbyl Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡m c‡o, K_v ïbwQ, ejwQ
†hb GK AšÍi½ cwi‡ek| Ggwb K‡i weÁvb `~i‡K Ki‡Q wbKU,ci‡K Ki‡Q Avcb| c„w_exi wekvj g„wËKv †hb GKwU
BjvmwUK| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zvi `~iZ¡ Kwg‡q wbw”Q, cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv evwo‡q wbw”Q|
wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î weÁvb t
weÁvb Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b me‡P‡q wnZvKv•Lx n‡q G‡m‡Q wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î| AvR kixi I
¯^v‡¯’¨i e¨vcv‡i cÖwZwbqZ Avgiv weÁv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| emšÍ, K‡jiv, wUweÕi gZ fqven †iv‡Mi f¨vKwmb Avwe¯‥vi K‡i
jÿ jÿ gvbyl‡K AKvj g„Zz¨ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Qweÿvb| ‡cwbwmwjb, ‡÷ªc‡UvgvBwmb, ‡K¬v‡ivgvBwmwUb cÖf…wZ Avwe¯‥…Z nIqvq
gvby‡li bvbv cÖKvi e¨vwai AvµgY n‡Z iÿv cv‡”Q| wKQzw`b c~‡e© mvgvb¨ UvBd‡qW n‡j wbwPðZ g„Zz¨i K_v fve‡Z n‡Zv|
Ggwb wQj ûKIqvg©, g¨v‡jwiqv, RjvZ¼ AviI KZ wK| weÁvb AvR G¸‡jv‡K AÆnvwm w`‡q Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| gv`vg Kzixi
Avwe¯‥…Z †iwWqvg K¨vÝv‡ii g‡Zv fqven †ivM‡K A‡bKUv cÖwZnZ K‡i‡Q| †jRvi iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ †P‡Li Acv‡ikb Avi `vu‡Zi
wPwKrmv Kiv n‡”Q| kj¨ wPwKrmvq G‡m‡Q hyMvšÍi| fv½v nuvo‡K †Rvov †`qv AvR †hb †Kvb mgm¨vB bq| GgbwK A‡K‡Rv
ü`wc‡Ûi RvqMvq byZb ü`wcÛ cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i wbwðZ g„Zz¨i nvZ †_‡K gvbyl‡K euvPv‡bv n‡”Q| AvR gvbyl Zv‡`i •`bw›`b
Rxe‡b wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi mvnvh¨ †bqvi NUbv‡K wbtk¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
BwÄwbqvwis Kjv-‡K․kj t
‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b BwÄwbqvwis Kjv‡K․k‡ji cÖfveI Acwimxg| mviv `ywbqv Ry‡o bvbv ai‡bi jÿ jÿ
BgviZ M‡o I‡V‡Q| †mLv‡b gvbyl‡K Avivg I Avb‡›` ivLvi wK iKg Av‡qvRb| GQvovI †`L‡Z †`L‡Z cvnvo †K‡U iv¯Ív
wbg©vY Ki‡Q gvbyl, †mZz evbv‡”Q Li †¯ªvZv b`x‡Z| `yM©g ebc_ I fq¼i giæ cÖvšÍi‡K Aejxjv µ‡g AwZµg Ki‡Q gvby‡liB
Mov c_| GQvov †`‡k †`‡k KZ KjKviLvbv, KZ hš¿cvwZ I cY¨`ªe¨ G‡`i ev` w`‡j Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi ¯^vfvweK Rxeb
cÖevnB eywS iæ× n‡q hv‡e|
K…wl‡ÿ‡Î weÁvb t
‡PvL †gj‡jB †`Lv hvq bvMwiK mf¨Zvi i‡Ü«I i‡q‡Q cÖhyw³ weÁv‡bi cÖfve| GB cÖhyw³ weÁvb wk‡í †hgb
w`‡q‡Q AwPšÍbxq mvdj¨, ‡Zgwb K…wl †ÿ‡Î G‡b‡Q wecøe| cÖvPxb †fuvZv jv½‡ji cwie©‡Z AvR e¨eüZ n‡”Q DbœZ K‡ji
jv½j I Uªv±i| cuPv AveR©bv I †Mve‡ii cwie©‡Z e¨eüZ n‡”Q AvaywbK ivmvqwbK mvi| cÖK…wZi `qvi Dci wbf©ikxj bv n‡q
Mfxi I AMfxi bjKy‡ci mvnv‡q¨ cvwb †m‡Pi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi gva¨‡g DbœZ gv‡bi exR mieivn Kiv n‡”Q|
d‡UvwcwiIwWRg Ges fvbv©jvB‡Rkb cÖwµqvq GK FZzi dmj Av‡iK FZz‡Z dwj‡q A_©‣bwZK ¯^”QjZv jvf Ki‡Q we‡k¦i
A‡bK †`k Ggwbfv‡e weÁvb K…wl †ÿ‡ÎI cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q mnvqZvi nvZ|
gnvKv‡k weÁvb t
`~i `~iv‡šÍi gnvKvk Zvi meyR DËixq Dwo‡q
gvbyl‡K nvZQvwb w`‡q †W‡K P‡j‡Q|
ZvB †m eÜbnxb MwZ wb‡q Qz‡U P‡j‡Q
gnvKvk‡K Avwj½b Ki‡Z|
inm¨gq AvKv‡ki ey‡K gvbyl GiB g‡a¨ A‡bK Amva¨ mvab K‡i‡Q| weÁv‡bi mvnv‡h¨B `~‡ii bÿÎv‡jv‡Ki Lei †c‡q‡Q
gvbyl| MÖn †_‡K AvniY K‡i‡Q byZb Z_¨| gvbyl AvR c„w_exi ga¨vKl©Y‡K AwZµg K‡i Ges cvk¦©eZx© MÖ ‡n cvwo
Rgv‡”Q|‡KvwU †KvwU Av‡jvKel© `~‡i Aew¯’Z bÿ‡Îi Lei wb‡”Q †m N‡i e‡m| weÁv‡bi Avwk©ev‡`B c„w_ex‡Z e‡m Avgiv
Puv‡` `vwo‡q _vKv AwfhvÎxi m‡½ K_v ewj| ¯^qsPvwjZ i‡KU cvwV‡q g½jMÖ‡ni wkjv¯Í‡ii Qwe †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| mf¨Zvi
µgweKvk GLb MwÛe× c„w_ex‡ZB bq mgMÖ wek¦RMZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i N‡U‡Q GB •eÁvwbK Kg©KvÛ| M‡elYvi Øviv c„w_exi gvbyl
16
AvR byZb GK RMZ‡K Øvi cÖv‡šÍ †U‡b G‡b‡Q| gvby‡li B”Qv kw³ AvR Rqhy³ n‡q‡Q| Kíbvi dvbym Dwo‡q bq ,ixwZgZ
weÁvbm¤§Z cwiKíbvq Ges gnvhv‡b, gnvKv‡k cwiµgvq gnvwe‡k¦i Zi‡½ wbf©‡q †m Qz‡U P‡j‡Q mZ¨‡K aªæ eZviv K‡i|
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Y weÁvb t
Dbœqbkxj ivóª¸wj‡Z RbmsL¨v mgm¨v AvR cÖavb mgm¨v n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| weÁvb GLv‡bI evwo‡q‡Q mnvqZvi
nvZ| AwZwi³ Mf©aviY‡K wPwKrmv weÁvb e¨vwa e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q| ZvB Avwe¯‥vi K‡i‡Q Gi wPwKrmv| gvbyl AvR mšÍvb
MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI ¯^vaxb| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b weÁvb AvR gvbyl‡K KZ eo Rxe‡bi ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q Zv fvebvi AZxZ|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î weÁvb t
Rxe‡bi A½ wkÿv‡ÿ‡ÎI weÁvb Kg mnvqZv K‡iwb| mvaviY ¯‥zj K‡j‡Ri QvÎivI †jLvcovi ‡ÿ‡Î
weÁv‡bi mnvqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| †QvÆ GKwU K¨vjKz‡jUv‡i KZ RwUj wnmve gyû‡Z©B mgvav n‡”Q| Avi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Zv
ZzjbvB bvB| GQvov D”PZi wkÿvq, KvwiMwi I wkwKrmv kv‡¯¿I weÁv‡bi mvnvh¨ Qvov GKavcI AMÖmi nevi Dcvq †bB|
‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi AKj¨vYKi cÖfve t
‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi cÖfve gvby‡li ïay †h Kj¨vY K‡i‡Q Zv bq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zvi
AKj¨vY‡KI †W‡K Avb‡Q| h‡š¿i Dci AwZwi³ wbf©i Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl µgkB n‡q I‡V‡Q cwikÖg wegyL| †m gvbwmK
cwikÖg †h cwigvb Ki‡Q, kvixwiK cwikÖg Ki‡Q †m Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| d‡j Rxe‡b byZb wKQz †ivM I DcmM© †`Lv w`‡”Q|
Zvi gvbwmK fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q Ges Gme wKQzi †P‡qI eo K_v Zvi Rxe‡b AK…wÎgZv NbxfzZ n‡”Q| mgv‡Ri evB‡ii †R․jym
evo‡Q µgk wKš‘ †m Abycv‡Z †¯œn †cÖg gvqv ggZv BZ¨vw` gvby‡li mr¸Yvewji weKvk NU‡Q bv| gvbylI cÖK…wZ‡Z we‡f`
evo‡Q Ges weÁvb wbf©i hš¿kw³i Dci AÜ Av¯’v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl hvwš¿K n‡q DV‡Q| weÁvb mf¨Zvi GB AvMÖvmx
cÖfve †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z Zvi myL kvwšÍi Avkv AwZ mvgvb¨B| ZvB ejv nq -
kw³i Kv‡Q hw` cÖv‡Yi gvayh© wbev©wmZ nq
m¤ú` hw` Avb‡›`i †P‡q †ekx k~j¨evb nq
cÖZvc hw` †cÖ‡gi Ici AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i
Z‡e hš¿ mf¨Zvi e¨_©Zv AeavwiZ|
cigvYy weÁvb I Zvi Ace¨envi t
cigvYy inm¨ D`NvUb K‡i Ges cigvYy fv½vi c×wZ D™¢veb K‡i gvbyl AvR Amxg kw³i
AwaKvix| GB cÖm‡½ Avk¼vi K_v GB †h m¤úªwZ †Kvb †Kvb cigvYy †evgv •Zwi Ki‡Z Ggbfv‡e †g‡Z‡Q †hb Zviv Av¸b
wb‡q †Lj‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb,
bvwMbxiv Pvwiw`‡K †dwj‡Z‡Q welv³ wbtk¦vm
kvwšÍi jwjZ evYx †kvbvB‡e e¨_© cwinvm|
weÁvb †h mf¨Zv cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q AvR ZviB webv‡k †m †g‡Z D‡V‡Q iæwai Z…lvZziv wQbœ -g¯Ívi gZ| gvby‡li †gav I gYxlvq
hvi Rb¥, Zvi AZš¿ mvabvq hvi cÖvY cÖwZôv, †mB weÁvb AvR b„ksmfv‡e Zv‡KB aŸsm Ki‡Z D`¨Z| hvi cÖZ¨ÿ cÖgvY †g‡j
wØZxq wek¦ hy‡× Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvmvwK‡Z AvYweK †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi wefxwlKvgq cwiYv‡g| G cÖm‡½ GBP. wR.
I‡qjm e‡j‡Qb, ÒweÁvb‡K Avgiv ivÿ‡mi AvKvi `vb K‡iwQ, hw` we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK fve, wewbgq Øviv
Avgiv †m ivÿz‡m g~Zx©‡K mshZ Ki‡Z †Póv bv Kwi, Zvi aŸsm Awbevh©|Ó
Dcmsnvi :
weZK© m‡Ë¡I GK_v mwZ¨ †h gvbyl I gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y weÁvb †ek DbœwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| weÁvb‡K cwinvi K‡i GLb
Rxeb‡K aviY Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e, †mB ¸nvevmx AiY¨Pvix Avw`g ch©v‡q| wKš‘ gvbyl †cQ‡b wdi‡Z cv‡i
bv| Kv‡RB Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi AbycÖ‡ek NU‡j Avgiv ¯^v_©ci, AvZ¥me©¯^ I ag©‡evanxb RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ ne, G AvksKv
wg_¨v| Z‡e g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©b n‡eB, Avi Zv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK K~cgÛzZv Ges bvbvwea ms¯‥vi I AÜZv
`~i bv n‡j †`‡k mvgvwRK ¯^v¯’¨ bó n‡q hv‡e| Ab¨c‡ÿ, e¨w³MZ myL-myweav mgwóMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †mB weÁv‡bi mvabv|
•`bw›`b Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi cÖKvk‡K wek¦gq mKj †kÖYxi gvby‡li gv‡S Qwo‡q w`‡Z cvi‡j Avgv‡`i gyw³| G hy‡M cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© I
cÖwZ c`‡ÿ‡c mf¨ gvbe weÁv‡bi KvQ †_‡K im` AvniY K‡i Rxeb aviY Ki‡Q|

RvwZ MV‡b bvix mgv‡Ri f~wgKv

A_ev
‡`k MV‡b bvix mgv‡Ri f~wgKv
f~wgKv :
†Kv‡bv †`k ev RvwZi mvgwMÖK DbœwZ I Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fve‡Z †M‡j †mLv‡b ïay cyiæ‡li bq, mgv‡Ri Aa©kw³ bvixi
K_vI fve‡Z n‡e| bvix mgvR gbyl¨ mgvR †_‡K wfbœ bq| bvix-cyiæl wg‡jB gvbe mgvR| ZvB GKwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡b bvixi
Ae`vb‡K †Kvbµ‡gB A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi me `vwqZ¡ cyiæ‡li Kvu‡a Pvwc‡q bvixiv M„n‡Kv‡Y ew›` _vK‡e
GUv AvaywbK hy‡M Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| †Kv‡bv we‡kl RvwZ ej‡Z †h RbmgvR †evSvq †mLv‡b bvix- cyiæl Df‡qi mgvb Ae`vb
we`¨gvb| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB mf¨Zv M‡o IVvi wcQ‡b cyiæ‡li mKj Kv‡R mnvqZv, †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q bvix| cyiæ‡li cv‡k †_‡K
bvix RvwZI mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z mÿg| A‡b‡K bvix‡K, bvix wkÿv‡K Ae‡njvi †Pv‡L †`‡L| Zviv g‡b K‡i
17
bvixiv †`‡ki †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv - Zv‡`i G aviYv fzj| †Kbbv, bvixiv msmvi QvovI †`‡ki Kv‡R cyiæ‡li mgvb `ÿZvq
†h‡Kvb Kg©KvÛ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z mÿg| †`k I RvwZi mvgwMÖK DbœwZ I mg„w×i Rb¨ bi I bvix Df‡qi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
ZvB †Zv KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg e‡jb—
Òwe†k¦i hv wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi Kj¨vYKi
A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix, A‡a©K Zvi bi|Ó
eZ©gv‡b bvixi Ae¯’v :
AZx‡Z bvix‡K Agh©v`v I Ae‡njvi †Pv‡L †`Lv n‡jI eZ©gv‡b bvixiv mgv‡R Zv‡`i gh©v`v cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q|
Ávb-weÁv‡b, `k©‡b, wkÿv`xÿvq bvixiv cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk mgvb †hvM¨Zvq wb‡R‡`i‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q| AvR we‡k¦i A‡bK
†`‡kB bvixiv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Q| ZvB Kwe e‡jb-
Ò‡m hyM n‡q‡Q evmx
‡h hy‡M cyiæl `vm wQj Avi bvixiv AvwQj `vmx|Ó
bZzb hy‡Mi be be Kv‡R bvix‡`i RqMvb †NvwlZ n‡”Q AvR| GLb Avi bvix cyiæ‡li MjMÖn bq| eZ©gv‡b bvix mgv‡Ri
f~wgKv my`~icÖmvix| N‡i evB‡i me©‡ÿ‡Î bvixiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri `ÿZv cÖgvY K‡i‡Q|
DbœZ †`‡k bvix :
DbœZ †`kmg~‡n bvixi Ae¯’vb A‡bK my`„p| †Kbbv, DbœZ †`‡ki bvixiv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Zzjbvq wkÿv `xÿvq,
BwZnvm-`k©b, ivRbxwZ BZ¨vw`‡Z A‡bK GwM‡q| †mme †`‡k †KD bvix cyiæ‡l †Kvb †f`v‡f` Kíbv K‡i bv| †`‡ki
Dbœq‡bi mKj Kv‡R Zviv ¯^Ztù~Z© fv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj †ÿ‡Î Zviv cvi`k©x| mgv‡Ri w`K ‡_‡K Zviv ‡Kvb
evavi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q bv| Zviv AvR cyiæ‡li gyLv‡cÿx bq eis A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zviv cyiæl‡K AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q|
bvix mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ :
†hLv‡b †`‡ki A‡a©K AskB bvix †mLv‡b bvix‡K ev` w`‡q †`‡ki mvgwMÖK DbœwZi K_v KíbvI Kiv hvq bv|
GKwU RvwZ MV‡b bvixi A‡bK Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| ZvB bvix mgvR‡K wkwÿZ K‡i Zz‡j Zv‡K K‡g©i my‡hvM m„wó K‡i w`‡Z n‡e
Ges RvwZ MV‡b Zv‡`i f~wgKv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †mme †`kB DbœZ †hme †`‡k
cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk bvixivI mKj Kv‡R GwM‡q G‡m ‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| bvix cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l
RvZxq Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Q| ZvB †`Lv hvq, RvwZ MV‡b bvix mgv‡Ri we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| bvix †bZ…Z¡ A¯^xKvi
Kivi Dcvq †bB| weª‡Ub, kÖxisKv, fviZ, evg©v I evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ‡`‡k miKvi cÖavb I ivóªcÖav‡bi Avmb AjsK…Z
Ki‡Q bvix †bZ…Z¡|
RvwZ MV‡b bvixi f~wgKv I KZ©e¨ :
bvix mgv‡Ri nv‡Z †hgb cwiev‡ii Pvwe _v‡K †Zgwb RvZxq Rxeb MV‡bi g~j PvweKvwV wn‡m‡e bvix‡K
AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡j fzj n‡e bv| †Kbbv, RvwZi mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b I Kj¨v‡Y bvix mgv‡Ri we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb Kivi Av‡Q| ïay
msmv‡iB bq wewfbœ Kj-KviLvbvq, Awdm Av`vj‡Z, e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ cÖvq me †ÿ‡ÎB cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk bvix Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i Pj‡Q| bvixiv Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Q me©‡ÿ‡Î| ZvB †`Lv hvq mgvR Rxe‡b bvix RvwZi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wkï cvj‡b bvixi f~wgKv :
bvix gv‡qi RvwZ| cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk mKj Kv‡R mgvb Askx`vwi n‡qI gvZ…‡¯œ‡n wkï‡K Av”Qvw`Z Kiv Zviv
cÖvK…wZK wbqg †_‡K †c‡q‡Q| ZvB Kwe‡`i fvlvq bvix n‡”Q cÖK…wZ| cÖK…wZi gv‡S mKj Rxe †hgb jvwjZ-cvwjZ nq †Zgwb
wkïi PwiÎ MV‡b gv‡qi wkÿvB cÖavb| AvMvgx w`‡bi bvMwiK MV‡bi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i bvix| GKRb gv wn‡m‡e
mv_©Kfv‡e wkï‡K gvbyl Ki‡Z cvi‡j RvwZi DbœwZi c_ myMg n‡e| gv‡qi wkÿv`v‡bi aibB mšÍv‡bi fwel¨r Kg©Zrci
Rxe‡bi †mvcvb| gv †hfv‡e Zvi mšÍvb‡K gvbyl Ki‡e ‡mfv‡eB †m M‡o DV‡e fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨|
cwiev‡ii cÖwZ bvixi KZ©e¨ :
bvixB Zvi msmvi‡K AvM‡j iv‡L| msmv‡ii fvj-g›` †`Lv‡kvbvi fvi bvixi DciB Awc©Z nq| ¯^vgx‡K fvj
Kv‡R Drmvn I wewfbœKv‡R Zv‡K mnvqZv Kiv bvixi KZ©e¨| RvwZi Dbœqb gv‡b mgv‡Ri mKj †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb| ZvB cwiev‡ii
Dbœq‡bI bvixi f~wgKv h‡_ó|

wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î bvixi cÖfve :

RvwZi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© bvix mgvR‡K wkwÿZ n‡Z n‡e G m‡PZb‡eva bvixi g‡a¨B RvMÖZ n‡q‡Q| bvix‡K mf¨Zvi
Av‡jvKewZ©Kv †`Lv‡Z evOvwj bvix †eMg †iv‡Kqv cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q bvix we`¨vjq| bvix‡`i Rb¨ wkÿvi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡jb Kwe
†eMg mywdqv Kvgvj| kZ mnmª Kzms¯‥v‡ii eva †f‡½ wPwKrmv †mevq Ae`vb ivL‡jb Aa¨vcK Wvt †Rvniv †eMg KvRx| wek¦
Ry‡oB wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î bvixi cÖfve I mdjZv gvbe mf¨Zv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q| bvix‡K †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ n‡q †`‡kvbœq‡b Ae`vb
ivL‡Z n‡j Aek¨B wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRb| bvix‡K ivóª cwiPvjbvi wewfbœ Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ me©cÖKvi wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
GKRb mywkwÿZ gvZv Zvi mšÍvb‡K mywkÿvq wkwÿZ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î bvixi cÖfve m¤^‡Ü ej‡Z wM‡q †b‡cvwjqb
e‡jb -
ÒAvgv‡K GKwU wkwÿZ gv `vI, Avwg †Zvgvw`M‡K GKwU wkwÿZ RvwZ Dcnvi w`e|Ó
M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R :
M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R bvixi kÖg`vb AZzjbxq| ¯^vgx, cyÎ-Kb¨vmn cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ ivbœN‡i †_‡K mvwe©K
cwiPh©vq GKRb M„wnYx‡K 12 NÈviI AwaK mgq w`‡Z nq| Awd‡m 8 NÈv cwikÖg e¨q Kivi cwie‡Z© M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R
AwaKZi mg‡qi g~j¨ wظY n‡e| †m wnmv‡e M„n¯’vjx bvixi •`wbK Av‡qi cwigvY `vuovq wb¤œZg wZbk UvKv| kÖ‡gi g~j¨ gv‡b
RvZxq Avq| msmv‡ii cwiPh©v Avw_©K mvkÖ‡qi Ab¨Zg mÂq|
18
Kg©‡ÿ‡Î bvix :
wkwÿZ bvixiv †`‡ki †mevq wewfbœ K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxbKv‡j bvixiv cyiæ‡li Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| wKš‘ GLb
bvixiv wewfbœ ‡ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡q ¯^wbf©i| bvixiv AvR Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi, wkÿK, cywjk, Avbmvi, wegvbPvjK, †mbvevwnbx
GgbwK ivóª cwiPvjbvq Zviv Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Q hv RvwZi Rb¨ LyeB Avkve¨ÄK|
bvix I cyiæ‡li me Ae¯’vq :
eZ©gvb hy‡M bvix I cyiæ‡li mg Ae¯’vb cÖvq wbwðZ n‡q‡Q| RvwZi Dbœq‡b bvix cyiæl †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M KvR Ki‡Q|
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvix cyiæl‡K mKj Kv‡R †cÖiYv w`‡q Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b bvix †`‡ki Dbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î, wkímvwn‡Z¨, mvs¯‥„wZK, weÁvb M‡elYvq, ivRbxwZ‡Z, gnvKvk Awfhv‡b, †Ljvayjvq GgbwK mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k,
cvnvo ce©‡Z bvixiv cyiæ‡li m½x n‡”Q| bvixi mgvwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j RvwZi DbœwZ KLbB m¤¢e bq| ZvB RvwZi
K_v we‡ePbv K‡iB AvR RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ bvixi AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡q‡Q| bvixiv RvwZi Dbœq‡b e„nËi f~wgKv †i‡L
P‡j‡Q|
Dcmsnvi :
cwievi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ivóªcwiPvjbv ch©šÍ †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Kj¨v‡YB wbwnZ GKwU RvwZi ev †`‡ki Dbœqb| bvixiv
cwievi †_‡KB †mB Dbœq‡bi Kv‡R we‡kl f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î AvR bvixiv KvR Ki‡Q| cwievi
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i kÖwgK, Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi, wegvb PvjK, Awdm Av`vj‡Zi Kg©Pvix, wkÿK, •eÁvwbK BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡ÎB
bvixiv Ae`vb ivL‡Q| mgvR‡K myk„•Lj K‡i ivL‡Z, mgv‡R D`vi gvbwmKZv m„wó‡Z bvix mgv‡Ri f~wgKv Zvrch©c~Y©| bvix
mgvR wkwÿZ n‡j RvZxq Dbœq‡b Zviv f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e| bvix‡K wkÿv MÖn‡Y Ges RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Kv‡R GwM‡q Avmvi
c‡_ A‡bK evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| ZeyI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î bvixiv Gme evav KvwU‡q D‡V‡Q Ges †`‡ki Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q| cyiæl KLbI GKv †`‡ki Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi hZUzKz cv‡i Zv‡ZI cy‡iv mv_©KZv Av‡m bv| bvix
memgqB cyiæl‡K mn‡hvMxZv I †cÖiYv w`‡q‡Q| ZvB Kwe e‡jb -
Ò†Kvb Kv‡j GKv nqwbK Rqx cyiæ‡li Zievwi
‡cÖiYv w`‡q‡Q kw³ w`‡q‡Q weRqvj²x bvix|Ó

Prepared By:-
Avi Mahajan
BA (Hon’s), M.A (Major
in Philosophy)
University of Chittagong

19