COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

COOLING TOWER
PERFORMANCE CURVES

Compiled by Performance & Technology

Committee, CTI

Calculated and plotted

by computer at
Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, Missouri

Published by Cooling Tower Institute

4252 Richmond Avenue
Houston, Texas 77027

Printed in U.S.A.
by The Millican Press, Ft. Worth, Texas
Copyright 1967
by The Cooling Tower Institute
 COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE CURVES

I. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to provide a technically sound method, of sufficient accuracy, to make valid
thermal performance studies of water cooling towers.
Over twenty years ago a major industrial cooling tower manufacturer made a limited publication of a
book “Cooling Tower Performance”, generally known as the “Black Book”. This was a collection of
curves relating the variables which affect water cooling tower performance to a common index. This
index provided a characteristic, a “degree of difficulty”, for the various combinations of cooling
ranges, approaches, wet bulb temperatures, and water-to-air loadings. Although it was a major con­
tribution to the art, the “Black Book” was not generally available, and its accuracy was decreased by
simplifying assumptions made to facilitate calculations and the plotting of data, both of which were
done by hand.
As a service to the industry, and in consideration of a real need for a dependable generalized method
for evaluating cooling towers which is simple to use, the Cooling Tower Institute has published this
book, destined to be known in the trade as the “Blue Book”.
Many ways of calculating cooling tower performance have been proposed and published in the past,
however, the theory' which is the basis of this publication is the one generally accepted in the industry
as being the most technically correct and accurate.
The use of this theory' involves integration procedures that can become cumbersome when it is neces­
sary to determine several factors or points. Therefore these integrations have been made over limits
that encompass all normal operating conditions encountered in cooling tower work, and are presented
in this publication in curve form in order to facilitate handling and rapid calculation.
This book is applicable for use in designing cooling towers, for analysis of test data, and for prediction
of performance with changes in operating conditions. It enables the evaluation of the performance of
a given cooling tower, within reasonable operating limits, without the necessity of original performance
curves. It also allows prediction of performance over a much broader range of operating conditions
than the usual performance curves.
Curves of this same nature, using the same performance calculation method, have been published by
others. However in every case the utility of the curves has been reduced appreciably by inaccuracies
in calculations and drafting. Maximum accuracy and consistency have been obtained by use of a com­
puter for making calculations and plotting the curves in this book.
The utility of these prior publications has also been limited by insufficiently broad coverage of the
operating variables of wet bulb temperature, range, approach, and liquid-to-gas ratio. This publication
has broadened the coverage to include all normally encountered conditions of cooling tower operations
and has added sufficient curves to minimize the necessity for interpolation.

II. COOLING TOWER THEORY

The basic function of a cooling tower is to cool water by intimately mixing it with air. This cooling is
accomplished by a combination of sensible heat transfer between the air and the water and the evapor­
ation of a small portion of the water. This type of transfer is represented by the equation

This equation is commonly referred to as the Merkel equation. The derivation can be found in Kern,
D. O., “Process Heat Transfer,” McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1950.
 This equation can be represented graphically by the following diagram:

(a) Saturation Cune & Operating Line (b) Evaluation of . *

hw - n.
Enthalpy. Btu/lb dry air

Temperature, °F

This basic heat transfer equation, which is applicable to any direct contact water-air cooling method
I
has been integrated by the “Four-Point Tchebycheff Function Evaluation” by computer over a broad
range of variables.
Any additional point that is desired can be calculated by following the instructions in CTI Bulletin
I
ATP-105 and using the CTI Form ATP-127.
Included in this volume is an enthalpy table covering conditions from 0 F. to 200°F. This is helpful I
if additional points need to be calculated.
It is normal for the performance requirement of a cooling tower to change during its life-time. Heat
removal requirements may change drastically, and often the optimum values of cooling range and
I
approach to the wet bulb temperature are appreciably affected by changes in product quality, market
value, and price changes of associated equipment and/or products. Thus the need for performance
calculations normally does not end with the initial design and installation.
 III. BASIS OF CALCULATIONS
Several assumptions were necessary in order to calculate the data presented in this book. These assump­
tions and their effect on overall accuracy are as follows:
1. It is assumed that the effect of the heat of the vaporized liquids on the results is negligible.
2. The equation illustrated above is based upon the counter-current flow of air and water. Vertical
towers having upward air flow and downward water fall arc predominantly counterflow. Towers
with horizontal air flow and downward water fall are predominantly crossflow. Most towers are a
combination of counter- and crossflow. Although the equation is based on pure counter-current
flow, the curves are applicable, within the limits set forth in CTI Bulletin ATP-105, to both
crossflow and counterflow towers.

IV. LIMITATIONS ON USE OF BOOK

1. The accuracy decreases as calculations or tests arc run at conditions further from design. How­
ever, within the limits listed in ATP-105 these deviations will be less than test measurement inac­
curacies. Under conditions beyond the limits listed in ATP-105 the deviations may become larger
than test inaccuracies. However, the curves and calculations in this book will still have sufficient
accuracy to be useful to the tower operator.
2. Actual tower performance may deviate from predicted performance at water loadings consider­
ably different from design, because of uneven water distribution at relatively low or high levels,
and possible channeling of air and water. Also, it may be necessary to correct or measure* air flow
(G) at water loadings (L) considerably different from design, since water loading affects the resist­
ance to the flow of air.
3. A single known L/G versus KaV/L point is sufficient for the prediction of performance at various
wet bulb temperatures and cooling ranges, if L/G is held constant. If L/G is varied, the tower
characteristic curve is used for the predictions. If this curve is not available it can be constructed
by drawing a straight line on logarithmic paper through two (or more) test L/G versus KaV/L
points. If only one point is available, the use of —0.6 as the slope of the characteristic curve is
valid within reasonable limits (see CTI Bulletin ATP-105, paragraph 2.33, for recommended
limitations). This assumed slope has been used since 1960 by the Cooling Tower Institute for
evaluating cooling tower performance (See CTI Forms ATP-107R and ATP-127). Lines with
slopes of —0.6 are printed on an overlay contained in the inside front cover pocket of this book.
This grid simplifies the use of the book when transferring from one set of conditions to another.
For example, a line parallel to the grid lines may be drawn through a known L/G versus KaV/L
point, and the graph then used to predict approaches at other ranges, wet bulb temperatures, and
values of L/G. Also included is a blank overlay for penciling in tower characteristic curves of
other slopes.

V. SCOPE OF CURVES
Included in this book are 821 pages of curves on logarithmic paper, with L/G (water to air ratio)
as abscissa, KaV/L (tower characteristic) as ordinate, and approach as parameter. Each page repre­
sents a fixed combination of wet bulb temperature and cooling range.
In the low wet bulb range, sets of approach curves are provided for wet bulb temperatures of 0, 20,
30, 40, and 45°F, and for cooling ranges of 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80°F.
In the higher wet bulb range, sets of curves are provided for wet bulb temperatures of 50, 52, 54, 56,
58 and from 60 to 90°F in 1° increments, and for ranges of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22,
24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100°F. For all curve sets, approach curves are for 2 to 12°F
in Io increments, 14 to 30°F in 2° increments, and 30 to 100°F in 5° increments. No curves are
given for conditions where hot water temperatures would exceed 200°F or where cold water temper­
atures would be below 34°F.

VI. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

The following examples are illustrative of the types of performance problems which can be solved by
the use of these curves. They also demonstrate the exact method of solving each type of problem.
♦See CTI BufletiiTTPFLl22 “Field Tests of Fan Performance on Induced Draft Cooling Towers”.
Example No. 1. The determination of tower capability.*
A water cooling tower was purchased to cool 10,000 gpm from I1O°F to 90°F with 80°F wet bulb temperature,
using a total of 136 fan driver-output horsepower. The following data were obtained from a field test:

Water circulation rate, gpm ..........................8,950

Hot water temperature, °F........................... 110
Cold water temperature, °F......................... 84
Cooling range, °F.................................. 26
Wet bulb temperature, °F............................. 69
Approach, °F ........................................ 15
Total fan driver-output horsepower ............ 115

The manufacturer has submitted Figure 2 in accordance with paragraph 6 of CTI Bulletin ATP-105.

Step I. The design L/G, from Figure 2, is 1.37. Compute the test L/G, using equation (2), ATP-105:

8,950 / 136
X 1.37 = 1.30
10,000 \ 115 /

Select the curve for 69°F WBT and 26° range (test values). The intersection of the 15° approach curve and the
L/G = 1.30 line occurs at the ordinate 1.51, which is the test KaV/L.

Step 2. The point determined in Step 1 is plotted on Figure 3. A curve is drawn through this point parallel to
the characteristic curve submitted by the manufacturer, intersecting the 10° approach curve at an L/G of 1.45.

Step 3. The tower capability from paragraph 9 of ATP-105 is: Q= X 100 = 105.8%

Example No. 2. The effect of wet bulb temperature.

Using the test KaV/L versus L/G point for the Example 1 tower, we can now predict cold water temperatures for
various operating wet bulb temperatures. If the range, water flow, and air flow remain constant at test values but the
WBT drops to 60°F, CWT and HWT are predicted as follows:
Select the curve for 60°F WBT and 26° range. Plot the test point KaV/L = 1.51, L/G = 1.30 (see
Figure 4). Read the approach: 19.6°. The CWT is 60° + 19.6° = 79.6°F, and the HWT is 79.6° +
26° = 105.6°F.

Example No. 3. The effect of cooling range.

Using the test KaV/L versus L/G point for the Example 1 tower, we may also predict cold water temperatures for
various cooling ranges (HWT —CWT). If the WBT, water flow, and air flow remain constant but the range increases
to 35°, CWT and HWT are predicted as follows:
Select the curve for 69°F WBT and 35° range. Plot the test point KaV/L = 1.51, L/G = 1.30 (see
Figure 5). Read the approach: 17°. The CWT is 69° + 17° = 86°F, and the HWT is 86° + 35° =
121°F.

Example No. 4. The effect of water circulation rate.

Now suppose the water circulation rate for the Example 1 tower is increased by 10%, keeping the air flow, range,
and WBT constant. Using the test characteristic curve (described in Step 2 of Example 1 and shown as the upper
line on Figure 3) CWT and HWT are predicted as follows:
New circulation rate = 8,950 x 1.1 — 9,845 gpm
New L/G = 1.30 x 1.1 = 143
The new KaV/L is read from Figure 3 at the intersection of the test characteristic curve and the L/G
= 1.43 line: KaV/L = 1.43.
Select the curve for 69°F WBT and 26° range (test conditions). The intersection of KaV/L = 1.43 and
L/G = 1.43 lines occurs at an approach of 16.5° (see Figure 6). The corresponding CWT is 69° + 16.5°
= 85.5°F, and the HWT is 85.5° + 26° = 111.5°F.

*Refer to paragraph IV, “Limitations on Use of Book”

Example /Vo. 5. The effect of air delivery.

Assume air delivery to the Example 1 tower is increased by 10%, with no change in water circulation rate, range,
and WBT. The CWT and HWT can be predicted as follows:

New L/G = 1.30/1.10 = 1.18

The new KaV/L is read from Figure 3 at the intersection of the test characteristic curve and the L/G
= 1.18 line: KaV/L = 1.60.

Select the curve for 69°F WBT and 26° range (test conditions). The intersection of KaV/L — 1.60<and
L/G = 1.18 occurs at an approach of 13.5° (see Figure 7). The corresponding CWT is 69° + 13.5° =
82.5-F, and the HWT is 82.5° + 26° = 108.5°F.

VII. ILLUSTRATION OF THE CALCULATION OF TOWER

CAPABILITY BY MEANS OF ATP-105.

The use of this book of curves is not intended in any way to replace the procedures outlined in CTI
Bulletin ATP-105 for cooling tower acceptance testing. The book simply provides a convenient, time
saving method of evaluating the effects of cooling tower variables. All of the performance problems
(paragraph VI) solved by use of the curves can also be solved by direct calculations, but at the ex­
pense of considerably more time and effort. To illustrate this point, the Example No. 1 problem will
be solved without the use of the curves.

Example No. 1. The determination of tower capability*.

A water cooling tower was purchased to cool 10,000 gpm from 110°F to 90°F with 80°F wet bulb temper­
ature. using a total of 136 fan driver-output horsepower. The following data were obtained from a field test:
Water circulation rate, gpm ........................ 8,950
Hot water temperature, °F ........................ 110
Cold water temperature, °F ........................ 84
Cooling range, °F................................ 26
Wet bulb temperature, °F............................ 69
Approach, °F ...................................... 15
Total fan driver-output horsepower............ 115

The manufacturer has submitted Figure 8 in accordance with paragraph 6 of CTI Bulletin ATP-105.

Step 1. The design L/G, from Figure 8, is 1.37. Compute the test L/G, using equation (2), ATP-105:

8,950 /_136\* X L37 = 1.30

10,000 \ 115/

S^rtoPiIFagraph lV,'-Limitafi<>nson Useof

 The value of the tower characteristic KaV/L is calculated using test values of HWT, CWT,
WBT, and L/G, by the procedure described in paragraph 8 of ATP-105:

Calculation of KaV/L

The Tchebycheff method for numerically cvaluat- where

b y, = value of y at x= a + 0.1 (b — a)
ing the integral f y dx uses values of y at predetermined x= a + 0.4 (b — a)
y2 = value of y at
a y., = value of y at x= b — 0.4 (b — a)
y} = value of y at x= b — 0.1 (b — a)
values of x within the interval a to b, so selected that
the sum of these values of y multiplied by a constant For the evaluation of KaV/L,
times the interval (b — a) gives the desired value of the
integral. In its four-point form the values of y so se­ ‘ dT ^T,-TA 1__ 1
lected are taken at values of x of 0.102673 . . .. hw — ha 4 [ Mi, A/h
0.406204 . . 0.593796 . . and 0.897327 ... of the
interval (b — a). For the determination of KaV/L, J. JI
A/b aaJ
rounding off these values to the nearest tenth is entirely
adequate. The approximate formula becomes: where

b
A/i; = value of (hlc —ha) at T2 + 0.1 (T2 — T2)
&h2 — value of (hw —ha) at Tt 4- 0.4 (Tt — T 2)
(y¡ + y¿ + + y \) Áh,t = value of (hw —ha) at T2 — 0.4 (Tt — Tt)
a Mi>, = value of (hlc —ha) at T¿ — 0.1 (T¡ — T2)

EXAMPLE OF KaV/L CALCULATION

Given TL = 110°F From the enthalpy table* at 69°F, ht =. 33.25

Tn = 84° F
h2 = h,+ L/G (Tt - T2)
WBT = 69 °F
L/G = 1.3 = 33.25 + 1.3 (110 - 84) = 67.05

1
T, °F h« ha (hw — ha)
Ah
T2 = 84.0 lh = 33.25
To + 0.1 (Tx — To) = 86.6 51.41 hi 4- 0.1 L/G (Tx - To) = 36.63 Ahx = 14.78 .0676
To 4- 0.4 (Tj - To) = 94.4 62.38 hi 4- 0.4L/G (Tx - To) = 46.77 Aho = 15.61 .0640
Tt - 0.4 (Tj - To) = 99.6 71.02 h, _ 0.4L/G (Ti - To) = 53.53 Aha =17.49 .0571
Ti — 0.1 (Ti — To) = 107.4 86.43 h., - 0.1 L/G (Ti - To) = 63.67 Ah4 = 22.76 .0441
T, = 110.0 ho = 67.05

From Equation (5):

KaV/L = 4UP---- ÜL (.0676 + .0640 + .0571 + .0441) = 1.51

4

Step 3. The test KaV/L versus L/G point from above Steps 1 & 2 is plotted on Figure 9. The test charac­
teristic curve for the tower is constructed by drawing a line through this point, parallel to the characteristic curve
submitted by the manufacturer (sec Figure 8). The new curve intersects the 10° approach curve at an L/G of 1.45.

1.45
Step 4. The tower capability from paragraph 9 of ATP-105 is: Q — -j yy X 100 — 105.8%

♦For enthalpy data, see Table 1.

I
|c T 1 COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

1
80 WET BULB (°F)
20 RANGE (°F)

4
 COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE
|c T 1
80 WET BULB (°F)
20 RANGE (°F)

Figure 3

POINT

KaV
L

____________________

1C

G I 45
PERCENT CAPABll UY X 100 = 105.8%
I 37
1

COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

]
2 60 WET BULB (°F)
26 RANGE (°F)
CT I COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

69 WET BULB (°F)

35 RANGE (°F)
c T 1 COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

69 WET BULB (°F)

26 RANGE (°F)

-
 COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE
c T 1
69 WET BULB (°F)
26 RANGE (°F)
 c T 1 COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

WET BULB (°F)

RANGE (°F)

r°

.1 .15
|c T 1
COOLING TOWER INSTITUTE

WET BULB (°F)

RANGE (°F)
 Table 1. Enthalpy of Saturated Air-Water Vapor Mixture (at 29.921 in. Hg)
°F 0.7 0.8 0.9 °F
o.i 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
o 1.006 1.034 1.063 1.091 0
0.835 0.863 0.892 0.920 0.949 0.977
1 1.120 1.321 1.350 1.379 1
1.149 1.777 1.206 1.235 1.264 1.293 2
2 1.408 1.582 1.611 1.640 1.669
1.437 1.466 1.495 1.524 1.553
1.932 1.962 3
3 1.698 1.727 1.756 1.786 1.815 1.844 1.874 1.903
4 2.168 2.197 2.227 2.256 4
1.991 2.020 2.050 2.079 2.109 2.138
5 2.286 2.464 2.494 2.523 2.553 5
2.316 2.345 2.375 ,2.405 2.434
6 2.583 2.763 2.793 2.823 2.853 6
2.613 2.643 2.673 2.703 2.732 3.157 7
7 2.883 2.913 2.944 2.974 3.005 3.035 3.066 3.096 3.127
8 3.188 3.371 3.402 3.433 3.463 8
3.219 3.249 3.280 3.310 3.341 3.772 9
9 3.494 3.525 3.617 3.648 3.679 3.710 3.741
3.556 3.586 4.085 10
10 3.803 3.834 3.928 3.959 3.990 4.022 4.053
3.865 3.897
11 4.116 4.305 4.337 4.368 4.400 11
4.147 4.179 4.210 4.242 4.273 4.721 12
12 4.432 4.464 4.496 4.528 4.560 4.592 4.624 4.656 4.689
13 4.946 4.979 5.011 5.044 13
4.753 4.785 4.817 4.850 4.882 4.914 5.370 14
14 5.076 5.109 5.141 5.174 5.206 5.239 5.272 5.304 5.337
15 5.568 5.602 5.635 5.668 5.702 15
5.403 5.436 5.469 5.502 5.535
16 5.902 5.936 5.970 6.003 6.037 16
5.735 5.768 5.802 5.835 5.869
r 6.071 6.241 6.275 6.309 6.343 6.378 17
6.105 6.139 6.173 6.207 6.721 18
18 6.412 6.446 6.480 6.515 6.549 6.583 6.618 6.652 6.687
19 6.756 6.826 6.860 6.895 6.930 6.965 7.000 7.036 7.071 19
6.791 7.424 20
20 7.106 7.141 7.176 7.212 7.247 7.282 7.318 7.353 7.389

21 7.460 7.639 7.675 7.711 7.748 7.784 21

7.496 7.532 7.567 7.603 22
22 7.820 7.856 7.893 7.929 7.966 8.002 8.039 8.076 8.112 8.149
23 8.186 8.260 8.297 8.334 8.371 8.408 8.445 8.482 8.520 23
8.223 8.896 24
24 8.557 8.594 8.632 8.669 8.707 8.745 8.782 8.820 8.858
25 8.934 8.972 9.010 9.048 9.086 9.125 9.163 9.201 9.240 9.278 25

26 9.356 9.394 9.472 9.511 9.550 9.589 9.628 9.667 26

9.317 9.433
27 9.706 9.745 9.785 9.824 9.864 9.904 9.943 9.983 10.023 10.063 27
28 10.223 10.263 10.304 10.344 10.384 10.425 10.465 28
10.103 10.143 10.183
29 10.506 10.547 10.587 10.628 10.669 10.710 10.750 10.791 10.833 10.874 29
30 10.956 10.998 11.040 11.081 11.123 11.165 11.207 11.249 11.291 30
10.915
11.333 11.376 11.418 11.461 11.503 11.546 11.589 11.631 11.673 11.716 31
31 12.128 32
32 11.758 11.799 11.841 11.882 11.923 11.964 12.005 12.046 12.087
12.169 12.210 12.252 12.293 12.335 12.376 12.418 12.460 12.501 12.543 33
33 34
34 12.585 12.627 12.669 12.711 12.753 12.796 12.838 12.880 12.923 12.965
35 13.008 13.051 13.093 13.136 13.179 13.222 13.265 13.308 13.351 13.395 35

36 13-438 13.481 13.525 13.568 13.612 13.655 13.699 13.742 13.786 13.830 36
37 13.874 13-918 13.962 14.007 14.051 14.095 14.140 14.185 14.229 14.274 37
14.319 14.364 14.409 14.454 14.499 14.544 14.589 14.635 14.680 14.725 38
38
14.771 14.817 14.862 14.908 14.954 15.000 15.045 15.092 15.138 15.184 39
39 15.650 40
40 15.230 15.276 15.323 15.369 15.416 15.462 15.509 15.556 15.603

41 15.697 15.744 15.791 15.839 15.886 15.933 15.981 16.029 16.076 16.124 41
42 16.172 16.220 16.268 16.317 16.365 16.413 16.462 16.511 16.559 16.608 42
16.657 16.706 16.755 16.804 16.853 16.902 16.951 17.001 17.050 17.099 43
43 17.348 17.398 17.448 44
44 17.149 17.199 17.248 17.298 17.499 17.549 17.599
17.650 17.701 17.751 17.802 17.853 17.904 17.956 18.007 18.058 18.110 45
45

18.161 18.212 18.264 18.316 18.367 18.419 18.471 18.523 18.575

46 18.944 18.997
18.680 18.733 18.785 18.838 18.891 19.051 19.104
47 19.372 19.426 19.480 19.534 19.588 19.642
48 19.211 19.265 19.318
19.751 19.806 19.860 19.915 19.970 20.025 20.080 20.135 20.190
49 20.47 20.53 20.58 20.64 20.70 20.75
50 20.30 20.36 20.41

20.86 20.92 20.97 21.03 21.09 21.14 21.20 21.26 21.32

51 21.60 21.66 21.72 21.78 21.84 21.90
52 21.43 21.49 21.55
22.02 22.07 22.13 22.19 22.25 22.31 22.37 22.43 22.49
53 22.79 22.85 22.91 22.97 23.03 23.09
54 22.61 22.67 22.73
23.22 23.28 23.34 23.40 23.46 23.53 23.59 23.65 23.71
55

23.84 23.90 23.96 24.03 24.09 24.16 24.22 24.28 24.35

56 24.67 24.73 24.80 24.86 24.92
24.48 24.54 24.60 24.99
57 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58 25.65
58 25.12 25.18 25.25
25.78 25.85 25.91 25.98 26.05 26.12 26.18 26.25 26.32
59 26.60 26.67 26.74 26.80 26.87 26.94 27.01
60 26.46 26.53

27.22 27.29 27.36 27.43 27.50 27.57 27.64 27.71

61 27.15 28.06 28.21 28.28
27.85 27.92 27.99 28.13 28.35 28.42
62 28.72 28.79 28.86 28.94 29.01 29.09 29.16
63 28.57 28.64
29.38 29.46 29.53 29.61 29.68 29.76 29.83 29.91
64 29.31 30.28 30.36 30.44 30.51
30.06 30.13 30.20 30.59 30.67
65
•J A Goff and S. Gratchs "Thermodynamic Propertie» of Moist Air" (ASHVE Transaction», Vol. 51, 1945, p. 125).
 Table 1 (continued). Enthalpy of Saturated Air-Water Vapor Mixture (at 29.921 in. Hg)*

°F 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.9 °F

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
66 30.83 30.90 30.98 31.46 31.54 66
31.06 31.14 31.22 31.30 31.38
67 31.62 31.70 31.78 32.18 32.26 32.34 67
31.86 31.94 32.02 32.10 68
68 32.42 32.50 32.59 32.67 32.92 33.00 33.08 33-17
32.75 32.83 69
69 33.25 33.33 33.41 33.50 33.58 3 3.66 33.74 33.83 33.91 34.00
70 34.09 34.17 34.25 34.78 34.87 70
34.34 34.43 34.51 34.60 34.69
71 34.95 35.04 35.13 35.22 35.30 35.48 35.57 35.66 35.75 71
72 35.39 72
35.83 35.92 36.01 36.10 36.19 36.28 36.37 36.46 36.56 36.65
73 36.74 36.83 36.92 37.01 37.10 37.20 37.38 37.48 37.57 73
37.29 74
74 37.66 37.76 37.85 37.94 38.04 38.1 3 38.2 3 38.32 38.41 38.51
75 38.61 38.70 38.80 38.89 38.98 39.08 39.18 39.27 39.37 39.47 75
76 39.57 39.67 39.77 39.87 39.97 40.07 40.17 40.27 40.37 40.47 76
77 40.57 40.67 40.77 40.87 40.97 41.17 41.27 41.37 41.48 77
78 41.07
41.58 41.68 41.78 41.88 41.99 42.10 42.20 42.30 42.41 42.52 78
79 42.62 42.73 42.84 42.94 43.05 43.16 43.26 43.37 43.47 43.58 79
80 43.69 43.80 43.91 44.01 44.12 44.34 44.45 44.56 44.67 80
44.23
81 44.78 44.89 45.00 45.11 45.22 45.56 45.67 45.78 81
82
45.34 45.45
45.90 46.01 46.12 46.23 46.35 46.46 46.58 46.70 46.81 46.92 82
83 47.04 47.15 47.27 47.39 47.51 47.74 47.86 47.98 48.10 83
84 47.63
48.22 48.34 48.46 48.58 48.70 48.82 48.94 49.06 49.18 49.30 84
85 49.43 49.55 49.67 49.79 49.91 50.15 50.28 50.40 50.53 85
50.03
86 50.66 50.78 50.90 51.03 51.16 51.28 51.41 51.54 51.67 51.80 86
87 51.93 52.06 52.19 52.32 52.45 52.58 52.84 52.97 53.10 87
88 52.71
53.23 53.36 53.49 53.62 53.75 53.88 54.02 54.15 54.28 54.42 88
89 54.56 54.69 54.82 54.96 55.09 55.23 55.37 55.51 55.65 55.79 89
90 55.93 56.07 56.21 56.35 56.49 56.63 56.77 56.91 57.05 57.19 90
91 57.33 57.47 57.61 57.76 57.90 58.05 58.19 58.34 58.48 58.63 91
92 58.78 58.92 59.07 59.21 59.36 59.50 59.65 59.80 59.95 60.10 92
93 60.25 60.40 60.55 60.70 60.85 61.00 61.15 61.31 61.46 61.61 93
94 61.77 61.92 62.07 62.23 62.38 62.54 62.69 62.85 63.00 63.16 94
95 63.32 63.48 63.63 63.79 63.95 64.11 64.27 64.44 64.60 64.76 95
96 64.92 65.08 65.25 65.41 65.58 65.74 65.90 66.06 66.23 66.39 96
97 66.55 66.72 66.88 67.05 67.22 67.39 67.56 67.73 67.90 68.07 97
98 68.23 68.40 68.57 68.74 68.91 69.08 69.26 69.43 69.61 69.78 98
99 69.96 70.14 70.32 70.50 70.67 70.85 71.02 71.20 71.38 71.55 99
100 71.73 71.91 72.09 72.27 72.45 72.63 72.82 73.00 73.19 73.37 100
101 73.55 73.73 73.92 74.11 74.29 74.48 74.67 74.86 75.04 75.23 101
102 75.42 75.62 75.82 76.01 76.20 76.39 76.58 76.77 76.96 77.15 102
103 77.34 77.54 77.73 77.93 78.12 78.32 78.52 78.72 78.92 79.12 103
104 79.32 79.52 79.72 79.92 80.12 80.32 80.52 80.72 80.93 81.13 104
105 81.34 81.54 81.75 81.95 82.16 82.37 82.58 82.79 83.00 83.21 105
106 83.42 83.63 83.84 84.05 84.26 84.48 84.69 84.91 85.12 85.34 106
107 85.56 85.77 85.99 86.21 86.43 86.65 86.87 87.10 87.32 87.54 107
108 87.76 87.99 88.22 88.44 88.67 88.89 89.11 89.34 89.57 89.80 108
109 90.03 90.25 90.48 90.71 90.94 91.17 91.40 91.64 91.87 92.10 109
110 92.34 92.57 92.81 93.05 93.29 93.52 93.76 94.00 94.24 94.48 110
111 94.72 94.96 95.21 95.45 95.70 95.94 96.19 96.44 96.68 96.93 111
112 97.18 97.43 97.68 97.93 98.18 98.43 98.68 98.94 99.19 99.45 11 >
113 99.71 99.96 100.22 100.48 100.74 101.00 101.26 101.52 101.78 102.05 11 A
114 102.31 102.58 102.84 103.10 103.37 103.63 103.90 104.17 104.44 104.71 114
115 104.98 105.25 105.52 105.79 106.06 106.34 106.61 106.89 107.17 107.45 ¡15
116 107.73 108.01 108.29 108.57 108.85 109.13 109.41 109.70 109.98 110.27 116
117 110.55 110.84 111.13 111.42 111.71 112.00 112.29 112.58 112.87 113.16 1 17
118 113.46 113.75 114.05 114.35 114.65 114.95 115.25 115.55 115.86 116.16 118
119 116.46 116.77 117.07 117.38 117.69 118.00 118.30 118.61 118.92 119.23 1 IO
120 119.54 119.85 120.17 120.48 120.80 121.12 121.44 121.76 122.08 122.40 120
121 122.72 123.04 123.36 123.68 124.01 124.34 124.67 125.00 125.33 125.65 171
122 125.98 126.31 126.64 126.98 127.31 127.65 127.99 128.33 128.67 129.01 122
123 129.35 129.69 130.03 130.37 130.72 131.06 131.41 131.75 132.10 132.45 1 7A
124 132.80 133.15 133.50 133.85 134.21 134.57 134.93 135.29 135.66 136.03 L24
125 136.4 136.7 137.1 137.5 137.8 138.2 138.6 139.0 139.3 139.7 125
126 140.1 140.5 140.8 141.2 141.6 142.0 142.3 142.7 143.1 143.5 1 76
127 143.9 144.3 144.7 145.1 145.5 145.9 146.3 146.7 147.1 147.4 177
128 147.8 148.2 148.6 149.0 149.4 149.8 150.2 150.6 151.0 151.4 128
129 151.8 152.2 152.6 153.0 153.4 153.8 154.2 154.6 155.1 155.5 179
130 155.9 156.3 156.8 157.2 157.6 158.0 158.5 158.9 159.4 159.8 130
131 160.3 160.7 161.2 161.6 162.0 162.5 162.9 163.4 163.8 164.2 l Ai
132 164.7 165.1 165.6 166.0 166.5 167.0 167.4 167.9 168.3 168.8 132
133 169.3 169.7 170.2 170.7 171.1 171.6 172.1 172.6 173.0 173.5 1 3A
134 174.0 174.5 175.0 175.4 175.9 176.4 176.9 177.4 177.9 178.4 134
135 178.9 179.4 179.9 180.4 180.9 181.4 181.9 182.4 182.9 183.4 135
*J. A. Goff and S. Gratch: "Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air" (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 51, 1945, p. 125).

I
 Table 1 (continued). Enthalpy of Saturated Air-Water Vapor Mixture (at 29.921 in. Hg)*

°F 0.0 0.1 0.2 °F

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
136 183.9 184.4
137 184.9 185.4 185.9 186.4 186.9 187.4 188.0 188.5 136
189.0 189.5 190.0 190.6 191.6 192.2 192.7 193.3 193.8 137
138 194.4 191.1
194.9 195.5 196.0 196.6 197.1 197.6 198.2 198.8 199.4 138
139 199.9 200.5 201.1 204.0 205.1 139
140 201.7 202.2 202.8 203.4 204.5
205.7 206.3 206.9 207.5 208.1 208.7 209.3 209-9 210.4 211.0 140
141 211.6 212.2 212.8 215.8 216.4 217.0 141
142 213.4 214.0 214.6 215.2
217.7 218.3 218.9 219.5 220.2 220.8 221.5 222.1 222.7 223.4 142
143 224.1 224.7 225.3 226.0 226.6 228.0 228.6 229.3 229.9 143
144 227.3
230.6 231.3 232.0 232.6 233.3 234.0 234.7 235.3 236.0 236.7 144
145 237.4 238.1 238.8 241.6 243.0 243.7 145
239.5 240.2 240.9 242.3
146 244.4 245.1 245.8 248.0 248.7 249.5 250.2 250.9 146
147 246.5 247.2
251.7 252.4 253.2 254.0 254.7 255.5 256.2 257.0 257.7 258.5 147
148 259.3 260.0 260.8 261.6 262.4 263.2 264.7 265.5 266.3 148
263.9
149 267.1 267.9 268.7 269.5 270.3 271.1 271.9 272.7 273.5 274.4 149
150 275.3 276.1 276.9 277.7 278.5 279.4 280.2 281.1 281.9 282.8 150

151 283.6 284.5 285.3 286.2 287.1 287.9 288.8 289.7 290.6 291.5 151
152 292.4 293.3 294.2 295.1 296.0 296.9 297.8 298.7 299.7 300.6 152
153 301.5 302.4 303.3 304.3 305.2 306.1 307.1 308.0 309.0 309.9 153
154 310.9 311.9 312.8 313.8 314.8 315.8 316.8 317.8 318.8 319.8 154
155 320.8 321.8 322.8 323.8 324.8 325.8 326.9 327.9 328.9 330.0 155

156 331.0 332.1 333.1 334.2 335.2 336.3 337.4 338.4 339.5 340.6 156
157 341.7 342.8 343.9 345.0 346.1 347.1 348.3 349.4 350.5 351.6 157
158 352.7 353.8 355.0 356.1 357.2 358.4 359.5 360.7 361.9 363.0 158
159 364.2 365.4 366.6 367.8 369.0 370.2 371.4 372.6 373-8 375.1 159
160 376.3 377.5 378.8 380.0 381.2 382.5 383.7 385.0 386.3 387.5 160

161 388.8 390.1 391.4 392.7 394.0 395.3 396.6 398.0 399.3 400.7 161
162 402.0 403.3 404.7 406.1 407.4 408.8 410.2 411.5 412.9 414.3 162
163 415.7 417.1 418.5 419.9 421.3 422.7 424.1 425.6 427.0 428.4 163
164 429-9 431.4 432.9 434.3 435.8 437.4 438.9 440.4 441.9 443.5 164
165 445.0 446.5 448.1 449.6 451.2 452.8 454.3 455.9 457.5 459.1 165

166 460.7 462.3 463.9 465.6 467.2 468.9 470.5 472.2 473.8 475.5 166
167 477.2 478.9 480.6 482.3 484.0 485.7 487.4 489.2 490.9 492.6 167
168 494.4 496.2 497.9 499.7 501.5 503.3 505.1 506.9 508.7 510.6 168
169 512.4 514.3 516.1 518.0 519.9 521.8 523-7 525.7 527.6 529-5 169
170 531.5 533.5 535.4 537.4 539.4 541.4 543.4 545.4 547.4 549.5 170

171 551.5 553.6 555.6 557.7 559.8 562.0 564.1 566.2 568.4 570.5 171
172 572.7 574.9 577.1 579.2 581.4 583.7 585.9 588.1 590.4 592.6 172
173 594.9 597.2 599.5 601.8 604.1 606.4 608.8 611.1 613.5 615.9 173
174 618.3 620.7 623.2 625.6 628.1 630.6 633.1 635.6 638.1 640.6 174
175 643.2 645.8 648.3 650.9 653.5 656.1 658.7 661.4 664.0 666.7 175

176 669.4 672.1 674.8 677.6 680.4 683.1 685.9 688.8 691.6 694.4 176
177 697.3 700.2 703.1 706.0 708.9 711.9 714.8 717.8 720.8 723.9 177
178 726.9 730.0 733.0 736.1 739.2 742.4 745.5 748.7 751.9 755.1 178
179 758.3 761.6 764.8 768.1 771.4 774.8 778.1 781.5 784.9 788.4 179
180 791.8 795.3 798.7 802.2 805.8 809.3 812.9 816.5 820.1 823.7 180

181 827.4 831.1 834.8 838.6 842.4 846.2 850.1 853.9 857.8 861.8 181
182 865.7 869.7 873.6 877.6 881.7 885.7 889.8 894.0 898.1 902.3 182
183 906.5 910.8 915.0 919.4 923.7 928.1 932.5 937.0 941.4 946.0 183
1R4 950.5 955.1 959.7 964.3 968.9 973.6 978.4 983.1 988.0 992.8 184
185 998. 1003. 1008. 1013. 1018. 1023. 1028. 1033. 1038. 1044. 185

186 1049. 1054. 1060. 1065. 1070. 1076. 1081. 1087. 1093. 1098. 186
187 1104. 1110. 1116. 1121. 1127. 1133. 1139. 1145. 1152. 1158. 187
188 1164. 1170. 1177. 1183. 1189. 1196. 1202. 1209. 1216. 1222. 188
1229. 1236. 1243. 1250. 1257. 1264. 1271. 1279. 1286. 1294. 189
189 1346. 1354.
190 1301. 1308. 1316. 1323. 1331. 1339. 1362. 1370. 190

1378. 1386. 1394. 1403. 1411. 1420. 1429. 1437. 1446. 1455. 191
191 1501. 1510. 1520. 1529. 1539. 1549. 192
192 1464 1473. 1482. 1491.
J5S9 1569. 1579. 1590. 1600. 1611. 1622. 1633. 1644. 1655. 193
193 1700. 1712. 1723. 1735. 1747. 1772. 194
194 1666. 1677. 1689. 1759.
1784. 1797. 1809. 1822. 1836. 1849. 1862. 1876. 1890. 1904. 195
195

1918. 1932. 1947. 1961. 1976. 1991. 2006. 2022. 2037. 2053. 196
196 2136. 2170. 2188. 2206. 2224.
2069. 2085. 2102. 2119. 2153. 197
197 2300. 2319. 2339. 2359. 2380. 2401. 2422. 198
198 2243. 2262. 2281.
2465. 2487. 2509. 2532. 2555. 2579. 2603. 2627. 2652. 199
199 2443. 2781. 2809. 2836. 2864. 2893. 2922. 200
2677. 2702. 2728. 2755.
200
•J A Goff and S. Gratchi "Thermodynamic Propertie» of Moi»t Air" (ASHVE Traniaction», Vol. 51, 1945, p. 125).
VIII. NOMENCLATURE

a arca of transfer surface per unit of tower volume;

sq ft per cu ft
G mass air flow; lb dry air per hr per sq ft
h enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture; Btu per lb dry
air
ha enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at wet bulb temper­
ature; Btu per lb dry air
hw enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at bulk water tem­
perature; Btu per lb dry air
hi enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at inlet wet bulb
temperature; Btu per lb dry air
h2 enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at exhaust wet bulb
temperature; Btu per lb dry air
K overall enthalpy transfer coefficient; lb per hr per sq
ft per lb water per lb dry air
L mass water flow; lb per hr per sq ft plan area
Q tower capability; per cent of design water flow
T bulk water temperature; °F
Tj hot water temperature; °F
To cold water temperature; °F
V effective cooling tower volume; cu ft per sq ft plan
area
bhp brake horsepower
CWT cold water temperature; °F
gpm gallons per minute (U.S. liquid measure)
HWT hot water temperature; °F
KaV/L tower characteristic
L/G liquid-to-gas ratio; lb water per lb dry air
WBT wet bulb temperature; °F
NOTA:
El libro original tiene 850 páginas, de las cuales 821 contienen
graficas con curvas de torres de enfriamiento (ver punto V.
SCOPE OF CURVES) similares a las que se presentan en las
siguientes paginas.

A continuación, se presentan las gráficas de torres de

enfriamiento para algunas temperaturas.

Si estas interesado en de torres de enfriamiento y tienes este

libro, o tienes acceso a una universidad que tiene este libro,
date un tiempo, escanea y sube el libro completo a Internet.

Yo no tengo acceso al libro, en mi país ninguna biblioteca lo

tiene.

Agradesco a las personas que me han facilitados las paginas

de este libro, ha sido muy difícil conseguir estas paginas
porque la persona que me las paso vive en otro país y no tiene
mucho tiempo para ir a la biblioteca y escanear las 850 paginas

Sé que este libro sera de mucha ayuda para muchos

estudiantes, profesores, empresas intituciones, etc.

En el siguiente enlace (link) puedes encontrar un lista de

universidades donde se encuentra este libro en físico.

https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/2016756

Si tienes el libro completo en PDF o tienes acceso a alguna de

las universidades listadas en el enlace anterior, busca el libro,
escanea y sube a Internet. El conocimiento debe ser libre, esta
es mi contribución.
. c o o L IN G T 0 W E H l N3 T !TUT E

F—~>J
H-

<

--i
í H

')—S*1»

®B
O

J’

hírrn
COOLING lOWETI INSTITUTE

71 W'r T HUI,B CT')

12 :<ANur< (°F)
 72 WE f HELE WE)
n c1 / o c
Wp? Ma m
I WU{ I }

I
WfflWwW
~i.~

m~wi
 Uic) JONVcí 21
(j.j nina ,L3M z¿
3l.íllUtíN¡ tí 3 iñ 01 QNnOOtí
C 0 0 [_ í N G TOWE ñ ! N S TIT U T E

73 WE- ! BH.p, r i )
io kang a (ga

oh
 COOL IM G TOWE R I N S TIT U T E

73 WET BULB (aF)

12 RANGE (°F)

10- 1 Ti W
■p® i •i' !• e:
I i
9-
j.

±T± !
o
x ¡ X
i
i
X EffiHE
4-7 Hi! 3
i
É IB
tiriqm I
1 i
7-
ZL~.
J~4
'i í ff
X
tt
Epffii:
ip
T

ó- 4
(I
¡B
■!j
I O
T i II
X
1 i i
zlXz; íí í zíz ti
-li X'
1 4
i.
i . T7
:ETz

w L i
5-
i
i
n:
ill! I I :r ±¡- ±

4
EFE
tzl
i
t
lit
i-
77!

ti:.
i i-i
I
i >
X¡
XJ

± EHIMT .J
E
SKI
1 L i il
lí f¡
f:

7
II
xp XX*
0
b-
:r 1
I
ti I
’7
j
1
:!± .i IT í

i lT ■ n
3
EfEE
x
I.'...
I g
¡i.
;rtí
:.EiS
T rí-
£T-I 1 Hi i,

>1
2.5 Be
T ir I" i<-d ztiX
x i x
i-LÍ

i. i I
I
i: í X
f
fi 'ib ■A~
2~ TX ; I TI
f ■
1
!|i r I i 1 It
¡ J
r
1.5- ■¡ ■íl i
í
■i i 1 1 1
rr
Ti
i J
I
! 0 1
r
1- H
i! 1 MM
.8- I •I
TI
Sl
l4=pd-
.7-

.6
jT
iiffi
TIL
ttt i
■x

I
7 I TI
i-L

1i ±Ei±f
fe15
F
H

i j
/
i
I
¡®
X
r 4
hi B iw i
:c|

s
x:x
.5-
7|iz±zpb.¡-k.' |¡Sfe I iT. I
■i'pH h-i .'<>

IEÍfIí! íiíjgS
:• y1-
j-%
.4- xi i5
x
Ibi
ffl

1
p
:xt
r
,3-==
IBM
Tiimn Sit ' .1. 7. t
iL lb il 1
t¿ tHj.ii 1 i g -I
Bi
dip
íW
.25
B HIS zilb :te

■ tt I íESl iffXI111ii
xl Ib
,'í IT ■ 1:
T
w Jl.

|É
H: ir-
jJjbi XT T
.2
,T ’ i. i1 n
-U T- EEFt i TiH--i-m:
!
ife
0
tí
J
i

i IT i
i
III! i-ib ■ ’ II fe X

-L_
Tí
n.
.i.i|4..|irp J.
•1 i
X
ii mm
! [
!, i i.

!-
■fí. i.ttHT’i. ti -ft i
ü[ ::rr ■i I
TI ri
ir
yj
í
■i
¡.
ii i
i.t T I j
I 1 ii. JI. T‘
i
! ]i ,i I LiJlU.
-i r

.15 7 5
 7 4 W!- F 6ULR CT)
10 K -rr;. ru-j

KaV
coo i... IN 6

cd
*
m
O
1