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Unit 6 MDC

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Unit 6 MDC

Uploaded by

gurucharanmurmu904
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Processing

 Data is a collection of facts – unorganized but able to be organized into useful information
 Information is data arranged in an order and form that is useful to the people who receive it
 Data processing is a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information
 A data processing system includes resources such as people, procedures, and devices used to
process input data for producing desirable output

Data Storage Hierarchy


Relationship Among Character, Field, Record, and File:

Standard Methods of Organizing Data:

 File-oriented approach: Application’s data is organized into one or more files and application
program processes them to generate the desired output

 Database-oriented approach: Data from multiple related files are integrated together to form
a database:
 Provides greater query flexibility
 Reduces data redundancy
 Solves data integrity (inconsistency) problem
 Makes data independent of the application programs
 Includes data security features at database level, record level, and field level

File Management System:

 In file-oriented approach of organizing data, an application’s data is organized into one or


more files
 Application program processes the data stored in these files to generate the desired output
 Set of programs is provided to facilitate the users in organizing, creating, deleting, updating,
and manipulating their files
 All these programs together form a File Management System (FMS)

File Types:

A file management system supports following file types:


 Transaction file: Stores input data until it can be processed
 Master file: Contains all current data relevant to an application
 Output file: Stores output produced by one program that is used as input to another program
 Report file: Holds a copy of a report generated by an application
 Backup file: Copy of a file, created as a safety precaution against loss of data

File Organizations:

 File organization is the physical organization of the records of a file for convenience of storage
and retrieval of data records

Three commonly used file organizations are:


 Sequential: Records are stored one after another in ascending or descending order
determined by the value of the key field of the records
 Direct/random: Desired record pertaining to current transaction can be directly located by its
key field value without having to navigate through sequence of other records
 Indexed sequential: There are two files for everydata file – the data
file which contains the records stored in the file, and the smaller
index file which contains the key and disk address of each record
stored in the data file

Organization of An Indexed Sequential File:


File Utilities:

 Routines to perform a variety of generalized operations on data files


 Operations performed by some commonly used file utilities are Sorting, Searching,
Merging, Copying, Printing, and Maintenance

Sorting On One Key:

Sorting On Two Key:


Merging of Two Files:

Database Management System:

 In database-oriented approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to facilitate


users in organizing, creating, deleting, updating, and manipulating data in a database
 All these programs together form a Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Models:

 Database model defines the manner in which the various files of a database are linked
together.

Four commonly used database models are:


 Hierarchical
 Network
 Relational
 Object-oriented
Hierarchical:

Network:
Relational:
Object-oriented:

Main Components of a DBMS:

 DBMS allows users to organize, process and retrieve selected data from a database without
knowing about the underlying database structure
 Four major components of a DBMS that enable this are:
 Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define the structure (schema) of a database
 Data Manipulation Language (DML): Provides commands to enable the users to enter
and manipulate the data

Main Components of a DBMS:

 Query Language: Enables users to define their requirements for extracting the desired
information from the database in the form of queries
 Report generator: Enables the users of a database to design the layout of a report so that it
can be presented in the desired format

Creating a Database:

Creation of a database is a three step process:


 Defining its structure (schema)
 Designing forms (custom screens) for displaying and entering data
 Entering the data into it
Sample Database Form:

Viewing, Modifying, Deleting, and Adding Records:

All database systems provide commands to view, modify, delete, or add records of an already
established database
Many database systems also provide a facility to set up a filter allowing user to browse through and
view only those records that meet some criterion

Searching a Database:

Commonly supported features for enabling a user to search for desired information in a database are:
Find command: Used for simple database queries
Query language: Used for more complex database queries
Query By Example (QBE): Provides a simple user interface for specifying search criteria

Creating Reports:

Reports are generated by using report generator of a database system to assemble the output of a
database query in desired format
Report generator enables user to specify layout of the report, titles & subtitles for the report, column
headings for various fields, and other elements to make the report appear more presentable
Sample Output of Report:

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