Mechanical Behavior of Materials
(11M013)
Unit I - Lesson 2
Dr. Jayalakshmi (ME)
5 Dec 2016
1
1. Evocation
2. Contents
Basis for linear elasticity, Anisotropic linear elasticity, Rubber
elasticity, Viscoelasticity
General Objective
Students will understand the linear elastic and viscoelastic behaviour of
crystalline materials.
Specific Objectives
Students will be able to
1. Explain linear elastic behaviour of materials. (S, E, M)
2. Explain elastic deformation behaviour of rubber. (S, E)
3. Explain viscoelastic behaviour of materials. (S, E, M, T)
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3. Basis for Linear Elasticity (Atomic Basis)
No external force Variation of Potential Energy with
Inter-Atomic Spacing
r
Equilibrium Fatt + Frep = 0 [net force]
i.e. the attractive and repulsive forces are equal and opposite at r = ro
3. Basis for Linear Elasticity (Atomic Basis)
Lennard-Jones Potential
Repulsive Force
Bond Length Attractive Force
3. Basis for Linear Elasticity
Fext + Fatt + Frep = 0 (Equilibrium)
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4. Anisotropic Linear Elasticity
A basic property that occurs in most applications is elasticity.
Although elastic response is linear for all practical purposes, it is often anisotropic
(composites, textured polycrystals etc.)
σ = Eε
Some materials do have a characteristic orientation (eg. wood, fiber reinforced composites).
Eg. Wood block will be stiffer if it is loaded parallel to the grain than when loaded
perpendicular to it.
Generally, single crystal specimens of a material will also be anisotropic .
Even polycrystalline metals may be anisotropic, because a preferred texture may form during
manufacture.
Elasticity: Requires tensors to describe it fully.
• Even in cubic metals, a crystal is quite anisotropic.
The [111] in many cubic metals is stiffer than the [100] direction.
• Even in cubic materials, 3 numbers/coefficients/moduli are required to describe
elastic properties; isotropic materials only require 2.
• Familiarity with Miller indices is assumed
4. Rubber Elasticity
Long chained molecules having hundreds of chains
Elastic Behaviour
1
1. Extension of chains
2. Stretching of atomic bonds
4. Viscoelasticity
Viscoelasticity: Property of materials that
exhibit both viscous & elastic characteristics
when undergoing deformation
Exhibit time-dependent strain
Spring: Hooke’s law
Dashpot: Newtonian Fluid
(deformation vs time is linear for a given stress)
Spring Dashpot
Voigt Model for
Visco-elastic materials
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4. Viscoelasticity
Deformation in a Polymer
(i) Elastic Deformation
(ii) Plastic Deformation
Time-dependent
Viscosity-dependent
(iii) Elastic Deformation &
Time dependent
(Viscoelastic)
Spring: Hooke’s law
Dashpot: Newtonian Fluid
(deformation vs time is linear for a given stress)
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4. Viscoelasticity
Spring & dash-pot Model for
thermoplastic material
S1: Instantaneous elastic deformation of atomic bonds (i)
S2: Elastic deformation due to chain straightening (iii)
(+)
D1: Time-dependence of chain straightening (iii)
D2: Plastic, time-dependent deformation due to molecules slipping (ii)
4. Viscoelasticity
Model for thermoplastic material
5. Mindmap
6. Summary
In linear elastic region, stress is directly proportional to strain
Can be understood by Lennard-Jones potential
Example of anisotropic linear elasticity:
wood, fiber composites, single crystals, extruded metals
In rubber like materials, reversible extensions ~1000% can be obtained
Viscoelasticity refers to time-dependent elastic deformation
Example: polymers
Ref: Courtney (Pages 51-69)
Raymond A. Higgins, Properties of Engineering Materials, (263-266)
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7. Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Linear elasticity is a result of:
(a) compressive stress (b) primary bond stretching and distortion (c) breaking of
atomic bonds (d) brittle fracture.
2. ‘Viscoelasticity’ is the property of materials that
(a) exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation
(b) exhibits both viscous and brittle behavior (c) exhibits only viscous behavior in
plastic region of the stress-strain curve (d) exhibits change in elastic limit with time.
3. Which one of the material is viscoelastic in nature?
(a) Polymers (b) Diamond (c) Steel (d) Aluminium.
Higher Order Question
What is viscoelastic deformation? Draw spring and dash-pot model to illustrate
viscoelastic deformation and explain.
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7. Assessment
What is viscoelasticity?
Draw the stress-strain curve of rubber subjected to tensile load.
Give an example of a viscoelastic material.
What is linear anisotropic elasticity?
Stimulating Question
Why are foam beds comfortable to sleep?
How do they recover their original shape?
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