Bahirdar university institute of technology

Antropology individual
asayghment

Tewodros asefa
ID no 1208663
Enset‐culter area in Ethiopia
 Enset caulteral area covers the suthern part of ethiopia
,enset is the caltivation region of the present day in enset is
found in the SNNPRS of ethiopa such as guragehe sidama
and gedio enset is an unusual crop/plant from a sister genus
to the bananas (Musa). Enset differs from domesticated
bananas in that the mature plant does not produce edible
fruit (these are filled with numerous large and hard seeds,
similar to many other wild banana species). Instead the plant
is grown for 3–12 years, before the pseudostem and corm
are harvested and collectively processed into starchy food
products Enset serves as a staple food for about 20% of the
Ethiopian population, over 20 million people, mainly in the
south and south‐west of the country Under appropriate
conditions it is estimated that 60 mature plants can provide
enough food for a family Enset farming systems contribute to
the long‐term sustainability of food production through several
mechanisms. And Enset can be harvested at any time during the
year, be harvested at any growth stage over a period of several
years up to an including the early flowering stage and the
fermented products can be stored for long periods Enset farming
systems are reported to require relatively little off‐farm input,
however manure application is widespread and considered
essential by enset farmers. Manure is derived from livestock
which are traditionally housed immediately adjacent to the enset
for ease of transfer. As a result soil, fertility in enset fields is
reported to be greater than in surrounding fields or pastures The
rate, timing, and method of manure application varies among
households and depends on the growth stage of the plantation
and the availability of manur Compared to other crops, there are
very few fertilizer response trials for enset

Enset area agri systems

Enset‐based agriculture is considered one of the most

sustainable of the indigenous farming systems in Ethiopia,
with a human carrying capacity higher than other crops and
cropping systems for the same agroecology and inputs
although further empirical evaluation is necessary. Many
enset‐based farms are derived from forest, whereby farmers
clear away the undergrowth to plant enset, coffee, and other
crops, leaving the upper story trees, resulting in multi‐story
agroforestry systems which are thought to have remained
relatively stable for centuries
Ethiopian agricultural systems are typically highly diverse. a total
of 162 crop species cultivated throughout the highlands of
 southern, western, eastern and central Ethiopia. On average,
enset farms produce more than 10 different crop and livestock
specie with farmers growing up to 20 different enset landraces
within one plantation With the lowest proportion sold of any
Ethiopian crop ( cash crops and livestock are integral to
enset‐based production systems

PROCESSING METHODS, AND CULTER

There is considerable variation in the morphological and agronomical
properties of enset The processing of enset is traditionally a role for
women, who act as a reservoir of knowledge about the techniques
involved, but the tasks involved are labor‐intensive and tedious
in an analysis of the indigenous knowledge of enset management in
the Shekicho people of the SNNPR, highlights the danger of
indigenous knowledge being lost as younger people turn away from
enset‐based agriculture, and thus the documentation of the diversity of
agronomic practices, and especially processing methods, is a priority.

Enset also plays an important cultural role for several Ethiopian

ethnic groups who have traditionally cultivated found that farmers
in Kaffa Zone (SNNPR) are aware of, and cultivate, a number of
different varieties specifically in relation to myths, poems and
beliefs about their medicinal and ritual significance enset in the
Sidama culture. The Gurage people, to whom enset is an
important staple, label themselves the “people of enset”
described the role of enset in Gurage economic and social life,
which involves the extensive and well‐planned cultivation and
storage of enset alongside other crops such as coffee and khat in
a mixed horticulture. Within the family, women have the major role
in processing and cooking of foods from enset and it is often
described as a “women crop” on account of women's significant
role in the processing, cooking, and selling of enset products

Pastoral culture area

Pastoral culture area is found in the low land areas covering a
large section of the Afar in the northwest, Somali in the southeast
and Borena of southern parts of Ethiopia. As opposed to the
above cases, inhabitants of the pastoral culture area rely
significantly on their herds and cattle for a living. Mobility of
people and herds is a major characteristic feature of the people
occupying the pastoral culture area.

Pastoralists are people, who for their livelihood, depend on

livestock raising using the natural pasture The lifestyles of
pastoralists go back for many centuries. The current scenario
shows that pastoral livelihood system is seemingly changing due to
factors such as recurrent draught and conflict, and other natural
and manmade calamities. A study focusing on the future of
pastoralism in Ethiopia reads that pastoral households will
continue to diversify their sources of income to include waged
employment and agriculture where it is feasible, and trading
activities as supplements to livestock-based incomes. The
percentage of socalled “pure” pastoralists (those who depend on
livestock for more than 90 percent or more for their income) will
decline, esp According to a study on the Future of Pastoralists in
Ethiopia, the pure pastoralists will continue being engaged
selectively in cultivation apart from livestock production. This
scenario leads to agro-pastoralism as an alternative livelihood
option for the future of pastoralists. In addition, pastoralism will
continue to transition toward a model of a fixed base
camp/settlement and mobile satellite camp where animals
seasonally migrate with mainly young males but part of the family
remains sedentary. This strategy allows some family members to
trade, work, and/or seek services in small towns and settlements on
a part- or full-time basis

in Afar, Borena and Somali clusters revealed that, in general,

Ethiopian pastoralists shows less tendency to permanently migrate
to urban and pre-urban areas even during the time of shocks and
crisis. As stated earlier, the long lived traditional coping
mechanisms have helped them to overcome the shocks until
recently. The KIs argued that these traditional coping mechanisms
have helped a lot in sustaining pastoral system in the country
regardless of the natural and manmade calamities. For example,
Borena and Guji pastoralists highly practice a traditional coping
mechanism called “Buusaa-Gonofaa” – a traditional support and
restocking system to overcome shocks. In similar terms both Afar
and Somali pastoralists have their own traditional coping
mechanisms. In Somali region, for instance, transfers of animals are
common between rural households, but almost non-existent among
urban households. Livestock owners often lend or donate milking
animals to relatives (irmaansior maal), to be reared in exchange for
their milk and/or offspring. Alternatively, wealthier livestock
owners with pack animals to spare will lend a camel or donkey to
poorer relatives.

Pastorial area characteristics

The dry lands cannot support sustained and reliable agriculture
because of low and variable rainfall and high temperatures.
Pastoralism, however, is extremely well suited to this type of
environment. Pastoralists make optimum use of the dry lands by
practicing a mobile and extensive livestock keeping system. They
move according to where and when fodder becomes available, and
use different herd management strategies such as herd splitting,
herd diversification and herd maximization to ensure that they
spread the risk of livestock loss from droughts, diseases and theft.
All the while, they make maximum use of the available vegetation
without degrading the environment.

These traditional strategies are underpinned by mobility and are

thus only effective in a context that permits the practice of mobile
pastoralism

Sumerise

Pastoralism is a culture, way of life, economic and livelihood

system. Pastoralist
livelihoods have come under increasing strain as a result of external
shocks, both natural and
man-made. As a result of drought, changing public policies and
strategies towards pastoral
communities, continuing loss of pasturelands, population dynamics,
and accelerating climate
change, violent conflict and displacement, the future of pastoralism
and the role that it will play
in national economy and sustainable development remains
unclear. Policy-makers face a
challenging task when designing pastoral development policies and
strategies. In fact, many
aspects of pastoralism and pastoral communities are still not fully
understood and require applied research