12 Slow Learners Tamil
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vetrimani202412 Slow Learners Tamil
Uploaded by
vetrimani2024www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.
in
,uh.,uh[Nrfh;>
KJfiyj; jkpohrphpah;>
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
e.Rg;igahGuk;>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;.
12-
12-Mk; tFg;G nky;y kyUk; khzth;fSf;fhd rpwg;G topfhl;b
jkpo;
,ay; - 1 gyTs; njhpf
L
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
A
m.ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif M. jz;bayq;fhuk;
,. njhy;fhg;gpak; <. ed;D}y;
D
2. ‘kPz;Lke;jg; goik eyk; GJf;Fjw;F” ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLk; goik eyk;>
A
f) ghz;bahpd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ
c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
K
m) f kl;Lk; rhp M) f> c ,uz;Lk; rhp
,) q kl;Lk; rhp <) f> q ,uz;Lk; rhp
3. ‘kpd;Ndh; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ
I
jd;Ndh; ,y;yhj jkpo;”
LV
,t;tbfspy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
m) mbNkhid> mbvJif M) rPh;Nkhid> rPh; vJif
,) mb vJif> rPh;Nkhid <) rPh;vJif> mbNkhid
A
4. fUj;J 1 : ,ay;G tof;fpy; njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha; gadpiy
vd;W tUtNj kuG
K
fUj;J 2 : njhluikg;G rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rhp M) fUj;J 2 rhp
,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rhp <) fUj;J 1 rhp> 2 jtW
5. nghUj;Jf
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1) guyp R.ney;iyag;gh;
M) epyTg;G+ - 2) jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil - 3) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
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<) ca;Ak; top - 4) fp. uh[ehuhazd;
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 1>4>2>3 ,) 2>4>1>3 <) 2>3>4>1
,ay; - 2 gyTs; njhpf
1. nghUj;Jf
m) Fuq;Ffs; - 1. fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; - 2. kuq;fspypUe;J tpOe;jd
,) gwitfs; - 3. Fspuhy; eLq;fpd
L
<) tpyq;Ffs; - 4. Nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1>3>4>2 M) 3>1>2>4 ,) 3>2>1>4 <) 2>1>3>4
A
gjpy; : 3>1>2>4
2. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g
D
khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ A
m) #hpa xspf;fjph; M) kio Nkfq;fs;
,) kioj; Jspfs; <) ePh;epiyfs;
K
3. nts;sr;rkntspfs; mopaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;jb ePh; cwpQ;rg;gLjy;
I
4. ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; nghope;njd jbj;j nrhy;ypd;
LV
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
m) tpidj;njhif M) chpr;nrhy; njhlh;
,) ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; <) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
A
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; kl;LNk Gtp
ntg;gkakhjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; ,j;njhlh; czh;j;JtJ
K
m) fhh;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghNl NjitahfpwJ
M) gRikf;Fby; thAf;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ
<) Gtpapd; ,af;fk; NtWgLfpwJ.
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,ay; - 3 gyTs; njhpf
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs; rq;f fhyr; r%fj;jpy;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd mit ........................
m) mwNthh;> JwNthh; M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
,) kd;wq;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; rpq;fKk;
2. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;f
m) chpikj; jhfk; - 1. ghurPff; ftpQh;
M) mQ;Qhb - 2. G+kzp
L
,) [yhYj;jPd;&kp - 3. gf;jtr;ryghujp
A
<) jkpoh; FLk;g Kiw - 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp
m) 2>4>3>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 2>4>1>3 <) 2>3>4>1
D
3. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W
[yhYj;jPd; &kp Fwpg;gpLtJ A
m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk;
,) tQ;rid <) ,it midj;Jk;
K
4. ‘cth cw te;J $Lk; cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhh;” – ahh; ahh;?
m) rlhA> ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;> Ffd;
,) ,uhkd;> Rf;hPtd; <) ,uhkd;> rthp
I
LV
5. ‘vq;fs; je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy xU rf;jp gpwf;FJ
%r;rpdpNy” vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ.
m) jdpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tphpe;j FLk;g Kiw
,) jha;topr; r%f Kiw <) je;ijtopr; r%f Kiw
A
,ay; -4 gyTs; njhpf
K
1. ‘fhtpndk; fyNd RUf;fpndk; fyg;ig” ,j;njhlhpy; - fyd;
czh;j;Jk; nghUs;
m) Nghh;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf; fUtp
,) ,irf;fUtp <) Ntshz; fUtp
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak; ,) Ch;tyk; <) tpz;kPd;
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3. ‘tpz; NtW tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;Ffpd;w ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk;
KfpYk; NtW” - ,j;njhlh; jUk; KOikahd nghUs; :
m) tpz;Zk; ntz;kjpAk; NtW NtW
M) tpz;ntspAk; nrq;fjpUk; NtW NtW
,) ntz;kjpAk; KfpYk; NtW NtW
<) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;kjp>
jp> nrq;fjph;> Kfpy;
midj;Jk; NtW NtW
4. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Njh;T nra;f
L
m) trk;G M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr;rhW
,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fhp
A
5. ‘Fopkhw;W” ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlh;Gila nrhy;?
D
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk; ,) Gtpapay; <) Ntshz;ik
A
,ay; - 5 gyTs; njhpf
K
1. nrd;id ntWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y> mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; - fhuzk;
m) Neub> kiwKf Ntiy tha;g;Gfspd; fsk;
M) nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs;>thfd cw;gj;jpapy; gq;F
I
,) nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
LV
<) m>M>, - midj;Jk;
2. $w;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; nerthsh;fs; nrd;id
Nehf;fp te;jdh;.
A
fhuzk; : fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;> Jzp rhh;e;jjhfNt
,Ue;jJ.
K
m) $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W rhp> fhuzk; rhp
3. nghUj;Jf
m) jpUty;ypf;Nfzp MW - 1. khtypGur; nryT
M) gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha; - 2. fy;Nfhlhp
,) gy;yhtuk; - 3. mUq;fhl;rpafk;
<) vOk;G+h; - 4. $tk;
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m) 1>2>4>3 M) 4>2>1>3 ,) 4>1>2>3 <) 2>4>1>3
4. ‘cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk; xd;W NgRthh;” - ,j;njhlh; czh;j;Jk;
gz;G
m) Neh;kiwg; gz;G M)vjph;kiwg; gz;G
,) Kuz; gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;
5. ‘tpspawp Qkyp” ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpyq;F vJ?
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahop
L
,ay; - 6 gyTs; njhpf
A
1. Mh;g;ghpf;Fk; fly; / mjd; mbj;jsk; / nksdk;> kfh nksdk; -
mbfs; Gyg;gLtJ
D
m) ,iur;ry; M) Fiw Fly; $j;jhLk;
,) epiw Flk; ePh;j; jOk;gy; ,y;
A
<) Gw mirTfs; mfj;jpiz
piz mirf;f ,ayhJ
2. Vohz;L ,aw;wp Xh; <uhW Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dh;f;Ff; fhl;ly;
K
njhlh;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
1.khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;whs;.
I
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;
LV
m) 1 rhp> 2 jtW M) 1 jtW 2 rhp
,) 1 jtW 2 jtW <) 1 rhp 2 rhp
3. nghUj;Jf
m) Mke;jphpif - 1. gl;lj;J ahid
A
M) muR cth - 2. %q;fpy;
K
,) foQ;R - 3. ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fio - 4. vil msT
m) 3>1>4>2 M)4>2>1>3 ,)1>2>3>4 <) 4>3>2>1
4. NtWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G M) Nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G
,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;G <) fhl;rpkiwT
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,ay; 7 gyTs; njhpf
1. ‘gyh; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd;”> tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzh;
M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;spia
pia> NfhT+h; fpohh;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyh;
<) fhpfhyid> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;.
2. mjpra kyhpd; Gd;difiag; gpbj;jthW jkpo;ejp flf;fr; nrhy;tJ
m) fle;jfhyj; Jauq;fis M) Ml;fsw;w nghOij
L
,) gr;irak; ,Ue;j epyj;ij ,) midj;ijAk;
A
3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
$w;W 1 : fij tbtpyhd tbtKilaJ
D
$w;W 2 : nghpa vOj;Jg; Gj;jfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ
m) $w;W 1 rhp> $w;W 2 jtW A M) $w;W 1>2 rhp
,) $w;W 1> 2 jtW <) $w;W 1 jtW> $w;W 2 rhp
4. cz;L gpwe;J tsh;e;j ,le;jdpy; ,j;njhlhpy; nganur;rk;
K
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J ,) tsh;e;j <) ,le;jdpy;
5. ahid Gf;f Gyk; Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlh;.
I
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ
LV
M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;> jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ
<) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
A
,ay; - 8 gyTs; njhpf
K
1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,d;iwa
epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpOg;Guk;
,) jpz;btdk; <) jUkGhp
2. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jdpj;jkpo;j; je;ij - 1. K.tujuhrdhh;
M) Muha;r;rpg; NguwpQh; - 2. kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp
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,) jkpo;j; njd;wy; - 3. jpU.tp.f.
<) nkhop QhapW - 4 NjtNeag; ghthzh;
3. r.j.rw;Fzhpd; ciuiaf; Nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;w kapiy rPdp
Ntq;flrhkp vOjpa E}y;
m) ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; M. ,RyhKk; jkpOk;
,) rkzKk; jkpOk; <. fpwpj;jtKk; jkpOk;
4. ehd; ntw;Wntspapy; miye;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj;
Njbagb vd;W Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; NjLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
L
m) jkJ tPl;L Kfthpia M. jkJ FLk;gj;ij
,) jkJ milahs
milahsj;ij <. jkJ gilg;Gfis
A
5. filnaO ts;sy;fspd; thpiriar; rhuhj kd;dh;fs;
m) Ma; mz;buDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;NfhlDk; FkzDk;
D
,) es;spAk; XhpAk; <) ghhpAk; fh
jpUf;Fws;
A
1. flypd; nghpaJ
K
m) cw;w fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp
M) gad; Muhahky; xUth; nra;j cjtp
I
,) jpidasT nra;j cjtp
LV
2. my;yy; gLg;gJ}k; ,y; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;?
m) ths; Nghy; gifth; M) nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gth;
,) vz;zpahq;F va;Jgth; <) jPapdj;jhh;
3. nghUj;Jf
A
m) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - 1. Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp
K
M) gad;J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp - 2. Qhyk; khzg; nghpJ
,) rpdk; - 3. nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
<) fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp - 4. ed;ik flypd; nghpJ
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 1>2>3>4 <) 2>3>4>1
4. jpz;zpah; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m) mwpTilahh; M) kd cWjp cilath;
,) jPf;fha;thh; <) mwptpdhh;
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5. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwth;
m) murh; M) nrhy;ypagb nra;gth;
,) J}Jth; <) cwtpdh;
6. nghUj;Jf
m) ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1. jPf;fha;thh;
M) nrj;jhh; - 2. rPuopf;Fk; #J
,) tWik jUtJ - 3. fs; cz;gth;
<) ,fy;Nte;jh; Nrh;e;J xOFthh; - 4. clk;ghL ,yhjth;
L
m)1>2>3>4 M)2>3>4>1 ,) 4>1>3>2 <) 4>3>2>1
7. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjth;
A
m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $bath;
M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilath; ,) muriur; rhh;e;J tho;fpd;wth;
D
<) #jhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fopg;gth;
8. vspaJ> mhpaJ vd;gd
A
m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz - ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
K
M) nrhy;tJ – nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ
,) rpWik gy nra;tJ – gifth; njhlh;G
<) nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ – cUTfz;L vs;shjJ
I
9. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ – vjw;F?
LV
m) nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp M) gad;J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp
,) jpidj;Jiz ed;wp <) nra;e;ed;wp
A
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs;... ,ay; -1
K
1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf
m) fhisfisg; G+l;b taiy cOjdh;
M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;jdh;
,) fhisapy;
fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ
<) new;gaph;fs; kio ePhpy; %o;fpd
2. Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; mike;j njhliuj; Njh;f
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njhpAk;
M) Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp eilngWfpwJ.
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,) twl;rp vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ.
<) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; Nghy; MLfpd;wd.
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs; ... ,ay; - 2
1. jkpopy; jpizg; ghFghL .............. mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
m) nghUl;Fwpg;G M) nrhw;Fwpg;G
,) njhlh;f;Fwpg;G <) vOj;Jf;Fwpg;G
2. ‘cah;jpiz vd;kdhh; kf;fl; Rl;Nl / m‡wpiz vd;kdhh; mtuy
L
gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y; .......................
A
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
,) njhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
D
3. ahh;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czh;j;Jk;
jpizfs; KiwNa
m) m‡wpiz> cah;jpiz
A M) cah;jpiz> m‡
m‡wpiz
,) tpuTj;jpiz> m‡wpiz <) tpuTj;jpiz> cah;jpiz
K
4. nghUj;jp tpil Njh;f
m) mtd; mts; mth; - 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
I
M) ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2. csg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg; gd;ik
LV
,) ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngah;fs;
<) ehq;fs;> ehk; - 4. gjpypL ngah;fs;
m) 4>1>2>3 M) 2>3>4>1 ,)3>4>1>2 <) 4>3>1>2
A
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs; ... ,ay;-3
K
1. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj;
Njh;f.
m) Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsp tplhky; vOJjy;
M) Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy; ,ilntsptpl;L vOJjy;
,) epWj;jf; Fwpfis chpa ,lq;fspy; ,l;L vOJjy;
<) ty;ypd nka;fisj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ,lhky; vOJjy;
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2. ty;ypdk; kpFk; kpfhj; njhlh;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;J
m) ghiy ghbdhd; - 1. Njiu vd;Dk; caphpdj;ijg; ghh;j;jhd;
M) ghiyg; ghbdhd; - 2. Njhpidg; ghh;j;jhd;
,) Njiu ghh;j;jhd; - 3. ghypidg; ghbdhd;
<) Njiug; ghh;j;jhd; - 4. ghiyj;jpiz ghbdhd;
m) 4>1>3>2 M) 2>3>1>4 ,) 4>3>1>2 <) 2>4>1>3
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rp nfhs; ... ,ay;-4
L
1. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPh; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;?
A
nghUj;jkhd rPhpidf; nfhz;L Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;
m) md;Ng ....................... (Mh;tkha; / jfspaha;)
D
M) thd;kio....................... (J}wypy;
J}wypy; / nghope;jpbd;;)
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ....................... (,yhjhh; / ,y;yhh;)
A
<) ntz;zpyT ....................... (fha;
fha;fpwJ / xsph;fpwJ)
c) nta;Nahd; ....................... (fha;e;jpl / xsph;e;jpl)
pl
K
2. nghUj;Jf
m) khr;rPh; - 1. fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
I
M) fha;r;rPh; - 2. ehs;> kyh;
LV
,) tpsr;rPh; - 3. Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
<) Xuirr;rPh; - 4) Njkh> Gspkh
m) 1>2>4>3 M) 4>3>1>2 ,) 2>3>1>4 <) 3>4>2>1
A
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpf;nfhs; ... ,ay;-5
K
1. gbkk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m) nrhy; M) nray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp
2. ‘fhiy ,sk; ntapy; ed;whf Nka> Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk;
GJntapy;” ,f;ftpijapy; ....................... gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad;gbkk; M) tpidg;gbk
bkk;
,) nka;g;gbkk; <) cUg;gbkk;
10
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3. $w;W : ctik> cUtfk; Nghyg; gbkKk; tpid gad;> nka;> cU
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gbkkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp topNa
fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
,) $w;Wk; rhp. fhuzKk; rhp <) $w;Wk; jtW> fhuzKk; jtW
4. nka;g; gbkj;Jf;F chpa ghliyj; Njh;T nra;f.
m) neUQ;rpf; fl;fpd; GJkyh; Kl;gae; jhq;F ...
L
M) fl;by; epzf;Fk; ,oprpdd; ifaJ ...
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Zk; rptg;Gf; Nfhl;Lf; fOj;Jk; ...
A
<) nte;jhW nghd;dpd; me;jp G+g;g...
D
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpnfhs; ... ,ay;-6
A
1. Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliuj; jk; ciuapy;
Fwpg;gpl;lth;
K
m) rptQhd Kdpth; M) kapiyehjh;
,) MWKfehtyh; <) ,sk;G+uzh;
I
2. $w;W 1 : fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhg;G + ,ak; vdg;gphpe;J kuigf;
LV
fhg;gJ ,ak;GtJ> ntspg;gLj;JtJ> nkhopiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ
vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUfpwJ.
$w;W 2 : Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W ePyNfrp
A
m) $w;W 1 rhp> $w;W 2 jtW M) $w;W 2 rhp> $w;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp
K
3. rhpahdtw;iwg; nghUj;jpj; Njh;f :
m) fhij - 1) fe;j Guhzk;
M) rUf;fk; - 2) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; - 3) #shkzp
<) glyk; - 4) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4>3>2>1 M) 3>4>1>2 ,) 3>4>2>1 <) 4>3>1>2
11
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4. jtwhd ,iziaj; Njh;f
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh - ehybahh;
M) Mrphpag;gh - mfehD}W
,) fypntz;gh - J}J
<) Fws;ntz;gh - jpUf;Fws;
,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpf;nfhs; ... ,ay;-7
L
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhd;kj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jh xd;iwj; Njh;f.
A
m) fh;zd; Njhw;whd; Ngh
M) tajpy; rpwpats; MdhYk; jiytp
D
,) ,e;j ehujhplk; vr;rhpf;ifahf ,U
<) ,e;jh Nghwhd; jUkd;
A
2. njhd;kk; gw;wpa $w;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; Njh;f
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfp tpl;l tbtq;fs;
K
M) goq;fijiaf; nfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ
,) ek;gKbahjJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;jpfs;
I
<) tpsq;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gonkhop
gonkhopapd; %yk; tpsf;FtJ
LV
3. ‘rhg tpNkhrdk;” ‘mfypif” fijfspy; njhd;kq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpath;
m) F.mofphprhkp M) GJikg;gpj;jd;
,) n[aNkhfd; <) v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;
A
4. gz;Gf; FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;jh;fNshL nghUj;Jf
K
m) mwk; - 1. fh;zd; M) typik - 2. kDePjpr; Nrhod;
,) ePjp - 3. gPkd; <) ts;sy; - 4. jUkd;
m) 3>2>1>4 M) 4>3>2>1 ,) 2>4>3>1 <) 4>3>1>2
12
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,yf;fzj; Njh;r;rpf;nfhs; ... ,ay;-8
1. FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;Jf
m) ngz; - 1. rkhjhdk;
M) Gwh - 2. tPuk;
,) juhR - 3. tpsf;F
<) rpq;fk; - 4. ePjp
m) 2>4>1>3 M)2>4>3>1 ,) 3>1>4>2 <) 3>1>2>4
2. $w;W : 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xh; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf
L
cUg;ngw;wJ.
A
fhuzk; : nghjNyh;> iuk;Ngh> nth;Nyd;> ky;yhh;Nk Kjyhdth;fs;
FwpaPl;baj;ij tsh;j;jhh;fs;.
D
m) $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW M) $w;W rhp. fhuzk; rhp
,) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; jtW A <) $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp
3. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mfj;jpiz khe;jh;fspd; cs;sj;J
czh;Tfisf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;
K
m) ctik M) ctNkak; ,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik
4. ‘jpl;lk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ‘ tuq;fs; rhgq;fs; MFnkd;why; ,q;Nf
I
jtq;fs; vjw;fhf?” vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ‘tuk;” vjw;Ff;
LV
FwpaPlhfpwJ.
m) mKj Rugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if
,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpisT
5. kiwj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; mOj;jpr; nrhy;yTk;
A
gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp vJ.
K
m) FwpaPL M) gbkk; ,) mq;fjk; <) njhd;kk;
,yf;fz tpdh tpil: 2 kjpg;ngz;
1. Kbe;jhy; juyhk;> Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - ,t;tpU nrhw;nwhlh;fs;
czh;j;Jk; nghUis mwpe;J njhlh; mikf;fTk;
• ek;khy; KbAkhdhy; je;J cjtyhk;.
• vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Ntiyia Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; juyhk;
13
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2. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs;
ahit?
• vOj;Jf;fis njspthf cr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lk;
• ,d vOj;Jfs; tUk; KiwiaAk;> nghUs; khw;wj;ijAk;
mwpa Ntz;Lk;
3. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd vit?
• jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;
L
4. cah;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngah;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW
,uz;L njhlh;fis vOJf
A
• jiyth;fs; Ngrpdhh;fs;
D
• khzth;fs; gbj;jhh;fs;
5. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;Jj; njhluikf;f
A
• kzth;fs; thpirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf;
fz;ldh;.
K
tpil: mwptpay; khzth;fs; thpirapy; epd;W fz;fhl;rpiaf;
fz;ldh;.
6. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr;
I
LV
rhd;W jUf
eP vd; mf;fh ehd; cd; jk;gp Rw;Wyh nry;Nthk;
7. ry ry> te;J te;J> fy fy> tpk;kp tpk;kp - ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;
fpstpj; njhlh;fis vOjp> mtw;iw vOJk; Kiwiaf; $Wf
A
,ul;ilf;fpstp
ryry> fyfy
K
vOJk; Kiw
,ilntsp ,y;yhky; Nrh;j;J vOj Ntz;Lk;
8. jpUtsh;r;nry;td;> jpUtsh; nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rhpahd njhlh;
vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fz tpjp ahJ?
rhpahd njhlh;
jpUtsh; nry;td;
14
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tpjp
tpidj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
9. ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa jisfs; ahit?
,aw;rPh; ntz;lis> ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
10. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU tpfw;gk;
ntz;ghtpy;; ehd;F mbfSk; xNu vJif ngw;W tUk;
gy tpfw;gk;
L
ntz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,U mbfSk;> <w;wpU mbfSk; NtW NtW
vJifiag; ngw;W tUk;
A
11. ‘khe;Njhg;G tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ” ,jpy;
vt;tifg; gbkk; ntspg;gLfpwJ?
D
tpil: cs;shh;e;j xg;gPL gbtk;
12. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
A
fhg;gpak; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
K
mit: 1. ngUq;fhg;gpak; 2. rpWfhg;gpak;
13. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw ngah;fs; ahit?
• rhpjk;> Guhzk;> fij> fhtpak;
I
14. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOJf
LV
• fhij> ,yk;gfk;> rUf;fk;> glyk;
15. ghtpfk; - tpsf;Ff
• fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz;G
A
• ftpQd; typAWj;Jk; mbg;gilf; fUj;J ghtpfk; MFk;.
16. njhd;kk; - tpsf;fk; jUf
K
gytif caphpdq;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J ek;g KbahjJ
Nghy; Njhd;Wfpd;w goikahd fijfis njhd;kk; vd;gh;.
17. Ngr;R tof;fpy; njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; ,U njhlh;fis vOJf
• fpopj;j Nfhl;ilj; jhz;l khl;lhd;
• ,e;jh Nghwhd; rFdp
18. cs;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
mijf; file;jhy;
15
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mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gij
eP mwptha; my;yth?
- ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; njhd;kk; ahJ?
tpil
ghw;fly;> mKjk;> Myfhyk;
19. tpah;it ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
tpah;it
L
,e;j
Mjpiug; gUf;iffs;
A
tPo;e;jJk;
g+kpg;ghj;jpuk;
D
mKj Rugp
tpil
A
Mjpiug; gUf;if - tpah;itj; Jsp
K
mKj Rugp - nropg;G
20. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf
• Rl;ba nghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; nghUSf;Fk; njhlh;G ,Uf;f
I
Ntz;Lk;
LV
• Rl;Lk; nghUs; midtUk; mwpe;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ctikj; njhlh;fisr; nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; mikj;J vOJf
1. jhkiu ,iy ePh; : jhkiu ,iy ePh; Nghy mth;fspd; gof;fk;
A
,Ue;jJ.
2. fpzw;Wj; jtis Nghy : mwpit tphpT nra;ahky; fpzw;Wj;
K
jtisahf thof;$lhJ.
3. vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy : mth;fs; ,UtUk; nfhs;ifapy; vypAk;
G+idAkhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Njh; Nghy : ey;y jiytd; ,y;yhj ehL mr;rhzp
,y;yhj Njh; Nghy my;yy; gLk;.
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy : cz;ik vg;nghOJk; cs;sq;if
ney;ypf;fdp Nghy ntspg;gilahfj; njhpAk;.
16
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njhlhpy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
2. vq;fs; Chpy; E}yff; fl;blk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ
vq;fs; Chpy; E}yff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ
3. uq;fd; ntq;fyg; ghj;jpuf; fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
muq;fd; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
4. khdk; ghh;j;j G+kpapy; gapW tiffs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
L
thdk; ghh;j;j G+kpapy; gaW tiffs; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Ig;grp mil kioapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ
A
Ig;grp mil kioapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ
6. ,d;dpf;F rhaq;fhyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;
D
,d;W rhAq;fhyk; (khiyapy;) fgbg; Nghl;b eilngWk;.
A
kuGr; nrhw;fisj; njhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf
K
1. Mw mku - ,dpad; ve;jr; nraiyAk; Mw mku nra;thd;.
2. Mzp mbj;jhw;
hw;Nghy
Nghy – r%fj;ijr; rPh;jpUj;Jk; nray;fis Mzp
mbj;jhw;Nghy ,sk; tajpNyNa kdjpy; gjpa itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
I
3. mfyf;fhy; - vJTk; njhpahj nray;fspy; mfyf; fhy; itf;fhNj
LV
4. top topahf - ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; filg;gpbj;j ew;gz;Gfis ehk;
toptopahff; filgpbg;Nghk;.
5. fz;Jilg;G - kf;fis Vkhw;Wtjw;Ff; fz;Jilg;ghfr; rpy
A
thf;FWjpfis murpay;thjpfs; mspf;fpd;wdh;.
K
epWj;jf;Fwpfs; ,l;L vOJf
,sq;Nfh mbfs; rhj;jdhhplk; Kd; nra;j tpid epiwNtWk; fhyk;
vd;wPh;fNs mth;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpisT vd;d
epfo;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf vdf; Nfl;lhh;.
17
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‘,sq;Nfh mbfs;> ‘rhj;jdhhplk;> Kd; nra;j tpid
epiwNtWk;fhyk; vd;wPh;fNs! mth;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ? mjd;
tpisT vd;d? mij mwpe;jpUe;jhy; $Wf”! vdf; Nfl;lhh;.
gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
Domestic Flight - cs;ehl;L thD}h;jp
Debit Card - gw;W ml;il
Demand Draft - Nfl;G tiuNthiy
L
Withdrawal slip - jpUk;gg; ngwy; gbtk;
A
Teller - tpiuTf; fhrhsh;
Mobile banking - miyNgrp top tq;fp Kiw
D
Internet Banking - ,izatq;fp Kiw
Artist - ftpd;fiyQh;
Cinematography -
Axspg;gjpT
- flTr;rPl;L
K
Passport
Animation - ,aq;Fglk;
Conviction - jz;liz
I
Visa - EioT ,irT
LV
Affidavit - Miz cWjp Mtzk;
Departure - Gwg;ghL
Conveyor Belt - Ch;jpg;gl;il
A
Take Off - thD}h;jp fpsk;Gjy;
Subscription - cWg;gpdh;
K
Fiction - GidT
Biography - tho;f;if tuyhW
Archive - Mtzk;
Manuscript - ifnahOj;Jg; gpujp
bibliography - E}y;epuy;
Ticket Inspector - gazr;rPlL Ma;th;
Lobby - Xa;tiw
18
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Checkout - ntspNaWjy;
Tips - rPw;wpif
Mini Meals - rpw;WzT
Metro Train - khefuj; njhlh; tz;b
Platform - eilNkil
Train Track - ,Ug;Gg; ghij
Railway Signal - njhlh; tz;b topf;Fwp
Allegation - rhl;Liu
L
Multiplex - xUq;fpize;j jpiuauq;f tshfk;
Newsreel - nra;jg;glk;
A
Sound Effect - xyp tpisT
- tUif
D
Arrival
Level Crossing - A,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; flf;Fkplk;
Eraser - mopg;ghd;
Rubber stamp - ,Oit Kj;jpiu
K
Jurisdiction - mjpfuh vy;iy
File - Nfhg;G
Folder - kbg;Gj;jhs;
I
Stapler - fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp
LV
Stamp Pad - ik nghjp
Plain tiff - thjp
A
gpwnkhopr;nrhy; / jkpo;r;nrhy;
K
rh;f;fhh; - muR kD\d; - kdpjd;
rk;gsk; - Cjpak; kD\th;f;fk;- kdpj ,dk;
Mj;kh - caph; gpugQ;rk; - cyfk;
rf;jp - Mw;wy; khia - khaj;Njhw;wk;
mk;rk; - moF> gFjp ];Glk; - Nrhjpg;gJ
19
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jkpohf;fk; jUf
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere
fw;wy; vd;gJ kpfg; nghpa nry;tk;> mr;nry;tk; fw;gtiuj; njhlh;e;J
nry;Yk;. / fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G
2. A new language is a new life.
Gjpa nkhop Gjpa tho;f;if
3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language.
gpwh; cd;idg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; mth; nkhopapy; NgR
L
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom
nkhopfspd; mwpT Qhdj;jpd; topj;jlk;
A
5. the limits of my language are the limits of my word.
vd; nkhopapd;
nkhopapd; vy;iy vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.
D
A
nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nrh;j;J Kiwahdj;
njhlh;fshf Mf;Ff.
K
1. Fkud; tPL ghh;j;Njd;.
Fkuid tPl;by; ghh;j;Njd;.
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ahh; nty;y KbAk;
I
khwdpd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;
LV
3. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fiyr;nry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; fiyr;nry;tpf;Fg; ghuhl;Lfs;
Ftpe;jd.
A
4. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
fhiyapy; vOe;J gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;
K
5. midth; md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahh; kdk; tUk;.
midtiuAk; md;Gld; mioj;jtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; ju ahUf;F kdk;
tUk;.
6. rhd;Nwhh; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
rhd;Nwhh;f;F kjpg;G nfhLj;jhy; tho;tpy; cauyhk;.
20
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ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk;
pAk; vOJf
1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJ jhd;.
mth;fs; vy;yhgpur;ridfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ij Nghy
vjph;nfhz;Lj; jPh;g;ghh;fs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa jiyKiw kPJ jhd;. mth;fs;
vy;yhg; gpur;ridfisAk; xU rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjph;nfhz;L
jPh;g;ghh;fs;.
2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wth;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk;
L
nra;tjwpahJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if
nfhs;.
A
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wth;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk;
nra;tjwpahJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if
D
nfhs; A
3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ.
Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk; nghOJ $h;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk;
K
tsh;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ijg;
nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk; nghOJ $h;e;j ftdk; mwpitg;
I
ngWtjw;Fk; tsh;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.
LV
4. khzth;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fis jkJ ez;gh;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fis ngw;Nwhh;fSld; gfph;e;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
A
khzth;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fisj; jkJ ez;gh;fshfg; ghtpj;J
el;Gnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;gJd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhh;fSld;
K
gfph;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. MrphpaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk; cz;ikahdtw;iw njhpe;Jf;
nfhz;L> mwpahikia mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;WnfhLf;Fk;.
MrphpaUf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iwj;
njhpe;J nfhz;L mwpahikia mfw;wpg; gy ey;ydtw;iwf;
fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk;.
21
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njhlhpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf
1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;fs; mywpf;nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs;
$tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
thioj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf; nfhz;Lk; fhfq;fs; fiue;J
nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;.
KUfd; NrhW cz;L ghy; gUfpdhd;.
3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rth; fl;b $iu mikj;jhh;.
L
Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rth; itj;Jf; $iu Nta;e;jhh;.
4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf; Fl;bAk;
A
fz;Nld;.
tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; FUisiaAk; ahidf;fd;iwAk;
D
fz;Nld;. A
5. Ml;Lj; njhOtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
Ml;Lg; gl;biar; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; nghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
K
6. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdh;.
gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdh;.
I
nghUs; NtWghL mwpe;J kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlhpy;
LV
mikj;J vOJf.
1. v.fh. fsk;> fyk;
Nghh;;f;fsj;jpy; Gz;gl;l tPuh;fSf;Ff; fyj;jpy; ePh; jug;gl;lJ.
A
2. tyk;> tsk;
Mw;wpd; tyg;Gwk; cs;s tay;fs; ePh; tsj;jhy; nropj;jpUe;jd.
K
3. Gy;> Gs;
Gy;ntspg; gFjpapy; Gs;spdq;fs; epiwa ,Ue;jd.
4. cis> cio
,yf;F milAk; tiu kd cisr;ry; ,d;wp ciog;Nghk;
5. fhd;> fhz;
fhdfj;jpy; fUq;Fapiyf; fhz; vd;why; mk;kh
22
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6. Cz;> Cd;
(Cd;-,iwr;rp/ khkprk;> Cz;-czT) Czpy; Cidf; Fiwg;Nghk;>
cliyf; fhg;Nghk;.
7. jpd;ik> jpz;ik
(jpz;ik – cWjp> typik / jpd;ik-jPik) jpd;ikia mopf;f
jpz;ik Vw;Nghk;.
8. tpiy> tpis> tpio
fhh; gUtj;jpy; ed;whf tpise;jjhy; jhdpaq;fspd; tpiy
L
Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Vw;Wkjp epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;s
tpiotjhf muR mwptpj;jJ.
A
9. jiy> jis> jio:
mbikj;jisapypUe;J jiyth;fs; ek;ik kPl;ljhy; ,d;W ehk;
D
jioj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.
10. miy> mis> mio:
A
misf;F mUfpy; miye;Jnfhz;bUe;j ez;gid mioj;Njd;.
K
11. fiy> fis> fio:
kf;fs; $l;lk; fise;jJk; fiy ,oe;jJ fiof; $j;jhLgthpd;
Kfk;.
I
tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jy;
LV
tpil: FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy; jhd; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
A
tpdh: FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ?
J?.
K
1. eLtz; muR 2005Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 23 md;W Njrpa Nghplh;
Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
eLtzuR ve;j Mz;L Njrpa Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij
mikj;jJ?.
2. rhiyfspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;ijr;
rPh;nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf gazpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.
rhiyfspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vt;thW cjTfpd;wd?.
23
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3. 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh; tz;b epiyak; uhaGuj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh; tz;b epiyak; vq;F vg;NghJ
mikf;fg;gl;lJ?.
4. ‘ajhh;j;j epfo;itg; gilg;ghspfSld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj
Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhh; fphpNahh;rd;.
vij Mtzg;glk; vd;W fphpNahh;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?.
L
nrhy;iyg; gphpj;Jk; Nrh;j;Jk; njhlh; mikf;f.
gyif:
A
gyifahy; Md Nkirapy; czT cz;ldh;.
gy iffs; ,ize;jhy; ntw;wp cWjp.
D
jhkiu: A
jhkiu epiwe;j Fsk; mofhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
jhTfpd;w kiuia (khd;) gpbf;f Gyp XbaJ
K
Nfhtpy;:
Nfhtpy; nfhbath;fspd; $lhukhf khwp tplf;$lhJ.
murd; tho;e;j ,lk; Nfhtpy; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
I
jiyik:
LV
fiyQh; jiyikapy; ftpQh;fs; ftpij thrpj;jdh;.
jiyapy; ik jlTtJ clYf;Ff; NfL.
ntq;fhak;:
A
ntq;fhak; kUj;Jtf; FzKila czTg; nghUs;.
clypy; ntq;fhak; Vw;gl;lhy; kUe;J ,l Ntz;Lk;.
K
1. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJ Gyth; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;ghpa nghUs; $l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
24
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RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b
-fz;
fz;zjhrd;
Kd;Diu:
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpg;ghpR ngw;w ftpauR fz;zjhrd; Gfo; ngw;w jkpo;g;
ghly; Mrphpah;. jkpof murpd; muritf; ftpQuhf ,Ue;Js;shh;. ,th;
L
,aw;wpa ftpijapy; cs;s eaq;fisg; gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.
A
ikaf;fUj;J
Kr;rq;fk; mikj;J> mr;rq;fj;jpy; ngUk; Gyth;fisf; $l;b> msg;ghpa
D
nghUs; eaKila ftpijfisg; gilj;J> gy mw;Gjq;fisr; nra;jts;
jkpo; md;idahths;.
A
K
jkpo; nkhop fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w fUj;jf;fisj; jdf;Fs; itj;jpUf;Fk;
mw;Gj nkhopahFk;.
I
• Nkhid: ghlypy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid MFk;.
LV
Kr;rq;fk; - KJ Gyth; / mr;rq;fk; - msg;ghpa
nrhw; rq;fk; - RitkpFe;j
• vJif: ghlypy; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
A
xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;
Kr;rq;fk; - mr;rq;f / nrhw; rq;f - mw;Gj
K
• ,iaG: ghlypd; filrp vOj;Njh> mirNah> nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ ,iaG MFk;.
jk;ikf; $l;b / nghUs; $l;b / ftp $l;b / ngUkhl;b
• re;jk; - Xir ghliyg;gbg;gjw;Fk; Nfl;gjw;Fk; ,dpa Xir
eaj;Jld; ftpQh; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
25
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2.,yf;fpak; eak; ghuhl;Lf.
ntl;babf;FJ kpd;dy; - fly;
tPuj; jpiunfhz;L tpz;iz apbf;FJ.
nfhl;b apbf;FJ Nkfk; - $
$ntd;W tpz;izf; FilAJ fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;l - vd;W
jhsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpirAk; ,ba - kio
L
vq;qdk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh!
A
- ghujpahh;
ikaf;fUj;J
D
kpd;dy; ntl;LfpwJ; thdshtf; fliy vOe;J jho;fpwJ; Nkfk; nfhl;b
Koq;FJ; ngUq;fhw;W tPRfpwJ; A jhs; Kof;fj;NjhL vl;Lj; jpirAk;
,be;J tpOtJ Nghyf; fdj;j kio nghopfpwJ.
K
• Nkhid: ghlypy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ Nkhid
rhd;W: vl;L vq;fdk;
I
• vJif: ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJif
LV
rhd;W: ntl;b - nfhl;b
• ,iaG: ghlypd; filrp vOj;Njh mirNah nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ ,iaG.
A
• Kuz;: vjph;r;nrhy;> ghly; nrhy;yhYk; nghUshYk; Kuz;gLtJ.
• re;jk;: Xir ghliyg; gbg;gjw;Fk; Nfl;gjw;Fk; ,dpa Xir
K
eaj;Jld; ftpQh; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
3. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;
ngw;nwLj;j jkpo;j;jhiag; gpd;dhy; js;spg;
gpwnkhopf;Fr; rpwg;gspj;j gpioia ePf;f
cw;nwLj;Nj md;Giuahy; cYq;f itj;jpt;
cyfj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopf;F epfUk; cz;Nlh?
26
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fw;Wzh;e;Nj mjd; ,dpik fhz;gha; vd;W
fk;gndhL ts;Stidr; Rl;;bf; fhl;bj;
njw;nwdek; mff;fz;izj; jpwe;J tpl;l
nja;tf;ftp ghujp Xh; Mrhd; jpz;zk;
-ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
ikaf;fUj;J :
ghujpahh;> jkpo;nkhop cyfnkhopfSs; fd;dy; nkhop>
L
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gDk;> ma;ad; ts;StDk; jiy rpwe;j ftpQh;fs;
vd;w cz;ikia ekf;F ciuj;jth;. Mjypdhy;> ‘ghujp Xh; Mrhd;” vd;W
A
$Wfpwhh; ftpQh;.
vJifj;njhil :
D
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp
tUtJ vJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. ngw;nwLj;j> fz;zpuz;by;
A
K
gpwnkhopf;F> ngz;zpdj;ij
cw;nwLj;Nj> gz;zpirf;Fk;
I
fw;Wzh;e;Nj> vz;zkij
LV
Nkhidj;
Nkhidj;njhil :
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;W Nghy;
tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhidj;njhil vdg;gLk;.
A
v.fh. : ngw;nwLj;j> gpd;dhy;
gpwnkhopf;F> gpioNa
K
cw;nwLj;Nj> cYq;f
fz;zuz;by;> fz;iz
gz;zpirf;fk;> ghitaiu
vz;zkij> Vw;wj;jhy;
fw;gid eak; :
‘fw;gidapy;iyNay; ftpapy;iy”
27
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‘fw;gidaw;w ghly; tpw;gidaw;Wg; NghFk;” vd;gh;. ,jid
ez;Fzh;e;j ftpQh;> jk; ghlypy; fz;zpuz;by; xU fz;izf;
fopj;jhw;NghYk;> iffhy;fs; ,uz;by; xd;iwf; fopj;jhw; NghYk; vd;w
fw;gid moFgl mike;Js;sJ.
mzpeak; :
ngz;zpdj;ij Mzpdj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthf kjpj;Jg; Ngrp te;j ePr
Fzj;ijf; $wte;j ftpQh; ctikfisf; ifahz;L ghliyr; rpwf;fr;
nra;fpwhh;. ,g;ghlypy; ‘ctikazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
L
‘fz;zpuz;by; xU fz;izf; fhj;jhw; NghYk;”
‘iffhy;fs; ,uz;bnyhd;iwf; fopj;jhw; NghYk;”
A
-ctikj; njhlh;fs;
re;j eak;
D
,g;ghly; vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jg;ghthy; mike;Js;sJ.
A
K
4. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; - cyfpy;
I
ngUik thuhjg;gh
LV
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
A
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhh;
jpz;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
K
jPz;l xz;zhjhh;
-ftpkzp Njrpf
tpehafk;
ikaf;fUj;J
gpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf ahh;f;Fk; ngUikfs; cz;lhfhJ. rpwg;ghf
kjpf;fg;glNtz;Lkhdhy; xt;nthUtUk; rpwg;ghd nray;fisr;
nra;aNtz;Lk;. kf;fSf;F ed;ik nra;gth;fs; cyk; tpUk;gf; $ba
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cah;Fyj;jhh; - kf;fSf;Fj; jPik nra;gth;fs; vtUk; mz;b thohj
,opFyj;Njhh; Mthh;.
Nkhidj;njhil :
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;W Nghy;
tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. : gpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik
ed;ik nra;gth; - ehLk;
vJifj;njhil :
L
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp
tUtJ vJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
A
v.fh. : gpwg;G - rpwg;G
ed;ik - jpd;ik
D
,iaGj;njhif
<w;wbapd; vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh> mirNah xj;Jte;jhy; mJ
,iaGj;njhil MFk;.
A
K
v.fh. thuhjg;gh
Ntz;Lkg;gh
I
Nkw;Fyj;jhh;
LV
xz;zhjhh;
mzpeak;
A
,g;ghlypy; ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp mike;Js;sJ. cs;sij cs;sthW
Xireak; Njhd;w $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
K
29
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5. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;
mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhhpUs;jhd; rphpj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rphpg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfhpj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
L
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jhpj;j tz;ze; jhNdh?
A
-ghujpjhrd;
ikaf;fUj;J
D
me;jpthd ,Us; fhuzkhf fhpe;J Nghd cyiff; fz;Nld;.
thdj;ijf; fz;Nld;. jpirfisAk; fz;Nld;. vd;d Mr;rhpak;. rpwpJ
A
Neuj;jpy; epyT rphpj;jJ. ,USk; rphpj;jJ. cyfj;J moifnay;yhk;
K
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; Nrfhpj;J xsp$l;b ,e;jh vd;W ,aw;if nfhLj;jJ
epyNt cd;idj;jhdh? nrhy;
Nkhidj;njhil
I
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy;
LV
tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh me;jp gpe;jp
mt;thNw ngUQ;rphpg;G
A
vJifj;njhil :
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp
K
tUtJ vJifj;njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh me;jp rpe;jh
gpe;jp ,e;jh
,iaGj; njhil
ghlypd; ,Wjpr;rPNuh> vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh> mirNah xd;WNghy;
tUtJ ,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
v.fh fz;Nld;
fz;Nld;
30
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mzpeak; :
,g;ghlypy; cUtf mzp mike;Js;sJ. ctik NtW nghus; NtW
vd;W nrhy;yhky; ctikiag; nghUshfr; nrhy;Yjy; cUtf mzp
MFk;.
v.fh
,aw;if md;id
xspKj;J epyT
L
6. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
A
G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;JG+j;j fly;fshf;FNtd;
D
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa – Nfhbg;
Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
A
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid – nrYj;jp
K
,utyNuhL NgRNtd;
,unthpf;Fk; ghpjpia – Vio
tpwnfhpf;f tPRNtd;.
I
-eh.fhkuhrd;
LV
ikaf;fUj;J
rUfhf cs;s G+kpg; ghiytdj;ij Kj;Jf;fs; G+j;j flyhf
khw;WNtd;. Gaiyf; $W$whf Mf;fp Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Gjpa njd;wy;fs;
A
Mf;FNtd;. ,uT Neuq;fspy; tpz;kPd; fhRfisg; Nghl;L ,utyNuhL
NgRNtd;. ,uit vhpj;Jg; gfyhf;Fk; #hpaid Viofs; vhpf;Fk;
K
tpwfhf;FNtd;.
Nkhidj;njhil :
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;W Nghy;
tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : Gaiy - Gjpa
,utpy; - ,utyNuhL
vJifj;njhil
31
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ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp
tUtJ vJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. ,utpy; - ,utyNuhL
,unthpf;Fk; - tpwnfhpf;f
,iaGj;njhil
<w;Wr; nrhy;Nyh> mirNah> rPNuh xd;WNghy; miktJ ,iaGj;
njhilahFk;.
L
v.fh fly;fshf;FNtd;
njd;wyhf;FNtd;
A
mzpeak; :
,g;ghlypy; cUtf mzp mike;Js;sJ. G+kpia rUFfs; epiwe;j
D
ghiyahf cUtfpj;Js;sjhy; cUtf mzp te;Js;sJ. ‘tpz;kPd; fhR”
vd;w njhlhpy; tpz;kPidf; ‘fhR” vd cUtfk; nra;fpwhh;.
A
K
7. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;
thduq;fs; fpdnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
I
fhdth;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghh;
LV
fkdrpj;jh; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghh;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOg;gp thdpd;d top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; ghpf;fhYe; Njh;f;fhYk; tOFk;
A
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq;fhuh;
Fw;whyj; jphp$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa
K
- jphp$luhrg;g ftpuhah;
ikaf; fUj;J:
Fw;why kiy tsj;ijAk; Fuq;fpd; nra;ifiaAk;> mUtpapd;
rpwg;igAk; rptngUkhd; FbapUj;jiyAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L ,g;ghly;
,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jphp$lkiyapy; Mz; Fuq;Ffs; kuq;fspypUe;J fdpfisg; gwpj;J
te;J ngz; Fuq;FfSf;Ff; nfhLj;Jf; nfhQ;rp tpisahLk;. ngz;
Fuq;Ffs; rpe;Jfpd;w fdpfisg; ngw Mz;Fuq;Ffs; nfQ;Rk;. fhl;bNy
32
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thof;$ba kf;fs; ,iwtid Ntz;b miog;ghh;fs;. ,sk; gpiwiaj;
jd; rilapy; #bapUf;Fk; Fw;whyehjh; tpUk;gpj; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
jphp$lkiy vq;fs; kiyahFk;.
Nkhidj; njhil:
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy;
tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : fhdth;fs; NjdUtp
fkdrpj;jh; jpiunaOg;gp
L
vJifj; njhil :
ghly; mbfspNyh my;yJ rPh;fspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp
A
tUtJ vJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : thduq;fs; NjdUtp
D
fhdth;fs; $dypsk;
,iaGj; njhil
A
<w;nwOj;Njh nrhy;Nyh mirNah xd;WNghy; tUtJ ,iaGj;
K
njhilahFk;.
v.fh : nfhQ;Rk; miog;ghh;
nfQ;Rk; tpisg;ghh;
I
mzpeak; :
LV
,g;ghlypy; cah;Tetpw;rp mzp mike;Js;sJ.
elf;Fk; epfo;it cs;sij cs;sthW $whky; cah;T eyk; Njhd;wf;
$WtJ cah;T etpw;rp mzpahFk;.
A
v.fh :
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
K
nrq;fjpNuhd; ghpf;fhYe; Njh;f;fhyk; tOFk;
jiyg;G : Fw;why kiy tsk;
Riteak; :
,aw;ifiag; ngUikg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,g;ghlypy; ‘ngUkpjr;
Rit’ gapd;W te;J ghlYf;F moF Nrh;j;Js;sJ.
33
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ghlhz; jpiz
thapNyhNa vdj; njhlq;Fk; xsitahhpd; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlhz;
jpizf;F chpaJ vd;gij epWTf.
jpiz tpsf;fk;: ghL+Mz;+jpiz. xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil>
mUs; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ghlhz;jpiz MFk;.
rhd;W: ‘thapNyhNah thapNyhNah” vdj; njhlq;Fk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
jpizg; nghUj;jk;: Gyth;fSf;F thapiy milf;fhj mjpakhdpd;
L
nfhilj;jd;ikAk; Gyth;fspd; fiyj;jpwikAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
A
mzp
D
1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ A
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff?.
K
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp epuy;epiw mzp
mzp ,yf;fzk;;: nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; thpirahf(epuyhf) epWj;jp
Neuhfg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.
I
Fwspd; nghUs;: md;Gk; mwDk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;>
LV
mJNt tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
mzpg;nghUj;jk;: ,f;Fwspy; md;Gk; mwDk; vd;w nrhw;fis thpirahf
epWj;jp> gz;Gk; gaDk; vd;w nrhw;fis Kiwglf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,J
A
epuy;epiw mzp MFk;.
2) fPo;f;fhZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ
K
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk; - vd;Dk; Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk; - vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;: njhlh;Gila ,U nghUs;fSs; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfk;
nra;J kw;nwhd;iw cUtfk; nra;ahky; tpl;L tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf
mzp MFk;.
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nghUs;: rpdk; jd;idr; rhh;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. m‡J xUtuJ
Rw;wnkd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
mzpg; nghUj;jk;: rpdj;ij neUg;ghfTk;> Rw;wj;ijg; ghJfhg;Gj;
njg;gkhfTk; cUtfg;gLj;jptpl;L> rpdg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; tho;f;if
vd;Dk; fliyf; flf;f KbAk; vd;W> fliy cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpl;L
tpl;ljhy; VfNjr cUtf mzpf;Fr; rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.
3) mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thh; Nghy;f
,fy;
,fy;Nte;jh;r; Nrh;e;J xOFthh;
L
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp: ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; njhopy; ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ
A
mzp ,yf;fzk;: xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nray; fhuzkhf
mikAk; ctik> njhopy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
D
Fwspd; nghUs;: jPf;fha;thh;> mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJ Nghy>
murh;fisr; rhh;e;J ,Ug;gth; gf;Ftkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
A
mzpg; nghUj;jk;: mfYjy;> mZFjy; Mfpa njhopy;fs; xg;Gik gLj;jg;
K
gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,t;tzp njhopy; ctikazpf;Fr; rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.
4) vLj;Jf;
f;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fp fPo;f;fhZk;
fhZk; FwS
FwSf;F
,t;tzpiag; nghUj;jp vOJf.
I
JQ;rpdh; nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
LV
eQ;Rcz;ghh; fs;cz; gth;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;: ctik xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU njhluhfTk;
mika Nghy> Nghd;w Kjypa ctk cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ
A
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
Fws; tpsf;fk;: cwq;fpath;> ,we;jtiu tpl NtWgl;lth; my;yh;;: mJNghy
K
fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mth;
mzpg; nghUj;jk;: cwq;fpath;f;Fk; ,we;jtUf;Fk; NtWghL Njhd;whJ.
mJNghyNt fs;cz;gtUf;Fk; eQ;R cz;gth;f;Fk; NtWghL fpilahJ.
35
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,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
gz;Gj;njhif
• nrk;ghpjp • nfhLq;Nfhy; • njhy;newp
• nre;jkpo; • ngUq;fly; • nts;sUtp
• nre;epwk; • fUe;jlk; • neLNty;
• ntq;fjph; • ntq;FUjp • ed;dhL
• mUe;jpwy; • ed;nkhop • neLtop
L
• GJg;ngay; • ed;fyk;
A
tpidj;njhif
• jho;fly; • fha;ney; • tphpfly;
D
• taq;Fnkhop • tsh;jyk;
chpr;nrhy;njhlh;
A
K
• khjtk; • khkapiy • jlf;if
vz;Zk;ik
I
• md;Gk; mwKk; • MlYk; ghlYk;
LV
• mwpTk; GfOk;
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
A
• cah;e;Njhh; • nrw;wth; • ghjfh;
K
njhopw;ngah;
• nrhy;Yjy; • ,sptuy; • ngUkpjk;
• kwj;jy; • kUl;if • ctif
• eif • mr;rk;
• mOif • ntFsp
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<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
• ngha;ah • mwpah
• milah • kwth
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
• Kj;J Kj;jha; • Cd;w Cd;w
tpidnar;rk;
• rpte;J • nte;J • Nghe;J
• fyq;fp • rpde;J
L
ctikj;njhif
• kyub • fly;jhid
A
cUtfk;
D
• tpah;it nts;sk;
k&c A
• Ee;ij
,lthF ngah;
K
• cyF
nrhy;ypir msngil
I
• tis, • nthP,a • xhP,
LV
,d;dpir msngil
• gLg;gJ}ck;
nra;Aspir msngil
A
• rpwhmh; • cohmd; • fthmd;
K
Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W
• Xh;kpd;
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
• cd;dyph;
MFngah;
• ePyk;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
• mutf;fly;
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Gzh;r;rp tpjp
1. cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
thdnky;yhk; - thdk; + vy;yhk;
cuDil - cud; + cil
2. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; + cly;Nky; caph;te;J
xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
cs;nshd;W - cs; + xd;W
L
Kd;Dil - Kd; + cil
nry;yplj;J - nry; + ,lj;J
A
3. ,> <> I top at;Tk; + cly;Nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
D
cd;iday;yhy; - cd;id + my;yhy;
jdpahop - jdp + Mop
A
xUikAld; - xUik + cld;
Vionad - Vio + vd
K
4. caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk; + cly;Nky; caph;Nky; caph;te;J
xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng
I
Mq;ftw;Ws; - Mq;F + mtw;Ws;
LV
5. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; ‘frjg” kpFk;
vj;jpir - v + jpir
jiyf;Nfhy; - jiy + Nfhy;
A
6. kt;tPW xw;wope;J caphPW xg;gTk;
,depiu - ,dk; + epiu
K
7. G+g;ngah; Kd; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk;
G+k;ghtha; - G+ + ghtha;
8. <WNghjy;
nrk;ghpjp - nrk;ik + ghpjp
ed;nkhop - ed;ik + nkhop
9. <WNghjy; + ,dkpfy;
mUq;fhdk; - mUik + fhdk;
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ngUq;fy; - ngUik + fy;
ngUe;Njh; - ngUik + Njh;
10. <WNghjy; + Kd;dpd;w nka; jphpjy;
nre;jkpNo - nrk;ik + jkpNo
ntq;fjph; - ntk;ik + fjph;
11. <WNghjy; + ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; ‘frjg” kpFk;
GJg;ngay; - GJik + ngay;
L
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
A
1. rha;g;ghd; - rha;+g;+g;+Md;.
rha; - gFjp>
D
g;-re;jp>
g;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy> A
Md;-glh;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. tpae;J - tpa+j;
tpa j;(e;)+j;
j;+c
K
tpa - gFjp>
j; - re;jp>
e;- MdJ tpfhuk;>
I
LV
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
c-tpidnar;r tpFjp
3. tpk;Kfpd;w - tpk;K + fpd;W + m
A
tpk;K-gFjp>
fpd;W-epfo;fhy ,ilepiy>
K
m- nganur;r tpFjp
4. ,Ue;jha; - ,U+j;
,U j;(e;)+j;
j;+Ma;
,U-gFjp>
j;-re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
35
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5. fz;lhd; - fhz; (fz;) + l; + Md;
fhz;-gFjp>
l;-,we;j fhy ,ilepiy>
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
6. mkh;e;jhd; - mkh; + j; (e;)+ j; + Md;
mkh;-gFjp>
j;- re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;-,we;j fhy ,ilepiy>
L
Md;-Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
7. nra;j - nra;+j;+m
A
nra;-gFjp>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
D
m-nganur;r tpFjp A
8. rhw;wp - rhw;W + ,
rhw;W - gFjp>
K
,-tpidnar;r tpFjp
9. NgRthh; - NgR+t;
NgR t; + Mh;
NgR-gFjp>
I
t;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy>
LV
Mh;-gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
10. itj;J - it+j;
it j;+j;+c
it-gFjp>
A
j;-re;jp>
j;-,we;j fhy ,ilepiy>
K
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
11. epidf;fpd;w - epid +f;
f;+fpd;W + m
epid - gFjp>
f;-re;jp> fpd;W-epfo;fhy ,ilepiy>
m-nganur;r tpFjp
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12. cah;e;Njhh; - cah; + j; (e;) + j; + Xh;
cah; - gFjp.
j;- re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;- ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
Xh;-gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
13. je;jdd; - jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
jh - gFjp>
L
j;-re;jp> e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
A
md;-rhhpia>
md;-glh;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
D
A
14. nghype;jhd; - nghyp + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
nghyp-gFjp>
K
j;- re;jp> e; MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;- ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
Md; - Mz;ghy;tpidKw;W tpFjp
I
LV
15. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
mwp - gFjp>
j;- re;jp>
A
e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy>
K
c-tpidnar;r tpFjp
16. mWj;J - mW + j; + j; + c
mW-gFjp>
j;-re;jp>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
c-tpidnar;r tpFjp
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17. te;J - th (t) + j; (e;) + j; + c
th-gFjp>
j;-re;jp>
e;-MdJ tpfhuk;>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
c-tpidnar;r tpFjp.
18. fyq;fp - fyq;F+,
,
fyq;F-gFjp>
,-tpidnar;r tpFjp
L
19. tpsq;fp - tpsq;F + ,
A
tpsq;F - gFjp>
,-tpidnar;r tpFjp
D
20. ntFsp - ntFs;+,
A
ntFs;-gFjp>
K
,- njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
21. kUl;if - kUs; + if
I
kUs;+gFjp>
LV
s; l; MdJ tpfhuk;>
if -njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
A
22. eif - eF+I
eF I
eif - gFjp>
K
I-njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
23. njhOjdh; - njhO+j;
njhO j;+md;+mh;
njhO-gFjp>
j;-,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>
md;-rhhpia>
mh;-glh;f;ifg; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
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FWtpdh - 2 kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• nkhopf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikkpf;f Mw;wy; ftpijf;fhf>
,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhfj; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ.
• ftpijapd; ,aq;fhw;wy;jhd; eil
2. ‘ghlmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
L
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” - ,r;rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir
eakpf;f nrhw;fisAk;;mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J
A
vOJf.
D
Xir eakpf;f nrhw;fs; A
glhmk;
nflhm
K
flhm
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
I
LV
glhmk;
nflh m -nra;Aspir msngil (m) ,irepiw msngil
flhm
A
3. ftpQh; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?
nre;epw thdk; Nghyj; jk; iffs; rptf;f ciof;fpd;w
K
njhopyhsh;fspd; Njhs; kPJ fhzg;gLk; nts;sk; Nghd;w tpah;it
Kj;Jf;fis tpae;J ghl jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk;.
4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlh; mikf;f.
tpbaypy; vOe;J clw;gapw;rp nra;tJ clYf;F typikAk;
tdg;igAk; jUk;.
39
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5. ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsh;g;Nghk;” vd;Dk; Kof;fj; njhlh; thapyhf vtw;iw
typAWj;Jtha;?
• Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; J}a;ik
• kioePh; Nrfhpg;G
• kz;mhpg;G> epyr;rhpT Nghd;w Nghplh; xopg;G
• epyj;jb ePh; ngUf;fk;
6. ,depiu - gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp vOJf.
,depiu = ,dk; +epiu
kt;tPW xw;wope;J caphPW xg;gTk; = ,d + epiu
L
= ,depiu
A
7. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr;
D
Nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U
njhlh;fshf;Ff. A
• kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf;
fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
• mjd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
K
8. ‘efuk; gl;il jPl;ba nts;is itukhfpwJ” - tpsf;fk; jUf.
I
• efuj;jpy; kio nga;J nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy; #hpad; jpBnud;W
LV
cjakhdhd;.
• nga;j kioapy; efuj;Jr; Rth;fspy; mg;gpapUe;j mOf;FfSk;>
J}rpfSk; fOtg;gl;ld.
• fOtg;gl;l Rth;fspd; kPJ #hpa ntspr;rk; gl;ljhy; ‘efuk;
A
gl;il jPl;ba nts;is itukhf kpd;dpaJ.
K
9. Gf;fpy;> jd;kid - rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
Gf;fpy;
py; - jw;fhypfj; jq;Fkplk; ‘Gf;fpy; - vdg;gLk;.
jd;kid - jpUkzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk;
ngw;Nwhhplk; ,Ue;J gphpe;J jdpahf thOkplk;
jd;kid” vdg;gLk;.
10. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rthp ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
• vd; ngha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mope;jJ.
40
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• mstw;w fhyk; ehd; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ.
• vd; gpwtp xope;jJ.
11. vjph;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [yhYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhh;?
Mde;jk;
kdr; Nrhh;T
mw;gj;jdk;
tpopg;Gzh;T Mfpatw;iw vjph;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshf
cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
L
12. ‘Jd;G csJ vdpd; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ? vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W
A
gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy; vjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;?
m) epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;.
D
M) rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;
cjTk;.
A
tpil: m) epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;.
K
13. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Sth; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhh;?
mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gth;.
I
LV
14. Qhyj;jpd; nghpaJ vJ?
chpa fhyj;jpy; xUth; nra;j cjtp mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;
mJ cyiftplg; nghpajhFk;.
A
15. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?
kwf;ff; $lhjJ - xUth; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwf;ff;
K
$lhJ.
kwf;ff; $baJ - xUth; ekf;Fr; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj
kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
16. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
gpwUila ifg;nghUis tpUk;gf; $lhJ.
41
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17. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;J tpLk; vd;gjhy; rpdj;ijf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
18. ,ilaPL – vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?
• ftpij rhh;e;j vz;zk;
• ntspaPL
• Nfl;ly;
19. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
trdk; - vJif> Nkhid> mb msTfs; ,y;yhky; miktJ trdk;.
L
ftpij - vJif> Nkhid> mb msTfSld; miktJ ftpij.
A
20. ‘vj;jpirapYk; NrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;” – ahh;f;F?
D
fiyj;njhopypy; ty;yth;fSf;F.
A
21. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
• epfz;L • ePjpE}y;fs;
K
• ed;D}y; • fPo;thapyf;fk;
• fhhpif • Nky;thapyf;fk;
• jz;bayq;fhuk; • Fopkhw;W
I
LV
22. fyptpoh> xyptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
fyptpoh - vOr;rp jUk; tpoh
xyptpoh - Muthu tpoh
A
23. fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
• fhypd; nkf;fd;rpapd; njhFg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
K
1869 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
• mhpa xiyr;Rtbfs;> jhs;Rtbfs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vdg; ngUk;
njhFg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
24. ‘jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsh; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs” -
njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu vOJf.
mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapd; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Jj;
jpUf;Nfhtpypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jNtNs!
42
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25. ‘ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujth;” – njhlhpy; cs;s Kuz;
eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ngUq;fly; x rpWFb
26. vz;tif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?
• eif • tpag;G • rpdk;
• mOif • mr;rk; • kfpo;r;rp
• ,sptuy; • ngUik
L
27. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;Gf;F vt;thW cap&l;Lk;? rhd;W
A
jUf.
• gpd;dzp ,ir> jpiug;glj;jpd; czh;Tfis ntspf;nfhzu
D
cjTk;
rhd;W
• fijehafp rd;dy; topahfj; jiyia ePl;bj; njUitg; ghh;g;ghs;.
A
• mf;fhl;rpapy; xU kfpOe;jpd; xyp ,izf;fg;gLk;.
• ,jd; %yk; mtisg; ghh;f;f te;jth;> mts; tpUg;gj;jpw;F
K
khwhfr; nry;fpwhh; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
28. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp – Fwpg;G vOJf.
I
LV
xUKf vopdp:
Nkilapd; xU GwkpUe;J kWGwk; nry;tJ xUKf vopdp.
nghUKf vopdp:
A
Nkilapd; ,UGwkpUe;Jk; nrd;W eLtpy; nghUe;JtJ nghUKf
vopdp.
K
29. ‘%r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy;
Ngr;Rk;
mlq;Fk;” – ftpijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gonkhop xd;iw vOJf.
• ‘J}q;ifapNy thq;Ffpw %r;R
Ropkhwpg; NghdhYk; Nghr;R”
• ‘vhpawijg; GLq;fpdh nfhjpf;fpwJ mlq;Fk;”
43
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30. kdj;ij mjd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf;$lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ
Vd;?
• kdj;ij mjd; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytpl;lhy; jPik Vw;gLk;.
• mwptpd; Jizahy; kdij ey;y topapy; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
31. cUTfz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs; ngUe;Nj mr;rhzp md;dhh;
cilj;J
- ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;
nghUj;Jf.
ctik
L
nghpa NjUf;Fr; rpW mr;rhzpjhd; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
A
nghUs;
D
xUthpd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L ,fof; $lhJ.
nghUj;jk;
A
kpfg;nghpa Njiu rpwpa mr;rhzp nrYj;JtJ Nghy cUtj;jpy;
K
rpwpatUk; nghpa nraiyr; nra;th;.
32. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
I
ey;y nray;ghl;bw;F kd cWjpNa Ntz;Lk;. kw;wit gad;glhJ.
LV
33. eQ;Rz;gth; vd ts;Sth; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhh;?
fs;Sz;gth;
A
34. muNrhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?
jFjp my;yhjtw;iwr; nra;jy;
K
35. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?
mwpT
36. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
mQ;rj; jFe;jd
cwtpdh; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;lth; njhlh;G
44
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mQ;rj; jfhjd
thisg; Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; gifth;
37. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?
#J
38. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;
plTk;.
gpbj;j Fws;
‘ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
L
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;”
A
fhuzk;
ehk; ahUld; Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpopg;Gzh;it cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
39. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk;
D gifahfTk; ts;Sth; vtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?
A
Jiz
K
ey;ypdk;
gif
jPapdk;
I
LV
40. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf.
xhP, - nrhy;ypirasngil
gLg;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
A
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah;
K
41. fPo;ePh;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.
ePhpy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
42. ngUe;Njh; - Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
ngUe;Njh; - ngUik + Njh;
<WNghjy; - ngU + Njh;
,dkpfy; - ngU+e;+Njh; = ngUe;Njh;
45
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43. gUtj;Nj gaph; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;jhy; chpa tpisr;riyg; ngwyhk;. mJNghy xU
nraiyf; fhykwpe;J nra;jhy; ntw;wp epr;rak;.
44. ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s
kdpjh;fspd; ciog;ig ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU NjePiug; gUFk; NghJ
mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; kdpj
ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
• NjePh; jahhpf;f ePh;> rh;f;fiu> Njapiy Mfpad Ntz;Lk;.
L
• ,g;nghUs;fis cUthf;f cjtpath; gyh;
• mth;fsJ ciog;ig czu Ntz;Lk;.
A
D
45. mwpTil Nte;jdpd; newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahh; $Wtd ahit?
mwpTila murd;> thp jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J thp
A
jpul;bdhy; ehL> Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk;.
K
46. nrtpawpT W}c Jiwia tpsf;
tpsf;Ff.
murd; nra;a Ntz;ba filikfis Kiw jtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd;
Nfl;f mwpTWj;JtJ.
I
LV
47. jkpoh; tsh;j;j moFf; fiyfs;> E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
• ftpd;fiyfs; Fwpj;Jj; jkpopy; ntspte;j KOikahd
jkpo; E}y;.
• jkpouJ fiyj;jpwid vLj;Jf; $Wk;.
A
• jkpof murpd; Kjy; ghpR ngw;w E}y;.
K
48. ‘tphpngU jkpoh; Nkd;ik
Xq;flr; nra;t njhd;Nw
caph;g;gzpahff; nfhz;Nlhd;” - ahh;
ahiug; gw;wp vjw;fhff; $Wfpwhh;?.
• ghujpjhrd; kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;.
• jkpoh;fspd; Nkd;ikfis Xq;fplr; nra;tijNa jd;
caph;g;gzpahff; nfhz;lth;.
46
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49. Kfk; Kfthpaw;Wg; Nghdjw;F. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; $Wk; fhuzj;ij
vOJf.
jd; milahsj;ijj; njhiyj;jjhy; Kfk; Kfthpaw;Wg; NghdJ.
50. ,iwkfdhhpd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdhh;?
• ,j;jid nfhLikfSf;Fg; gpwFk; ,t;Tyfk; gpse;J
ntbf;ftpy;iyNa!
• thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa!
• fly;ePh; tw;wpg; Nghftpy;iyNa!
• ,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk; mopahky; jhkjpg;gJ VNdh!
L
rpWtpdh - 4 kjpg;ngz;
A
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff
• XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiy tbtk; nfhs;tij xypg;gpd;dy;
D
vd;gh;.
• ‘fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b A
cld;wdph; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fhpNj” vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg;
ghlypy; td;ikahd czh;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; f> j> l> w vd;w ty;ypd
K
nka;fs; mjpfkhf te;Js;sd.
• ‘glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahid........”
I
• ‘Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij” vd;Dk; ghlypy; neby;
LV
xypfspd; tUifAk; rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;g tUtJk; xypf;
NfhyNkahFk;.
2. ‘nrk;ghpjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk;
A
thdnky;yhk; !”” njhlh; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• rptg;Gr; #hpad; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiy KfLfspy; jiyiar;
K
rha;g;ghd;.
• mr;#hpadpd; nre;epw xspgl;L thdnky;yhk; rptg;G G+f;fs;
G+j;Js;s nrq;fhlhfNt fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
3. Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;
,t;thp jz;bayq;fhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
47
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nghUs;:
xypf;fpd;w ePh;epiwe;j flyhy; #og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; ,Uis mfw;Wk;.
tpsf;fk;:
o kf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;L kiyfSk; ,ilNa Njhd;wp> fly; #o;e;j
cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ fjputd;.
o nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;wp> rhd;Nwhuhy; njhog;gl;L> kf;fspd;
mwpahik vd;Dk; mf ,Uis mfw;WtJ xg;Gik ,y;yhj jkpo;.
L
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy;
spy; cs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;b
tpsf;Ff.
A
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; kPz;Lke;jg; goik eyk; GJf;Fjw;F
tOty fhy tifap dhNd nka;rpyph;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy $tp th> th!
th
D
- ed;D}y; A - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;
ed;D}y;
K
fhykhWghl;bd; fhuzkhf gioad fope;J> GJikfs; Njhd;WtJ
Fw;wky;y vd;fpwJ.
I
LV
rpw;gp
• goik kPz;Lk; Gj;Japh; ngw;W tuNtz;Lk;.
• rq;fj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;J> jq;fj;jkpo; E}y;fisf; nfhLj;jJk; ghhp
Kjyhd ts;sy;fisj; je;jJkhd me;jf;fhyk; kPz;Lk;
A
tUtjw;fhf jkpo;f;FapNy $tp th vd;W rpw;gp Ntz;Lfpwhh;.
K
5. ‘ePh;epiyfspypUe;
piyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs;” –
‘J}q;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd” vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghlypd;
njhlh;r;rpaha; miktijg; gw;wp vOJf.
• %q;fpy; ,iy NkNy epiwe;jpUf;Fk; gdpj;Jspiaf; fjputd; thq;fp
kfpo;fpwhd; vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gwf; ftpQdpd; fw;gid.
• ftpQh; ma;ag;g khjtd; ePh; epiyfspy; Njq;fpAs;s ePh; ehs;fs;
nry;yr; nry;yf; Fiwtijg; ghh;j;J> ePh; epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs;
Ftpj;J cwpQ;RfpwJ xspf;fjph;fs; vd;W fw;gid nra;Js;shh;.
48
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6. thilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtyh;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; Njbdh;?
• jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j Nfhtyh;fs;
vUik> gR> ML Mfpa epiufis NtW Nklhd epyq;fspy; Nka
tpl;lhh;.
• jhk; gofpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; ngaUk; NghJ tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.
• jiyapy; #ba fhe;js; khiy frq;fpaJ.
• gyUld; Nrh;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; #Nlw;wpa
NghJk; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
7. kionts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if
L
eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
A
• Nghplh;f; fhyq;fspy; jhq;ff; $ba Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;fis mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
• ePh;topg; ghijfisj; njhlh;e;J guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
D
• flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf;fhLfs; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
• thdpiy Muha;r;rp ikak; ntspapLk; jfty;fspy; mbg;gilapy;
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
A
K
8. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
• eLtz; muR 23.12.2005-k; Mz;L Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik
Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
I
• Gay;> nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> twl;rp> Rdhkp> epyr;rhpT> jP tpgj;J>
LV
#whtsp> gdpg;Gay;> Ntjptpgj;Jfs; Kjyhd Nghplh;fs; epfOk;
NghJ gy;NtW mikg;Gfis xUq;fpizj;Jr; nrayhw;w toptif
nra;Js;sJ.
• khepyk; njhlq;fp rpw;W}uhl;rp tiu midj;J epiyfspYk;
A
nrayhw;w toptif nra;Js;sJ.
K
9. gz;ila tphpe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf; FLk;gk; -
tpsf;fk;
fk; vOJf.
• fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; je;ij Nrh;e;J tho;tJ
tphpe;j FLk;gkhFk;.
• ngUikfs; epiwe;j gps;isfSlDk; mwj;ij tpUk;Gk;
Rw;wj;NjhLk; N;rh;e;J fztDk; kidtpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy
,y;tho;tpd; gadhFk;.
49
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• ,d;iwa #oypy; fztd;> kidtp> kfd; mfpNahUld; fztd;
my;yJ kidtpapd; ngw;Nwhh; Nrh;e;J thOk; $l;Lf; FLk;g Kiw
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10. FfNdhL Ituhfp tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;tpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.
• ,uhkd; tPlzdplk;> ehq;fs; ehy;th; cld;gpwe;jth;fshf
,Ue;Njhk;.
• gpd;G NtLth; jiytd; Ffid cld;gpwg;ghf Vw;W ItuhNdhk;.
• gpd;G Rf;hPtid Vw;W mWth; MNdhk;.
• cd;idAk; cld;gpwg;ghf Vw;W vOth; MNdhk;.
L
• cd; je;ij jrujd; ,jdhy; ngUik ngWfpwhd;.
A
11. ‘tUgth; vtuhapDk;
ed;wp nrYj;J” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
D
A
[yhYj;jPd; &kpapd; ‘tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yk; vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
K
nghUs;:
I
tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUgth; vtuhapDk; mtUf;F ed;wp nrYj;J
LV
tpsf;fk;:
• kdpj tho;Nt tpUe;jpdh; ,y;yk; Nghd;wJ.
A
• vjph;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshd Mde;jk;> kdr;Nrhh;T> mw;gj;jdk;>
tpopg;Gzh;T Mfpatw;iw tuNtw;W tpUe;Njhk;G!
K
• GjpaNjhh; kfpo;r;rpf;fhf jahh;gLj;Jtjhy; nfsutkhf elj;J.
• tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid Mfpatw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W
tuNtw;Nghk;.
• xt;nthUtUk; xU topfhl;b vd;gjhy; tUgth; vtuhapDk; ed;wp
nrYj;J.
50
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12. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;
vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs; FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
• vd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; tUk;tiu vd; jk;gp> jq;;iff;Ff; fijfs; $wp>
md;NghL ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;.
• Mlk;gukhd nryTfisj; jtph;g;Ngd;.
• tPl;ilj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jp NjePh; jahhpj;J itg;Ngd;.
• vd; gs;spg;ghlq;fis md;whlk; gbj;J Kbg;Ngd;
• filf;Fr; nrd;W fha;fwpfs; thq;fp tUjy;> thfdj;ijr; Rj;jk;
L
nra;jy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;Ntd;.
A
13. rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vOJf.
D
• ‘vg;gbg;gl;l rpwg;ghd tpwFfs; ,it” vd;W fz;lth; tpaf;Fk;
gbahd mfpy; kw;Wk; re;jdf; fl;iliaf; nfhz;L itj;jhd;.
A
• Njitahd msT jUg;igg; Gw;fis xOq;Fgl mLf;fp te;J
G+f;fisj; J}tpdhd;.
K
• kzypdhy; Nkiliaj; jpUj;jkhf mikj;J> ed;dPiuAk; vLj;J
te;jhd;.
I
• ,uhkd; jd; nghpa iffspy; Nkilf;Fr; rlhAitj; J}f;fp te;jhd;.
LV
14. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mika mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpatj;ij
ts;Sth; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.
• md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;FtJ> mjd; gz;Gk;
A
gaDk; MFk;.
K
• mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gth;> Kaw;rp nra;gtiu tpl
Nkk;gl;lth;.
• mwnewpapy; epd;W tho;gth;> thDyf nja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf
kjpf;fg;gLth;.
15. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cah;e;jJ?.
• nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F tpz;ZyfKk; kz;ZyfKk; <lhfhJ.
51
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• chpa fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; cyiftplg;
nghpaJ.
• gaid Muhahky; nra;j cjtp fliy tplg; nghpaJ.
16. rpdj;
rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.
• rpdj;jhy; jPa tpisTfs; Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahhplKk; rpdk;
nfhs;shky; mij kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
• Kfkyh;;r;rpiaAk; mf kfpo;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;fpd;w rpdj;ijtpl NtW
L
gif ,y;iy.
• rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk; vd;gjhy; mijf; fhj;J> ek;ikf;
A
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
D
• rpdk;> jd;idr; Nrh;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ
Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
A
17. ‘%d;whd fhyk; Nghy; xd;W” - vit? Vd;? tpsf;Ff.
K
%d;whk; fhyk; Nghy; xd;whdit
vz;zk;
ntspaPL
I
LV
Nfl;ly;
tpsf;fk;:
vz;zk;> ntspaPL Nfl;ly; vd;w %d;Wk; vg;NghJk; xd;whf
,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. jdpj;jdpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
A
,we;j fhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjph;fhyk; vd;w %d;W fhyq;fSk;
K
vg;NghJk; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. fhyk; vd;W Fwpg;gplk;NghJ
kl;Lk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; kw;wgb jdpj;jdpjhd;.
18. ePq;fs; Mrphpauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy;
newpg;gLj;JtPh;fs;?
• khzth;fsplk; ghpTlDk; fdpTlDk; ele;J nfhs;Ntd;.
• NtWghbd;wp eLepiyapy; nray;gLNtd;.
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• khzth;fsplk; cs;s jdpj;jpwikiaf; fz;lwpe;J
Cf;fg;gLj;JNtd;.
• nghWg;Gfis midth;f;Fk; gfph;e;jspg;Ngd;.
• mwpTiuAk; topfhl;LjYk; toq;fp Mw;Wg;gLj;JNtd;.
19. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
khw;wq;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
• gps;isfs; Kjypy; kzypy; vOjpdhh;fs;.
• gidNaL> rPjhsg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; vOJthh;fs;.
L
• Xiyapy; vOjg; gytif vOj;jhzpfs; ,Ue;jd.
A
• gpd;G rpNyl;by; vOJk; Kiw cz;lhdJ.
• vOJ Rtbfspy; vOjpg; gofpdh;.
D
• gj;J tpuy;fshy; fzpg;nghwpapy; vOjpdh;.
A
• jw;NghJ Ngrg; Ngr> jpiuapy; vOj;J cUthfpwJ.
K
20. nrd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J
,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• jkpo;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk;
I
• vOk;G+h; mUq;fhl;rpafk;
LV
• Nfhl;il mUq;fhl;rpafk;
• fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;
• jpiug;glj; njhopy; rhh;e;j ,lq;fs;
A
• jpiuauq;fk;
K
21. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahh; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf;
Nfl;fpwhh;?
• xU newpg;gl;l kdj;Jld; epdJ kyh; Nghd;w jpUtbfis
epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;jk; cwT Ntz;Lk;.
• cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; Gwj;jpy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfh;jk; cwT
vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
53
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22. gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;
vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhh;?
• ,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohf;fs;
epiwe;j tPjpfis cila Ch; jpUkapiy.
• mq;F vOr;rp kpf;f tpohf;fs; eilngWk;.
• kapiy fghyPr;Ruk; Nfhtpypy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F Muthukhf
gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngWk;.
23. ney;ypd; NeNu ntz;fy; cg;G - ,j;njhlhpd; top gz;lkhw;W
L
tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• flypy; kPd; Ntl;ilahLk; gujth; cg;gsq;fspy; cg;G tpistpg;gh;.
A
• me;j ntz;zpw cg;ig cg;G tzpfh; tz;bapy; Vw;wpr; nrd;W
D
njhiytpYs;s Ch;fspy; tpw;gid nra;th;.
• me;j cg;G tzpfhpd; kfs; cg;Gf;F khw;whf ney;iyj; je;J
A
cg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s thhPNuh! vd;W $tpdhs;.
• ,jd;%yk; gpwepyq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis cg;gpw;Fg;
K
gz;lkhw;whfg; ngw;wdh; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
I
24. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtph; fUJtd ahit?
(my;yJ) mwpTilik tho;tpd; cah;Tf;Ff; Jiz epw;Fk; vd;gij
LV
epWTf.
• mwpT> mopT tuhky; fhg;gJld; giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj
ghJfhg;G muz; MFk;.
A
• kdijj; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;topg;gLj;JtJ mwpthFk;
• vg;nghUis ahh; nrhd;dhYk; mjd; cz;ikiaf; fhz;gJ
K
mwpthFk;
• cyfj;NjhL ,ize;J nry;tJ mwpthFk;.
• gpd;tUtij Kd;dNu mwpAk; mwpTilatUf;F eLq;f tUk;
Jd;gk; ,y;iy.
25. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
• ey;y nray;ghl;bw;F kd cWjpNa Ntz;Lk;
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• nrhy;tJ vspJ> nra;tJ fbdk;> kdj;jpl;gNk nrhy;ypagb
nra;Ak;.
• epidj;jij> kdj;jpl;gk; cilatNu epidj;jthW Kbg;gh;.
• kdj;jpl;gk; cilath; tbtpy; rpwpatuhdhYk; mr;rhzp Nghy
nghpa nraiyr; nra;th;.
26. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Sth; ciug;gd
gw;wp ePh; mwptdtw;iw vOJf.
vOJf.
• kf;fSf;F ,aw;if mwpT kdj;jhy; Vw;gLk;. mth;fSf;Fg; gpwh;
L
nfhLf;fpd;w kjpg;Gk; kjpg;G ,d;ikAk; mth; Nrh;e;j ,dj;jhy;
Vw;gLk;.
A
• ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;j JizAk; ,y;iy> jPa; ,dj;ij tplj;
Jd;gk; jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.
D
27. thisAk; ghk;igAk;
A
vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Sth;
$Wfpwhh;?
K
ths;
thisg; Nghy ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F
mQ;r Ntz;baJ ,y;iy. Mdhy; cwtpdh; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif
I
nfhz;lthpd; njhlh;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
LV
ghk;G
mfj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if xU
Fbirapy; ghk;Gld; tho;tJ Nghd;wJ.
A
28. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tpthpf;f.
K
#J
• Jd;gk; gy je;J> Gfiof; nfLj;J> tWikiaj; jUtJ #J.
• #jhLkplj;jpw;Fr; nry;gtdpd; guk;giur; nry;tKk;> ew;gz;Gk;
mopAk;.
fs;
• cwq;fpath;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;lth; my;yh;> mt;thNw
fs;cz;gtUk; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mth;.
• fs;Sz;ltidj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePhpy; %o;fpatidj; jPg;ge;jk;
nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ.
55
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neLtpdh - nra;As;
1. jkpopd; rPhpsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftpQh; rpw;gp ghyRg;ukzpak;
$Wtdtw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf.
• rptg;Gr; #hpad; khiy Neuj;jpy; kiy KfLfspy; jiyiar;
rha;f;Fk; NghJ rptg;Gg; G+f;fs; G+j;Js;s nrq;fhlf
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
• mJNghy cioj;Jr; rpte;j iffis cila ciog;ghsh;fspd;
Njhs;fs; kPJ fhzg;gLk; tpah;it Kj;Jf;fis tpae;J ghlj;
L
jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk;.
• ftpQh;fspd; kdjpy; nghq;Ffpd;w ftpij ntwpf;F czthf
A
tpsq;FtJ jkpo;.
D
• Kr;rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJk;> ghhp Kjyhd ts;sy;fis <d;W
je;jJk; jkpo;. A
• me;jg; ngUik kpFe;j goq;fhyk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl njd;jkpNo rPwp
th!
K
2. neLey;thilapy; ef;fPuh; fhl;Lk; kiof;fhy tUzidiar; nrhy;ypy;
tbf;f.
I
• kiyiar; #o;e;J vOe;j Nkfk; Gjpa kioiag; nghope;jJ.
LV
• jho;thd gFjpfspy; ngUfpa nts;sj;ij ntWj;j Nfhtyh;fs;
vUik> gR> ML Mfpa epiufis NtW Nklhd epyq;fspy;
Nkatpl;ldh;.
• jhk; gofpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; ngaUk; NghJ tUj;jk; mile;jdh;.
A
• jiyapy; #ba fhe;js; khiy frq;fpaJ.
K
• gyUld; Nrh;e;J nfhs;sp neUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; #Nlw;wpa
NghJk; gw;fs; eLq;fpd.
• tpyq;Ffs; Fspuhy; Nka;r;riy kwe;jd.
• Fuq;Ffs; eLq;fpd.
• kuj;jpypUe;j gwitfs; epyj;jpy; tpOe;jd.
• gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtph;j;jd.
• kiyiaNa Fspur; nra;jJ Nghy ,Ue;jJ mf;Fsph;fhyk;.
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3. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd; gpw caph;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j
cwT epiyiag;
epiyiag; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
FfDld; cwT
,uhkd;> Ffdplk; ‘eP vd; jk;gp> ,yf;Ftd; cd; jk;gp> rPij
cdf;F mz;zp. flYk; ,e;epyKk; cd;DilaJ. ehd; cd; VtYf;F
Vw;g gzpGhpgtd;” vd;W $wp mtid cld;gpwg;ghf Vw;whd;.
rlhATld; cwT
L
,uhkd; rlhAtpd; ,Wjpr; rlq;fpw;fhf rpwe;j mfpy; kw;Wk;
re;jdf; fl;ilfisf; nfhz;L te;J itj;jhd;. Njitahd msT
A
jUg;igg; Gw;fis xOq;Fgl mLf;fp> G+f;fisj; J}tpdhd;.
kzypdhy; Nkiliaj; jpUj;jkhf mikj;J ed;dPiu vLj;J te;jhd;.
D
,uhkd; jd; iffspy; rlhAitj; J}f;fp te;J itj;jhd;.
rthpaplk; cwT
A
,uhkd; rthpaplk; ,dpjhfg; Ngrpdhs;. ‘,t;tsT fhyk; eP
K
Jd;gkpd;wp eyKld; ,Ue;jha; my;yth?” vd;W ghpTld; Nfl;lhd;.
Rf;hPtdplk; cwT
,uhkd;> Rf;hPtdplk; tpz;zpYk; kz;zpYk; cs;s cd; gifth;
I
vd; gifth; jPatuhapDk; cd; ez;gh;fs; vd; ez;gh;fs; cd; cwtpdh;
LV
vd; cwtpdh;. vd; cwtpdh; cd; cwtpdh;. eP vd; caph; ez;gd;
vd;whd;.
tPlzdplk; cwT
A
,uhkd; milf;fykhd tPlzid cld;gpwg;ghf Vw;W ,yq;if
muirf; nfhLj;jhd;. ‘FfDld; Ith; MNdhk;. Rf;hPtDld; mWth;
K
MNdhk;. cd;Dld; vOtuhNdhk;. vd; je;ij ,jdhy; ngUik
ngWfpwhd;” vd;W $wpdhd;.
4. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L
epWTf.
epWTf
• nra;ahky; nra;j cjtpf;F tpz;ZyfKk; kz;ZyfKk;
<lhfhJ.
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• chpa fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp rpwpjhf ,Ue;jhYk; cyiftplg;
nghpaJ.
• gaid Muhahky; nra;j cjtp fliytplg; nghpaJ.
• jpidasthd cjtpAk; gaid mwpe;jtuhy; gidasthf
kjpf;fg;gLk;.
• gpwh; nra;j ed;ikia kwf;ff; $lhJ> jPikia kwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• vj;jifa mwj;ij mopj;jth;f;Fk; jg;gpf;f topAz;L. Mdhy;
nra;j cjtpia kwe;jtDf;F jg;gpf;f topapy;iy.
L
5. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top
A
tphpj;Jiuf;
iuf;f.
D
• jd;id tpl nkypathplj;jpy; rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtNu cz;ikapy;
rpdk; fhg;gth;. jd;idtpl typathplj;jpy; fhj;jhy; vd;d?
A
fhf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;d?
• rpdj;jhy; jPa tpisTfs; Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahhplKk; rpdk;
K
nfhs;shky; mij kwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
• Kfkyh;r;rpiaAk; mfkfpo;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;fpd;w rpdj;ijtpl
I
NtW gif ,y;iy.
LV
• rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk; vd;gjhy; mijf; fhj;J> ek;ikf;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• rpdk; jd;idr; Nrh;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G> Rw;wk; vd;Dk;
A
ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;.
K
6. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tpthpf;
tpthpf;f.
• vJif> Nkhid mikj;Jf; ftpij vOj Ntz;Lk;.
• vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J ,Ue;jhy; mirfSk;> mirfs; Nrh;e;J
rPUk;> rPh;fspd; ,ilntspapy; jisfSk; tUk;.
• jisfs; njhlh;e;J te;J mbfs; mikAk;. mbapd; fPNo
mbapUe;jhy; njhilfSk; tUk;.
• njhil eaq;fs; ed;fike;jhy; ftpij tUk;.
58
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• ftpijapd; rPh;fspy; NjkhTk; GspkhTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
• ,Wjpr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;gpy; Kba Ntz;Lk;.
• vspa kf;fSf;Fk; GhpAk; tifapy; ftpij vOj Ntz;Lk;.
7. nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+h;> fe;j Nfhl;lg; gFjpfs; nra;Aspy;
vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
kapyhg;G+h;
• nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+h; kapiy> jpUkapiy vd;W
L
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohf;fs;
A
epiwe;j tPjpfis cilaJ.
D
• vOr;rpkpf;f tpohf;fs; epfOk;
• fghyPr;Ruk; Nfhtpypy;A tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; gq;Fdp
cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh Muthukhf eilngWk;.
fe;
fe;jNfhl;lk;
K
• mwk; nra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; fe;jNfhl;lj;Jf; fe;jNtNs!
J}a khzpf;f kzpNa!
I
• xU newpg;gl;l kdj;Jld; cd;Dila kyh; Nghd;w jpUtbfis
LV
epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;jk; cwT Ntz;Lk;.
• cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; Gwj;jpy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfh;jk; cwT
vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
A
• cdJ Gfiog; NgrNtz;Lk;;; ngha; NgrhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• thOk; newpapy; tho Ntz;Lk;.
K
• kjkhd Nga; gpbf;ff;$lhJ.
• ngz;zhir kwf;f Ntz;Lk;> cd;id kwf;ff; $lhJ.
• kjpAk;> epjpAk;> Nehaw;w tho;Tk; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;rpwg;Gfis
mUs;thahf!
59
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neLtpdh - ciueil
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b
tpsf;Ff.
xypf;Nfhyq;fs;
• XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;tij
‘xypg;gpd;dy;” vd;gh;.
(v.fh.)
‘fle;jL jhid %tUq;$b
cld;wdph; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fhpNj”
L
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; td;ikahd czh;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; f>j>l>w
vd;w ty;ypd nka;fs; mjpfkhf te;Js;sd.
A
‘glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypir
D
flhm ahid..”
‘Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij”A
vd;Dk; ghlypy; neby; xypfspd; tUifAk; rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;g
tUtJk; xypf;NfhyNk MFk;.
K
nrhw;Gyk;
• nrhy; tsk; vd;gJ xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfTk;> gy
nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhfTk; tUk;.
I
LV
(v.fh)
Ky;iyf;fypapy; fhisapd; gy ,dq;fisf; fhl;Lk; nrhw;fs;.
nrhy;tsk;
• nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ jdpr;nrhw;fisAk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
A
nrhw;fs; Kaq;fpaijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
(v.fh)
K
fhkh; tdg;G> ftpDW tdg;G...
njhlhpay;
• nrhy;NthUila nkhopj;jpwd; Nfl;Nghhpd; csg;ghlhf Ntz;Lk;.
• njhluikg;G> vOtha; + nrag;gLnghUs;+ gadpiy vd;W
tuhky; khwpAk; tuyhk;.
(v.fh) ,Lf nthd;Nwh> RLf nthd;Nwh>
gLtopg; gLf> ,g;Gfo; nta;Nahd; jiyNa...
60
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2. ‘nefpop jtph;j;J epyj;ij epkph;j;J” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
py; Rw;Wr;#oy;
Mh;tyh; gRikjhrdhUld; ePq;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly;
fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
nefpop jtph;j;J epyj;ij epkph;j;J
• nefpop ,y;yh jkpo;ehL ek; ,yf;fhFk;.
• fhy;eilfSk; tdtpyq;FfSk; ehk; J}f;fp vwpAk; nefpopg;
igapYs;s czit cl;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> nefpopiaAk;
L
cl;nfhz;L czTf;Foha; milgl;L kuzk; milfpwJ.
• nefpopfshy; fopT ePh; milgl;Lj; Njq;fp Rfhjhuf; NfL Vw;gl;L
A
Gjpa Gjpa Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
• kioePh; epyj;jbf;Fs; CLUtpr; nry;y Kbatpy;iy.
D
• ‘nefpopg;igfs; mZFz;iltpl Mgj;jhdit”
A
• nefpopiaj; jtph;f;Fk; NghJ tptrha epyk;> kzy;> ePh;epiyfs;>
tpyq;Ffs;> Rw;Wr;#oy; Mfpad Nkk;gLk;.
K
• nefpopf;F khw;whf thio ,iy> ghf;F kuj;jl;L> jhkiu ,iy>
cNyhff; Ftisfs;> %q;fpy;> kl;ghz;lg; nghUs;fs;> Jzp>
I
rzy; igfs;> fhfpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
LV
3. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;
gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j
mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ – vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.
A
FLk;gk;
FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;F mbg;gil jpUkzk MFk;.
K
FLk;gKk;> jpUkzKk; ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wJ.
‘FLk;gk;” vd;w Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; tUfpwJ.
kze;jfk;
jfk;
kzk; Ghpe;j fztDk; kidtpAk; Nrh;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy;
<LgLtJ ‘kze;jfk;” MFk;. jdpf;FLk;g cUthf;fj;jpd;
njhlf;fkhFk;.
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jha;topf; FLk;gk;
ngz; jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; jd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa tho;ths;.
kidtpapd; ,y;yj;jpw;F fztd; nrd;W tho;thd;. jha;topr;
nrhj;Jfs; ngz;fSf;Nf NrUk;.
je;ijtopf; FLk;gk;
ngz; jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jd; fztd; tPl;by; tho Ntz;Lk;.
jdpf;FLk;gk;
L
jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUk; tho;tJ jdpf;FLk;gk;. gy
MjpthrpfsplKk; jdpf;FLk;g Kiw ,Ue;jJ.
A
tphpe;j FLk;gk;
• fztd;> kidtp> kfd; MfpNahUld; je;ij Nrh;e;J tho;thh;.
D
• jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy ,y;tho;tpd; gadhFk;.
A
4. gz;ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j
K
fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj; njhFj;njOJf.
• gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; MrphpaUila tPNl gs;spf;$lkhf ,Ue;jJ.
• Ch;NjhWk; nghJthd ,lj;jpy; cs;s kuj;jbNa gs;spahdJ.
I
• ngw;Nwhh;fs; Foe;ijfis Ie;J tajpy; Mrphpahplk;
LV
xg;gilf;Fk; ehs; tpNr\ ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
• Mrphpah; nrhy;y khzth;fs; gyUk; Nrh;e;J nrhy;tjw;F Kiw
itg;gJ vd;W ngauhFk;.
A
• RtbfspYs;s vOj;Jfs; njspthfj; njhpa trk;G> kQ;rs;>
kzj;jf;fhsp ,iyr;rhW> khtpiyf;fhp Mfpatw;iwj;
K
jlTthh;fs;.
• gps;isfs; Kjypy; kzypy; vOjpdhh;fs;.
• ed;D}y;> fhhpif> ePjpE}y;fs; vy;yhk; kddkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
• thjk; Ghpjy; gs;sp$lq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ.
• may;ehL nrd;Wk; fw;whh;fs;.
• nfhba jz;lidfs; ,d;wp md;gpdhy; topg;gLj;jpdh;.
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5. ‘xt;nthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; tbtoFk; cz;L” – ePq;fs; ghh;j;j
my;yJ tho;e;j xU efuk; Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
ehd; ghh;j;j efuk; kJiu. mijg; gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;
kJiu ghz;ba ehl;bd; jiyefukhFk;. kJiu vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
‘,dpik” vd;W nghUs;. jkpo; vd;whYk; ‘,dpik” vd;W nghUs;.
ehd;khlf;$ly; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
kJiu itif Mw;wqfiuapy; cs;sJ. uj tPjpfSk; khrp tPjpfSk;
Mtzp %y tPjpfSk; moF jUfpd;wd.
L
kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; kPdhl;rpAk; nrhf;fehjUk;
A
mUs;jUfpd;wdu;. ,q;F nghw;whkiuf; Fsk; cs;sJ.
jpUkiy ehaf;fu;> kfhiy mikj;J kJiuia mo$l;bdhu;.
D
rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpohit midtUk; ghu;j;J kfpOk;gb nra;jhu;.
‘Nfhtyd; nghl;ly;” kJiuapy; cs;sJ.
A
ehd;fhk; jkpo;r;rq;fk; ,d;iwa kJiuapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.
kJiuf; fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up> tpkhd
K
epiyak; Mfpad cs;sd.
‘J}q;fh efuk;”; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
I
LV
neLtpdh-
neLtpdh- Jizg;ghlk;
1). ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;lnkhopg;gw;W
r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f:
A
nkhopg;gw;W: jkpo; jkpo; vd;W jkpo; tsu;g;gijf; flikahff; nfhs;s
K
Ntz;Lk;. mNj Ntisapy; Gjpanra;jp> Gjpa rpe;jid> Gjpa cz;ik>
Gjpa ,d;gk; ,it midj;ijAk; jkpo; nkhopapy;nfhz;L
Nru;j;jplNtz;Lk;.
jkpo;ehl;by; tPjpfs; NjhWk; jkpo;g; gs;spf; $lq;fs; Njhd;w
Ntz;Lk;. me;jg; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; etPd fiyfisnay;yhk;
tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
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r%fg;gw;W: ‘MZf;Fg; ngz; mbik ,y;iy” vd;gijr; r%fk; czu
Ntz;Lk;. MZk; ngz;Zk; Xu;capupd; ,uz;L jiyfs; vd;W vz;z
Ntz;Lk;. ngz;izj; jho;ik nra;jtd; jd; fz;izNa
Fj;jpf;nfhz;ltdhthd;. ngz;iz milj;jtd; fz;iz
milj;jtd; vd;fpwhu;.
r%fk; Kd;Ndw njhopy;fs; ngUf Ntz;Lk;. tpahghuk; tsu
Ntz;Lk; ve;jpuq;fs; ngUfNtz;Lk;. Kaw;rpfs; Xq;f Ntz;Lk;
rq;fPjk;> rpw;gk;> ve;jpu E}y;> G+kp E}y;> thdE}y;> ,aw;if E}ypd; Mapuk;
L
fpisfs; jkpo;ehl;by; vq;nfq;Fk; gutpl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
A
2). nghWg;Gzu;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; nghWg;Gzu;thy; khw;wpa
kUjdpd; gz;G eyj;ij tptupf;f.
D
Kjy;fy; - cj;jkNrhod;
Kd;Diu:
A
K
caph;fisAk; gaph;fisAk; thoitg;gJ kio. msthfg; nga;J
gaph;fisf; fhf;fTk; nra;Ak;. ngUkio nga;J mopf;fTk; nra;Ak;.
ngUkiof; fhyq;fspy; kioePh; Njq;fhky; toptif nra;tJ
I
kdpjdpd; Ntiy. mJ xUtuhy; KbahJ. xd;W $b jhd;
LV
nra;aNtz;Lk;.
tq;ff; flypy; cUthd fhw;wOj;j jho;T kz;lyj;jhy; ngUkio
nga;J taypy; el;lgaph;fs; %o;fpf;fplf;fpd;wd. jz;zPh; ntspNa
A
nry;tjw;F top ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mOfptpLk; #o;epiy ,Ue;jJ.
,ijf; fz;L kUjd; vLj;jhd;. tbtha;f;fhy; KOtJNk nea;Ntyp
K
fhl;lhkzf;F kz;bf;fple;jJ. ,e;jg; Nga;r;nrbiag;gpLq;fp vwpe;jhy;
jhd; ePh; tbAk;; gapiuAk; fhg;ghw;w KbAk;.
vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrpj;j kUjd; kPd; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
khhpKj;Jtpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. khhpKj;J ,njy;yhk; Ciuf;$l;b
nra;af;$ba Ntiy. ek;khy; KbahJ> ,e;j Ntz;lhj Ntiy cdf;F
vJf;F vd;whd;. mLj;Jf; Fsf;fiu Nkl;by; Gy;yWj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
Ky;iyak;kh fpotpiaAk; kuj;jpy;jio xbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j fpotd;
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fhspag;gidAk; fz;L> fhl;lhkzf;Fr; nrbia mfw;WtJ gw;wpf;
$wpdhd;.
fhspag;gd; ,e;j Ntiyia ehk; nra;a Muk;gpj;jhy; Mapuk; 2000
nrythFk; vd;W kdj;jpw;Fs; epidj;J> ehis vd; kfisg; ghh;f;f
ehd;NghNwd; vd;dhy; KbahJ vd;whh;. ,ijf;Nfl;l kUjDf;F kdk;
fre;jJ. mt;T+hpy; gbj;j gl;ljhhpahd gpNuk;Fkhiug; ghh;j;J cjtp
Nfl;f vd;dhy; KbahJ vd;whd;. ,e;j kdNtjidAld; tPl;bw;Fr;
nrd;whd;. jd; kidtp my;ypaplk; ,ijg;gw;wp nrhy;yptpl;L>
L
kdf;frg;Gld; gLj;jhd;.
tpbaw; fhiyapy; kidtp vOe;J ghh;j;jNghJ kUjidf;
A
fhztpy;iy. mtd; xUtNd tb tha;f;fhYf;Fr;nrd;W nea;Ntyp
fhl;lhkzf;F nrbia mWj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtd; kidtpAk;
D
mtDf;F cjtpahf tha;f;fhypy; ,wq;fp> Ch; ey;yh ,Ue;jhjhd; ehk
ey;yh ,Uf;fyhk;. ek;k nuz;L Nguhy mWf;fKbAkh khkh vd;W
Nfl;lhs;.
A
K
Kjypy; ek;khy; Kbe;jij ehk; nra;Nthk; vd;whd;. mLj;J
khhpAk; kUjd;> my;ypNahL ,ize;J nfhz;lhd;. mg;NghJ
mt;topNatz;bapy; te;j Ch;g; nghpath; fhspag;gd; tz;bia tpl;L
I
tha;;fhypy; ,wq;fpdhh;. ,e;jr; nra;jp Ch; KOtJk; gutpaJ. cWj;jy;
LV
jhq;fhky; xt;nthUtuha; jaq;fp jaq;fp Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkha; tbfhy;
Nehf;fp elf;fj;njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
KbTiu:
A
ve;j xU fhhpaj;ijAk; Kjypy; xUth; jhd; nra;thh;. me;j Kjy;
Ms; ahh; vd;gJ jhd; Nfs;tp. ey;yJ nra;tjw;F me;j Kjy; Mshf
K
ehk; ,Ug;Nghk;.
3). ‘cupik jhfk;” fijapy; rNfhjhu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky;
,Ue;jpUe;jhy; fijiaj;
fijiaj; njhlu;e;J vOjp Kbf;f.
• Kj;ijaDk; nts;isr; rhkpAk; cld;gpwe;j rNfhjhu;fs;.
Kj;ijadpd; kidtp %f;fk;khs;mz;zpahf ,y;yhky;
md;idahf ,Ue;jhs;.
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• nts;isr;rhkpf;Fj; jpUkzkhdJk;> mtd; kidtp Ngr;irf;
Nfl;L> nrhj;jpy; gq;F ghfk; Nfl;L mz;zid vLj;njwpe;J
NgrpaJ Kj;ijaid Ks;shff; Fj;jpaJ.
• ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; nts;isr;rhkp NkY}u;
gq;fhUrhkpaplk; thq;fpa ,UE}W &gha; flDf;fhf jd;
epyj;ij ek;gpf;iff; fpuak; vOjpj; je;jhd;.
• ,ijg;gw;wp %f;fk;khs; Kj;ijadplk; $w> mtd; Nfhgj;jhy;
jk;gpf;F cjttpy;iy.
L
• epyj;ij gq;fhUrhkp jd; ngaUf;F khw;wp vOjpajhy;
nts;isr;rhkpahy; jd; epyj;jpy; tpijf;f Kbatpy;iy
A
fz;zPUld; nra;tjwpahJ epd;whd;.
D
• nts;isr;rhkp fdj;j kdj;Jld; nrhe;j kz;iz tpl;Lr;
nrd;whd;. jpdf;$ypahf
A efupd; xU %iyapy; Klq;fpg;
Nghdhd;.
• jd; kfd; njhl;bapy; tsu;f;Fk; nrbiag; ghu;j;jJk;
K
nts;isr;rhkpf;Fg; gioa Qhgfk; te;J fz;zpy; fz;zPh;g;
G+j;jJ.
I
LV
4). ‘ rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpo;ehL” - ,f;$w;W edthf ehk; Ntz;bad
ahit?
• 18 taJ epiwe;jtu;fs; kl;LNk Kiwahd gapw;rpfs; %yk;
Xl;Leu; cupkk; ngw;W thfdk; ,af;f Ntz;Lk;.
A
• ,U rf;fu thfdj;jpy; ,Utu; kl;LNk nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
K
• thfdk; Xl;bfs; jiyf;ftrKk; ,Uf;ifg; gl;ilAk; mzpa
Ntz;Lk;.
• ifg;Ngrpapy; Ngrpf; nfhz;Lk;> kJ mUe;jp tpl;Lk; thfdk;
Xl;lf; $lhJ.
• ge;jak; vdr; nrhy;yp mjpNtfj;jpy; thfdk; Xl;;lf;$lhJ.
• njhlu;tz;b ,Ug;Gg; ghijfisf; ftdj;Jld; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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• rhiyf; FwpaPLfs;> rhiyapd; tiffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• gpwiu mr;RWj;jhky; thfdk; Xl;l Ntz;Lk;.
• tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
5). ‘;fpuhkq;fs;jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd”-
d”- ,J Fwpj;J
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• fpuhkq;fs;jhd; ehl;bd; KJnfYk;G vd;whu; fhe;jpabfs;.
L
• fpuhkq;fspd; kz;thrid gwe;Jtpl;lJ.
• Miyf; fopTfSk;> mOf;F ePu; epiyfSk;> thfdg;Gif
A
%l;lKk; fpuhkq;fspd; Fuy;tisia newpf;fpwJ.
• tpisepyq;fs; midj;Jk; tpiy epyq;fshf khwptpl;ld.
D
• Fsk;> Fl;il> Vup> Xil midj;Jk; fl;llkhfptpl;ld.
A
• gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; tptrha epyq;fisNa Fwpitj;J
tpahghuk; nra;fpd;wd.
K
• kuq;fs; ntl;b tPo;j;jg;gl;ljhy; kioapy;iy.
• ,aw;if kiwe;J nraw;if epiwe;J tpl;lJ.
I
• tptrhak; ngha;j;Jg; Nghdjhy; kf;fs; efuq;fs; Nehf;fp
LV
efu;fpd;wdu;.
• kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;> ehfupf tsu;r;rp> efukakhjy;>
Gyk;ngau;T> ,isa jiyKiwapdupd; kdg;ghd;ik
A
Mfpatw;why; fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd.
K
fw;wJ jkpo;; ngw;wJ Gfo;!
67
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