Disinfectant and Sterilization
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PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: Disinfectant Method and Sterilization Method
LECTURE NAME MADAM NUR HIDAYAH
STUDENT NAME SITI AMINAH SAJIDAH BINTI SAJALI
NO MATRIC PC09200092
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………......................
Background……………………………………………………………………....3
Problem statement………………………………………………………………..4
Objective of study..................................................................................................4 - 5
Disinfectant method……………………………………….......................................................
Alcohol compound.................................................................................................5
Mechanism of action..................................................................................6
Level of disinfectant...................................................................................6
Side effect...................................................................................................6
Chlorine Compound...............................................................................................7
Mechanism of action..................................................................................7
Level of disinfectant..................................................................................7
Side effect..................................................................................................8
Sterilization method..................................................................................................................
Heat sterilization......................................................................................................8
Mechanism of action....................................................................................9
Level of sterilization....................................................................................9
Side effect..................................................................................................10
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................11-12
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
1.0 Introduction
1.2 Background
In 1675, Antonie Van Leuwenhoek’s discovery that there has another viable life
in the environment know as microorganisms. Microorganisms are the tiny organisms
that cannot be seen with the naked eyes, these organisms can be only seen by the
microscope. There have several types of microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoa and other. As well as the research were conduct the scientists realize that these
organisms are able cause the disease to other viable life. Through this discovery, the
scientist starting the unlimited research to kill microorganisms by using the chemical.
However, in 1676 Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovery that some of the
microorganisms have been killed by using Vinegar. From this point show that some of
microorganisms can be killed with the properties of chemical in the product with an
accuracy concentration of chemical and duration of microorganism’s exposure to that
chemical. Nowadays, there have 2 type of methods that can be used to eliminate the
microorganisms that are disinfectant method and sterilization method. This method had
been approved by the clinical studies for the efficacy to eliminate the microorganisms.
Disinfectant method uses to eliminate all the pathogenic microorganisms that
usually on the inanimate object. Although the disinfectant method uses to kill
microorganism, but it doesn’t destroy their spores. In reproduction of certain microbial
are depends on spore, some of spore used to defend themselves due the environment by
the presence of thick wall. Thus, without spores it normally can killed the microbial.
Hence, spore is an importance part especially for microorganisms. Therefore, to apply
the disinfectant method it depends to certain situation.
Sterilization is the process of eliminate all the microbial life, including the spore
of microbial. This process usually uses in health care facility such as hospital, clinic,
pharmaceutical industry and other. There have 2 classifications for sterilization, which
are chemical and physical. Method that uses in physical such as dry heat, moist heat,
while chemical is method that use Ethylene Oxide (ETO) gas. Thus, to use sterilization
method it depends on the suitable, stability, and sensitivity of certain product.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
1.3 Problem Statement
The purpose of disinfectant to prevent the infection and contamination.
Although the disinfectant is one of the processes that can be used to eliminate microbial,
disinfectant also has a limitation in eliminated the certain type of microbial. In this case,
disinfectant lack of sporicidal property. However, there have a few of disinfectant that
can destroy the spore, but it normally has a long duration of exposure time to that
chemical.
Disinfectant method is using the chemical that have an antimicrobial property
in its formulation and that have been registered under Environment Protection Agency
(EPA). The concentration of any chemical in the disinfectant method must be accuracy
to ensuring effectiveness in killing the microbial. Additionally, for safety it must
considered toxicity and flammability ranting of any chemical that want to be used.
There have a few parameters that should had to achieve the absence of viable
life in the product. In additional, to achieve that goal in sterilization method it must
have an accuracy of duration and temperature for example dry heat sterilization need
the higher temperature 160o c in 2 hours. Although, temperature and duration play a
main role to eliminate the microbial the product might be affected due the higher
temperature and long duration exposed.
1.4 Objective of Study
1.4.1. To identify what is the purpose of disinfectant method and sterilization
method.
1.4.2. To identify the chemical that have been used in disinfectant method.
1.4.3 To identify the method use in sterilization method.
1.4.4. To identify classification of disinfectant and sterilization method.
1.4.5. To identify the mechanism of action to eliminate the microbial.
1.4.6. To identify the type of microbial that can be eliminated through the
disinfectant method and sterilization method.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
1.4.7. To identify the differences between disinfectant and sterilization.
1.4.8. To identify the level of disinfectant method and sterilization method.
1.4.9. To identify what parameter for effectiveness of disinfectant and
sterilization.
1.4.10. To identify what item that suitable to through disinfectant method.
2.0 Disinfectant method
2.1. Chemical Disinfectant Method
2.1.1. Alcohol Compound
Alcohol is a chemical that have an antimicrobial property. Alhtough the
alcohol can eliminate the microbial, but it cannot destroy the spore. Alcohol
also knows as a chemical compound that have two water soluble, which are
ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol that commonly used in disinfectant and
antiseptics method. Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol have different structure,
which are ethyl alcohol or know as ethanol chemical structure is C2 H5OH while
isopropyl alcohol chemical structure is C3 H7OH.
Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol is one of formulation in hand
sanitizer. There have their own advantages, which Isopropyl alcohol can
eliminate the range of viruses, but it does not include hepatitis A or poliovirus.
While isopropyl effective in eliminate enveloped viruses but cannot kill the
nonenveloped viruses. Isopropyl alcohol also can cause a significant damage to
the skin condition and function. Thus, the best alcohol that uses to applying to
the skin is ethyl alcohol compared to isopropyl alcohol. Both alcohols can
eliminate the microbial over the 60 % concentration of alcohol.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
2.1.2. Mechanism of action
Alcohol concentration that needs in the disinfection solution is between
60% - 90% and presence of water with the concentration between 10% - 40%.
The water is the important molecules that help in destroying the growth of
microbial. The alcohol will penetrate the cell wall, then permeates the entire cell
thus microbial dies due the coagulation of protein. Water will help to increase
the surface contact time and speed up the process of denaturing the protein.
Thus, water act as catalyst for eliminate the microbial.
2.1.3 Level of disinfectant
The presence of the alcohol as the main ingredients in disinfectant
solution make the solution as an intermediate - level of disinfectant. The alcohol
properties that rapidly bactericidal than bacteriostatic, which are the agent that
prevent the growth of bacteria against vegetative form of bacteria with the
accuracy concentration of alcohol to achieve its role.
2.1.4. Side effect of alcohol
There have several affected of alcohol for example isopropyl and ethyl alcohol
that uses in hand sanitizer as disinfectant to human health such as:
• Dry and broken skin
• Make the immune system weaker due to long exposure
• Eye and skin irritation
• Central nervous system effect due to inhalation
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
2.2.1. Chlorine Compound
Chlorine was found by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Schele in 1774.
Chlorine gas is found when brown stone, which is manganese dioxide and
hydrochloric acid (HCl) are being heated. That happen cause by the bonds of
that substance are broken and it also produce another substance that is
manganese chloride (MnCl2) and water (H2O).
The characteristic of Chlorine gas was water soluble, greenish yellow
and highly reactive. Chlorine also knows as poisonous that give strong
disinfectant which is widely used and very effectives. Chlorine chemical usually
used for killing the pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water and
wastewater. Bleach consists of chlorine gas which dissolve with an alkali
solution. Bleach also can be used to eliminate the microbial on the surface.
2.2.2. Mechanism of action
Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses will eliminated when expose with
the Chlorine compound by breaking the chemical bond in their molecules. The
chlorine will replace one or more of hydrogen atom in the enzyme of bacteria
and other cells, it will happen when the enzyme contacts with the chlorine
compound. Thus, chlorine compound can exchange the atoms with another
compound. Hence, it can exchange the shape or fall apart the entire molecules,
so the enzymes do not function properly, and it will make the bacterium die.
2.2.3. Level of Chlorine disinfectant
The chlorine had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial which can eliminate
the microbial. It also does not affect by the water hardness which is the amount
of calcium and magnesium salt that presence in water and have a low incidence
of serious toxicity. Chlorine is under intermediate - level of disinfectant.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
2.2.4. Side effect of Chlorine
The exposure to chlorine in long duration can causes several effects to human
health such as:
• Eye irritation
• Skin irritation
• Cough
• Airways irritation
3.0. Sterilization Method
3.1. Heat sterilization
Heat sterilization is one of sterilization method that under the physical
classification, its widely use in pharmaceutical, hospital, and industry. Compare
to disinfectant method these heat sterilization method can kill the spore of
microbial. The parameter of heat sterilization is temperature and duration which
determine the effectives of eliminate the microbial. Besides, to use heat
sterilization method there have several things that should consider the suitable,
stable, and sensitivity of that articles due the heat temperature.
Ther have 2 type of heat sterilization that can be used to kill the
microbial which are dry heat sterilization and moist heat sterilization.
Autoclaving is the equipment that uses in moist sterilization, while oven is use
in dry heat sterilization. These methods have a different of temperature and
duration, which the dry heat required higher temperature around 160o c to 170o
c and duration 2 hours - 4 hours. For moist sterilization the temperature that
required is lower than heat sterilization that is around 121o c – 134o c in 15
minutes – 3 minutes.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
OVEN AUTOCLAVE
3.1.1. Mechanism of heat sterilization
Moist heat sterilization is having a better penetrating than dry heat
sterilization because the presence of steam that can eliminate the microbial
faster than heat dry. By using the steam force, it will denature the enzyme and
structural protein of microbial. This process will kill the microbial thus, to
ensure this process happen the temperature and duration must be precise. While
for dry heat will destroy the microbial by coagulation of protein.
3.1.2. Level of heat sterilization.
The sterilization is able to eliminate the bacterial with spore compared
to disinfectant method with the higher temperature and shorter exposure of
duration. Thus, the level of heat sterilization is high- level of sterilization.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
3.1.3. Side effect of heat sterilization
Sterilization method usually used to eliminate the microbial on the articles, for
example the medical apparatus, the articles and product that used in
pharmaceutical industry and other. Thus, the side effect of heat sterilization
more to the articles and product such as:
• Chemical change of product
• Physical change of apparatus and product due the heat
4.0. Conclusion
Decontamination is importance to prevent any infection from the
photogenic microorganisms. There have many ways to eliminate the microbial
thus, to achieve that it must consider what the articles that want to be
disinfectant or sterile, which equipment or method that suitable for that product,
how the method can eliminate the microbial without damage the product and
other. In conclusion, understanding how the method work and ensure the safety
of the method that will be applied.
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
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Disinfectant and Sterilization
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