P R E F A CE

TH E art of finis hing me t al s by abras ion is one of t he

ol de s t mec hanic al pract ice s in e xis te nc e d at ing from ,

t he t im e p re hi s tori c m an dis cove re d th at he coul d fas hi on

hi s w ood an d bone impl e me nt s by rubbing the m on rocks of a
gri tty nat ure .

The grind s ton e is wi thout doubt t he ol de s t form of

, ,

gri ndin g whe e l known W i th t he e arly de ve l opme nt of

.

t he me chani c al art s i t w as di s cove re d that a s ands ton e c ut

,

in c ircu lar s h ap e an d mount e d upon a re vol vi ng sh aft ,

s howe d hi gh e r e ffi ci e ncy th an t he s i d e of a rock for sh arpe n

in g an d s h api ng various impl e me nts It is de fi nit e ly known

.

th at grin d s tone s rotate d by pow e r we re us e d in t he manu

, ,

fact ure of armor as e arl y as t he ye ar 1 5 7 0 It is also .

known th at t he e me ry de posi t s of t he G re ci an Archipe la go

w e re kn own to the an ci e nt s an d t he val ue of thi s abras ive
re cogni ze d as many wri t ers of e arly d ay s re fe rre d to e me ry
,

und e r v ari o us n ame s I n con s i de rin g some of t he me ch an

.

i cal achie ve me nt s of t he h andi craft s me n who worke d wi th

me tal s ce nt urie s be fore t he Chris t ian e ra it is hard to ,

con ce i ve how the y attai ne d so hi gh a de gre e of pe rfe ct ion

wi thout t he use of an al umin a abras ive for tool sh arpe ning -

p urpose s .

Whil e the practice of fas hionin g tool s and imple me nts by

abras ion i s in all p robabili ty as ol d as ci vili z at ion i t se lf ,

mode rn gri n di n g as we acce pt this te rm is a comp ara

, ,

t ive ly re ce n t d e ve l opme n t About half a c e nt ury ago

.
,

t he i n di vi d ual w orkman made hi s own grin di n g w h e e ls of

glue and e me ry .

The firs t att e mpt at pre ci sion grindin g cons is te d of finis h

ing the chille d iron cal e n d e r roll s us e d in t he p ape r making -

3 43 028
 PRE FACE

i ndus try Owi ng to t he h ard n ature of the material in

.

que s tion it was a long and te dious proce ss to turn the se

,

ro ll s ccurate ly
a .

The de ve l opme nt of the se wi ng machi ne indus try in t he -

N e w E ngland S t ate s gave im pe tu s to t he d e ve lopme nt of

t he g rin di n g wh e e l busi n e s s As a matte r of fact t he first
-
.
,

att e mpt s at cylindrical gri n di n g asi d e from roll grin di ng , ,

con s is t e d of finis hing part s of t he W il cox Gibb s se wi ng

machi n e The w ork was done by the B rown
. Sh arpe
M fg Go . .

Wi th t he adve nt of t he automobile in dus try ove r twe nt y ,

ye ars ago the grin ding whe e l bus ine s s re c e ive d a fre sh
,
-

im pe t us as a rapid me an s w as in de man d for t he accurate

fin i s hing of part s .

Tod ay t he mod e rn grin ding whe e l is amon g t he mo st

,

u se ful of mod e rn s hop acce ss orie s W i thou t it i t w oul d be .

,

im po s si bl e to m ain tain t he pre s e nt day s t an dard of rapi d -

production I n pract ical ly e ve ry li n e of me t al working

.
,

t he gri n di n g wh e e l pl ays an im port ant p art it s u se fu l ne ss ,

rangi ng al l t he w ay from t he rou gh grind ing of c as tin gs an d

forgi n gs to t he finishi ng of accurate surfaces both pl an e and ,

cylindrical .

In pre s e n tin g thi s work the writ er has t ake n gre at ,

pre cau tion to make sure th at e very s t ate me n t is au the n t ic .

Asi de from knowle dge gai ne d through many ye ar s as a

journe ym an machinis t l ater supple me nte d wi th s e ve ral
,

ye ars e xpe rie nce as a grindi ng whe e l sale sman many mon th s
’
-

we re spe nt in coll e c t ing dat a ve rifyi ng s t at e me nt s an d ,

con s ul ting re liab le authoritie s both in thi s coun try an d ,

abroa d .

The wri t e r is in de bt e d to t he foll owi n g man ufact ure rs

an d in dividu al s w ho ch e e rful ly an swe re d n u me rou s l e t t e rs

an d s upp li e d val u able d at a an d photog raph s :

Abras ive Co . The Carborundum Co .

Ame ric an E mery Whe e l Works Chic ago Whe e l M fg Co . .

The B lanc hard M ac hine Co . The Cincinnat i M illing M ac hi ne

B rown Sharpe Mfg Co . . Co .
 PRE FACE

The G e r d a -I Sum: Co .

Pin s t c rgh Cn fi i ed St e el Co .

Fre d H Rage . s : e dit or em eri tus of

H a ki m .

H G Em
. ma .

Fre da id : S -
.
J
ac obs , da ta on axe s
S ta ling G rin zli ng
-
Whe e l Co .

Manufac ture rs Ca undnm Co Ltd

.
, .

Bui fie d Whee l Co .

N e wt on M achin e Tool Works . Wal t ham Grinding Whee l Co .

Pe rmis s ion to prin t ma t e ri al by t he writ e r whic h had

re

be e n pre vi ous l y pu blis hed w as gran t e d by t he fol l owi.ng

Pe nt on Publis hing Co Mar i ne Revie w .

, .

McG raw Hill Co , A meric an M ac hi nis t. .

S S Smit h Co , The Woodworke r

. . . .

W R C Smi th Publis hin g Co , I ron Trade s man

. . . .

I ron Age Co , The I ron Age . .

The Mae l a n Publi shing Co , Ltd Canadian M arki nery . .

The Min is Publi shing Co , Ltd , pu l is he rs of The Canadian M i ni ng

. . b
J ournal , gave permiss ion to reprint mate rial c once rning corundum .

FRE D B . J ACOBS .

J une , 1 91 9.
 CO N T E N T S

PRE F ACE

N ATU RAL AB RAS I V E S U B S TANCE S Page s 1 3 to 36

N at ure of na t ural a ras ives Whe re found H is tory of na t ural
— b —
b
a ras i ves — — — —
Commerc ial appli ca t ion Sands tone E mery Co run
dum G arne t D iamond B ort diamond Flin t —
Quartz Nat
ural s harpe ning s tones — Arkans as Was hita H indus tan Tri poli
— — —
— Pum i ce .

Ant AB RAS I VE S Page s 37 to 64

‘
rr rc rAL
-

— b
Vari ous art ific ial a ras ives The ir phys ic al and c he mical prope rt ies
— The ir Commerc ial a
pp li c a t ion— M e t hods an d proc esse s e m oye d m
— b
in t he produc t ion of art ific ial a ras ives Car orundum Alundum — b
— Aloxi t e —B oro Car on e — O xalum ina— Adamite —Cr s tolon e t c
b y
-
.
,

Re lat ive hardne ss and a b ras ive e ffi c i e n c y of vari ous mate ri als
Art ific ia l produc t ion of prec ious a ras i ve prope rt ies
s tone s — The ir b
—O t he r art ific ial a ras ives and t he ir produc t ion— E xpe ri me n tal
b
—
work E lec t ro t he rmic roc e sses — Produc t ion of rou e and croc us
p g
-

— Di amonds and crus he d steel — An gular gri t .

TH E M A N U F ACTU RE or G RI N D I N G WHE E L S Pages 65 to 82

x

—
Co mpos it ion of grindin g whee ls D es i ra le and undesira l e proper b b
t ies — —
Bon ds She llac Ru e r F usi le c lays —Sil ic at e of soda
— — bb b
Vit rifie d whe e ls M e t hod of p roduc ing vit rifie d whe e ls — Puddl e d
—
p ro c ess — Presse d proc e
s s —S il ic a t e w h e e — l w —
ls She lac he e ls Rubbe r
— b —
whe e ls Clay ond us e d in vi t rifi e d whe e ls Choice of o nding ma b
te ri al — Whee l t urning Kiln use d Heat ing of ki ln and work
- — —
Cooling of kil n D re s s ing whee ls Bus hing whe e ls —Spee d te s ts for
— —
— —
whee ls E las t ic proc e ss Ru e r proc ess bb .

IV . ARTI F ICI AL SH ARPE N I NG Sro NE s Page s 83 to 87

Prope rt ies of artific i al s ton es —Carborundum s t ones — M e t hod of

manufac t ure B on d G ri t Grade Finis hing Co mbina t ion

t
s ones — b
Car orundum ru s b .

G nrrs AND G RADE S Page s 88 to 96

d
.

De s ignat ion of grits and gra es — —

M ixe d grit s G rits of abras ive
— —
papers S ta ndard grade s Whe e ls Re lat ion of s pe e d to grade and
—
gri t — Wh ee l s pe e ds for various o e rat ion s p .

9
 CONTENTS
Ci AP
‘
.

VI . TE ST1N G WHE E L S FOR E FF I CI E N CY Page s 97 t o 1 14

— —
Se le ct ion of whee ls I mproper me t hods Of te st i ng Prac ti c al t es t ing
— —
me t hods I t e ms t o be not e d in a whe e l t es t How to figure res ul t
—
Formul a tor findin g vol um e Of a rasi ve mate ria in a he e l Ge neral
l w b
c onsi derations — Whee l t es t s .

VII . L AB O RATO RY TE S TS Page s 1 15 t o 1 22

Apparat us and appl ian c es us e d— Limita t ions of la bo rat ory t es t s

Fac t ors t o be c ons idere d— La bo rat ory t e s t ing mac hin e —D ata for
te s t — Work us e d in t es t ing .

VI I I . G R1N D 1N G WH E E L vs . G R1ND STON E S Page s 1 23 to 128

Advan tages of na t ural an d art ific i al a ras i ve use d in b —

whee l s E arl y
use Of gri nds t on e s — Spe c ial work whe re grinds t one s are s t ill em

l o e d— A t ion o f in din whee l

p y c g r g .

IX . THE E c o Nom c AD V A N TAGE OF U s 1N G L ARG E WH E E L S Page s 1 29 t o 1 32

—
whee l Com i
Fac t ors t o be c on s idere d in c hoos ing a pa rat ve price Of

whe e ls Of various s iz e s
— Advantage of l arge whee ls in c erta in work
— Wh lar wh l are more e ffi c i e n t
y ge e e s .

X . TRU 1NG D E V 1CE S F O R G RI N D I N G WHE EL S Page s 1 33 to 1 38

b —
A ras ive ac t ion Tools us e d in t ruing whee ls — U s e Of bort an d
b
c ar onado diamonds in —
tool s G e t t in s tone s i n t oolg
— Proc e dure in
trui ng whee ls .

XI . RE -
B U SE 1N G G R1N nrN G WH E E L S . Page s 1 39 to 1 41

M e t hods use d i n bu hi
s ng —
whe e l s Tool s e m ploye d— M e tal s use d .

X II . SU GG E S T10 N S TO FOLL O W 1N ORD E R1N G G R1N nrN G WH E E L S

Page s 1 42 to 1 44
—
I nformat ion to be give n wi t h grin ding whe e l order Fac t or govern -

—
ing se l ec t ion Of whe e ls How to de te rmine wha t ki nd Of a whee l
s houl d be us e d — Orderi ng spe c ia l whe e ls .

X II I . D E S 1G N or D U S T COLL E CT1 NG SYSTE H S

-
Page s 1 45 to 1 5 0
— —
Sta te la w re quirme nts D es i gn of whe e l hood G e n e ral de si gn
— —
Siz e of e xhaus t pipe for diffe re n t siz e whee l s E lbows Collars
M e t hod o f i
erec t on— — — —
Cl e an O ut Fan D us t c oll e c tor E xhaus t
- -

s ys t e ms .

X IV . S AFE G UARD I NG G R1N nrN G WH E E L S Page s 15 1 to 1 65

Why he e s
w l b re ak— Cause
of ac ci de n t s — How whee l s are pack e d
and t es t e d b
e fore l ea vi ng fac to ry — Whee l spee ds M oun ting whe e ls
—
ro
p p er l y
— W h at m u se
s w h e e l s t o urs t — Safe t y anges Work res t
fl — b
— Whe e l uards—G rindin on s mal l whee ls — Preca utions for the
g g
workman .
 CONTENTS

XV . AB RAS I VE PAPE RS AND CL OTH S . . Page s 1 66 t o 1 7 5

A b asiv r e b
su st ance s use d in maki ng b
a ras ive pap er— Hist or
y Of
a bras iv e —
paper H ow b
a rasi ve pape r and cl ot h is man ufac t ure d
Grades b
of a ras i ve and c l ot h— Fin ding pe rce n tage of iron in
pape r
garn e t — Tes t in g garn e t p p
a er— Pa pe r an d c l ot h a rasi ve b discs
Tes t in g dis c s for e ffi c i e nc y .

XV I . SU RF ACE G R1N D 1NG . . Page s 1 76 t0 2 1 5

—
Fini shing work by surfac e grinding D e ve lopme n t Of t he s urfac e
i n din g m ac hi n e —F in i s hi n g l oc om o t i ve g u id e ars — Rota ry b
gr

i n di n fix t u — W h e e l p e e d — C u t s — Di e g r i n di n — H ow dies
gr g re s s g
are held — —
G ri nding pun c hes Care Of whe e ls M agne t ic c huc ks—
—
De magn e t iz ers Prope r whe e l se le c t ion for s urfac e gri nding Type s —
f
o s urface gri n di ng m-
a c h i n e
s — S t an d a r d w hee l li s t .

XVI I . CYL I N DRICAL G R1ND1NG Page s 2 16 to 242

Cylindri c al — —
gri n de rs O pe rat ion
Of grin ders D ri ving de vic e s for
—
work Prope r he e spee ds for arious
w l v m e tals and w ork— Traverse
— —
fe e d D e pth of c ut Roughing and fini s hing c ut s S parking —
— — b
B ac kres t and st e adyres ts L u ri c at ion of work L u ric at ing c om b
ounds and mi xt ures — D ress in an d t ruin whe e ls while on t he
p g g
—
gri nder Chat t e r marks and t he i r re m e dy—Se l e c t ion Of prope r
whe e ls for use on c ylindri ca l gri nders — U n iversal grinde rs —G rindin g
tape rs — Vari ous operat ion s on uni ve rsal i nde
gr r .

XV I I I . I NTE RN AL G R1ND 1NG Page s 243 to 262

—
I nte rn al gri nding mac hines I n ternal grinding on unive rs al gri n der
—Se t ting up univers al grinder for in t e rnal work—G ri nding dou le b
tape rs — —
Aut omatic grinders G rin ding hol es in s pur and e ve l ge ars b
— —
Ch uc ks Wet and dry grinding Prope r spe e ds Se l ec tion of
— —
—
whe e ls Operat ing Of c ylinder grinders — Cylinder gri nding .

XI X . SBE C1AL G R1ND1NG OPE RATI ON S . Pages 263 to 289

Gri nding c al e n der roll s—Spe c ial grin di ng mac hines — Rol l
grinders
and roll grinding — Corrugat ing flour —
mill rol ls G rin ding crank
—
-

shafts —
Grindin g cam Shafts Loc omot ive val ve gea rs .

XX CU TTE R S HARPE N I N G Page s 290 to 307

A
.

Mac hines em ploye d for c ut t er grin d n gi — dj us t me n t s an d at ta c h

me n ts on c ut t e r grinde rs —Grin ding s piral c ut t ers — G e n e ral opera

tion of cutt e r grinders —Se l ec t ion O f whe e ls —Spe e ds— D e pt h Of c ut .

XXI . SAw SHARPE N I NG . Page s 308 t0 32 1

B and saws and c irc ular saws — O peration of band saw s harpe ni ng -

—
mac hine Sharpe n ing band saws G rinding m ne w t ee t h—Care of
—
mac hine —Se l ec t ion of whee l s for sa w gumming— M ac hin e s for
sharpe n ing c old saws — S harpe n ing hac k -
sa w bl ade s .

1 I
 CH APTE R ON E

NATU RA L AB RAS IV E S U BS TANCES

N at ure of nat ural a ras ives Where found H ist ory of nat ural a ras ives
— b — b
— C0 mmercial applic ation — Sandst one — E me ry — Corun dum — G arne t
— — — —
Diam ond B ort diam on d Flint Quart rf N at ural sharpe n in g st one s
—
Arkansas Was hi ta H indus tan Tri poli Pumic e
— — — .

ATURAL ves are be in g found in many parts Of

a ras i
b
N t he worl d In a broad se n se t he li s t in cl ude s al l
.
,

mine ral s capabl e Of ab ras ive acti on but from a comm e rci al,

poin t Of vi e w t he principal n atural abras ives are s and s tone

, ,

e me ry corundum an d garn e t
, The diamon d is Of course
.
, ,

a n at u ral abras ive ; in d e e d i t is t he h arde s t Of al l b ut it i s ,

n e e dl e s s to s t at e th at i t s rarity e xc lu de s it from t he l is t Of

c omme rcial abrasive mat e rials .

S AN DSTO NE

The firs t a ras i

b ve to be us e d in t he form Of a whe e l w as
in al l probabil ity sands ton e The use Of a re vol vi n g s ton e
.

for sh arpe ning purpose s is 80 Ol d th at t he be gi nn in g i s

‘

l os t in anti qui ty It se e ms re ason abl e to be lie ve howe ve r

.
, ,

that t he artifi ce rs Of e arly civi li z ation borrowe d t he i de a

Of a re volvi n g S h arpe ni n g s tone from t he cru de mill s use d

many ce n turie s ago for t he grin din g of grain .

S a nd s to n e i s a ve ry cu r i o u s m i n eral i nd ee d as
,
i t con,
s i s ts

Of u niform grain s Of sand ( g e nerall y quar tz wi th a s m all

pe rce n tage Of fe l d sp ar and mi ca) firmly ce me nt e d toge the r

wi th sili c a . Some v arie ties Of sand s tone t he Crai gl e i t h ,

s ton e s use d in t he c u t gl as s i ndus try for i n s t anc e are prae

-

t ically pure sili ca this mate rial Ofte n running as high as

,

9 p8 e r ce nt . S and s ton e i s fou nd i n m a n y p ar t s O f the

13
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
worl d an d in
this country t he mos t e xte ns ive de posi ts that
are worke d for t he prod uct ion Of grind s ton es are in Ohi o

an d M i ch igan The G ray Canyon quarry at Amhers t

.
,

Ohio is cl as s e d as t he l arge s t qu arr y in the worl d

, Sand .

s ton es are Of v ari ous col ors the se be ing de ri ve d from

,

imp uri t ie s th at pe n e trat e d t he mas s duri ng t he formati ve

s t age Pure si lice ous s tone s are whi te or pal e ye llow in
'

c ase s whe re s mal l quant itie s Of iron oxrde are pre se nt A .

re d t in ge is ge n e rall y du e to he mat it e ye ll ow to l imoni t e, ,

gre e n to gl auconite gray to cl ay an d s hale an d black as

, , ,

Ob s e rve d i n b l ack G rail e i t h s ton e s for e xample to mangane se ,

dioxi de .

The ave rage l ayman is Of t he opin ion th at al l gri n ds tone s

are al ike b u t t his s uppos i t ion i s e rron e ous for in formin g
, ,

t he s an d s ton e Of wh ich t he grin d s tone s Of comme rce are

ma de i t woul d appe ar that N at ure an t icipate d t he want s
,

Of m an by p rovi di n g n ot on l y se ve ral gri t s to choo se from ,

but se ve ral grade s as we ll TO in s ure an ample suppl y

.

Of grit s an d grad e s grind s ton e man ufact ure rs ge ne ral l y

,

con trol holdin gs in various l oc ali tie s .

B e fore t he adve n t Of t he grin din g wh e e l s an d s tone was ,

t he on ly ab ras ive to b e u s e d in t he form of a wh e e l I ts .

use w as Of co urs e l i mi t e d as p ract ic al ly t he only grinding

, , ,

don e in t he e arly man ufact uring d ays con sis te d Of t ool

s h arpe nin g G ri n d s ton e s are u se d at pre s e n t in l arge quan
.

t itie s for s h arp e n in g e dge t OOl s cu tle ry e t c Ofte n in, ,

pre fe re n ce to mode rn abras ive whe e l s M any re as ons for .

this pract ice are e xpl ain e d la te r un de r t he he adi ng G rin d

, ,

s ton e s Vs G rin din g Whe e l s

. .

E M E RY

E me ry which in , ty is an imp ure form Of corundum

re ali ,

has be e n k n own as an ab ras ive from ve ry re mot e t ime s I ts .

value as an ab ras ive was kn own to t he ancie n t Gre e ks .

D ios corid e s re fe rre d to i t as a s tone use d in ge m e n gravi n g .

E me ry was al so known to t he Roman s Pliny an d oth e r ,

14
 E M E RY

w ri t e rs f
re e rrin g to it as naxi um
o some . The re is al s

a u thori t y for t he s t at e me nt t hat in t he ad amant of

t he Ol d Te s t ame n t tran s lat e d from t he H e bre w s ha mz r
'

, ,

re fe rre d to e me ry ore The principal e me ry de posi t s th at

.

furni s h t he e me ry of comme rce are l ocate d in Asia M inor ,

i n the b as i n s of t he Sarab at and M e nde r ri ve rs I n t he .

G re c ian Archipe lago t he be s t known of thes e de posi ts are

,

loca te d on t he I sl an d of N axos an d i n t his country ne ar ,

Che s t er M ass an d Pe e kski ll N Y

, , ,
. .

E me ry l ook s like iron ore be in g of a de nse gran ular con

I t s l u s t e r is me t al lic w
, ,

s t ructi on . hile it s col or run s from ,

bl ue black to b lack It c an truly be c alle d a uni que mine ral

-
.
,

as i t i s a mixt ure of al umin a oxi d e an d iron as magne t i t e

a n d h e ma t i t e At one t ime all of t he w orl d s s upply of

’
.
,

e me ry came from t he G re ci an I s l e s p rinci p all y N ax os but , ,

during t he ye ar 1 84 7 D r J Lawre n ce Smith l oc ate d im . .

port ant e me ry de posit s in Asia M in or D r Smi th s di s . .

’

c overie s p rove d to be of gre a t b e n e fi t to t he e me ry c ons um -

ing trade owi n g to t he f act that t he price of e me ry was

materially re duce d As ia M inor or Turkis h e me ry as t he
.
,

ne w ma te ri al was call e d at on c e be c ame popul ar

, as i t ,

ov e d to b e an e ffi cie n t ab ras ive for m an y p urposes

p r .

Turki s h e me ry always occurs in lime s tone or marble ,

t he de pos it s re s t ing on gn e iss s ch is t an d mi c a s l at e s whi l e , ,

N axos e me ry is ge ne rall y foun d in lime s tone be ds be ing ,

ass oci at e d wi th c ry s t alli n e s chi s t s On e n ot ice able dif .

fe re nce be twe e n t he e me ry of t he G re ci an Archipe lago an d

tha t of Asi a M inor is that in t he former are numerous s mall
p articles of mi ca whi ch are se ldom obse rve d in t he l atter .

The mi ning of both Turki s h and N axos e me ry i s ge n erall y

carrie d on in a ve ry primi tive man ne r B e in g ne ar t he sur .

face t he ore i s e as ily re move d as it is ofte n pre se n t in l oose

,

boul de rs M asse s that are too large for tran sport ation to
.

t he se a c oas t are ge ne rally broke n into fragme n t s through

,

t he proce s s of he at in g th e m for a n u mbe r of hours foll owe d

by a s udde n cooli n g wi th wate r This cause s t he ore to .

fract ure in many p lace s and by me ans of h ammer bl ows , , ,

I S
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
it is an e as y ma tte r to re du ce t he ore to pie ce s su i table for
tran sport at ion The low cos t of min in g toge ther wi th
.
,

mode rat e tran s portation cos t s accoun t s for t he fact tha t ,

Turki s h e m ery fin d s a re ady s al e in t his cou n try in compe ti

t ion with Ame ri can e me ry For the purpos e of gri n din g
.

whe e l man ufa ct ure howe ve r N ax os e me ry i s con s id ere d

, ,

s upe ri or to all oth e r ki n d s as i t is t he h arde s t toughe s t ,

an d mos t un iform The fore goin g s oun d s like a b ro ad

.

s t at e me nt to be s ure but it is t he con s e n s u s of opini on

, ,

e xpre s se d by l e adi n g gri n di ng whe e l man ufa ct ure rs who -

make whe e l s of e me ry .

The di s cov ery of e me ry in thi s cou ntry d at e s b ack to

abou t t he y e ar 1 830 a t whi ch t ime a rai lro ad w as be in g
,

buil t from B os ton to t he H uds on Rive r I n makin g a c u t .

ne ar Che st e r M ass a de pos i t of e mery ore w as un cove re d

, , ,

whi ch at t he ti me was t ak e n for iron ore

, , As pre vi ou sl y .

s t at e d
, e me ry an d iron ore re se m b l e e ach oth e r cl o se ly .

B las t furnace s we re e re ct e d an d provi s ion made for workin g

t he ore on a mod e rat e ly l arge s cal e At t he firs t atte m pt .

to s me l t the ore howe ve r gre at diffi cul tie s we re e n coun te re d

, ,

in se p arating t he i ron from t he al umin a an d t he de po s i t s

we re ul ti ma t e l y conde mn e d as too re fractory for practi ca l
purpose s .

The mine re main e d i dl e an d al mos t fo rgotte n for a num

be r of ye ar s .In 1 864 or the re a bou t D r H S Lu cas , . . .
,

re ali zing t he po ss ibili t ie s of w orkin g t he deposit s as a sour ce

of abras ive suppl y to compe te wi th the fore ign prod uct ,

bought t he prope rty an d be gan to su cce ssful ly ope rate it

as an e me ry min e Ope ra tion s h ave be e n con tinue d in
.

thi s di s trict un til t he pre s e n t day The e me ry in que s ti on .

i s as soci at e d wi th amphibo li t e an d se rpe n t in e an d as t he , ,

ve in s of ore re ach se ve ral hu n dre d fe e t un de rgroun d it i s ,

ne ce s sary to work the m by e x te ns ive tunne ling .

M e ntion Shoul d al s o be made of t he e me ry de posi t s in

N e w York s ta te in t he vi cini ty of Pe e k s kill This e me ry .
,

whi ch i s call e d a sp ine l e me ry doe s no t occur in a conti n u

,

ou s ve i n , bu t in se gre gate d mas se s be in g as s ociat e d wi th ,

16
 E M ERY

m o ri t e r ocks I n this ore spine l whi ch is magne si um

.
,

al u mi nat e ,M gAl go , furnis hes t he abrasi ve age n t sin ce

, ,

s pi n e l has a re l at ive h ardn ess of 8 as again s t 9 t he h ardn e ss

, ,

of al umin a i t is se e n th at spin e l e me ry is some wh at soft e r

,

t h a n other varie t ie s of true e m e ry The val ue of s pin e l

“
.

e m e ry S houl d not be overl ooke d howe ve r as it furnis hes, ,

an effici e nt poli shi ng mat e ri al in cas e s whe re a ve ry h ard

an d tough ab ras ive is not de s ire d .

The s pe cifi c gravi ty of e me ry vari e s in diffe re nt spe ci

m e n s from to and t he pe rce n t age of al umi n a oxi de

from 30 to 7 0 The abras ive powe r s ome time s call e d t he

.
,

e ffe ct ive h ardn e s s is not proport ion al to t he am oun t of

,

a l umi n a co n t ai n e d be in g in flue nce d to a grea t e x te n t by

,

t he proport ion s of other compone n t p art s in t he form of

im puri tie s s u ch as s ili c a lime magn e s ia e t c
, an d the , .
,

s tru ct ure of t he grain it se l f For t he purpose of grin di ng

.

w hee l man ufact ure t he val ue of e me ry as an abras ive age nt

,

i s de te rmin e d by t he amount of al umin a oxide pre se nt and

t he tough ne ss of t he grai n i t se lf .

In common wi th othe r natural product s em e ry ore ,

vari e s in a numbe r of char act e ri s tic s Thi s i s true not .

on ly of spe cim e n s from differe n t mi n e s but of t he product ,

Of one min e as w e ll To marke t a high grade e me ry i t i s

.
-

n e c e s s ary to pay e spe cial att e ntion to t he se l e ct io n an d

gradin g of t he crude ore to whi ch e nd t he use of t he mi cro

,

sc op e can n ot be re comm e n de d too s t ron gl y as by thi s ,

me an s more c an be lea rn e d of t he qu ali ty of t he e me ry

th an by re sort i ng to any othe r me thod asi de from the
a ct u al w orki n g tes t of t he fi n is h e d prod uct .

As e me ry may have a hi gh pe rce n t age of al umin a an d

at t he same t i me t he ore m ay b e so con s t i t u t e d th at aft er ,

crus hi ng t he grai n s wi ll s e e m to posse ss n o cuttin g po in t s

, .

Such an e me ry doe s not make a very e ffi cie n t grin ding

wh e e l .

Some speci me n s of e me ry crush up into t he prope r ki nd

of grain s as far as cu tting point s are con ce rne d but at the
, ,

same tim e nothi ng bu t fin e grai n s are prod u c e d Agai n .

I 7
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
it is ome time s notice d tha t s mall flake s of mi ca are
s

s c att e re d through t he ore which i s s ure to cause troub le ,

in the vi trifyi ng proce ss if t he e me ry is use d in t he

manufacture of vi trifie d grinding whe e ls It is rea dily .

se e n that an e fficie n t abras ive ca nnot be ma de of an

e me ry ore s e le ct e d at ran dom It is of t he utmos t im .

port ance to know t he n at ure of t he grai n to adapt t he

same for a gi ve n ab ras i ve purpos e .

At one time all grin din g wh e e l s we re made of emery

, .

Of l a te ye ars howe ve r corun d um an d t he diffe re nt art ifi ci al

, ,

abras i ve s are use d At t he same time not wi ths t andi ng

.
,

t he e fficie ncy of mode rn ab ras ive s t he more ancie n t e mery ,

whe e l s till has it s fi e l d of u se ful ne s s an d s t ran ge as it may , ,

se e m on s ome c l as se s of grin di n g s t e e l c as t in gs an d h e avy

, ,

mall e able s for in s t ance e me ry wh e e l s con t inue to S how

, ,

t he hi ghe s t e ffici e n cy This s t ate me nt is n ot made tho ught

.

l es sl y but is t he re s ul t of se ve ral ye ars of obse rvation spent

,

in re pre s e n tin g grin d in g whe e l man ufactur e rs -

.

From a th e ore tic al poin t of vi e w it woul d se e m that ,

abras ive s con t ainin g a hi ghe r pe r ce n t age of al umin a than

i s pre se nt in e me ry woul d prove mo re e ffi ci e n t re gardle ss

, ,

of t he n ature of t he work Act ual te s t s howe ver have .

, ,

prove n be yon d a doubt th at for ce rtain p urpose s t he e me ry

whe e l is s till in a po s i tion to s ucce ss fully compe te wi th
art ifi ci al ab rasi ves This i s e xpl ain e d in a sub sequent
.

chapte r .

Agai n e mery whe e l s are comparat ive l y l ow in price and

, ,

the y fin d a re a dy marke t amon g con sume rs whos e grin ding

whe e l w ant s are fe w A man uf act ure r who u se s gri ndi ng
.

whe e l s int e rmi tt e n t l y a fe w minu te s at a t ime is not c on

, ,

c e rn e d whe ther or n ot t he whe e l Shows t he hi ghe s t e ffici e ncy .

As l ong as i t give s s ati s faction wit hin c e rt ai n li mi t s no , ,

good re a son is se e n why a highe r price s houl d be pai d for

a more imp rove d ab ras i ve .

An oth e r factor th at s houl d be me nt ion e d whil e c on s id

,

e ri n g t he e me ry wh ee l i s th at owi n g to t he h igh p e rc e nt age

,

of oxide of iron con t aine d this abras ive gri t for gri t le ave s , , ,

1 8
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH E ELS
dum , on accoun t of it s sm ooth glas sy s urface ooe s not , ,

form a very e ffic ie nt abras ive to use on a polishin g whee l .

E me ry pape r and cl oth are use d to a l arge e xt e nt in t he

me chani cal art s for smoothing an d pol i shin g small intri ca te ,

parts of small machine ry and ins trum e nt s .

I n t he s tudy of the occurre nce of e me ry we are con ,

fron te d wi th t wo very curiou s facts Firs t e me ry i s a .

,

mix ture of iron oxi de s and alumin a an d se con d this com , ,

posit ion occurs in but fe w pl ac es in t he worl d pin point s—

on t he e arth s s urfac e as i t we re I n Ame ri c an e m ery Prof

’
. .
, ,

J. H . P r a tt re gard s t h e al u mi n a a n d i ro n o xi d e s as b as i c
se g re g at ion s from an ign e ou s magm a Thi s of course is .
, ,

wi thi n re as on si n ce it i s an acce pt e d fact th at t he e arth

w as at one t ime a mol t e n mas s of e l e me n t s an d as this ,

mass sl owl y cool e d t he vari ous e l e me n t s combin e d an d

,

some t i me s s e gre gat e d Wh at force of n at ure cause d t he

.

e le me n t s of iron an d al um in a to se gre gat e toge the r in ,

pract ical l y the same manne r is be yond the kn owle dge of ,

t he wri t e r .

CO RU ND U M

The name corun dum was ori gi n al ly applie d to t he ru b y

an d sapphi re of I n di a t he word be in g de ri ve d from t he
,

San s kri t ( ku m ri nda ) an d li t e ral ly me a n s ruby The varie t y .

of corundu m we are de aling wi th is c al le d by t he Ol de r ,

mine ral ogi s t s imp ure corun d um an d comprise s t he nu me rous

,

varie tie s that are not tran sp are n t or pe rfe ct e nough to be

u s e d as ge m s ton e s .

Some thirty ye ars ago corun dum was re g arde d as a,

comparative ly rare mine ral but at t he pre s e n t tim e i t is,

known t o occ ur abun dantly in se ve ral loc al i t ie s in thi s

coun t ry and in Ont ario Can ad a In this coun t y i t occurs
, .
r
,

in i gn e ous rock s p rin cip al l y sye ni t e s and in se ve ral gn e iss e s

, ,

an d s chi s t s I t al so occurs in alluvium de po si t s in s an d s an d

.

grave l s Can adi an corun dum occurs in n e ph e li n e sye ni t e

.

'

as s oci at e d wi th L aur e n t ian gn e i ss .

Of t he ori gi n of coru n dum bu t li tt l e is kn own for a c e r

20
 CORUN DUM

t ai nt y , t dy of his mine ral cal l s for e xh aus t ive re se arch

as a s u

work on t he p ar t of t he ge ol ogi s t who i s s ome t ime s re t ice n t ,

wh e n i t come s to es t ablishi ng har d an d fas t rul e s Prof . .

J. H. P r att who h a
,s m a d e a d ee p
-
s t u dy of t he occ ur re nc e

of corund um in thi s country and e lse whe re c onsi de rs th at

, ,

t he coru n du m Of N ort h Caroli n a se gre gat e d from a mol te n

ma gma t he se p arat ion t aki n g place at an e arl y pe ri od of
,

c on soli d at i on .

Canadi an corun dum has of re c e nt ye ars be e n re garde d

as an e ss e n ti al rock c on s t i t u e n t Re gardin g t he corundu m .

of On t ario H E T H aul t ain s t at e s that t he corun dum

,
. . .

be aring rocks are n ot dyke s th at the y are n ot e rupt i ve , ,

an d th at the re i s n o S ign of s e parat i on from magma .

The prin cip al Can adi an de po s i t of coru n dum occurs at

Crai g M ou n t ain whi ch i s s itu ate d in Raglan Town s hip
, ,

Re nfre w Coun ty Ont ario I n this coun try co rundum i s

, .
,

foun d in t he foll owi ng s t ate s : M aine M as s achuse tt s , ,

Conne cti cu t N e w York Pe nn sylvania D e laware Vi rgi ni a

, , , , ,

N orth Carolina South Carolin a Te nne s s ee G e orgi a Col

, , , ,

o rado M on t an a Californ ia an d Id aho

, , .

Corun dum is foun d in thre e diff e re n t ways ; bl ock c orun

dum c ry s t al coru n d u m and s an d coru n dum
, U n de r t he .

he adin g of bl ock coru ndum is include d corundum foun d in ,

mas se s whe th e r large or s mall This is t he mos t difficul t .

form of corun dum to mine Owi ng to i t s e xtre me hardne ss .

,

i t is impo ss ibl e to drill i t for t he p urpose of b l as t ing Th u s .

i t is not e asi ly b roke n up Whe n bl ock corun dum is mixe d

.

wi th fore i gn s ub s t anc e s s uch as fe l d sp ar horn bl e nde e t c

, , ,
.
,

i t is ofte n diffi c ul t to cl e an whe re as a bl ock corundum ,

free from s upe rfluous fore ign matt e r mak e s an ideal ore ,

provi de d t he par t ing plan e s are not too we ll de ve lope d .

The di s advan t age of n ume rous part in g pl ane s i s e xplai ne d

la t e r
.

Corundum crys t all izes in the rhomboh e dral divi si on of

the he xagon al s y s t e m an d u n de r t h e he ad of crys t al c orun
dum is incl ude d all t he c ry s t al varie t ie s of co run dum
which occu r in b lock corun dum or in san d or grave l .

2I
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
Some of these crys tals take the form of a he xagon wi th a
prism at e ac h e n d in whi ch cas e the c rys tal is t e rme d
,

”
barrel corundum M an y of the se c ryst als are of no de fi
.

ni te form be ing e n cl ose d in c ompac t mas se s of surroun din g

,

c orun dum and ofte n occur be t we e n a c orundum be arin g -

pe ri dotite rock and t he surroun ding gnei ss or s chis t .

Corundum posse s se s no t rue cle avage but p ar ting plane s ,

are usual ly pre se nt al ong whi ch t he cry s t al fract ures H ow .

ever if the se planes are so nume rous as to be pre se n t in

,

t he s mall grai n s of abras i ve ma t e ri al th at c o ns ti tu t e a

grinding whe e l a low abrasive e ffi cie n cy will be t he re sul t
,

be cause t he grain s will re adi ly fracture thus bre aki ng away ,

be fore be comi ng d ull and use le s s .

An i deal corundum for an abras ive whe e l i s on e whe rein

t he grai n s are fre e from p artin g lin e s th us th e y will on , ,

be coming dull bre ak wi th t he irr e gu lar to conchoidal frac

,

ture whi ch i s a characte ris tic of corun dum AS a matte r

,
.

of fact all vari e t ie s of corun d um have comparat ive l y the

,

same de gre e of hard n e s s th at is from to but s ome

, ,

varie tie s are much hi gher in abrasive e fficie n cy than othe rs .

This is due to t he fact that t he p arting pl ane s are sometimes

too num e rous as pre vi ou sly s tate d Thi s accoun t s for the .

fact that some mak e s of corun dum whe e l s are supe ri or t o

others The only pract ic al te s t for t he abrasi ve e fficie ncy
.

of a doubtful corundum is to mak e some sam ple w he e l s of

i t and h ave the m te s te d on actual work und e r e very day -

w orkin g con di ti ons .

From a the ore t ical point of vi e w corundum cont ain s ,

but t wo e le me nt s al umi n a an d oxyge n i t s che mi cal formul a

, ,

be in g A130, Comme rcial corun dum as we ll as t he ge m ,

v arie tie s ge ne rally cont ains a trace of sili ca fe rr ic oxi de

, ,

an d combin e d wat e r The foll owi n g t able which i s tak e n

.
,

from B ulle tin No 2 69 of t he U nite d S t ate s G e ol ogi c al

.

Surve y gi ve s t he c he mical an al yse s of se ve ral we ll known

,
-

corun dums .

22
 CORUN DUM

ANALYSE S OF CORU N D U M

H a s t i n gs Cou n t y .

1 00 .
71 We lls

E me rs on

Since corundum occ urs more abundantl y than e me ry the ,

c on sumer of gri n di ng whe e l s ofte n ask s why corun dum

whe e l s c ommand a hi gher pri ce than whe e ls made of e me ry .

I t is true tha t coru ndum de posi t s are nume rous but not ,

all of these corundums are Of t he correc t s t ru ct ur e for

g ri nd i ng wh-
ee l u se as ab
, ov e e x p lai n ed an d a g ai n c
, o , ,

rundum goes throu gh a comp arat ive l y expe n sive proc e s s

be fore i t is fi t for t he grin din g whe e l man ufacture rs

-
.

I t mus t be borne in min d that corundum as i t come s from ,

the mi ne i s not in a pure s t a te be i ng mixe d wi t h othe r

, ,

mine ral s ; such as fe l dspar hornble nde margart it e m us

, , ,

c ovi te e t c
, Corundum is s ome times foun d in h uge mas se s
.

wei ghi ng many ton s an d in case s of thi s ki nd t he c li mi ,

n ation of t he forei gn matte r i s ofte n a diffi cul t problem .

Agai n a corundum th at i s to be use d in t he manuf act ure

,

of vitri fi ed wheels shoul d be fre e from such s ubs t an ce s as

mi ca garne t and feld spar Othe rwi se di ffi cul t ie s are s ure
, .

to be encoun tere d in t he vi trifyin g proce s s .

In de sc ribi ng t he me thods use d in mi ning an d cle anin g

c orun dum for the m arke t it may be we ll to firs t con si d e r
,

t he mines at Crai gmont Can ad a as t he me thod s an d facili

, ,

t ies use d the re are gene rall y ack nowledge d to be t he mos t

- —
up to d ate an d practicabl e .

The above mine is worke d b y t he M an ufacturers Co

23
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WHEELS

run um C
d omp a ny m
L i d
i te ,an d the fo l l ow i n g ac c o u n t o f
c
t he le a n i ng m e thod s e t c rs t ak e n f
,
ro m a n a r ti
. c l
, e : C o

run um at Crai g
d mont c
whi h a p ap e r e d,
in t h e C a n a d i a n

M i ni ng j ourna l under the date of A u g t

u s rs t 1 9 7
0 A s ,
.

thi s ar ticle was wri tte n by M r H E T Haultain who was . . . . ,

ge ne ral manage r of t he company at the time it is int ere st ,

in g as we ll as authe n tic .

The fi rs t d i s cov er y of co ru nd u m i n O n t a ri o w a s m a d e
ne ar y thirt y y s ago on this Craig M o nt n hen k o
l e a r u a i t n w n ,

as R ob il l ar d s H i l l
’
by H e nr R i
y
,
ob ll ar d s d a u gh t e r A s a
’
.

s mal l ch i l d S he , p i ck e d up an d a rric e d hom e a c r y s t a l th a t

‘
l ooke d like a crue t s toppe r For ye ars i t r e m a .
i n d
’
e a s

an u n ame d cu os i t y
n r i bu t at t he t ime of ,
t h e pho ph e s a t

e x ci t e me n t i t w as de c l are d to be phosph ate

,
an d Robill ard ,

an d Fi tzge ral d l oc at e d t he grou n d as a phosphate mi ne .

In 896 Fe rrie r of t he Ge ologi cal Surv y d

1 , ,
e e s c ri bed th e ,

p re se n ce of corund um in t he ne ighborin g town ship Minin g .

ope ration s we re comme nce d in M ay 1 900 t he ore bein g , ,

t ran sport e d in wagon s h alf a mile to a s mall mill driven by

w at e r powe r I n M arch 1 90 4 t he pre se nt mi ll c omme n w d
.
, ,

c h g Th s mill is by far t he large s t co nd m

r u s i n . i ru u m i l l
e ve r b ui l t an d is t he l arge s t conce n t rating pl ant in Canada
,
.

I t has thre e divi s ion s t he mai n mill t he grader and the , , ,

fi ni shing de p ar tme n t The l atte r is a comp arativel y re c ent

.

de ve l opme nt .

In t he main mill the rock is crushed on till 90 pe r c e n t

,
.

of it wi ll p as s th rough a millime te r hole by me ans of ,

four rock bre ake rs an d fi ve se ts of rolls It is con ce ntrate d .

on 20 Overs t rom t ab le s ; t he con c e n t rat e s w hi ch cont ain ,

from 5 0 to 60 pe r ce n t corun dum pas s ing in to bins for .

,

drainage .

I n t he grad er the se conce ntrat e s are dri ed passed over

, ,

magne tic se parators s e parate d into 2 0 s iz e s from 8 me sh

, ,

t o 2 00 me s h an d s till furt h er s ubj e ct e d to conc e n t rati on

,

on Wilfle y t abl es an d H oope r pn e umati c j igs The re s ul t .

ing prod uct is again drie d an d again s iz e d an d p as s e d into

bin s from whi ch it is drawn off in to 1 00 poun d b ags The
,
-
.

24
 CORUN D UM

run of bags each day is samp by hand every size b y ,

it se lf an d the se sampl es ar
, e care full y ass ayed an d acco rd ,

in g to t he as say re s ul ts the b ags are s tocke d in t he fini s hin g

,

de partme nt .

The finishing departme nt performs t hre e function s It .

t horou ghl y mixe s t he produ ct so as to gi ve a un iform m a

t e rial c ompl yi ng cl ose ly wi th fi xed s t andards I t re s creen s .
-

e a ch s ize so as to e l imin at e t he re s ul t s of care l e s s ne s s i n

t he grade r It aut omatically samples eve ry lot of thirt y

.

bags .

The finis hi ng fore man kn owi n g t he as says of the con

,

t en t s of his b ags mi xe s t hirty h un dre dwe i ght at a tim e

,

in a hoppe r From thi s hOppe r t he corun dum pas se s in a

.
,

t hi n fi at s t re am pas t a draft of air whi ch bl ow s away t he

, ,

mi ca . It the n pas se s ove r a s e t of shaki n g s cre e n s whi ch ,

s cre e n out both un de rs ize an d ove rs i z e p ar t i cl e s an d from

t his i t pas s es to a bin whe nce it is drawn off pas t an au to

matic sam ple r di re ct into can vas bags w hich are fill ed to ,

c ont ain 1 00 po und s of corun dum .

The b ags are the n se wn up by m achin e ry and marke d

for siz e an d l ot n umbe r The sampl es are t es te d by h and
.

sc re e n s for accu racy of s izin g by t he e ye for p y ri t es an d

,

hornbl e n de conte nt s by t he magne t for m agn e t ite cont e nt s

, ,

an d in t he as s ay offi c e for both corund um an d iron cont e n t .

On re ce ipt of t he as say re s ul t s t he b ags are marke d G ,

or G 1 G grad e b e in g for s ili ca t e wh e e l s an d t he poli s h ing

,

t rad e an d G 1 for t he vi t rifie d wh e e l t rade

, A s amp le .

we ighing abou t h alf a pound re p re se nting ea ch lot of ,

”
thirty b ags is s tore d for re fe ren ce
, .

As be fore s tate d corundum is found in many part s of

,

thi s co unt ry ; one of t he we ll kn own min es is cal l e d t he -

Corundum H ill M in e It is l oc ate d in M acon Coun ty

.
,

N orth Carolina Corundum was dis c overe d he re in 1 87 0

.

and mi n ing ope ration s we re comm e nc e d a ye a r l ate r Th is .

c orun dum is foun d in a pe ri dot i t e rock The above mine .

y i e l d s b l ock crys t al an,d s a n d co ru n d um ha v i n g a h i gh

abras ive e ffi cie ncy in both s il icat e an d vi tri fi ed whe e l s .

25
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
The corun dum of this min e e njoys a wi de reputati on in .
,

de e d on e we ll kn own man ufacturer of grin di ng whe e ls ad

,
-

ve rti se s t he fact t h at thi s brand of corund um i s use d .

Anoth er famous min e t he Laure l Cre e k min e is l ocat ed

, ,

in Rabun County G e orgia Thi s corundum is al s o foun d in

, .

pe ri doti te an d oft e n in mas si ve bl ocks many of them we igh ,

in g se ve ral hun dre d pound s One mas s of coru ndum taken

.

from this mine i s re port e d to have we ighe d over

poun ds It is sai d that thi s min e has furn ishe d t he l arges t
.

mas se s of corund um e ve r mine d in any l oc ali ty .

An e xce ll e nt grad e of corun dum i s al so foun d in Gall atin

Cou nty M ont an a w he re it occurs in a s ye n i t e rock
, , The .

c ry s t al s are of al l s i z e s up to e ight inch e s l on g an d s ome

have be e n found that we i gh e d t wo pound s M ontan a .

corundum is be ing worke d by mode rn me thod s The .

mi ll s are e quip pe d wi th up to date machi n e ry - -

Se veral .

gri ndin g whe e l man u fact ure rs have us e d this corundum

-

re port ing it as maki n g an e xc e l l e nt gri ndin g w he e l grade -

.

The above coru n du m d e pos i t s are me nt ion e d be cause

the y ar e we ll kn own to t he corun dum con s uming trad e -
.

It mus t not be in fe rre d from this howe ve r that e xce ll e n t , ,

grades of corundum are n ot foun d e l s e whe re in this count ry .

AS a matte r of fact th ere are ove r 1 60 coru n dum de po si t s

,

that have be e n lis t e d by ge ol ogi s t s man y of the m yi e l di ng ,

an e xc e ll e nt grad e of m at e rial .

Abras ive e ngin e e rs admi t th at coru n d um of t he right kin d

mak es a ve ry e ffi cie nt grindin g whe e l for all purpo se s wi th ,

t he e x ce pt ion of mat e ri al s of low t e n s il e s t re n gth s uch as

c as t iron e t c an d s in c e corun dum occurs so pl e n tifull y
, .
, ,

t he qu e s t ion i s oft e n as ke d : why i s it n ot us e d more e x

t e n s i ve ly ? Thi s i s at b e s t a d iffi cul t q u e s t ion to an s we r ,

but we m ay throw s om e li ght on t he s u bj e ct by co n si de ring

so m e fact s th at e xi s t con ce rn in g t he corun dum i n du s t ry .

To b e gin wi th t he ol de r me thod s of pre paring t he ab rasi ve

,

for t he marke t we re un s ati s factory ; thi s re sul t in g in an

i mpe rfe ctly cl e an e d grain n ot whol l y fre e from im puri t ie s ,

for i t i s on ly wi t hin t he l as t fe w y e a rs comp arat ive l y s pe a k ,

26
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
f act that not all man ufacture rs a fe w years ago knew how ,

to make t he be s t quali ty of gn ndi ng whe e ls .

The writ e r ful ly re al ize s tha t i t is a simpl e matt er t o s ay ,

”
I tol d you so but n e ve rthe l e ss he ve ntures t he opi ni on
, ,

that if upon t he di scove ry of an e xceedingly good quali ty

,

of corund um t he mine own e rs had gone into t he whe e l

,

maki n g busine ss ab s o lut e l y controlli ng t he sale of the i r

,

prod uct and ke e pin g t he same up to a hi gh s t andard t he ,

s tory of corund u m co ul d have be e n writt e n diffe rent l y a t

t he pre se n t t i me .

As a me an s of ve rifyi ng t he above s tat e me nt l e t u s con ,

s id e r The Carborun d u m Comp an y for a mome n t Suppos e .

th e y had be e n wi llin g to s e ll the ir prod uct to all whe e l

man ufac t ure rs who care d to p urchase Woul d t he carbo .

run du m gri n d i n g wh e e l hol d t he hi gh po s i t i on that i t doe s

at t he p re s e n t day ? D e ci d e dly n ot Carborundum whe e ls .

of all kin ds good an d bad woul d h ave be e n on t he marke t

, ,

an d t he re s ul t w ou l d h ave b e e n th at c arboru ndum woul d

h ave los t favor in a gre a t many case s .

N ow i t is a far e as ie r m att e r to make a poor grindi ng

whe e l th an it is to produce a good one an d he re we have
t he an sw e r re garding coru n d um an ab ras ive occ urrin g
,

abun dant l y an d posse s si n g t he hi ghe s t ab rasi v e quali tie s ,

which n ow occupie s an in fe ri or po s i t ion si mply be caus e

“ ”
too many cooks spoile d t he broth E ve rybody had .

—
corun dum whe e ls for sale whe e l s made of pure corun dum
-
ce rt ain ly . At t he s ame t ime howe ve r s ome of thi s , ,

“ ”
p ure corun dum w as unfi t for wh e e l manufacture whi le ,

i n othe r case s coru n du m of t he hi ghe s t grade w as gi ve n a

bad n ame be c aus e t he actu al value of t he abrasi ve was
hi dde n in a poorly made grin di n g whe e l .

H ow the n shoul d corundum h ave bee n h an dle d ? some

, ,

on e i s s ure to as k The an sw e r i s si mpl e As be fore s t ate d

. .
,

t he own e rs of a good corun d um de po s i t sho ul d h ave e n

gage d in t he whe e l makin g e nd of t he bu sin e s s gi ve n their
-

bran d of corun du m a good nam e spe n t a h undre d thou s and

,
‘

doll ars in e quipme n t and se ve ral h undre d thou san d more

,

28
 D IAMON D

in adve rtising the ir product and t he busi ne s s woul d have

,

de ve l oped i tse lf The sole own e rship of a wi de ly adve rt ise d

.

produ ct is a gol d mi n e in i tse lf provi de d of cours e the , ,

busi ne s s is prope rly handl e d an d this is one factor that

,

has made man ufact ure d abras ive s ( ci th di s t inctive n ame s

“
s

s o u ni ve rs all y use d .

Corun dum is used for a numbe r of purpose s and in , ,

compari ng it wi th e me ry it is a fas t e r cu ttin g abras ive

,

o wi ng to i ts pure s tate Corundum whe e ls are us e d prin

.

c i pall y for s t e e l grinding on both rough an d pre c is ion w ork ,

w hil e corundum in grain an d powder form is use d for vari

ous grin di ng and poli shi ng ope rat ion s Sh arpe nin g ston e s .

made of corundum are ve ry e ffi cie n t while c orund um ,

coate d pape r and cl oth are al s o pu t to a n umbe r of use s ,

principal ly in t he form of dis cs u se d on t he di s c type of -

gri nder for fini shin g s te e l p art s both hard an d s oft Take n
, .

as a whol e , corundum cove rs a wi de fie l d and by many i t

is c onsi de red to be the be s t all round abras ive known -
.

D IA M O N D

Diamonds are di vi de d into three group s the t ran s pare nt ,

and practi ca ll y fl awl e s s v arie t ie s us ed as ge m s ton e s an d im

pe rfec t s tone s call e d bort di amon d s The re is al s o a bl ack .

di amond ofte n c alle d c arbon ado The di amon d has a spe ci fi c

.

gravi ty of and i s t he h ar d e s t s ub s t ance known b e in g ,

pl ace d at 1 0 on t he mine ral ogi s t s scale The diamond

’
.

c rys t al lize s in the cu bi c s ys t e m ge ne rall y t aki ng t he fo rm

,

of an oc tahe dron .

The fracture of t he diamon d is conchoidal an d t he crys t al s

invariabl y c le av e al ong p lan e s p aral le l to t he oct ah e dral
faces Diamon d cutte rs avail the ms e l ve s of thi s ch aract e r
.

is t ic when re du cin g t he s tone to t he be s t s hape for cu tt in g .

Of l ate ye a rs howe ve r a s awi ng proc e ss has be e n d e ve lop e d

, ,

whi ch is sai d to be s upe ri or to t he ol de r me thod of c le avin g

by me an s of a sh arp bl o w .

The di amon d i s fou n d in I n di a Sou th Ame rica Sou th , ,

29
 ABRASI V E S AN D ABRASIV E WHEELS
Africa . Ne w Sou t h Wale s , B orn e o , and B ri t is h Guiana .

At t he mos t of t he diamond indus t ry c e n te rs

pre s e n t t im e ,

i n Sou th Afri m the minss in t hi s l oe ality having be en

,

worke d sinc e 1 87 0 Pre vious t o t hi s t i me diamonds we re

.
,

found in all uvial de pos it s and in c onglome rat es bu t in ,

t he Sou t h Africa n min es t he mos t famous of whi c h are

,

t he Kimbe rle y and t he D e B e e rs min es t he di amonds are ,

found imbe dde d in a ki nd of bl ue cla y in what are t e rm e d

“
i
pp e s .Th e s e are s upp o s e d t o be fil l e d up c ra t ers of -

long e xt in c t vol canoe s

-
.

01 t he origin of t he diamond bu t little is known al t hough ,

m ny
a
mine nt ge ol ogi s t s have advance d we ll grounde d
e -

t he ori e s co nce rn i ng i t s forma t ion but as the ori gi nal c on , ,

di t ion of t he carbon of whi ch t he di amon d is c ompos e d

, ,

re main s a q ue s t ion t he ge n e s is of the di amond is still nu

,

The D e B ee rs Company mi ne man y hundre d t housand

dolla rs wo rt h of di amon ds we e kl y and i t is ne e dle ss t o s t ate
'

t hat ope rat ion s are conducte d on a l arge s cal e unde r t he ,

s upe rvis i on of t he mos t ab le mi ning e ngi n eers avail abl e .

To ge t at t he di amond be ari n g bl ue clay a shaft is sunk

-

se ve ral hun dre d fe e t into t he e a rth j us t out si de the pipe ,

tunne ls from t hi s s haft run ning into the di amond bearing -

de pos it s Thi s ma te rial is hoi s t e d to the ground above

.
,

where i t is sprea d out in large fie l ds to all ow t he sun and

rain t o crumble it to t he e xt e nt of be ing e as il y washe d .

Thi s we athe ring p roce ss is ma te riall y ai d e d by going ove r

the de po si t s occ as ion al l y wi th s t e am p l ows -
.

The di sint e grat e d soil i s ne xt was h e d in shall ow c ylin

dri c al t roughs whe re i n t he di amond s are swept to t he ri m
b y means of re volving toothe d arm s t he lighte r mate rial ,

esc aping at t he center The fin dings are now conce n trat e d

.

t o sep arate t he diamo nd s from h ard foreign s ub s t ance s

and th e n a further se p aration i s e ffec t e d by p as si ng t he

c once nt rat e s ove r a gre as e d s urface For s ome un ac c oun t .

l
ab e re as on t he g re a,s e d s urf ce ho d s the di amond s while
a l

the other worthle ss ma t e rial s e s cape .

30
 D IAMON D

It take s on an average four ton s of bl ue ground to yie l d

, ,

one carat wei ght of di amond an d as the D e B e e rs mi n e s

,

oft e n yi e l d from thre e to four pounds of di amon ds a day i t ,

i s se e n that an imme n se amount of blue ground has to be

The next st ep , and a ver y inte res ting

to sort out on e , is
the diamonds both for col or and puri ty The col or run s .

from cl e ar whi te to black a p ale ye ll ow be in g t he mos t

,

c ommon col or The only differe nce be t we e n a ge m s tone

.

and a bort di amond i s that t he forme r is pract ic al ly fl aw

l e ss and of good col or whil e t he la tte r contain s black s pec ks

,

and othe r flaws has no brilli ancy and poss es se s an irre gular
,

I t is needless t o s tate that the diamond sort ers are expert

at t he i r work and the y ne ver l e t a ge m s tone p ass for a bort .

As a ma tter of fact deal e rs in bort s tone s l ook in vai n for

,

a ge m s ton e that mi ght have mi sse d t he e ye of t he in spector ,

b ut the re is no rec ord of the ir e ff ort s be ing re ward e d .

Aside from trui ng gri ndin g whe e ls bort diamond s are ,

used for man y othe r purpose s I n powd e re d fo rm the y

.
,

are us ed for di amond cu tt ing thi s proc e ss be ing introdu ce d

,

by L von B e rque n in t he ye ar 1 4 7 6 for cutting and drill ing

.
,

very hard subs tance s for c e rt ain kind s of de lica te l apping

,

and gri n di ng in watch factori e s an d occasi on all y for ve ry

mi nu te turni ng ope rat ion s in t he watch or j e we le r s l athe

’
.

The process of converting bort diamon d s into diamond

powder is simple be ing carrie d out as foll ows : Se ve ral
,

bort s tones are firs t crushe d in a little mort ar made espe ci ally
for thi s p urpose and t he mate rial th us obt ain e d is pl ac e d
in a quanti ty of t he ve ry be s t olive oil The mixt u re is .

thoroughly s tirre d and all owe d to s t an d for fi ve min ute s .

The oil is the n poure d off an d t he diamon d powde r th at

re mai n s in t he ve sse l is cal l e d N o 0 The oil i s now all owe d
. .

t o s t and for t e n mi nu tes an d again poure d off t he re main ,

ing po wde r be in g known as N o 1 To ge t t he various

. .

g rad e s the
, t im e li mi t s u se d are s ho wn in the a ccomp a n yi ng

3 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
Five minutes No 0 .

Ten minutes No 1 .

Thirt y min ut e s No 2 .

One h our . No 3 .

Two hours . No 4 .

Te n hours . No 5 .

The oil is n ow al l
owe d to s tand until i t shows cle ar t he ,

part icl es se ttling at t he bottom be ing known as No 6 . .

Carbonado ofte n call e d black diamond i s a form of

, ,

diamon d found in B razil South Ame rica It is of irre gul ar, .

form and of a bl ack gray or brown color It poss e sse s no

, .

cle avage an d brea k s wi th a gran ul ar fract ure I t s spec ifi c .

gravi ty is le ss th an that of t he true diamon d I t is found .

l
al mos t e x cl usi ve y in the s t at e of B ahi a in wh at i s ca l e d l

c as c alho or di amon d b e ari n g grave l

,
-
I t is ge ne rally found .

in small pie ces al though occas ion ally a large pi e ce i s di s

,

cove re d the large s t on re cord having a we ight of 3 r so

,

carats .

For trui ng gri n di ng whee l s carbon ado is supe ri or to bort

,

di amond owi ng to the fac t that abse nce of cl e avage make s

t he s ton e le ss liabl e to fract ure Thus carbon ado i s the .

i deal form of diamond to u se in rock drill s an d diamond

sa ws where the s ton e mu s t with s t and t he im p act of t e

p e a t e d s h oc ks th at w o ul d spe e dil y rui n a bor t s tone .

G A RN ET

The n ame garnet is applie d to a group of ve ry cl ose l y

re l at e d min eral s s ome of whi ch in t he p ure varie t ie s are
, , ,

use d as ge m s ton e s There are six kind s of garnet kn own

.

as follows :

Lim e iron garne t

I ron alumina garne t

crys tal lize s

G a rn e t in the cubic sys tem ge ne rall y in
,

rhombi c dod e c ah e dra . It poss es se s an imperfe ct c le avage ,

3 2
 GARN ET

t he pati ng line s running paralle l to the dode cahedron

r .

I t s h ardn e ss varie s from 6 5 to whi le i t s spe cifi c gravi ty

.

al so vari e s to qui te an e x t e nt in diffe re nt s pe ci me n s run ni n g ,

from to
G arn e t has be e n found in crys t alli ne s chi s t s gn e i ss g ran , ,

i t e met amorphi c limes ton e s e rpe ntin e an d vol can i c rocks

, , .

In thi s c oun try de pos it s are l oc ate d in N e w York N e w

, ,

H am pshire Conne cti cu t Pe nn sylvan ia an d North Caro

, ,

lin a . Large quanti tie s of g arn e t are mi ne d in N e w York

s t at e t he de pos i ts be in g l oc at e d in t he vi ci ni ty of t he
,

A diro n dac k M ou nt ai n s Thi s garne t whi ch occurs in .

,

lim es tone and gn e iss is of t he iron al umi n a varie ty

, It is -
.

ofte n c all e d Al m an din e The garne t of N e w H ampshire is

.

al s o of t he above varie ty whi l e North Carolin a garn e t occurs

in t w o forms the iron al umi n a an d a subdi vi sion call e d

,
-

rhodoli t e whi ch con s i s t s of t wo p ar t s m a gn e s i a al um in a and

,

one of iron alum in a garn e t -

.

An e x ce lle nt garn e t known to t he trad e as Span is h

,

mi n e ral is min ed in Spai n

, Thi s mat e ri al is e xte n si ve l y .

u se d in t hi s country ; in fact one large man uf act urer of ,

garne t pape r use s it e xcl usive ly The re are no an alyse s on .

re cord to es tablis h t he compos i ti on of thi s ma t e rial al tho ugh ,

The U ni t e d S t ate s G e ol ogi cal Survey inform e d t he wri ter

that it is prob ably an iron al umin a garne t or al mandine -

, .

Garnet is pre p are d for abras i ve us e s by crus hing con e e n ,

t rat in g and magn e t ic se p aration to re move t he s upe rflu ous

iron oxi de aft er whi ch i t is grade d into various commercial
,

sizes .As an abras i ve for smoothi ng wood garnet paper ,

an d cl oth e njoy s gre at pop ul arity s howi ng hi gh e ffi ci e ncy ,

ove r ordinary sandpape r e s pe cially on comp arative ly h ard ,

woods s uch as oak ch e rry mapl e e t c

, , It is not a s uitable , , .

abras i ve for grin di ng whe e l man uf act ure owi ng to it s s oft

-

n ature al thou gh it is some time s mixe d wi th corun d um

,

in t he ma nufact ure of sili cat e whe e l s for s uch Ope ration s as

knife gri n ding .

The pure varie tie s of garn e t are oft e n c ut as ge m s ton es of

whi ch the re are many co l ors from d ee p re d to l ight rose .

33
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
S ome of garn e t ge m
t he fi n e s t s tone s are found in l oose
gra ve l in M acon Coun ty N C , . .

Q UA RTZ

Q uart z i s o n e of t h e mo s t co m mo n of m i n e ra l s a n d h a s

a wi d e dis t ri b u t io n thro ugho u t t he w orl d It is compos e d .

o f s il i con dioxi de or s ilic a Si Oz

, As i de from be in g an.

e ss e n t i al co n s t i t u e n t of s ome i gn e ou s rocks as gran i t e it , ,

o cc u rs as s an d an d i n crys t al s I t s s pe c ifi c gravi ty is
.

M
’

5 w h i l e i t s h ar d n e s s i s p l ac e d a t 7 o n oh s s ca l e It .

c ry s t al l i z e s in t he t rape zoh e d ral h e m i h e dral c l as s of t he -

rhomboh e dral div is ion of t he h e x agona l s y s t e m I n i t s p ur e .

s t at e, i t form s man y s e m i pre cious s ton e s s uch as t he

-

a m e thy s t , bl oods tone s ardonyx an d oth e rs It has no

, .

t ru e cl e avage an d b re ak s wi t h a con choi d al fract ure .

As an abras ive q u art z h as m any u s e s

, I n grain form .
,

l arge q u an t it ie s of i t are u s e d for pl at e gl as s grin di ng an d -

i n othe r forms of gl as s w ork G l u e d on b e l t s i t i s u s e d

.
,

for s an din g imple me n t an d tool h an dl e s Owi n g to it s .

h ardn e ss and s h arpn e ss i t is oft e n u s e d for s an d blas t i n g

, .

F or s awin g s ton e of t he s oft e r varie tie s s u ch as m arbl e an d ,

l ime s ton e q uartz fo rm s a che ap an d e ffi cie n t m e d ium

, It .

i s n ot adapt e d t o gri n din g w he e l man ufact ure al tho u gh

-

i t i s s ome t im e s m ixe d wi th oth e r ab rasi ve s i n m aking kn i fe

grin din g wh e e l s .

FLI NT

F lin t i s ve ry hard b rown colore d s tone be ing compo s e d

a ,
-

pri n cip ally of s il ica an d havi ng a s pe c ific gravi ty of

I t s fracture i s con choi dal It is on e of t he ol de s t known
.

mine ral s be in g us e d by pre hi s tori c m an in t he man ufact ure

,

of impl e me nt s an d we apo n s It w as on ce wi de ly us e d for

.

s trikin g fire an d u n t il t he in ve n t i on of t he pe rc uss ion c a p

t he fl in t l ock mu s ke t w as u s e d t he worl d ove r

-

Th us i t is .

s e e n th at t hi s n ow li tt l e us e d m at e ri al on ce p lay e d an

import ant p art i n s hapin g t he de s t inie s of n ation s A .

34
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
Anoth e r fam ou s n atural s ton e is t he Indian Pon d s cythe
s t on e
,
di s cove re d in N e w H ampshi re in t he ye ar 1 82 1 .

U pon this dis cove ry was foun de d t he we ll kno wn bu s i n e s s -

of t he Pike M an ufact uring Comp any whose goods are ,

kno wn to mec han ic s throughout t he worl d Se ve ral grad e s .

of fi n e san d s to n e are us e d in makin g s h arpe n in g s ton e s

for vari ou s purpos e s s cythe s ton e s axe s ton e s e t c

, , lar ge , .
,

de pos i ts be in g l oc at e d in Ohio As a ma tt e r of fact th is

.
,

s t at e fu rn i s he s man y vari e t ie s of n at ural s h arpe n in g s ton e s

s uch as the H in du s t an Q u e e r C
,
re e k an d C h a g ri n F all s

brand s The se are all e xce ll e n t s ton e s and find a re a dy

.

m arke t for p urpo s e s to which the y are adapte d .

TRIPO L I

Tripoli i s a trade me give n to a ye ll o wi s h ab ras ive

na

mat e rial w hi ch re s ul ts from t he l e achin g of cal care ous

mate rial from lime s tone s and ch e rt s Thi s mate rial is al s o .

oft e n c all e d rott e n s ton e I t is found princi pall y in I lli noi s

.

an d M i ss ouri For abrasi ve purpose s i t i s use d prin cip al l y

.
,

“ ”
for cutt ing down be fore poli s hin g s oft me t al s It is put .

on t he marke t in t he form of c ake s be i n g mix e d wi th t al l o w

,

an d compre s se d .

P U M ICE

Pumi ce i s of vol canic origi n be ing an igne ous rock which

,

w as cool e d s o q ui ckl y th at it di d not have time to crys tal lize .

I t s ome time s con t ain s impuritie s s uch as fe l d sp ar and,

h ornble n de whi ch di mini s h t he ge ne ral val ue of the

,

mate rial as an abrasi ve as t he impuriti e s le ave dee p scratc hes

,

owi n g to the ir hard n ature N atural pu mi ce is found in

.

Californ ia K an sas N e braska Idaho Sou th D akota and

, , , ,

U tah in t his coun t ry whil e much of t he i mport ed arti cl e

c om e s from v ari ou s i sl ands in t he M e dit e rran e an Se a .

As an abras ive pumi ce is u sed prin c ipall y for ve ry fine

,

varnish rubbing an d in t he manufacture of me tal polishe s .

36
 CH APTE R TWO

A RT IFICIA L AB RAS IV ES

V ari ous art i fic ia abras i es

l v — T h e i r h
p ys i c al a n —
d c he mic al prope rt ie s The i r
c om m e rc i al appl ica t ion
— M e t hods an d proc ess es e m ploye d in t he pro
du tc i on o f art i fic i al a bras i ve s — Ca rbor u n du m — A l u n du m — A l oxi t e — B oro
— —
Carbone O xa l um ina Adam t e Crys to lon e t c
i — —
,
Re lat ive hardne s s and
a b ras i ve e ffi c i e n c y of various m at e ri al s
— Art ific ial produc t ion of pre c ious
s t o nes — b —
The ir a ras i ve prope rt ie s O t he r art ific ial abras ive s and t he i r
o d u c t io n — E x e i m e n ta l wo k— E l ec t o t h m i o — Prod uc t ion
p r p r r r e r c pr c e ss e s
-

of rouge an d c roc us — —
D iam on ds an d c rus he d s t e e l Angular gri t .

N D E R this he ading c an be i nc lu de d all grin din g and

polishi ng mate ri al s produc e d by t he art s of m an ; t he
mos t commonl y use d be in g divi de d in to t wo cl as s e s carbi de ,

of s ili con abras i ve s t he o riginal of which is Car borund um

, ,

an d artifi ci al corundum which mate rial in t he form of

, ,

p re cious s tones has be e n made for more than s e ve n ty ye ars

, .

In re al ity t he artifi cial corund um of today s ol d und e r va

, ,

rious t rade n ame s su ch as Al oxi t e Al und um B o ro Carbon e

, , ,
-

Oxalumina e t c is an in dire ct ou tgro wt h of t he e xpe rime nt s

,
.
,

of othe r days whe re in s cie nt ifi c inve s tigators had to con

,

te nt the mse lve s wi th makin g artifi cial ru bie s an d sapphire s ,

while vainly s trivi ng to p roduce t he artifi c ial diamond .

To class rouge and crocu s as ab ras ive s may se e m rathe r

far fe tche d on firs t thought but it mus t be borne in min d
,

that whil e the se mat e rial s are use d for poli s hing p u rpose s
onl y the ir mi ssion is accomplis he d through abras ion s in ce
, ,

t he fi ne s t me chani c all y fi ni s h e d s urface po ss ibl e to p rod u ce ,

whe n vie we d unde r a powe rful micros cope is s e e n to con si s t ,

of a mul tit ude of fine s cratche s .

Crushe d s te e l an d chille d iron are abras ive s in t he t rue

se nse of t he word The forme r is use d for g rin din g an d the
.

37
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
latter for nd blas ting whi ch is a process of re m ovin g
sa ,

su perflu ous ma t e rial by abras i ve action .

Carborundum is un de niabl y t he be s t kn own and for ,

many purpose s t he mos t use ful of all the artificial abras i ve s ;

,

inde e d i t is ofte n cal le d the father of the m all s ince it s

, ,

introd uct ion into t he me chani cal worl d gave e l e ctro

chemi cal e ngi n ee rs an impe tus to produce compe titive
m ate rial .

For the sak e of cle arn e ss the vari ou s well kn own ar tifi ci al
,
-

abras i ves will be con si d e re d in chron ol ogi cal orde r Car ,

borun dum be in g at t he he a d of t he lis t as it was the firs t

art ifi ci al abrasi ve to be re cogni ze d comme rci ally .

CA RBO RU N D U M

Carborundum i s t rade nam e give n to carbide of silicon

a ,

a s u b s t ance dis cove re d uri t he ye ar 1 89 1 by E dward G

d ng .
.

Ache s on . I t c an trul y be c alle d the mos t uni que of all

ab ras i ve s as i t has n e ve r be e n found in n at ure there fore ,

i t i s not an i mi t at ion of n ature s work but a dis tinct creation

’

i n a cl as s by i t se lf It is a che mi cal combin ation of t he

.

t wo e l e m e nt s carbon an d sili con its ch e mi cal formula ,

be i ng SiC .

The raw mate rial s entering into the m anufacture of

Carborundum are coke sand sal t and s awdus t , Coke , .

s up plies the el eme nt carbon whil e t he e le me nt silic on i s

,

d e rive d from t he sand The obj e ct of the sawdus t is simpl y

.

to make t he mass porous the re by pe rmi tting the gases ,

ge nerate d during t he bu rning ope ration a fre e p assage to

t he open air The obj e c t of t he sal t is to e limin a te im
.

p uri tie s such as iron e t c As t he sal t vol atilize s it im

, .
,

p g
r e nat e s the w ho l e m a s s t aki ng up i mp uri t
, ie s in t he form
of chloride s .

The Carborundum furn aces u se d at the pre se nt time are

fifty fe e t l ong t e n fee t wi de an d five fee t hi gh
,
The ,
.

ori gi nal furn ace s howe ver we re s ome what s mall er Bot h
, ,
.

types are of ope n con st ru ction t he si de s and ends being ,

A as
 CARBORUN DUM

buil t bri c k The e n d wall s are approximate ly tw o fe e t

of .

t hi c k t hrough whic h run t he termi n al s for t he e le ct ric c u r

,

re n t . The s e t erminal s are made of carbon rods thre e fe e t

l ong an d thre e inc he s in diame t e r arrange d p aral le l in ,

b un dl e s of sixt y the space s be twe e n t he rod s be ing packe d

,

t ightl y wi th graphi te At the ou t e r e n ds of t he rods

.
,

coppe r t ermi nal s are le t in whi ch in turn are conne ct e d

, , ,

to a large c opper c ap Curre nt is supplie d by mean s of

.

ca ble s from overhe ad bus b ars .

In char gin g the Carborun dum furn aces pre p aratory t o

burni ng a mix ture of thirty four p art s coke fift y four
,
-

,
-

Fi g
. L —Carborundum furnac e c harge d wi t h raw mat erial , re ady for bu ning
r .

p arts nd ten parts sawdus t an d t wo p art s s al t is use d

sa ,
.

The mate ri als are thorou ghly mixe d an d brou ght to t he

furnace s by me ans of me ch anical conve yors E nough of .

thi s mixt ure is pl ace d in t he furn ace to brin g t he upp e r

l aye r l evel wi th the e n ds of t he e l e ct rod e s A t re nch i s n ow
.

made between t he t e rmi n al s whe re in a core of gran ul ate d

,

coke is lai d The obj e ct of t he coke is to all ow a fre e pas

.

sage for t he e l e ctri c cu rre n t M ore of t he mat e rial is n ow

.

introduc ed and buil t up in t he form of a moun d as sho wn

in Fig 1 .

39
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
An al t e rna tin g curre nt of 1 90 vol t s an d am pe re s

is n ow t urn e d on As t he mass he at s t he re s is t ance to t h e

.
,

c urre n t grad uall y dimi nis he s an d aft e r abou t four hours

’

Ope rat ion , i t re mai n s c on s t ant at 1 2 5 vol t s and

ampe re s . The s aw dus t Of c ou rse burns away firs t aft e r
, , ,

whi ch m bon monoxi de is gi ve n Off This b urns fre e ly at t h e .

s i d es an d top of t he furna ce wi th a y e ll ow fl ame As t he .

o f b ur ni ng progre sse s t he mass s hri nks s om e wha t

p r c e ss O , ,

w hi ch n e ce ssi ta t e s ad di n g more raw m at e rial Oc cas i on al l y .

“
t he phe nome n on of blowin g occurs whi ch make s t he ,

furnac e l ook not un li ke a mini at ure vol cano Thi s is caus e d .

by an ove r c harge of gas s u dde n ly igni t ing an d burs tin g

-

throu gh t he top c rus t Of t he charge Aft e r a pe ri od of .

abou t t hi rt y s ix hours t he burning ope rati on is c ompl e t e d

-

, .

Se ve ral furn ace s are in t he proc e s s Of burning at t he s am e

t im e be ing s tar te d at in te rval s Of a fe w hours apart The
, .

obj e ct Of this is to in s ure con s tan t prod uction as we ll as

the e conomi cal us e Of curre nt The curre n t is care full y .

watche d at all time s by an e le ct rical e ngin e e r e s peciall y

t raine d on el e ct ric furn ace work Thi s is quite esse nt ial
-
.
,

othe rwis e a un iform prod uct woul d be an impos si bil ity

. .
.

Aft e r the burning is compl e te d t he furn ace is all owe d to ,

cool for t we nty four hours aft e r whi ch it is broke n Ope n

-

, .

The top crus t whi ch is in a comparative ly unal te re d s t at e

, ,

is re move d e xpos in g a laye r Of amorphous carbi de Of sil i

, .

con unde r whi ch lie s t he pure crys t al lize d Carborundum .

N e xt come s a mixt ure Of Carborundum an d graphi te and ,

l as t Of all t he core
, The int e n s e he at e s timated at ap
.
,

proximat e ly 7 5 00 Fah re n he i t tran s forms t he core into

,
°
,

practi cally pure graphite The amorphous carbi de of sili .

con pre vi ous ly me n t ion e d was at firs t con si de re d of no

value and con se q ue n t ly thrown aw ay Late r s ci e nt ifi c in .

ves t igat ion howe ve r s howe d that i t posse sse d a hi gh

, ,

re fract ory v al ue At t he pre s e n t t ime i t fi nds a ready

.

marke t as a re fractory mate rial for lin in g furn ace s subjec t ed

to high he ats Of long d urati on .

The Carbo rundum crys t al s wh ile we ll d e ve l oped , ,

40
 CARBORUN DUM

not re gul ar in appe arance s ome be in g he xagon al an d othe rs

,

rhombohe dral . The crys tals have no lin e s Of cle avage ,

b re a kin g wi th a dis tinct crys t a line fract ure invariably

l
,

l e a vi ng s harp cu tting e dges .

Carborundum crys t al s are Of various col ors be ing truly ,

be a u t iful from an artis tic point Of vie w ; coal black de e p ,

b row n light gre e n pale blue de e p blue an d purple are al l

, , ,

i nt e rmin gle d in a gorge ous riot Of col ors se l dom e q ual e d in

n a t ure . In the e arly days Of t he indus try gree n Carbo ,

ru n d um pre domi n ated an d at p re s e nt many are Of t he Op i n

i on that gree n Carborundum is s upe ri or in c uttin g qual it ie s

to s pe cime n s Of othe r colors Act ual te s t s howe ve r c on
.
, ,

d uct e d by abras ive e ngin e e rs have prove n b e yon d all re as on

,

a b l e doubt that t he above theory i s ab s ol u t e l y groun dl e s s ,

t he col or be ing t he res ul t Of oxi dat ion .

On M oh s s cal e Of hardn e ss Carborundum is pl ace d be

’

t w e e n nin e and t e n .It is probab ly n e are r t e n than n in e

a s Carborundum has b e e n kn own to s cratch ru bie s s apphire s , ,

a nd di amon ds . Compare d with othe r abras i ve s Carbo ,

rundum is comparat ive ly li ght it s s pe ci fi c gravi ty be ing

,

a pproxi mat e ly Thi s factor s houl d not be unde r

e s t imat e d s i nc e t he c e n t rifu gal fo rce O f a re vol vi ng body

i s proport ion al to t he s q uare O f t he ve l oc ity Thus whee l s

.
,

runni ng at t he hi gh s pe e d s re comm e n de d in pres e n t day -

g r i n ding
a n d it is

w he e l
.

F ig 2 gives a good i d e a Of t he appe aranc e Of Carborund um

.

as i t comes from t he furn ac e t he photograph be in g t ake n

, .

aft e r t he ou t e r l ay e rs an d core had b ee n re move d As thi s .

mate rial l ooks like t he prod uct s O f t he min e and q uarry t he ,

q ue s tion is s ome t ime s as ke d Why is c arbi de Of s ilicon not

,
‘

”
found in n at ure ? The onl y re as o n able an s we r t he writ e r
c an gi ve is tha t t he de gree of he at at wh ich bo th carbi d e of

s il i con and graphi t e are form e d i s s o n e ar t he same t e mpe r

a t ure tha t n at ure se e m e d con te nt to p rod u c e graphi te al o n e .

An inte res t ing fe at ure Of t he prod uct ion of Carborun d um .

41
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
from t he e l e ctri cal e n gin e e r s poin t Of vi e w at l e as t i s t he
’
, ,

form Of circui t bre a ker use d in making and bre akin g t he

he avy curre nt As this amoun t s to 7 5 0 kil owatt s i t i s se e n
.

tha t t he ordin ary form Of con t act swi tch woul d be de s t roye d
in s hort orde r TO ove rcom e thi s di ffi cul ty a s pe cial c ircui t
.
,

Fig 2
.
— H ow Carborundum l ooks
. as it c omes from t he furnac e .

bre ak e r Of t he water re gu lator type is us e d This con si s t s

-
.

Of a n umbe r Of iro n pl at e s worki n g in a sal t wat er s ol u ti on

-
.

The l arge m as se s Of crys t al s p rodu ce d in t he Carborun dum

furn ace are re duce d in crushi n g machine s Of t he dry pan -

mull er type ill us trate d in Fi g 3 U nde r t he we i ght Of

, . .

t he roll s ( t wo ton s e ach ) and t he rotary motion Of t he pan

( t hirty re vol u tion s pe r mi n u te ) t he Carborun dum m as se s

,

are rapidl y cru s h e d to s m all cry s t al s The s e ran ge all t he

.

way from ve ry coarse to an irnpalpable pow de r Al though .

t he crus hi ng roll s are m ade O f m an gan e s e s t ee l the y do not ,

l as t l ong owi n g to t he abras ive acti on Of t he Carborun dum

,

grain s a pair las tin g but six mon ths at t he l on ge s t

, .

Carborundum as i t come s from t he furn ace is irn pre g

n at e d wi th a s m al l amo un t Of iron oxi de t ake n from t he

s and and other mi n or impuri t ie s d e ri ve d from t he coke .

TO e lim in at e the s e t he cry s t al s are t ran s fe rre d to woode n

vat s lin e d wi th le ad where the y are lixi vi at e d wi th s t ron g
, ,

42
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
sa mpl e s that have pas se d through t he se ve ral s cre e n s in
te s tin g ma chine s carryi ng mas te r s cre e n s Whe n t he g rain s .

are ou t O f grade i t i s a si gn th at t he s cre e n th ro u gh w hich

,

i t pass e d has worn to the e xte nt Of warranti ng re n e wal .

Fig .
4
—Sc reening mac hines
. use d in gradi ng Carborundum .

Thi s is prompt ly a tt e nde d to and all O ve r -

si ez m at e rial

It not pract i cabl e to grade Carborun d um fine r than

is
t wo hu n dre d and t we nty by t he s cre e nin g me thod The re .

fore another me thod is us e d for gradi ng t he pow de rs as they

are t erme d I n this s ys t e m t he fi n e pow de r is carri e d by a
.

s tre am O f wat e r thro u gh a se rie s Of se tt lin g t anks In pass .

i ng t hrou gh t he tan ks on e aft e r anothe r t he h e a vi e r , ,

grai n s s in k Thus t he l as t t ank contain s n ot hi ng b ut t he

.
,

ve ry fin e s t pow de r At t he w orks Of The Carborun dum .

Compan y t he foll owi ng grain s and pow de rs are c arrie d in

,

s tock : 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 20 2 4 30 3 6 40 6 8
, , , , 5 0 ,0 7 0 0 , , , , , , , , , ,

9 0 ,1 00 1 2,0 1 50 1 80 2 20 an d po w d e rs F FF
, , FF F, , , .

44
 CARBORUN DUM

Carborundum is ve ry h ard ngly s harp and w h e n e x e e di

c ,

made in to grin di ng whe e ls rt furnis he s a hi ghly e ffi cie nt ,

a bras i ve for t he grindin g Of m at e rial s Of comparat iv e ly

l ow te n sile st re ngth s uch as gray iron chill e d i ron bras s

, , , ,

bron ze marbl e pe arl bon e horn e t c In grai n and pow

, , , , , .

de r form Carborundum is e xt e n sive ly use d for l api d ary

,

work valve grinding pl at e gl as s be ve lin g s ton e fin is hing

, ,
-

, ,
“
e tc. It is som e time s use d on s e t up whe e l s for polis hing
cas t iro n but owing to t he fact that con side rabl e skill is
,

re qui re d both in pre par ing t he glue an d in cove ring t he

,

whe e ls t he above practi ce has not be com e unive rs al

, .

Carboru ndum coate d pape r an d cl oth enjoy an imm e n s e

sal e i n t he boot an d s hoe i ndu s try -
wh ere th e y are use d
-

for su ch ope rat ion s as fore part bufli ng hee l b re as tin g -

, ,

he e l sc ourin g e t c I n t he wood worki ng indus t rie s how

, .
-

e ve r Carboru ndum pape r doe s n ot show e fli c i e n c y ove r

,

flint and garn e t pape r as it s sharp n at ure caus e s t he coate d

p ap e r to fil l u p ve ry r e adi l y .

In t he le ather man ufact uring indus tries Carborundum

-

i s use d in a b arre l sh ape d whe e l form for t he we t wh ee ling

-

of le athe r as this Ope ration on s kin s is te rme d I n grain

,
.

“
form it is use d on a s pe cial s hape d cy linde r for bu ck
,

tailing whil e in t he form Of pape r and cloth it is u s ed for

, ,

various fini s hing ope ration s .

It is Ofte n s tate d that Carborundum will n ot gri n d s te e l

e conomi cally but this s ta t e m e n t is e rron e ou s
,
At one .

time The Carborundum Company sol d a large num be r of

wh e e l s to the lumbe r indu s try for saw gumming As a .

matte r Of fact this is an ope ration cal ling for a ve ry cool

an d rapi d cu tt i ng w he e l-
The write r has use d Carborundum
.

whee ls for t he cylindri cal grin di ng Of col d rolle d and ma

chin e s te e l wi th e xce lle n t res ul t s N ot only did t he wh ee ls .

produce an e xce lle nt finis h but the y we re ve ry un iform in ,

grade a fe ature not at all comm on some t e n ye ars ago

,
.

The wri t er has se e n Carborun dum whe e l s use d for au to

mobil e cran k s haft gri ndi n g by one Of t he l arge s t manu
-

fact ure rs in t he M iddl e We s t The res ul t s w e re sat i s fac .

4S
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
t ory , Carborundum being pre fe rred to all othe r makes Of

wh e e l s .

It mus t be con si de re d that the above in s tan ce s hap pen e d

s ome y e ars ago be fore t he hi gh de ve l opm en t an d accurate
,

g ra din g O f m a n uf act u re d al u m in a a b ra s i v es w hi ch a t t he ,

pre se nt time show highe r e ffi ci e ncy on s te e l gri n din g th an

is pos s i ble to att ain wi th Carborundum The above s t at e .

me nts are made s imply to show that at on e tim e in t he his

tory Of grin din g Carborundum he l d it s own on s t ee l
, .

Why the n doe s not Carborun dum whi ch is acknowle dge d

, , ,

to be t he h arde s t an d s harpes t Of al l ab ras ive s both n at ural ,

an d artifi ci al s how hi gh e ffi ci e n cy on s t e e l grin din g

,
? This
i s at be s t a h ard q ues tion to an s we r and on e u pon w hich
, ,

opin ion s are at gre a t varian ce The write r s opin ion bas e d .
’

u pon many y e ars Of O b se rv at i o n close s t udy and prac , ,

tical appli cation is that if Car

h ard an d broke wi th a c or1c hoi
,
,
d u w as no t q ui t e so
,

in s t e ad of a crys t al lin e
m
___

fracture i t w ould e ve n tually dri ve t he alumin a abras ive s

,

ou t O f t he m arke t .

The above opini on c an be call e d pure spe cul a tion wi tho u t

a s ui t ab le hypothe s i s the re fore i t is ope n to q ue s tion
, .

Ho we ve r thi s may be it i s se t down for what i t is worth

, ,

for opi nion s n o matt e r ho w the ore ti cal the y m ay appe ar

, ,

poss e s s some me ri t at le as t un til the y h ave be e n dis

,

prov e d by act ual d e mon s trat ion and as it is an im poss i ,

bili t y to produ c e t he type Of Carborund um de s cri be d t he ,

above the ory m ay be as rat ion al as any othe r .

The n am e Carborundum is re gis te re d as a trade mark ,

thus it is t he sol e prope rty Of The Carborundum Company .

I f howe ve r grin di n g whee l s a re made of Carborun d um

, , ,

n o matt e r by whom th e y c an l awful ly be s ol d as ge n ui n e

,

Carborundum whee ls .

T
O H E R CA RB I D E O I" S I L ICO N AB RAS IV ES

A carbide Of s il icon abras ive cal le d Carbos ol i t e ismade

in Ge rmany It has be e n sol d in this coun t ry to
. a lim ite d
46
 ARTI FI CIAL CORUN DUM

ex e t n t c hi e fly in the granite fin is hin g busine ss I t is

,
-
.

mos tly Of a d ark gray color and i t is not con si de re d as pure

-

as Carboru nd um As i de from t he grani te t rade a limi te d

.
,

a mount of thi s m ate rial is ma de in t o grindi n g whe d s .

Crys tol on is a t rade name give n to a carbid e Of sili con

abras i ve made by N orton Company at the ir e l e c tri c
furnace plant in Chippawa Canada It is made by prac t i , .

cally the same me thod us e d in producin g Carborun dum ;

th e s ame raw ma t e ri al forming t he in gre die n ts It was .

firs t pu t on t he marke t about se ve n ye ars a go an d at ,

t he pre se nt t ime i t e n joys a l arge s ale both in the form Of ,

whee ls and grain .

The Abras ive Company Of Phil ade lphia m arke t grin din g
“
whee ls ma de Of c arbi de Of s ili co n c al li n g t he s ame E le c
,

”
t rol on . This mat e rial is an e le ctric furn ace product be in g -

m ade Of se le cte d mat e ri al s t he g rain be in g s pe cial ly t re at e d

,

be fore be i ng in corporat e d in to grin din g whe e l s This m a .

t e ri al was firs t pu t on t he marke t d uri n g t he y e ar 1 9 1 4

and i t is con si de re d by m any l arge con s ume rs of grin di n g

w hee ls to be a ve ry e ffi cie n t abras ive .

A RT I F ICIAL CO RU N D U M

As ted at t he be ginni ng O f this chapt e r art ifi cial

s ta ,

c orund um has be e n prod uc e d for more th an s e ve n ty y e ars

and in con s i de rin g t he s ubj e c t in t he ab s t ract a l i tt l e l ight ,

thrown on t he e xpe rime n t alis t s Of othe r d ays may not be

ou t Of pl ace a t t he p re se n t t ime .

I t is a we ll kn own fact am on g those conve rs an t wi th t he

-

value s of pre cious s tone s tha t a true Orie n tal ruby of fine ,

c ol or an d fla wl ess is worth more carat for c arat th an

, , ,

the fines t di amon ds O f B raz il or South Africa The t e rm .

ruby is Ofte n mi s con s true d to e mbrace t he sp i n e l or b al as

“
ruby . Indee d t he famous ruby s e t in t he M al te se cross
,
”

in front Of the imp e ri al s t ate c rown Of E n gl an d is in re al ity

a s pi ne l I t is O f course pos s ible for e xpe rt s to re adily
.
, ,

di s tinguis h t he diffe re n ce be t wee n true an d spin e l ru bie s but ,

47
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
si nce t he by is n ot hing more or l e s s than p ure crys t alli ze d
ru

al umi n a col ore d wi t h a s mal l quan ti ty of chromi um i t i s

, ,

e vi d e nt th at a l abora tory produ ct of t he above m at e ri al s

i s a true synth e s is of t he ruby It is as much e n ti t le d to t he

.

name as t he choice s t spe cime n s Of n at u re from t he M an dal ay

di s trict Of U ppe r B urma whe re t he fine s t rubie s h ave be e n
,

foun d .

In t he ye ar 1 83 7 M A A G audin s ucce s s fully made

, . . .

true rubie s by fu sin g alum in a carbon cru ci bl e at a ve ry

high te m pe rat ure a lit t le chromium be i ng adde d t o impart
,

t he d e s ire d col or The rubie s whil e of a ve ry s ma ll s i z e

.
, ,

hard ly vi sible to t he nake d e ye p rove d t hat it was wi thin ,

t he me a n s of s ci e n ce t o prod uce corundu m art ifi c i all y .

E b l i
’

J J
. . e rn e n s e xp e r m e n t s d uri n g t he y e ar 1 847 re s u l t e d
in t he arti fi ci al prod u c t ion of t he whit e sapphire an d ro se
colore d spi ne l The proce ss con s is te d Of fusi n g t he de si re d
.

con s titue n t s at high te mpe rat u re in borac ic aci d H e al s o .

prod uce d t he ruby by usin g borax as a s olve n t .

N ot un til t he ye ar 1 87 7 howe ver was it prove d pos s i ble , ,

to produ ce crys t all ize d artifi cial al umin a Of a s iz e suit abl e for
cu ttin g in to sm all s ton e s t he proc e s s be in g t he re s ul t of
,

e xpe rime n t s on t he part of E F remy an d C F e il . The . . .

proc e ss use d was as foll ows : B y t he fus ion Of le ad oxi de an d

al umin a in a fi re cl ay cru ci bl e l e a d al umi n at e w as form e d
-

, .

Sili ca e n te rs into t he compo s it ion Of fire cl ay an d u n d e r ,

t he infl ue n ce Of hi gh t e m pe rature t he s il i c a Of t he cru ci b l e ,

graduall y de compos e s t he le a d al umin at e formi n g l e a d ,

s il i cat e w hich re m ain s in a li qui d s t at e w hil e t he al umin a

,

crys tallize s as whi t e s apphire B y mixing in a small am oun t .

of chromium ru bie s we re forme d The e xpe rime n t s of

, .

Sain te Cl aire D e vi ll e
-
Caron E lsn er D e bray an d D e
, , , ,

Se n arrnon t too l e n gthy to be de s crib e d ful ly h ere did

, ,

mu ch toward re ducing t he art of produ cin g artifi ci al c orun

dum to an e xa ct s ci e n ce .

So mu ch for t he e xpe rime n t al is t s of othe r d ay s The y .

di d not att e mpt to prod u ce artifi cial coru n d um for abras i ve

purpose s to be sure su ch a possibili ty be in g un dre arne d of
, ,

48
 ARTI FI CI AL CORUN DUM

i nthe ir day . The main s howe ve r th at the ir inve s ti

fact re ,

g a t i on s were Of value as by the i r me an s i t was s hown c on

c l u si ve ly that i t was pos si bl e to p rodu c e art ifi ci al corun d um .

One of t he firs t in ve n tors to achi e ve s u cce s s i n t he manu

facture Of an art ifi cial abrasive of t he alumin a type was
F ranz H as s l ac her of Frankfurt o n M ain G e rman y -
As -

, .

s ta t e d e l se wh ere e m e ry con t ai n s a hi gh perce nt age of iron

,

oxid e which poss e sse s no abras ive val ue an d as ide from this
, ,

fact mos t spe cime n s Of e me ry are hydrous oft e n con t ainin g ,

as hi gh as 5 pe r ce n t of comb in e d w at e r w hich c au s e s t ro ub l e
.
,

in t he kiln s w he re whee l s in whi ch this e m e ry is in co r

,

p o r a t e,d a re m a d e by t he vi t rifi e d pr oc e ss T h e a bov e .

n am e d inve n tor was grante d a pat e n t for changi n g n atural

e m ery into iron and wat e r fre e corun d um ( G e rm an pat e n t
- - -

No . iss u e d N ov 20 t he m e thod of proc e du re

.
,

be in g as foll ow s :
Crush e d e me ry ore an d charcoal or coke are firs t mix e d
toge the r t he pe rce n tage of t he l atte r be in g e q ual to t he
,

proportion of iron oxi de con t ain e d in t he e me ry ore This .

mixture is the n place d in an e l e ctri c furn ace an ill us trati on ,

O f w hi ch i s s hown in F i g 5 The furn ac e con s i s t s of fire

. .

bri ck wall s (A) supporte d by t he uprights ( H ) t he e lectri c

, ,

c urre n t be in g t ran s mi tt e d by t he c arbon s ( C) .

In chargi n g t he furn ace t he ope nin g at t he bottom ( D )

i s cl os ed by m ean s of a gl ass plat e ( P) an d t he furn ac e fi l l e d
wi th t he e m e ry an d coke mix t ure un t il t he top of t he m as s
- -

is l e ve l wi th t he ce nt e r of t he carbon s The c arbo n s are .

pl aced abou t 1 inche s apart t he s pac e be t wee n the m ,

be ing packe d wi th a fe w lump s of coke The furn ace is .

now comp le t e ly fille d and h e ape d u p as sh own at ( S) .

An al te rn atin g curre n t Of 300 ampe re s at a pre s s ure of

1 1 0 vo l t s is n ow t urn e d on u n d e r t he in fl ue n c e of w hi ch
,

t he pi e c es Of coke b e t we e n t he car bon s are b ro ught u p to

incande s ce n ce whi ch cause s t he s urroun din g e m e ry to
,

ass ume a mol t e n s t at e The p ie c e s of coke are s oon ah

.

s orbed an d an e l e ct ri c arc e s t ab li s he d b e t w e e n t he t e rmi n al s ,

t he pre se n ce of whi ch is prove n by a lo u d buzz i n g s o un d .

49
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS

Carbon monoxi de gas e s cape s through t he mas s burni ng ,

wi th a b lue flame The pre se nce Of this gas i ndi ca t e s tha t

.

t he iron oxi de s are in t he proce ss of re d u ct i on A l arge .

mass Of mol te n eme ry s oon forms about t he e lec trode s ,

F ig 5 —
. H as s le c he r s furna ce for ma king art ific ial
.
’
c oru ndum .

the fu rn ac e wall s b e in g prot e ct e d by t he s urro un di ng un ,

me l t e d mate rial as t he illu s t rat ion s hows Whe n a suf .

fi ci e n t amoun t Of e mery has be e n me l te d t he glass pl at e ,

fus e s cau s in g t he e me ry to run throu gh to the floor in a

,

d az z ling whi t e hot s tre am

,
-
.

At thi s poin t t he top crus t is broke n in where at t he

, ,

de s ce n din g crus t of e me ry cool s t he mol te n e me ry aroun d

t he ope nin g cau sing t he s am e to cl os e
, The furn ace is
.

t he n ch arge d again an d t he proce ss con tinue d In abou t .

fi ftee n min u te s t he mol t e n e me ry agai n bre aks throu gh

, .

Thu s t he proc e ss c an be con tinu e d as l ong as conve ni e nt .

The re s ul t ing produ ct is fairly we ll crys t all ize d al umin a ,

run n ing from w hi t e to b lu e in col or poss e ss in g a l us t er

,

not un like that of quart z Thi s mat e rial be ing free from
.
,

i ron poss e ss e s a hi gher abras ive e ffici e n c y t ha n e m e ry

,

a n d for s om e p urpos e s it gi ve s e x ce l l e n t re s ul t s It has bee n .

5 0
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
From the bove it i s se e n that thi s mate rial is compose d
a ,

c hi e fly Of al umin a an d chromi um t he pe rce n t age Of al u

,

min a be i ng high e nough to form an e ffi cie nt abrasi ve while ,

the amo unt Of chromium cont ain e d renders t he abras ive

ve ry hard an d tough .

I n t he man ufact ure of other me t al s by t he Gol d s chm i dt

The rmi t proce ss other s lags are Obt ain e d be in g on ly s li ght ly
,

infe rior in abras ive e ffi ci e n cy to Corubin The wri te r i s .

i nforme d on good au thori ty th at th e se abras ive s are gi vin g

s at i s fact i on owi n g to t he fact th at se ve ral thou san d ton s
,

of the m are sol d ann uall y to re spon s ibl e abras ive wh e e l -

man ufacture rs in this country Large quan ti tie s Of Corubin

.

are use d abro ad in t he man ufact ure of l e n se s whe re in t he ,

ab ras i ve i s use d to grin d t he gl as s and in other abras ive,

That the p e rime n t ali s t s ma de gre at s tride s in pe rfe ct

ex

in g me thod s for t he man ufact ure Of artifi ci al abras i ve s

( a ft e r Ach e s o n a n d T h e C a rbo ru nd u m Comp an y prove d to
t he worl d that there was a re a dy marke t for an art ifi ci al
a bras iv e ) n o on e wi l l de n y The art ifi cial corundum made
.

pre vi ous to t he ye ar 1 900 howe ver was incomple te in

, ,

that it l acke d w hat we te rm at the pre se nt day abras i ve

tem per . We al l know that high carbon s tee l or tool s tee l
-

as i t is c all ed po s s e s se s a v al uabl e ch aract e ris t i c in as mu ch

,

as it c an be mad e e xcee di n gl y h ard by he a t in g i t re d ho t

a nd s u dde n ly c ooli n g it by i mme rsi on in wat e r or a brin e ,

s ol ut ion . Furthe r by te mpe rin g it or drawi n g t he col or

, ,

as t he s mi th say s we ge t variou s de gree s of t e mpe r for in

,

n ume rable purpos e s ; a ve ry hard s tee l for razors a s ome ,

wha t s ofte r mat e rial for machine re amers softe r s till for ,

la the tool s an d ye t s ofte r for col d chi se ls an d axe s

, .

A pie ce Of tool s tee l th at has be e n hard e ne d bu t n ot drawn ,

i s ve ry bri tt le thu s it s fi e l d is limi te d

, F or an ill us trat ion
.
,

a l athe tool a p ai r of sc i s s ors or an axe thu s t re at e d w oul d

, ,

—
be u se le ss t he lathe tool woul d crumble aw ay as soon as
i t was brou ght in con t act wi th t he pie c e of work to be turn e d ,

t he s ci ssors wo ul d bre ak t he firs t t ime the y we re droppe d

5 2
 BAUX I TE

on the floor, while t he axe woul d fly to pie ces at t he firs t

t oke
s r Of t he wood s man . Thus it is se e n
, , that t he characte r
i s t ic Of
t e mpe r is wh at gi ve s tool s te e l it s imme n se value
in t he art s an d s ci e nce s .

TO compl e t e t he parall e l we wil l now con side r art ifi cial

corundum which as ori ginally made was ve ry hard and
, , ,

u se ful in a li mi t e d fi e l d on ly I t is e vi de n t that if me an s .

coul d be foun d whe re by t he te mpe r Of the mat e rial in

que s tion could be con t roll e d it s use ful ne ss woul d be in ,

c re ase d a thous an df ol d .

Thi s has bee n succe ss full y ac complishe d and the cre di t

i s due to an Ame rican Ch arl e s E J acob s ( no re lati on to , .

t he wri t e r) who i n t he ye ar 1 900 Obt aine d a p roce ss

,

p ate n t for manufacturin g an abras ive from b auxi t e an d

te mpe rin g the same to a d e gre e Of hardn e ss sui t able for
a brasive pu rpose s B rie fly s t ate d M r J acob s p roce ss con
’
. .
,

s i s ts Of fus ing b auxi t e in an e l e ct ri c furn ace Of t he arc t ype

an d coolin g t he re s ul t ant alu mi n a oxi de in a mann e r t o

i mpart t he de sire d de gree of te mpe r .

B e fore con si de rin g M r J acob s process i t wi ll be Of ad

’
.
,

v antage a h thi s poin t to touch brie fly on t he mat e rial b auxi te

as we will have occ as ion to re fe r to it several tim e s l ater .

BAUX ITE

B auxi te is clay like mi ne ral or rathe r a combin at ion of

a -

mi ne rals con t aini ng amon g oth er con s t i tue n t s alumin a

,

oxid e iron Oxi de silica an d tit an ic aci d It is t ake n to be

, , .

a de compos i t ion produ ct Of i gn e ou s rock It was firs t dis .

cove re d in F ran c e as l on g ago as t he ye ar 1 82 1 by P .

B e rthie r who cal le d it al umin a hydratée de B e a ux

,
The .

prese n t n ame of b auxit e was gi ve n to t he mat e rial in que s

t ion by E H Sain t e Cl aire D e ville in 1 86 1 The n ame
. .
-
.

w as derive d from t he vi ll age Of Le s B e aux in Sou the rn

France whe re t he mat e ri al was firs t ob se rve d .

B auxi t e is ne ve r foun d in a cry s t all iz e d s t at e but al ways ,

as a cl ay lik e e arth
-
I t s col or varie s from light y e l l ow t o
.

53
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EELS
dee p re d The material while always impure contai n s a
.
,

hi gh pe rc en tage of alumina oxi de H enc e it s value as a .

ra w mat e ri al for the man ufact ure of an al umin a abras ive

clai med the attention Of abras ive man ufacture rs some

years ago whe n a subs titu te for n atural alumin a abrasive s
, ,

that is to say em ery an d corundum was se ri ousl y gi ve n ,

con side ration

In this country bauxit e is found in Ge orgi a Al abam a
, ,

an d Arkan s as In thes e locali t ies the mate ri al in que s t ion

.
,

is ge n e rally as s oci at e d wi th lim e s tone and it s ori gi n i s at

tribu te d t o t he action Of sol ut ions of al umin um s ul phate
on lim e s t one .

CHARLES B JACOBS .
'
P RO CESS

Mr Jacobs e le ctric furn ace for carrying out hi s process Of

.
’

c onve rt ing bauxi t e into art ifi c ial corund um i s s hown i n

F ig 6. .It con sis t s Of a re ctangular cas ing ( 1 ) w i th a s lop

ing top at t he apex Of whi ch is an ope n in g ( 2) w hi ch se rve s
,

t he doubl e p urpo se of chargin g t he furn ace an d carryi ng

Off t he vol at il e m att er of t he ch arge The furn ace cas in g
.

i s con s t ructe d wi th a s h ee t iro n s he ll ( 3) whi ch is l in e d wi th

-

fire b rick which se rve s as a non condu ct in g ma te rial -

in re gard to e le ctri city as we ll as hea t N e xt to thi s are

.
,

l ai d carbon bri cks

The he ar th of t he furn ace con si s t s of a cas t iron pl at e -

( )
6 li n e d fi r s t w i th g r ou n d l im e ( 7) a n d th e n c a r bo n b r i ck s

( )
8 l ai d in t h e lim e T h. e h e a rth i s mo unt e d o n a s cr e w
.

( 9) by m e a n s O f w h i ch i t c a n b e l o w er e d o r r a i s e d a t w il l .

B y l owe rin g the h e art h duri ng t he furn ace run in a gradual ,

m ann e r a thi ck body of t he fuse d m at erial is Obtain e d

, .

Over t he e arth are moun t e d four pairs of car bon e le ctrode s

( )
1 0 b e t w ee n w h i ch t h e e l e ct ri c ar c i s p rod u c e d T he f
. u r

n ac e i s s upport e d by cas t iron l e g -

s (1 The se are of suffi
cie n t h e ight to all ow t he he arth to be l owered c l e ar of t he ,

bottom Of t he furn ace It is s ee n that t he t wo ou t side pairs

.

Of e l e ct rode s are away from t he furn ace wall s ; t he Obj e c t

be ing to kee p the wall s cl e ar Of fu se d mate rial The hearth .

54
CHAR LE S B JACOBS PROCE SS
’
.

Fig 6
.
—.
Jac ob s
’
fic ial corundum furnac e
art i .

SS
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
is le ft free to move up an d down In t he furnac e An .

O p e n in g i s m ade in one si d e Of t he furn ace to pe rmi t

O f in s pe c t i on s houl d occas i on re q uire an d al s o to provi de

m e an s of in t roduc ing a s tirring rod The Ope nin g is cl os e d .

by t he pl ug
M r J acob s proce ss of conve rtin g b auxi t e into artifi ci al
’
.

corundum is as fol lows : The firs t s te p is to cal cin e t he raw

mat e rial t he Obj e ct of w hich is to drive away as mu ch
,

mois ture as poss ible This save s un due e xpe n diture of c ur

.

re nt an d w e a r on t he e l e ct rode s The h e arth is n ow rais e d

.

un t il i t occ upie s a po sit ion on e in ch be l ow t he e l e ct rod e s ,

e ach p air of w hi ch is pl ac e d in con t act an d t he furn ace ,

fill ed wi th t he cal c in e d b auxi t e Cu rre n t is n ow t urn e d on

.

and t he e l e ct rod e s pul le d ap art c au s i n g e l e ct ric arcs to be

,

s e t u p b e twee n th e m The bauxi t e fu s e s un de r t he int e n s e

.

he a t an d t he al u min a con t ain e d the re in run s down on t he

he arth which is l owe re d abou t t wo in che s pe r hour Thi s
, .

res ul t s in a q uie t pool Of me l t e d al u m i n a oxi d e w hi ch cool s

an d s ol i difi e s in cry s t all in e fo rm whi l e t he furn ac e h e arth

de sc e n ds D urin g t he proce s s of fu s ion the im puri ti e s i n

.
,

t he raw mate rial are vo lat iliz e d in w hi ch con di t ion th e y ,

e sc ap e throu gh t he Ope nin g at t he top of t he furn ac e .

Re gardin g t he te mpe r of the mate ri al M r J acob s has , .

“
t he followi n g to say : The n ature Of the produ ct m ay be
vari e d by t he s low or rapi d c oolin g Of t he fu se d mass s o ,

a s to obt ai n a p rod u ct of t he same d e gree of ab s ol u t e

hardn e s s bu t of varyi n g toughn e ss an d con s e qu e n tly

, ,

varyi n g abras ive po we r by t he slow or rapid l owe ring of

,

t he he arth The more s lowl y t he produ ct cools t he be tte r

.
,

de fin e d wil l be i t s crys talliz ation an d t he gre at e r it s tough

n e s s an d abras ive powe r The n at ure of t he p rodu ct m ay
.

als o be v arie d by agi t at ing t he m ass whi l e cooli ng as by a ,

poke r or s tirring rod in s e rt e d through t he hole normal ly

c lose d by pl ug 1 2 an d thus dis turbin g it s n atural te n d e ncy
,

Of c ry s t al li z at ion prod uci ng the re by a fine r grain Of c rys

,

t al li n e s t ru cture t han whe n t he mat e rial coo ls wi tho u t

”
dis turb an ce .

5 6
 ALUN D UM

ALUND U M

Alundum is a origin ated by N ort on

t rade n ame
Com pan y and is app lie d to an al umin a ab ras ive m an ufac

t ure d un de r t he above de s crib e d pate nt H owe ve r the

-
.
,

p r oc e ss has be e n mod ifi e d s om e w h a t as s hown by t h e fo l

l owin g account Of the s ame by Ri chard G William s M e .
,

c hanic al E ngi ne e r an d S pe ci al Inve s tigator of N orton

Company in a pape r pre se n te d at t he thirt y firs t ge n e ral
,
-

me e ting of the Ame rican E l e ct roc he mical Soc ie ty he l d in

—
D e t roit M ich M ay 2 5 1 9 1 7 .
, , , .

“
The raw mat e rial mus t ne ce s s aril y be a s ubs t ance high
i n al umin um oxid e The mos t s atis factory mat e rial is a
.

high grade bauxi te al though s atis factory abras ive s are

-

be ing made from othe r mate rials s uch as low grade bauxi te ,
-

and e me ry Aluminous abras ive s are made in t he arc typ e

.

of furn ace The se furn ace s Ofte n consis t of a wrought iron

.
-

s h e ll or s ome form Of pot l in e d wi th c arbon

, The e l e c trode s
, .

are s uspe n de d in t he pot an d th e n l owe re d to t he bottom

of t he furn ace a train of graphit e or fine coke pl ace d be

,

t we e n t he e le ctrode s t he c urre n t turne d on an d an are

,

s ui tabl e for fus ing i s avai labl e as s oon as t he t rai n of graphi t e

or coke has vol ati li z e d .

B e fore fusion in the e le ctric furn ace t he b auxi te re ce ive s ,

a cal ci ni n g t re atme nt to dri ve Off 30 pe r c e nt of comb in e d .

wate r . Sui tabl e che mic al s are mi xe d wi th t he cal cin e d ore

in orde r to faci lit at e t he re m oval Of s uch mat e rial s as iron
and s ili con F urn ace s Of thr e e t on capaci ty c on s um e be twe e n
.
-

6 5 0 and 7 00 hors e powe r an d i t t ake s approxi mat e l y 2 4 hours

for a furn ace run Aft er t he run is compl e t e d t he s he l l
.
,

is s trippe d O ff or the furn ace s i de s re move d an d t he pi gs

all owe d to cool Whe n t he pigs have coole d to a sufficie n t
.

te mpe rature the y are broke n up by s le dge hamme rs in to

,

pi e ce s conve nie nt for pu ttin g through a large j aw crus he r .

This ope rat ion re d uce s t he mate rial to pie ce s abou t t he

s i z e Of a man s fi s t an d in thi s condi t ion t he ab ras i ve i s
’

,
”
s e n t to t he grindi ng whe e l factory for furth e r t re atme n t
-
.

57
 ABRASIV ES AND ABRASIV E WH EELS
Alundum on the market c onsis ts Of two ki nds ;
as pu t
ordinar y Al un dum and whi t e Al un dum Whit e Alundum
, ,

make s an al mos t whi te whe e l whe n bonded by t he sili c ate

proc e s s and a dee p re d colore d whe e l whe n t he vi trifi e d
-

proce ss is empl oyed Whi te Alun dum is de sign at e d by

.

t he pre fix 38 A 60 gri t whe e l made of whi te Al und um

.

is marke d 3860 Ordi n ary Alun dum i s us e d for ge n e ral

.

s te e l gri n di ng on both ro u gh an d pre ci si on work w hil e ,

whi te Al un dum is use d prin cipally for gri ndi n g s uc h m a

t e rial s as hi gh all oy s tee l s an d g e n e ral pre ci si on tool room
- -

ALO X ITE

Aloxi te is t he trade name of an al umin a abrasi ve man u

fac t ure d by The Carborun dum Company It is ma de from .

bauxi te in an e le ctric furn ace Of t he arc t ype The Car .

borundum Company s Al oxi t e pl an t i s l ocat e d a t S arran

’

colin a s mall town in t he provi nce Of H aut e s Pyre nee s in

,

So uthe rn France so as to be n ea r an ade q uate s upply of

,

t he raw mat e ri al As a pre cau t ion ary me as ure howe ve r

.
, ,

s e ve ral furn ac e s are ope rat e d at t he N iagara F all s pl an t .

An Al oxi te furn ace is q ui t e a s impl e affair con s i s tin g of ,

an out e r s he ll re s t ing on a bas e an d t wo e l ect rode s for s up

.

plyi ng t he c urre n t The Oute r s he ll i s wat e r coole d bu t doe s

.
-

not have a re fractory lin in g as t he charge form s thi s i t s e l f .

It is pl ace d on whee ls to facilit at e moving it from unde r

t he el e ct rod es wh e n t he burn in g operat i on i s compl e t e d .

In chargin g t he furn ace t he bottom i s firs t li n e d wi th a

,

mixt ure Of carbon an d t ar N e x t a l aye r Of bauxi t e is in .

.

t roduc e d and t he e l e ct rod e s l owe re d unt il th e y re s t on t he

bauxi te A path Of graphi t e is n ow l ai d be twe e n t he e le c
.

t rodes t he Obj e ct be ing to form a fre e pas s age for t he c ur

,

re n t
. As s oon as t he charge is in a mol t e n s t ate howe ve r , ,

it form s a good conductor in i t s e l f The curre n t i s n ow .

t urn e d on an d t he bauxit e b rought to a mol te n s tat e An -

.

al t e rn atin g c urre n t Of am pe re s at a pre s s ure O f 1 00

vol t s is us e d .

5 8
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS

m ove s any l umps Of sili c on whi ch may h ave cl ung to t he

in got . A roll e r t ype cru s he r i s n e x t use d whi ch comple te s
-

t he crushi ng ope rat ion Al oxi t e i s s cree ne d in t he s ame

.

mann e r as Carborundum and t he n um be rs of t he grade s

an d powe rs are i de n t i cal .

Al o xi te is ve ry tough and posse ss e s what might be t e rme d

a we ll re gul ate d t e mper
-
The grai ns are hard e nou gh to
.

Fig 8
. .
-
Ore crus hers us e d in pre paring Aloxite .

c ut ra pidly ye t n ot so tough that the y wil l not fract ure

,

w h e n dul l The te mpe r Of t he grain is unde r control th us

.
,

a u niform abras ive is t he re s ul t In col or Al oxit e is Of a .

,

purpl is h bl ue an d it s formation is dis tin ctly crys t alli ne ,

as F i g 9 s how s
. .

Al oxi t e is adapt e d for all kinds Of s t e e l grin ding e pe ciall y ,

s

o n pre ci s ion work s uch as s urface gri n ding cylin dri c al ,

.

g rin d i ng c u,tt e r an d r eam e r s harp e n i n g s p e ci al gri n di n g ,

ope ration s s uch as crank s h aft grinding whe re in it i s ah -

s ol ut e ly e s se n t i al th at t he corn e r O f t he whe e l hol d a w e ll

de fin e d radi us for s ome t im e an d for t he ge n e ral grin din g ,

of hi gh s pe e d an d al loy s t e e l s As a s ubs ti t ut e for e me ry

-
.

cl oth Aloxi t e coate d cloth has found favor with many

,
-

man ufacture rs of motor cars and othe r product s Aloxi t e-

.

60
 WE RLE IN S ’
ARTI FI CIAL ABRASIV E

grai n o be i n g use d for many grin din g and polis hi n g

is al s

o pe rat i on s h e re tofore don e wi th e m e ry g rai n I n t he c ut .

g las s i ndus try Al oxi te whe e l s are us e d for fi nis hin g t he

,

b e a ut iful an d i n t ri cat e c ut s se e n on t he be s t ware havi n g ,

Fig 9 —
. Aloxi t e
. as it is form e d in t he furn ac e .

to a gre at e xt e n t take n t he pl ace O f t he bl ack Crai gle i t h

n at ural s ton e s w hi ch we re u s e d for thi s p urpo s e for m an y

ye ars Aloxi t e has b e e n on t he marke t s i n ce 1 90 9

. .

WE RLE IN S ’
A RT I F ICIAL AB RAS IV E

A comparative ly re ce n t pat e n t ( F re n ch pate n t N 0 .

is s ue d Aug 2 8t h 1 9 1 1 ) for t he m anu fact ure of an

.
,

art ifi ci al ab ras i ve has b e e n gran t e d to Iv an We rl e in Of

Se in e F ran ce
,
It i s an e le ct ric furn ace prod uct compo s e d
.
-

of al umin a an d silicon I n his pate n t s pe cifi c at ions t he

.
,

in ve n to r s t at e s : Thi s al umi n a an d s i licon com poun d

produce d at high t e mpe rature m ay be Obtain e d in various
ways F or i n s t an c e a mix t ure Of 80 to 95 p art s of al umin a
.
,

an d 5 to 2 0 part s of s il i con i s m e l t e d i n an e l e ct ri c furn ac e .

61
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
Whe n t he mas s has re a che d abo ut to C i t is
.

k e pt at that t e mpe rature for abo ut 20 mi n ut e s an d the n

c ool e d .

The wri te r has n e ver se e n this ab ras ive the re fore he ,

is n ot i n a po s i t ion to comme n t on i t s me ri t s From i t s .

compos it ion howe ve r it woul d appe ar to h ave s ome of

, ,

t he charact e ri s t ic s Of Carbo rundu m combin e d wi th tho s e

Of t he v ari ou s al umin a abras i ve s J us t what s uch an abrasive .

w ou l d accomp lis h j u d gi n g from an Ame ric an e ffi ci e n cy

,

s t an dpoi n t i s a q ues t ion of con j e cture and to t he be s t of

,

t he wri t e r s knowl e dge thi s ab ras ive has not as ye t c l ai m e d

’

t he att e n t ion Of Ame ri can abras i ve e ngin e e rs .

BO RO CA RBO N E
-

B oro Carbone i s
-
tifi c ial alumi na abrasive mad e in
an ar

a n e l e ct ri c furn ace Of t he arc type by a p roce ss s ome w h at

s imil ar to th at u se d in t he man ufact ure of Al oxi t e an d

A l un d um I t con t ain s a high pe rce n tage Of al umin a oxi de

.

wi th a s mall amount Of impuri t ie s I n color thi s ab ras ive

.
,

v arie s from a milk y whi t e to a light bl ue an d it s cry s t al

l iz at ion i s ve ry pron ou n ce d .

B oro Carbone i s made i n France t he raw mate rial be in g

-

b auxi te an d in one re s pe ct i t e njoys a un iqu e re pu t at ion .

i n th at I t is t he onl y fore ign abras ive th at has be e n s ucce ss

full y abl e to compe t e wi th Ame ri can made prod uct s -
TO .

b e s ure Al o xi te might be c all e d a fore ign abras ive bu t in

, ,

t he s tri ct e s t s e n se of t he word thi s is a fall acy as i t is a

, ,

p r od u ct of A m e ri c an e n gi n ee rin g t a l e n t o r i gi n a t i n g , a t
The Carborundum Compan y s N i agara F al ls pl an t
’
.

The sal e Of B orO Carbone i s con t roll e d in thi s co un try

-

b y t he Abras ive Co mpan y Of Philade lphi a Pa to whom ,

.
,

i s re all y due t he cre di t of pe rfe ctin g thi s ab rasive to a poin t

w he re i t coul d compe te wi t h Ame rican mad e prod uct s -
It .

w as put on t he marke t in 1 9 1 2 an d at t he pre se n t t ime e n

j oy s a l arg e s al e b e i ng a d a pt
, e d f o r a l l k i n d s O f s t e e l gr i n d i n g .

The Ab ras ive Comp any s t at e th at t he t e mpe r of B oro

62
 OXALUM INA

Carb one c an be vari ed acc or ding t o t he k ind Of grinding it

is to do .

OXALU M INA

Oxal umina is a name

give n to a man ufact ure d abrasive
of t he artifi cial alumina type by t he Cort l an d G ri n di n g

Whee l Corporation Physi cally it is c ompose d of micro

.
,

s copi c crys tal s of alumin a ; che mi call y i t con t ai n s abo u t ,

8
9 p e r ce nt of al um
.in u m oxi de I t i s p re p are d by f u.s in g
and re fini ng vari ous alumina be aring c lay s an d ore s i n -

care ful ly re gulated furnac e s The re s ul t ing mas s is p rope rl y

.

coole d the n crushed and grade d for use as an abras ive

,
.

This abras ive is wide ly adve rt ise d and s ol d in compe t i t i o n

wi t h othe r Ame ri can artifi cial abras ive s p rinc ip al ly for pre
c is ion gri n di ng operat i on s .

ADAM ITE

This mate rial is e le

ctric furnace p rod uct m ad e in
an -

Aus tria I t contains approxim at e l y 80 pe r c e n t al u m in a

. .

oxi de I t is dark bl ue to bl ack in c olor b e ing of a c om pac t

.
, .

we ll c rys tal lize d n ature It i s a ve ry tough ab rasive an d

.

by s ome Ame rican gri ndin g wh e e l manufacture rs i t i s u s e d

-

to a l imite d e xte n t in t he man ufac t u re of ve ry d urabl e wh e e l s .

RO UG E AND CRO CUS

B o th these mat e rial s are made by t he same proc e s s

Of .

which consis t s of cal cin in g s ulph a t e of iro n i n c ry s t al form .

The s ulphate Of iron crys t al s are s ubj e ct e d to hi gh t e mpe ra

ture in cru ci ble s and the powde r th at form s at the bo t t om
is crocus while that at t he top is rouge
,
Th e s e mat e ri al s .

diffe r in color rouge be in g re d whil e crocu s i s p u rpl e

,
.

T e se a e rial s
h m t are u se d i n b u ffin g a n d po l i s h i n g op e ra t i on s .

D IAMO N D CRUS H E D ST E EL

This mat e rial is man ufact ure d by t he Pi t t s b urgh Cru s h e d

Ste e l Company of Pi tt s b urgh , Pa . It i s m ad e o f c ru ci b l e

63
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EELS
s eel,
t s ubj e ct e d to a spe ci al t rea tme nt aft e r , which it i s
crushe d and grade d in to t he foll owi n g size s : 4 , 6 , 8, 1 0,

200 . The z from 60 to 20 0 in clu sive are kn own to t he

si e s

trade as D i amon d Ste e l E me ry .

The mate ri al in que s tion i s a n e w d e p art ure in a brasive s ;

a s ci e nt ifi call y pre pare d mat e ri al d e s ign e d to re place e m e ry

for grin ding Op e ration s on gran i t e o nyx m arble bri ck , , , ,

gl as s e t c or in fact for any purpos e whe re in an abrasive

, .
,

i s use d in grai n form As this mate rial h as thre e import an t

.

characte ris tics ; hardne s s sharpne s s a nd toughn e ss i t s hou ld

, ,

prove a ve ry durable grin din g age n t in case s whe re a rol lin g

and cru shi n g act i on i s p re s e nt .

Crus he d s t e e l i s n ot an i de al ab rasive to e m p loy in gri n d

in g whe e l m an ufact u re in as m u ch as i t s to ugh n at ure t e n ds
-

to pre ve n t t he grain s from fract urin g upon b e comin g d ull .

ANG U LA R G RIT

Thi s is othe r abrasive mate rial mad e by t he above

an

conce rn be in g us e d in t he pl ace O f san d for s and b las tin g

,
-

ope rati on s I t i s a cru s he d chille d iron produ ct marke t e d

.
-

in t he foll owi ng si z e s : 1 0 1 2 2 0 30 40 60 90
, ,Thi s m a , , , , .

t e rial i s wi thou t doubt an e x ce l le n t me dium to u s e for

, ,

s and bl as t in g as t he indivi d ual grain s h ave a n umb e r of

c uttin g poin t s an d t he mat e ri al doe s not bre ak aw ay or ,

pulve rize as qui ckly as sand thus re du cin g t he O bj e ction

, ,

ab l e factor Of d us t t o a min imum .

 CH APTE R TH RE E

T H E M AN U FACTU RE O F G RIN D I NG WH E E LS

Composi tion of gri nding

—
whe e ls Des irable and unde s ira bl e o
p p
r ert i es

Bon d s — She llac — Ru — F —

bbe r f usible c lays Silim t e Of soda Vitri fied
—
whee ls M e t hod Of produc i ng vi t rifie d whe e l s— Puddle d proc e ss — Pres se d
—

proc es s
— i — — —
Sil ca t e whe e ls She l la c whee l s Rub be r whe e ls Cla y bond
us e d in vi t rifie d whee l s—Choice Of b
ondi ng mat e ri al — Whe e l -
t urnin g
K iln us e d— H e at ing Of kiln
and w —
ork C ooli ng of ki l n — D ressi ng whee ls
— B us hin g whee l s —S ee d te s t s for whee ls — E las t ic — bb
p proc e ss Ru er

proc ess .

GRI N D I N G whe e l —
A
con sis t s Of t wo abras ive
parts t he
mat erial that doe s t he cu ttin g an d a s uit abl e bondin g
m aterial to hol d t he co un tl e ss grai n s of which t he whee l is
composed in a sol id mass G rin din g whe e l s for s ome pur
.

pose s such as t he rough grin din g of he avy gray iron cas t

,
-

ings s houl d be hard an d compact to re s is t un d ue we ar

, , .

A c yli n de r whe e l de s ign e d for a ve rt i cal s pi n dl e s urface

gri n di ng machin e s uch as t he Pratt & VVhit n e y Compan y
,
_

man ufacture mus t be ope n an d poro us to in s ure fre e cutt in g

, .

Thus it is se e n that t he dre ss i n g ac ti on which a part i c ul ar

work has on t he wh e e l in an y give n ope rat ion m u s t be give n
consi de ration in t he man ufact urin g proc e s s .

The two kind s Of wh e e ls above m e n t ion e d are at e x tre me s ,

but in the makin g of whe e l s for vari o us othe r purpos e s ,

e q ual ly import an t factors m u s t n ot b e ove rl ooke d As an .

illust ration whe e l s for v arious tool and c utte r sharp e nin g
,

ope ration s mus t be ve ry cool cu tt in g while whe e ls for s uch

,

s pe ci al gri n di n g ope rat io n s as cran k s h af t fi ni s hin g are re

quire d to hol d the ir pe riphe ral s hape for a re as on abl e l e n gth

of time ; othe rwis e more time woul d be con s ume d in kee p
ing the m in prope r condi ti on than wou l d be s pe n t in act ual
product ion .

65
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH E ELS
Some yea rs ago whe n grin din g whe e ls we re us e d onl y
,

for a fe w s imple Ope rat ion s s uch as tool s harpe ni ng and

“ ”
ge n e ral grin ding simpl e rul e Of thum b man ufact uring
,

me thods an swe re d ve ry w e ll At t he pre se n t day howe ve r

.
, ,

owi ng to kee n compe tit ion and t he high s tandard re q ui re d

by mod e rn e ffi cie ncy e n gine ers gri n ding whe e l m an ufac ,
-

ture is fas t bec oming an e xact s cie nce as i t we re whe re in , ,

t he man ufact ure r s t u die s t he re q uire m e nt s of hi s cus tom e rs

an d pe rf ect s hi s prod uct ion m e thods to a poin t wh e re on l y

t he hi ghes t q uali ty of goods re ce i ve the final in s p ec tor s

’

approv al .

Wh e n we speak Of the bond of a grinding whee l we refer ,

to t he mat e rial use d to hol d t he grai ns in t he whe e l toge the r .

In the vi tri fie d bon d t he bin ding m e di um is a high grade of

,
O

kaolin or othe r re fractory or fusib le clays t he proc e ss Of

, ,

vi trifi ca t ion t aki n g pl ac e i n a kil n patt e rn e d aft e r a pott e ry

kil n. In t he e las t ic bon d a good grade of s he ll ac is e m

,

pl oye d while in t he rubbe r bond t he particle s of abras i ve

, ,

mat e rial a re he l d toge the r b y vu l can i z e d rubber In an .

othe r proce ss sili cat e Oi s od a s ome times calle d wat e rglass

, , ,

is us ed All thes e bonds pos s es s me rit for s pe cifi c purpose s

.
,

but as a matte r of fact t he majori ty of gri ndi ng whe e ls in

use at the prese nt t irn e are ma de by t he vi trifi ed proce ss .

Thi s bond is us e d so mu ch more e xt e n si ve ly than t he oth ers

that i t is possib le to Obt ain wi th it a gre a te r ran ge of grade
than is pos sible wi th othe r whe e ls Agai n yea rs of e x .
,

p e r i e n c e to s,ay not hi n g of c os t l y l aboratory e x peri m e n ta

tion have prove n th at t he bond of a grin ding whe e l is
,

alway s a d e t rime nt to fas t cu tti ng but as a bond Of s om e ,

kind is of cours e a nec e ssi ty the one that will produce

, ,

t he l e as t frict i on an d at t he sam e time prod uc e the de sire d

grade i s alway s pre fe rable Th us t he vi trifie d bond has
.
,

be e n foun d by practi ce to be the be s t adapted for the ma

j or i t y of p urpo s es .

F or t he s ake of clearn e s s all t he above me thods of wh e e l

,

man ufact ure will be con si de re d s e parat e ly The s e le ct ion .

of corre ct bo n ding mat e rial s an d t he pe rfe c t ion of t he vari ous

66
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
In t he man ufact ure Of vi t ri fie d gri nding whe e l s the re are ,

three me thods use d in mixi ng t he abrasive mate rial wi th

the bond ; dry mixi ng we t mixing an d a combin ation Of
,

both th e s e me thods A dry mix e d wh ee l is made by what

.

is kn own as t he pre sse d proc e ss whil e a we t mixe d wh e e l is

made by t he puddle d me thod I n a pu d dle d an d pre s se d
.

wh e e l a combi nation Of both mixing me thod s is e mpl oye d

, .

I n makin g wh e e ls by t he pre s s e d p roc e ss t he fi rs t s te p

,

is to de t e rmin e t he corre ct proport ion s of grain an d bon din g

mate rial by we ight aft e r whi ch t he mix t ure is d ampe n e d
,

a l i tt l e an d t um b l e d abo u t in a t umb li n g b arre l for a fe w

hours The Obj e ct of this proce dure is twofol d to mix

.

t he mat e rial s thoroughl y an d to s urrou n d ea ch I ndi vi dual

g r ai n O f ab ras i v e m a t e ri al wi th a m a t ri x of bon di ng m ix t ure ,

to hol d i t in pl ace in t he fi nis he d whe e l .

The mixe d mate rial now goe s to t he pre ss room to be

forme d in to whe e ls I n thi s d e p artme n t are a n umbe r of
.

hydraulic pre ss e s s ome Of the m capabl e of e xe rt ing a pre s

,

s ure of poun ds pe r s q uare in ch The proc e ss of

.

pre ssin g a wh e e l is q uit e s impl e an d e as il y carrie d out An .

ope rator care fully we ighs out the corre ct am ount of mixture
an d pl ace s i t in a s t ee l mol d of t he d e s ire d s ize Aft e r .

l e veling t he mix ture care full y a cove r that fit s the bore Of

,

t he mol d i s place d on t he whe e l mix t ure an d t he mol d pl ace d

in posi tion ove r t he ram of the pre ss With hi s e ye on t he
.

pre ss ure gauge t he Ope rator ope n s t he wate r inl e t an d as

,

t he ram rise s un de r t he wat e r pre ssure and as t he h and ,

of the pre s s ure gauge mount s upwar d a crunchin g sou n d

is h e ard as the e n ormou s pre ss ure exe rt e d by t he wat e r is
tran s mitte d to t he wheel in proce s s of formation Whe n .

j us t t he e xact pre ssure re quire d i s re corde d by t he gauge ,

t he ope rator Op e n s t he re l e as e t he ram d e s c e nd s and the

.
,

mol d is re move d The pre s se d whee l is now t ake n from

.

t he mol d rea dy for t he vi t rifin g kil n

, .

Whe e l s made by t he pre ss e d proce ss are ve ry compact

but not n e c e s sarily hard As an ill us trati on a Carboru n
.
,

dum wh e e l in 0 gra d e G 2 bon d i s a pre ss e d wh e e l al

, ,

68
 THE VITRI FI E D PROCE SS

t hough it is six
grade s s oft e r than an I grade wheel in B 6
bond whi ch is a pu ddl e d whee l On t he othe r han d a
, .
,

Car borundum whe e l in B 16 bond whi ch is made by t he ,

puddl e d proc e ss is ve ry h ard but not as compact as an I

,

g ra d e w h e e l i n G 6 bo n d w hi ch i s a pre sse d w h e e l an d ,

al though s ix grade s s oft e r it is more compact :

, It is s e e n
t h at t he Obj e ct of m aki ng wh e e l s by t he pre ss e d proc e s s is
to make the m compact which charact e ris t i c is t o be de
,

si re d i n whee l s for a vari e ty of gri n din g p urpose s .

I n maki ng whe e ls by t he p u ddl e d proce s s t he corre ct ,

proport ion s Of grain an d bon ding mat e rial are agit at e d for
s eve ral hours i n m e ch an i c al mixe rs as s hown in F ig 10 . .

Fig I o
.
— M ixing the mate rials
. t o form puddl e d whe e ls .

The mixt ure is the n po ure d in to he e t iron mol d an d

a s -

thoroughly drie d by s t e am he at Aft e r dryin g s uffi cie n t ly

.
,

which con s ume s s e ve ral we e ks for v e ry l arge wh e e ls t he ,

e mb ryo wh e e l is pl ace d on wh at i s t e rm e d a s havi n g machin e ,

an ill us t rati on Of whi ch is s hown in F ig 1 1 Thi s m ach in e

. .

i s con s tru ct e d on t he princip le Of a pott e r s wh ee l con s i s t in g

’

of a re volvi ng c ircul ar t able upon which t he whe e l is pl ace d ,

an d a cros s s l i d e ove r whi ch t rave l s t he h e ad c arryin g t he

-

t ools us e d in s h apin g t he whe e l .

69
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
The proce ss turnin g the whe e l to t he corre ct si ze and
Of

s hape , an d bori ng t he hol e for t he l ea d b us hin g is com ,

parative ly simple al though con si de rable s kill i s re quire d in

turnin g whe e ls of irre gul ar s hap e s uch as ce rt ain whee ls
,

for s pe ci al tool grin d ers c up whe e l s , l arge cylind e r w he el s

'

, ,

Fig . II .
— Shavi ng grinding whe e l s preparatory t o vi trifyi ng .

re cesse d whe e l s for cy lin drical grin di n g e t c The wh e e l , .

s h avi n g ope rator i s a s ki l l e d art i s an in hi s p art i cul ar l in e

of work prose c ut ing hi s work by me an s of a b l ue prin t or

, ,

othe r draw in g an d obt ainin g t he n e ce s sary dime n sion s by

,

me an s of s cal e s an d cal ipe rs s uch as are use d by t he machi n is t .

The n e x t s t e p con s i s t s of vi trifyin g t he whe e ls The .

vitrifyin g kil n s u s e d by grin di n g whe e l man ufact urers are

-

patt ern e d aft e r thos e us e d in t he potte ry in d us t ry for

vitrifying chin a and e art he n ware The y are approxi
.

mat e ly sixty fe e t high an d s ix t e e n fee t in di am e t e r be in g ,

con s t ruct e d on what i s cal l e d t he down draft principl e -

A s e con dary in t e ri or w all i s buil t in s i de t he kiln comin g to a ,

70
 THE VITRI FI E D PROCE SS

c row n bout twe nty fe e t from t he ki l n floor The h e at is

a .

s o di s tribu ted that it ci rcul at e s fre e l y i n all part s Of t he

kil n inte rior finding an ou tl e t at t he bottom

, .

The wh ee ls as the y come from t he pre ss and p uddli n g

,

rooms are pl ace d in earth e n ware re c e pt acl e s t e ch ni c al ly

,

te rmed sage rs a fe w Of whi ch are s hown at t he l e ft s i de

,
-

foregroun d Of F ig 1 2 As the whe e ls are in wh at is t erm e d

. .

Fig 12 — Lo ading a grindin whee l kiln

g
-
. . .

a gre e n s t at e care is n e ce ss ary in han dlin g the m TO

, .

i n s ure e ve n be ddin g in t he s age rs t he whe e ls are pl ace d on ,

a l ay e r of sand Se ve ral s mall w he e l s are l oad e d in on e

.

s age r but wi th m e di um s iz e d whe e l s s ay 1 2 x 2 on e to a

-

, ,

s age r i s con si de re d s uffi ci e n t Whe e ls 1 4 in che s in di ame te r

.

an d ove r are pil e d on e ove r t he oth e r in s e ct i onal s ag e rs ,

e a ch wh e e l be ing b e dde d in s and .

An inte rior vi e w Of a gri n di n g w he e l ki ln i s s how n i n -

Fi g 1 3 whe re in se ve ral pil e s of s age rs are s how n i n t he

.
,

background Afte r t he ki ln is comple t e ly fi lle d t he door

.
,

is se al e d tight an d t he kil n is ready for firin g To corre ctl y .

burn a kil n Of gri n din g whe e ls is an ope ration callin g for

l ong practic e It c on s is t s Of brin gin g t he kiln up to t he
.

correct he at ke e pi ng i t the re for t he n e ce ss ary pe riod an d

,

7 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
cool gradual l y TOO much he a t woul d re s ul t
t he n le ttin g i t .

in ove r burning t he e ffe ct be in g t he de s truction of t he bon d

-

, ,

l eavin g i t in a burn t up or hon e ycombe d con di tion whi l e too

-

li ttle he at w oul d prod uce an unde r vit rifie d whe e l Again -

.
,

if t he kil n is brought up to full he at too rapidl y w h ee ls ,

Fig . I3 — I nte ri or Of a
.
gri ndi ng-
whee l kiln .

havi ng h ard and soft s pot s are liabl e to re s ul t F urthe r .

,

if t he ki ln i s allowe d to cool too rapi dl y 7 5 pe r c e n t Of it s .

cont e nts will come out in a cracke d s t at e be in g ab solu t e ly ,

Of no val ue for unlike t he good hous e wi fe s pie cru s t

’
-

, , ,

grin di ng w he e ls cannot be w orke d ove r again .

Arran ge d aroun d t he b as e of t he kiln are app roximat e ly ,

t e n fire box e s the fue l u s e d b e in g a good grad e Of e i th e r

,

anthraci t e or b i t umi n ou s coal Two fi res are s tarte d at a

.

time and all owe d to burn for s ome t ime af te r whi ch t wo ,

more are s t art e d at re gu lar in te rval s until all are burn in g .

The ki l n i s n ow b ro ught up to t he fi rs t or re d h e at whi ch , ,

t ake s fi ft e e n hours The he at is gradual ly in cre a se d un t il

.

”
t he ki ln i s at w h at is t e rm e d t he low m e l t in g poin t .

Te s t s are fre q ue nt ly mad e by me an s Of se t s Of pyrome t ri c

con e s whi ch are in se rte d in the ki ln through te s t hol e s .

There are s e ve ral of th e se te s t ho le s in e ve ry ki l n arran ge d

at re gul ar in t e rv al s an d i t i s import ant th at t he re a di n gs of

e ach t e s t ho l e tal l y o the rwi s e i t i s a s i gn that t he he a ti n g is

,

un e v e n . The t es t cone s are mad e Of clays h avi ng diffe re n t

me l ting poin t s Thre e con e s havi ng diffe re n t me l tin g t e m
.

p e ra t u re s are p l ace d on o n e b as e W h en t he fi rs t.
o n e m e l t s
“
nd toppl e s over i t i s a si gn th at t he ki l n i s at
”
0
, re d he at

7 2
 THE VITRIFI E D PRW ESS

T he ne xt one suc c u mbs at low me l t i n g poin t and whe n t he

t hi rd one wil t s un de r t he ho s t i t s i gni fies t ha t t he ki l n is
,

up to fu l l he a t or a t ri fle hi ghe r t han F ahr A s e t of .

t he c one s us e d is il l us t rat e d in Fi g . 14 . F or man y yea rs t he

pyro m e t ri m l c on e was t he onl y me an s us e d for de t e rm i n in g

t he he a t Of t he kiln . Of lat e yea rs , how e ve r . owin g t o t he

Fig I 4
.
—.Py ro me t ric c ones us e d for m es s uri ng de gree of t ernpe rature in
gri n di n g w h
-
ee l ki l n s .

hi gh de gre e of pe rfe c t ion re ache d i n t he m an ufac t ure of

vari ou s type s of p yrome t e rs for accu ra t e ly de t e rmin in g hi gh
t e mpe rat ure s t he lat t e r are n ow use d in conn e c t ion w i t h t he
,

former in gri n di n g w h e e l kil n burn in g

-
.

Aft e r t he kiln has re ac h e d fu ll he at i t i s s e al e d up an d ,

all ow e d to cool for s e ve ral d ay s As m uch c are has to b e

.

e xerci se d in cooli n g t he ki l n as i n h e at i n g i t for s u dd e n or ,

un e ve n coolin g would bri n g abou t di sa s t ro u s re s u l t s to t he

con te n t s It t ake s thre e d ays to l oad a ki ln fi ve d ays to

.
,

burn it a we e k is allowe d for cool in g an d thre e day s for

,

unl oadi n g Smal l won de r th e n tha t t he gri n d in g wh e e l

.
, ,
-

manufacture r cann ot s hip sp e c ial whe e l s a fe w d ays af t e r

t he ord e r for t he s ame has be e n e n t e re d B urnin g a ki ln of .

g ri n di ng w h e e l s i s an op e ra t i o n th a t c a nn ot b e c a rri e d o n

too care fu lly as a s light e rror in j u dgme n t is s u ffi c ie n t t o

,

t urn s ucce ss in to failure The m e n who have ch arge of t h is

.

import ant work be come s ki lle d through lon g e xpe rie n c e an d ,

i t is n e e d le s s to s t at e that the y are n umbe re d amon g t he

’

g ri nd i ng w-
h e e l m a n uf act u r e r s t ru s t e d e mp l oye e s .

From t he kiln s t he grin d in g w he e l s go to t he s ort in g roo m

,

73
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
where th e y are s orted according to size gri t an d grade , .

The gri t s and grade s are d e te rmine d by markin gs s cratched

“
on t he whe e l s whil e in t he gre e n s tate be fore vi trifyin g , .

The w he e ls are n e x t in spe cte d for s oundn e s s by t apping the m

wi th a li ght h ammer A sound whe el wi ll e mi t a fai nt bell
.
,

lik e ton e w he n t app e d thi s ton e havin g a di s tin ct re ve rbera

,

t ion whe re as a cracke d whe e l gi ve s out a de a d sound in

,

whi ch no re ve rbe rat ion is d e te cte d .

The whe e l s that p as s thi s in spec tion go to t he lathe room ,

where th e y are face d an d e dge d The type of l a the used

.

for faci ng i s not un like an ordi n ary e ngi n e l athe wi th the

pos si ble e xce ption that t he forme r is slightly he a vie r th an
the latt e r The whe e l is firmly grippe d in a uni ve rsal ch uck
“

and a c u t t ak e n ove r one si de bringi ng t he surface as near

,

to a true plan e as po s s ibl e wi thi n practical li mi ts The .

whe e l is now re verse d in t he chu ck an d t he othe r side face d ,

care be ing e xerci se d to mak e sure th at t he s i de s are p aralle l ;

othe rwi s e the wheel mi ght be out Of balance whi ch fe a ture ,

is to be avoi de d .

F or faci ng l arge whee l s s t ar toothed dre sse rs of t he t ype

,
-

familiar to e ve ry mechani c are use d The se are mounte d .

in sui tabl e hol de rs whi ch are g rippe d in t he tool pos t For .

fine comp a
, r a ti ve l y s m al l whe e l s diamon d s moun te d in
,

coppe r bars are use d B e in g in con s tant us e the se s ton e s

.
,

s oon w e ar o ut ; th us t he diamond bill of t he gri nding

wheel man ufact urer amoun t s to a l arge sum an n uall y .

After be i n g face d t he whe e l s are re a dy for t he firs t in

,

spe c t i on for grade . Thi s ope rati on is done by hand as

s hown in Fi g 1 5 . . The in s trume nt used l ooks not unlike
a s hort wi d e s cre w drive r mou nt e d i n a heavy h andl e
-
To .

de t errmn e t he grad e t he ope rator de pe nd s wholl y on hi s

,

s e n s es of h e aring an d touch whi ch through con s tant prac

, ,

tice are ve ry re liable The te s ting i s don e si mply by

, .

gouging into t he whe e l in s e ve ral place s notin g the soun d ,

g i v e n ou t an d f e e li n g the amo u nt of re s i s ta nc e m e t in se p ar at
in g t he p ar ti cl es of abrasive from t he bond .

Con s tant practice mak e s the se Ope rators very expert ,

74
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EELS
The ne xt ope rati on is to true t he pe riphery of t he whee l .

Thi s is done by m e n call e d whe e l e dge rs The whe e l s are .

mo unt e d on he avy grinding s tands an d t he e dging done by

me an s Of s t ar sh aped dre sse rs fe d by h and
-
D i amon d s .

are u se d on t he s mall e r an d more de li c at e wh e e l s The .

grinding w hee l s tands are e quippe d wi th gu ards to e limin ate

-

dan ge r from flyi n g fragm e nt s in cas e a whe e l s houl d hap

d w m l i l i
’

p e n to b urs t a n , t h e ork an s h e a th s a s o t ake n n to

con si d e ration as an e ffi ci e nt e xhaus t s ys te m is provi ded to
carry away the dus t .

The whee l s are now rea dy for another important Ope r

at ion t hat of b al anci ng
, Owi ng to t he hi gh sp e e d at w hi ch
.

the y are ope rate d i t is ve ry n e ce ssary for grinding whe e ls

,

to be in almos t pe rfe ct running bal an ce Care full y worke d .

ou t t ab le s p re pare d by t he e ngi n e e rin g d e p artme nt s ho w

, ,

t he e xact amount any s i ze of whe e l c an be ou t of b al an ce ,

an d all w h e e l s fai li n g to come up to t hi s pre de term i n e d

s t and ard a re r e j e cte d .

The b al an ci ng i s done b y mountin g t he wh e e l on an arbor

whi ch i s p lace d on bal an cin g ways If a he avy si d e is in.

e vi d e n ce a w e i ght Of t he re q ui re d n u mbe r of ou n c e s all owe d

,

on th i s p arti cu lar s iz e Of wh e e l i s c lamp e d on t he p e riph e ry

O ppos i t e t he he a vy s i de If thi s we ight fail s to cou nte r

.

balan c e t he whe e l i t s how s that t he w he e l is out Of balan c e

,

t o t h e e x t e n t of warrant in g re j e ct i on for t he p art icu lar

s i z e in q ue s t ion al though i t c an b e t urn e d s mall e r wh e n
, ,

in al l p rob abili ty i t wi ll p ass a s at is factory t e s t

, It is ve ry .

n e ce ss ary th at t he b al ance of wh e e l s in t e n d e d for pre ci s i on

grin din g be almos t pe rfe ct ; othe rwi s e accurat e work on t he

part of t he grindi n g machine op e rat or is some time s iru
-

pos sible .

Owi ng to t he fact tha t grinding whe e l s are use d unde r

vari ous con di t ion s s ome of which are far from idea l
, ,

chan ce s for se ri ous acci de n t s owi n g to t he burs ting of t he

wh e e l mu s t be gu arde d again s t by t he man uf act ure r who
ai ms to marke t re li ab le good s TO thi s e n d grin din g whe e l s
.
,

a re gi ve n a sp e e d t e s t be fore goin g to t he s hi pp in g room -

.

7 6
 THE VITRI FI E D PROCE SS

As t he ce n trifu gal force of a bod y moving wi th differen t

ve l oci ties in t he same circl e is proportional to t he s quare
of the ve loci ty i t is e vide nt th at if t he ve l oci ty is double d
,

t h e ce ntri fugal force wil l be four time s as gre at Thu s i t .

i s se e n that if a whee l is s pee d e d fifty pe r ce nt fas t e r than .

t he re comme n de d ope rat in g s pee d t he ce n tri fu gal forc

,
e
w ould be twi ce as gre a t The Carborundum Comp any
.

make a practice of spe e di ng all whe e ls above e ight in ch e s

i n diame t er se ve nty pe r cent hi gher than t he re comm e n de d
.

ope rating spee d After thi s tes t it is safe to ass ume th at

.
,

t he whe e l is s ound and whe n us ed un der t he prop e r ope r

ating con di ti on s the danger of bre ak age is p ract ic all y n i l .

The spe e d t e s tin g machine s con si s t of s ub s t antial gri ndin g

-

whee l s t ands e quippe d wi th variable spe e d counte r sh aft s - -

for incre as ing and de c reasi ng t he spe e d as de sire d accurat e ,

t achome te rs for re gi s terin g the numbe r Of re vol u ti on s an d ,

s tou t, iron bound oak boxe s surrounding t he wh e e l s to

-

re tain t he fragm e n t s in case a whe e l fai ls to wi th s t an d t he

s pe e d t es t . Two t e s ting machin e s are shown in Fig 1 6 . .

The tes t s are conducte d in a ve ry d e li be rate mann e r by

m e n whose in tegri t y c an be de pe nde d upon an d at t he com
p l e t i on O f e ach d ay s w o rk th e
’
se m e n s u b s cri b e and s we ar

be fore a notary public to t he tes ts the y have mad e The .

numbe r an d condi tions Of each tes t are ke pt in a book pro

vi de d for thi s p urpose an d a ce rt ifi cat e i s att ach e d to the
te s te d wh e e l showi n g both t he te s t spe e d and t he re c om
,

me nde d ope rat in g spe e d .

Acci de nt s cau se d by grinding whee l impe rfe ct ion s are -

in dee d very rare The writ e r has pe rs on al ly in ve s t igate d

.

many cas e s of broke n gri n ding whee l s an d has ye t to fin d

a c h
ase w e e t e r h acc i d e nt w as ca u se d d ir e ct l y by impe r
fe c t ion s in t he man ufacture Of the whe e l Th at al l gri ndi ng .

whe e l man ufacture rs in t e nd to marke t de pe n d abl e wh ee l s i s

borne out by t he foll owin g paragraph t ake n ve rbatim from
The Carborundu m Company s N umbe r F ive cat al ogu e
’
.

“
I n M ay 1 90 2 t he Ass oci at ion Of Ge rman E n gi n e e rs
, ,

be gan an e xh aus tive se rie s of spe e d te s t s Of abrasi ve whe e l s .

77
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH EE LS
The se t e s t s we re conduct e d by Profe ss or Grube r of the
Techni cal Hi gh S chool D re s d e n All man ufacture rs we re
,
.

invi te d to s ubmi t a 20 inch whe e l to be spe e ded un til it

-

b urs t Abou t sixty whee l s incl udi ng alm os t all s t andard

. ,

make s we re te s te d in thi s manner The re s ul t as a w hol e

,
.
, ,

Fig . 16 .
—S pe e d
-
t es t in g gri nding whee ls for s afe t y .

de mon s t rate d t he e nt ire safe ty Of all make s of whe e ls whe n

p rope rl y use d ; for whi le t he p rope r ope rating spe e d for a
,

2 0 inch w h e e l i s 95 5 re vol u t i o n s pe r mi n u t e
-
t he poore s t ,

re cord made by an y whe e l t e s t e d was 5 re vol u t i on s

p e r m i n u t e b e fo re b urs t in g T h e re gu l ar
. g r ad e of C ar

borun dum whe e l te s te d made re vol u t i on s pe r min u t e

be fore burs ting whi ch was t he be s t re cord made by any

,

”
wh e e l t e s t e d
.

The above s t ate me nt s be a r ou t t he wri t e r s opinion i e

’
.
,

n. 7 .
 THE SI LI CATE PROCE SS

t hat t he spec ifi c gravi ty of Carborundum , be in g less th an

t hat Of other ab rasive s , make s it a ve ry e fli ci e n t and safe
w hee l .

TH E S ILICATE P RO CESS

In making whe e l s by t he silicate proce ss s ilicat e of sod a ,

and t he abras ive mat e rial are firs t mix e d toge th e r in t he

p p
ro e r p roport i on s in m e ch ani c al mi x e rs T h i s m
.ix t u re i s

the n tamped by hand in iron mol ds The ope ration Of .

tamping the mixture call s for a hi gh de gre e Of skil l thus ,

the work c an onl y be intru s ted t o e xpe rie n ce d m e n Ma .

chi nes h ave be e n de vi se d for tamping silicate whe e ls but ,

the me chani cal proces s doe s not p rod uce as satisfactory

re s ul t s as are Obt ai n e d wi th t he h and t amping process -
.

Why thi s is so is a matter of con j e cture N e ve rthe le ss t he

.
,

fact remai n s that h and t ampe d whe e ls are turne d Out in

- -

l arge l ot s dail y by gri n di n g whe e l man ufact ure rs .

On firs t thought it woul d appe a r that silic ate wh e e ls

,

c oul d be re a dil y pre s se d in mol d s by t he sam e proce ss use d

in making p re sse d vi tri fi e d whe e ls as he re tofore e xp l ain e d .

This me thod has be e n the bas is Of le ngthy e xpe rime nt s

wi thou t t angi ble res ul t s t he p rod uct always s howi ng in
,

feri or in act ual t e s t s .

The proce ss Of hand t ampin g is comparative ly s low and

l abori ous as i t has to be done in a thorough man ne r but whe n ,

prope rly carri e d out e xce lle nt whe e l s are t he re su l t After .

t ampin g the whe e ls are bake d sli ghtly unde r low h e at

, ,

whi ch se t s t he bond F or man y ye ars i t was con si de re d an

.

i mpossi bili ty to make Carborundum whe e ls by t he s ili c at e

proc ess in as mu ch as t he glass y nature of thi s abras ive
,

and t he same charact e ris t ic in t he bon din g mat e rial aft e r ,

baki ng did not form a good con tact Of lat e ye ars how
, .
,

e ver thi s difli c u l t y has be e n ove rcome

, .

Sili ca te w he e l s are ve ry cl ose in t e xt ure an d the y are

su cce ssful l y u s e d on gri n di n g op e rat ion s wh e re a compact ,

but at t he same time a comparative ly fre e cu ttin g whe e l

i s des ire d For tool gri n di n g in t he machin e s hop saw
.
,

79
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE L S

gu mmin g and kn ife grin ding in w ood workin g e s tab lish -

me nt s an d on oth e r ope ration s of lik e nature sili cate whe e ls ,

are su cc e s s full y u s e d Again t he sili cate proc e s s is e x te n

.
,

s ive ly u se d by s mall grinding whe e l man ufacture rs who -

h ave not t he facil it ie s for t urn in g out vi trifi e d whee l s in

large l ots F urth e r an i nfe ri or abras ive on e containi ng
.
, ,

an e x ce ss of m i ca or garn e t for ins t ance c an be u se d in

, ,

t he man ufact ure of s il i cat e whe e l s whe re as t he s e impuri ,

tie s woul d ruin a vi trifie d whe e l In as mu ch as t he sil i cate .

proce ss is of short duration hurry orde rs for gri ndin g wh e e ls

,

ca n be fill e d i n far l e ss t ime th an i s re q ui re d to m ake the m

by t he vi tri fi ed proce ss This factor i s of course worth

.
, ,

consid e ration in a fe w spe cifi c case s .

In the earl y days O f t he grin di n g whee l in du s try t he -

sili ca t e p roce ss was qui t e pop ul ar owi n g to t he fact tha t

wi re we b w hee l s whe re in a s cre e n Of brass wire was in

-

s e rt e d we re con s id e re d as an amp le s afe guard agai n s t

,

acci de nt s At the pre se nt day howe ve r owi ng to t he

.
, ,

hi gh de ve lopme n t of t he vi trifie d proce s s and t he subse

que nt safe ty of t he fin ishe d prod uct the re is n o logical ,

e x cu se for u sin g sili cat e wh e e l s p ure l y as a matt e r of safe ty .

TH E E LAST IC P RO CESS

In m aking whe e l s by t he e las t ic proc e s s whe re in t he

.

bindi ng me dium i s she l l ac t he firs t s t e p i s to me l t the s h e l

,

l ac whi ch i s aft e rward cool e d an d brok e n in to l um

, ps .

The l ump s are n e x t fin e l y ground an d t he prope r propor

tion s Of s he ll ac and abrasi ve mi xe d toge the r Thi s mixt ure .

is the n t ran s fe rre d to a hot mol d an d thoroughl y me l te d

un de r pre s s ure A sli ght b akin g in spe ci all y con s tructe d
.

ove n s compl e te s t he proc e ss .

She ll ac bond e d whe e l s are ve ry cool cuttin g i mpart ing

-

a hi gh d e gre e of fi n i s h to t he work an d owi ng to t he fi rm , ,

n ature Of the bon din g m at e ri al th e y are t he safe s t form of

,

whe e l to u se for an y p urp os e Thi s bon d i s e sp e ci al ly de

.

s i rab le for comp arat ive l y thi n wh e e l s as u se d for grin din g

80
 THE RU BBE R PROCE SS

ou t slot s fine saw gu mmin g marble coping e t c Smal l

, , , .
,

de li ca t e c up and di sh whe e ls as u se d for ce rtain ki nd s of ,

c u tt er s harpe ni ng in t he machin e s hop are ge n e rall y mad e ,

b y t he she ll ac proce ss For t he fini s h gri n ding Of the l arge

.

c al e nder rol l s use d in p ape r making t he s h e l l ac bond i s t he ,

a cce pt e d favori t e owi ng to t he hi gh de gree Of finish im

,

p ar te d H ones Of various shape s us e d in pol is hing marble

.

are al s o made by thi s proc e ss .

The laym an i s incl ine d to as s oci ate s h e ll ac wi th t he

s ti ck y varie ty use d in li qui d form by t he p att e rn m aker

an d oth er wood worke rs an d the re fore is s ome t ime s in

c lin e d to thi nk th at a gri n di ng wh e e l bond e d wi th thi s

ma te rial woul d s oon fill up an d con s e que n t ly re fuse to c ut

, .

Act ual te s t s howe ve r h ave p rov e n be yond all doubt th at

, ,

t he sh e ll ac bonde d grin ding whe e l is very fre e cu ttin g ;

-

probably o wing to t he fact th at t he he at use d in b aking

b ri ngs abou t a ch e mi cal change in t he bon d whi ch e lim in
at e s t he t e n d e n cy O f t he m at e rial to re t ain t he mi n u t e

par ticle s re move d from t he work by t he action of abrasi on

TH E RU B B E R P RO CESS

In cas e s grindin g whe e l s are s ubj e ct e d to ve ry s e ve re

whe re
s t rai n s e s pe cial ly wh e n v e ry thin w h e e l s are u s e d
, t he ,

ru bbe r proc e s s m akes a ve ry s at is fa ctory wh e e l M any .

ye ars ago be fore t he pre s e n t day s t at e of pe rfe ct i on in

,
-

gri n ding whe e l m an ufact ure large whe e ls we re made by

-

t he rubber proc e s s an d in a ve ry fe w c as e s th e re is a d e man d

, ,

for the s e whe e l s at t he pre s e n t tim e The m ajori ty of .

rubbe r w he e l s us e d today howe ver are comparat iv e l y thi n

,

one s us e d for s u ch purpo s e s as gri n din g s lot s in cas t iron -

s tove doors s awi ng s ton e e t c , or i n fact for any ope rat i on

,
.
,

where an e x ce e dingl y durab le wh e e l i s de sire d

The proc e ss Of maki n g rubbe r bon d e d whee ls is quit e
si mple con s is ting of p ass ing c are ful ly s e l e ct e d cru d e rubb e r
,

an d abras ive m at e rial be t we e n s t e am h e at e d chill ed iron -

roll s . The mat e ri al is passe d an d t e p ass e d unt il al l t he -

81
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE L S
a b ras ive mat e rial is thorou ghly irn be dde d in t he rubbe r .

Whe n t he re quire d amount Of mate rial is worke d up t he ,

O pe rat or s cri b es a ci rcl e of t he de sire d di ame t er on t he

s he e t Of m at e rial wi th a pair of di vi d e rs , cu ts t he ou t lin e

thus made wi th a s harp knife punches a hol e in t he c e nt e r
,

o f t he di s c an d t he wh e e l is re ady for t he fi n al proc e ss th at

,

i s vul can izi n g t h e rubber. Thi s is done in a s mall furn ac e ,

e l e ct ri c ally he a te d an d t ake s b ut a s hort tim e

,
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
g n the y are un ive rs ally adve rtis e d b e ing on s ale in
a ai , ,

e ve ry town an d ci ty throu gho u t t he ci vil iz e d w orl d Ove r .

a milli on an d a q u art e r Of Carborundum s h arpe n in g s ton e s

are s ol d ann ual l y i n more th an on e hundre d an d fi fty di f

fe re a t si z e s s tyle s e t c
, , .

Carborun dum s harpe ni ng s ton e s are mad e in vi t rifie d

bond by t he pre s s e d proce ss t he principle b e ing t he s am e
,

Fig . I7.
— Finis hing Carborundum sharpe ning s t ones on rota ry laps .

as e mploye d in maki ng pre sse d wh e e ls wi th t he e xc e pt ion

,

t h at t he work is carrie d On on a s mall e r s cal e G re at care is

.

e xerci s ed in mol di n g t he s ton e s Care ful workm e n d e t e r

.

m i ne t he amount Of grai n an d bond mix t ure by we ight ;

thus exactly t he s ame amount of mat erial is in corporat e d
,

i nto all s ton e s O f a gi ve n s iz e Thi s mat e ri al is e ve n ly dis

.

tribute d in t he mol d othe rwi s e t he fi nis hed s ton e woul d

,

“
have what is t e chn icall y t e rm e d he avy spot s Again .
,

t he amount of pres s ure e xe rt e d on t he mix ture aft e r t he

m ol d i s plac e d in pos it ion in t he hydrauli c pre s s m us t be
84
 ARTI FI CI AL SH ARPENIN G STON E S

w atche d care full y othe rwi s e t he fin is he d produ ct woul d

,

v ary in grade As the s tone s are v ery d e licat e in t he

.

”
gre e n s t at e and th us e as il y damage d it is n e ce ss ary t o
, ,

handl e the m care fully Th e y are l oade d in s agers an d

.

vi t rifi e d by t he s am e proce s s an d in t h e s am e kiln s us e d

in t he manufact ure of vi trifi e d Carborun dum w he e l s .

Carboru n dum s harpe nin g s ton e s are m ade in thre e gri t s ,

.
—
Fig 1 8 Part
. of t he spe c ial t y de part me n t at The Car bo undum Compan y s
r
'

plan t .

n am e l y coarse m e dium an d fi n e The coars e s t g rain is

, , .

us e d in n umb e r 1 2 0 w hi l e n u mb e r 1 80 i s us e d in me dium
,

s ton e s . F in e s ton e s are m ade in F F F an d F F F pow d e rs , , .

A s u pe rfin e pow de r cal l e d 60 min ut e powde r (s o cal l e d -

be caus e it take s 60 min ut e s to se ttl e in wat e r) is us e d in

m akin g se ve ral ve ry fi n e s ton e s .

—
Large fl at s ton e s are m ad e in G 7 bon d for fin e gri t s an d
—
in G 5 bon d for coars e gri ts F or oth e r s tone s poin t s
.
, ,

s t i ck s e tc —
G 1 2 bon d i s us e d F or m aki n g razor; hon e s
, .
, .

an d oth e r fi n e in s t ru m e n t s ton e s a s pe ci al bon d is u s e d t o

gi ve t he de sire d hardn e s s t he n at ure of thi s bo n d be ing

,

a t rad e s e c re t .

8s
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
In making combination s ton es that is s tone s composed of , ,

t wo gri t s fin e on one s id e an d coars e on t he oth er t wo

, ,

me thod s are use d One me thod is to l e ve l t he fine mix ture

.

in t he mol d an d ov e r thi s pl ace t he coars e mix t ure both ,

be ing pre s s e d toge the r The othe r me thod con sis ts of

.

ce m e n tin g t wo fin i s he d s ton e s a coars e one and a fin e one

, ,

toge the r .

Aft er t he s ton e s com e from t he vi trifying kiln s the y are ,

Fig . 19 —.A fe w varie t ies of Carborundum sharpe ning st ones .

f y inspect ed for impe rfe ction s s uch as cracks burned

c are ull ,

s pot s e t c
, an d all imp e rfe ct s pec i me n s thrown as i d e
.
, The .

s tone s whi ch pas s thi s i ns pe ct ion go to t he fi n i s hi n g de

p a rt m e nt w h e re,s kill e d art i s an s ru b th e m s mooth on ho ri

z ont al rubbing be d s or rot ary l aps
, The abras ive us e d .

i n thi s ope ration is Carborundum grain mi xe d wi th wat e r .

Thi s ope rat ion i s s hown i n F ig 1 7 . .

The s tone s are n ow tran sferre d to t he s pe cial ty de part

m e nt where the y are care ful ly buffe d cle an e d ins pe ct e d
, , ,

an d packe d in boxe s an d di s pl ay cas e s A vie w of this .

de partm e nt i s s hown in F ig 1 8 As be fore s t ate d Car

. .
,

boru n dum s harpe n in g s ton e s are m ade in up wards of one

hun dre d an d fifty diffe re n t s tyles be ing us e d for a dive rsity ,

of purpo se s too n umerous to me n t ion h e re Some of t he .

we ll kn own varie t ie s are s hown in Fig 1 9

-
. .

“
A form O f s ton e t e chn i call y call e d a rub is much u s e d
for smoothi ng cas t ings marble gran i t e ce m e n t e t c
, , These , , .

are m ad e in t he s am e m ann e r as s harpe n in g s ton e s wi th ,

t he e x ce ption that t he grit s are coars e r an d no e xt ra fi ni s h

is impart e d aft er th e y come from t he vi trifying ki ln s .

86
 ARTI FI CIAL SHARPE N I NG STON E S

Con si de rable skill has b e en de ve l ope d in the m an ufact ure

of Carborundum sharpe ning s tone s and rubs through t he
,

t dy
s u prope r bondi ng mat e rial s method s
Of , Of m anufac
ture e t c thus t he finishe d product s are very
, .
, an d

do not vary to any notice able e xt e nt .

 CHA PTE R F I VE

G RITS AN D c anoe s

D es ignat ion of gri t s and rade s

g
— M ixe d —
grit s G ri t s b
of a rasi ve pape rs
— —
S ta ndard gra de s Whe e ls Re lat ion Of s pe e d t o grade and gri t — Whe e l
s pee ds for various ope rat ion s .

T
HE grit grain as it is s ome time s calle d Of a grin ding
, or ,

w h e e l allude s to t he s iz e of t he p art i cle s of abras ive

mat e rial Of w hi ch it is compos e d Thus a whe e l in 2 4 gri t .
,

is m ade u p of part icle s of abras ive mat e rial th at w e re

se parat e d from t he m as s th at pas s e d ove r t he gradi n g m a

chi n e by a s c re e n havin g 2 4 me sh e s to t he lin e ar i n ch .

I t i s s om e t im e s e rrone ous ly s t at e d that t he part i cl e s O f

grit compos ing a 2 4 grai n grin din g wh e e l are 1 2 4 i nc h in
-

diam e t e r This is not tru e be cau s e t he s i z e of t he wire of

.
,

w hi ch t he s cre e n i s m ade m u s t b e t ak e n into con s i d e rat ion .

Th e re fore i f t he s c re e n w as m ade of ve ry coars e w ire

, ,

t he part i cle s of grit pas s in g throu gh it w oul d be s ome w h at

fi ne r than thos e passi ng throu gh a s cree n h avin g t he s am e
n umb e r of me s he s pe r in ch but m ade of fi ne r wire .

G rin di n g whe e l grit s are re fe rre d to as s traight mi xe d

-

, ,

combin ation an d combin ation mixe d A s traight gri t is .

on e w he re in t he abras ive i s Of on e si z e on ly ; thu s i f 40 gr it

w as use d t he whe e l woul d b e a 40 s t rai ght grit F or con .

“
ve ni e n c e t he w ord
, s t raight is ge nerall y omi tt e d in
s pe aki ng Of a s t rai ght gri t w h e e l Wh e n a 40 gri t whe el is .

orde re d it is und e rs tood that a s t raight gri t is re quire d

, .

A mixe d gri t is on e compos e d of t wo or thr e e di ffe re n t

kin ds of abras ive mat e rials Thus a whe e l de sign e d for .
,

grin din g s te e l cas t ings for an illus trat ion ma de of a m ix

, ,

ture Of e me ry corundum an d adami t e woul d be a mixe d

, ,

grit whe e l .

88
 GRITS AN D GRAD E S

By a combin ation gri t w hi ch te rm is s ometime s e rrone

.
,

ous ly us e d to d e s i gn at e a mix e d gri t i s me ant a combin a ,

t ion of various s ize d grit s s ci e n tifi cally s e le cte d an d in

-

, ,

c orporat e d into on e whe e l A combin at ion mixe d gri t is .

on e w he re in t w o or more abras ive s are us e d t he grain s ,

be in g of diff e re n t s ize s .

A w he e l compo s e d of a co mbin ation of 2 4 36 an d 80 ,

grit i s known as a 2 4 combin ation gri t Su cce s sful gri t -

.

combin at ion s are s t an dardi ze d only through lon g e xpe ri

me nt an d act ual t e s t s and t he grinding whe e l man ufact ure r
,
-

ge n e rally ke e ps th e m se cre t The Norton Company m ake .

many combin ation grit s re fe rri n g to the m s imply as 2 4 ,

combin at ion 36 combination e t c The Carborun dum Com

, ,
.

pany w ho h ave i nve st igat e d t he the ory an d pract ical

,

re s u lt s de ri ve d from comb i n at ion gri ts i n a ve ry thorou gh

manne r have origin at e d a s imple me an s for de s i gn ating

,

the ir gri t combin at ion s which is of gre at be n e fit to t he c us

,

tome r in re orde ri ng Th e y us e a n umb e r of gri t combin a

-
.

tion s de sign at e d 1 2 3 4 e t c This numb e r is ann e xed

, , , , .

to t he grit n um be r thus a 36 5 combin ation grit has 36

,

grain for i ts bas e w hile 5 s t an ds for t he combin ation number .

F or ce rt ain ope ration s comb in ation grit s Off e r d e ci de d ,

a dvan t age s On cy lin dric al gri n din g for i n s t ance a wh e el

.
, ,

in a com bin at ion gri t with a comparative ly coars e b ase

’

2 4 to 36 cu t s ve ry fas t an d at t h e s am e t im e l e ave s a s mooth

,

finis h l e a din g to t he d e du cti on th at t he coars e grain s

,

re move m at e ri al rapi dl y w hi l e t he fi n e r grain s im part t he

,

de sire d fin ish On c e rt ain ope ra t ion s whe re a ve ry durable

.

whe e l is re q uire d on c ar w he e l grinding for e xample a

,
-

, ,

combinati on grit gi ve s e n t ire s atis faction s howin g high ,

e ffici e n cy ove r a s t raight gr i t u s e d for t he s am e purpo s e .

M anufact ure rs Of abras ive p aper an d cl oth de si gn at e the

diffe re n t gri t s by n umbe rs : 1 1 2 2 e tc At one , , .

time t he various grits use d by diffe re nt manufacturers

,

varie d to quite an e xte nt e ve n though the y we re de si gn ate d

by t he same numbe r This Ofte n le d to con fusion an d some
.

times e n able d one man ufact urer to gain an unfair ad

89
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
vant age ove r anothe r F or in s t an ce a cert ai n manufac
.
,

ture r of garn e t paper use s a s pe cifie d si z e of grai n which he

call s N O 1
. A compe ti tor uses a slight ly coar se r grai n
whi ch he t oo design at e s as N O 1
, , an d whi l e t he si z e s
.

of t he two grai n s are s o n e ar alike that de te cti on wi th

t he n ake d e ye i s impos s ib le it oft e n h appe ne d th at t he
,

man ufacture r using t he coars er grain was e nable d to show

a sli ght e ffici e ncy ove r hi s compe t i tor the con s u me r in t he
,

me a nwhil e be ing ign oran t Of t he fact that t he grain s we re

not t he same To e limi nate mi s u
. nde rs tandings amon g t he
cons ume rs an d to bring compe ti tion to a fai r b as is t he
, ,

majority of abrasive pape r an d cloth man ufacture rs Of t he

pre se n t day use the same size s Of grai n s for e ach grade .

—
Thus 2 1 2 for an ill us trati on de s i gn ate s a grai n th at has
, ,

pas se d through a s tandard sie ve the mesh of which has ,

be e n agre e d upon .

In thinki ng Of the various gri t n umbe rs use d to de si gn at e

t he si ze s Of abrasi ve pape rs an d cl oth s i t i s s ome t im e s ,

advan tage ous to know how th e y compare wi th t he grai n

numbe rs commonly use d in si zing abrasi ve mat e rial s The .

foll owi ng table is au thentic an d up to date be ing re c e n t ly ,

furni sh e d by The Carborundum Compan y .

Fl i nt . Ga ne t . Al oxi te .

3
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
p art re liabl e information to t he layman the wri te r use d t he ,

follo wi ng me thod in arranging t he lis t he re give n Taki n g .

N orton Compan y s grade lis t as a b as is a chart was draw n

’

up on t rac ing p ape r in cludi ng t he le tt e rs u s e d wi th sp ac e s ,

be twe e n e ach for de grade s A n umbe r Of b lue print s we re

-
.

ma de from this ch art one be i ng s e n t to e ve ry prom in e n t

,

gri n di ng whe e l man ufacture r in thi s coun t ry wi th t he re que s t

-

that the y fill in on t he same the ir whe e l grade s s howi n g

, ,

t he comparis on wi th Norton Comp any s gradi ng M any

’
.

complie d wi th t he re que s t while s ome d e c line d an d t he ch art

, ,

in que s ti on w as compile d from t he d at e th us Obt ain e d .

I n as mu ch as e ve ry in divi dual grinding whe e l man ufact ure r

-

kn ows more abou t his own grade s th an doe s his comp e t itors ,

an d s upp l ie d hi s wh e e l grad e s in compari s on to a gi ve n

s t an d ard i n thi s c as e Norton Comp an y s gr adi n g i t i s s afe

’

, ,

to ass ume th at a comparative grade s c ale compile d in this

mann e r i s as re liable as i t i s pos s ible to arrange t he s am e .

The grindin g whe e l man ufactu re rs who u s e t he le tt e rs

-

of t he alphabe t in re gu lar ord e r as a grade s cale d e sign at e

t he le tt e r M as s howi ng t he ir me di um g rade Thi s has l e d .

man y t e chnical wri te rs who are n ot conve rs an t wi th t he

grin ding whe e l indus t ry to show the comp aris on be twe e n
-

Carborund um an d Alundum wh e e l s wi th t he t wo M s
’

toge the r This is a fal lacy as The Carboru n dum Com

.
,

M l C
’ ’

p ya n s gra d e i s e q u a to Norto n omp any s K w h i ch ,

brings t he L s Of bot h grade s c ale s toge th e r While bo t h

’
.

The Carboru n d um Comp an y an d Norton Comp any c on

s i d e r th e ir re s pe ct ive M grad e s as me dium the y do not ,

agre e as to wh at con s t i t u t e s a m e di um grade .

It is
to be re gre tt e d th at t he various grin ding wh e e l -

man ufact ure rs do not s t an dardi z e on a u nive rs al grade

s cal e
, w hi ch proc e d u re it i s n e e dl e s s to s t at e woul d e lim
, ,

i nat e mu ch con fus ion I n al l p robabili t y the y wi ll n e ve r

.

agre e on a u ni ve rs al grade s c al e t he nat u re of w hi ch w ou l d

,

caus e the m to ab andon th e ir gradi n gs for a s t andard alre ady

9 2
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
in use , pe rhaps if the y all agr e e d to adopt a un i ve rs al
but
grade s cale t he n at ure of whi ch woul d caus e e ve ry man u
,

facture r to di s card his pre s e n t grade s cal e an d adopt a n e w

-

on e t he ch ange mi ght b e brou ght abou t

,
.

B y re fe rring to t he bottom of t he co mp arative grad

s c al e h e re s how n i t i s se e n th at t he writ e r has had t he pre
,

s umpt i on to t ake a s t e p tow ard s t andardiz in g w h e e l gra de s .

F igure s 1 to 2 2 are us e d a s pace be ing l e ft be t we e n e ach,

Thus The Carborun dum Company s G pl us

’
for de grade s .
-

grade woul d be de s i gn ate d 1 3 plus A l e adi n g grin ding

,
.

w h e e l m an u fact ure r wi th whom t he writ e r had s om e c or

,

re s pon d e n ce re gardi ng w he e l grad e s has t he foll owin g to ,

“
s ay co n c e rn in g a s t andard grade lis t : N e ve rthe le s s go ,

ah e a d .We will ne ve r ge t an yw he re unle s s s ome on e m ake s

”
t he att e mpt If a un ive rs al grade s cal e is to be adopt e d
.

e ve n t u al l y t he on e s hown has m e rit in one re s pe ct th at

,

s houl d n ot be un de rval ue d ; that is to s ay i t woul d re quire ,

e ach man uf act ure r to di s card his pre s e nt grad e s c al e pu t ,

t ing all Ou t he s am e l e ve l In this cas e no one m anufac .

,

t ure r woul d b e in a po si t ion to s t at e that oth e r m anufac

t urers adopt e d his grad e s cal e be c au s e it was t he mos t com
p re he n sive or be caus e he was re garde d as t he l eadi ng grin d
,

i n g wh e e l man ufact ure r

-
.

It is Oft e n s t at e d on good authority that it is imposs ibl e ,

to arran ge a grade s cal e w hich is absolute ly re li abl e in all

res pe ct s an d c as e s In a me as ure t he above s t at e me nt i s
.
,

corre ct owin g to t he fact that t he abras ive e fi c i e nc y Of

,

w he e ls of t he s am e grade but ma de of differe nt abras iv e s , ,

or combin at ion s of diffe re n t gri t s is not al way s t he sam e , .

F or an ill u s t rat ion a Carborundum whee l in 20 gri t G plus

, ,
-

g r a d e i,s u n iv e rs al ly a ckn ow l e dge d to b e h i gh l y e m c i e n t

for gri nding gray iron cas t in gs N ow if we s houl d t e s t an .

Al un dum wh e e l in Q p lus whi ch co rre s ponds in grade to ,

Carborun dum G pl us t he l atte r would prove low in ab ras ive

,

e ffi ci e n cy be c au se Al um dum i s an al umi n a abras iv e n ot

a dapt e d for gri n di n g m at e ri als of l ow t e n s il e s t re ngth .

Again s uppo s e we had a w he e l made of pure corundum in

,

94
 GRITS AN D GRAD E S

4 6 grit M grade vitrifie d bond an d t e s te d it in compe t ition

, ,

wi th a whe e l ma de of t he sam e m at e ri al in t he s am e grit ,

and grade bon d e d by t he si li c at e proc e s s

, In this cas e we .
,

w ould fi nd th at t he whe e l mad e by t he vi t rifie d proce s s woul d

s how t he highe s t e ffici e n cy i n as mu ch as t he s i li c at e bon d
,

i s close r thus maki ng t he wh e e l more compact an d le ss

,

fre e in cutting F urthe r if we s houl d t e s t a whe e l in a

.
,

combinat ion grit agai n s t one in a s t raight grit both be in g ,

of t he s ame mate rial in a like grade one will s how high ,

e ffi ci e ncy ove r t he oth e r Howe ve r le t it be as s ume d that

.
,

se ve ral man ufact ure rs agre e d to m ake a 2 4 x 3 w h e e l in

20 grit 1 3 u ni ve rs al grad e for t he purpo s e of gr indi n g drop

,

forgi ngs and le t i t be furt her ass ume d that the y us e d t he

,

s ame mat e rial w hich co ul d b e coru n dum from on e min e

, ,

Aloxit e Al und um B orO Carbon e or i n fact any s t andard

, ,
-

abras i ve In this cas e it is ve ry probable that t he abras ive

.
,

e ffi ci e ncy Of t h e s e ve ral w h e e l s w ou l d be s o cl os e th at it

woul d re quire t he s e rvi ce s of an e xpe rt abras ive e ngi n e e r to

accurat e ly de t e rmin e w hi ch whe e l re ally w as t he mos t e ffi ci e nt .

It m ay s e e m out of place to m any to consi de r whe e l

s pee ds in conn e ct ion wi th gr ade s bu t as a matt e r Of fact , , ,

one be ars on t he othe r to a re m arkab le de gre e as s hown ,

i n t he dat a s upplie d by t he Abras ive Company in anothe r

chapt e r . Le t it be as s um e d that we are using a w he e l
made of art ifi ci al coru n dum for grin din g t he fl as h marks
from drop forgi ngs runnin g t he s ame at a pe ri phe ral spe e d
,

of fe e t pe r min ut e an d th at t he whe e l s e e ms to we a r
,

re a dil y. We st ate at once that t he whe e l is too s oft H ow .

e ve r if we spe e d u p t he w he e l s light ly s ay to a pe ri ph e ral

, ,

s pee d Of fe e t pe r mi nu te it se e ms to appe ar h arde r , ,

for whil e it cut s j us t as good as i t did pre vi ous ly i t doe s ,

not we ar aw ay so re adily Again if at a s urface s pe e d of.

,

fe e t pe r minu t e t he whe e l glaze d an d re fus e d to c ut ,

t he Obj e ct i o n cou l d be ove rcom e by re duci n g t he spee d

sl i ght l y . In other words it is a good rul e to spee d up a
,

wh e e l that appe ars s oft an d to d e c re as e t he s pe e d Of one

t h at se e m s to be un d uly h ard .

95
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
F rom t he fore going it i s s e e n that s pee d has e veryt hin g
,

to do wi th what t he writ e r will call for wan t of a b e tt e r

,

e xpre s s i on t he run ning or working grad e

, As wh e e l s we ar .

away , the ir s pee d s hould of course be in crease d slightly

, ,

to ke e p the m worki ng at the ir maximum e ffic i e ncy I t is .

not al way s pos s ib le to do thi s howe ver an d hundre d s of

, ,

thousan ds of grinding whe e ls are worn out pre matu re ly .

TO ove rcome thi s d ifficul ty by provi din g a co n s t ant work

ing grade re gardl e ss Of t he pe riph e ral sp e e d an Ame ri can
, ,

inve n tor re c e n tly Obt ai n e d a p at e n t on a grin d ing wh e e l

having a grad uall y incre as in g grade from t he p e riphe ry to
t he hub . Thus as t he whe e l we ars i t s h ardn e s s at t he ,

pe ri phe ry kee p s in creas ing whi ch Off se t s t he te n de ncy to

,

we ar away rapi dl y owin g to t he re duce d s u rface s pe e d

, .

Whe e ls made by this proce ss shoul d be productive Of

e conomi cal re s ul t s .

Fo r diffe re nt grin di ng ope ra tion s wh e e l spe e d s v ary ,

to qui te a re markable de gre e The foll owi n g t ab le shows

.

t he s pee d s ge n e rall y re comm e n de d for variou s grin di ng

ope rations .

Cylindrical grinding to fe e t pe r minut e

Surface gri ndin g to
Aut om at i c knife gri nding .
(disc whe e ls )
Aut om at ic knife gri ndi n g .
( cup whee ls )
D rill grinding to
Tool gri nding (dry)
Tool gri ndi ng ( we t ) 3 , 5 00

Cup whe e ls in ge ne ral .

Ge ne ral gri nding

Se t up pol is hing whee ls
-

Vul c anit e whee ls

 CH APTE R S I X

r s sr mc. wa rn s c l s uc v
FO R s rr n

— —
Se l e c t ion Of whe e ls I m prope r m e thods Of t e s t ing Prac t ica l t est ing me t hods
— I t e m s to be not e d in a whe e l t e s t — H ow t o figure re s ul t — F orm ula
‘

for fi n din g vol um e of abra s i ve m at e ri al i n a whe e l —G e n eral c on s i de rat ion s

— Whe e l tests .

M AN U FACTU RE RS who grin ding whe e ls in large

u se

qu an ti t ie s are de s irou s of ge t t in g t h e mo s t e fficie nt

wh ee l for a s p e cifi c purpos e TO d e te rmi n e whi ch i s the
.

mos t e fficie n t abrasive or m ake of wh e e l an d furthe r , , ,

what grit an d grad e Of an y p art i cu l ar make Of wh e e l is t he

mos t d e sirab le to u s e for a p re de te rmin e d purpo s e i s n ot ,

an offh an d p roc e dure Re s u l t s th at c an be re lie d upon

.

are arrive d at o n ly by c are fu l l y co n du ct e d t e s t s arran ge d

al on g pract i c al li n e s G rin din g wh e e l m an uf act ure rs are

.
-

frank to admi t th at the re i s no abs ol ut e rule f or t he s e le cti on

of grit s an d grade s as t he fol lowin g whi ch appe ars on p age
,

di t i o f No to C omp ny c t l og p l i n l y
’

9 6 , 1 9 1 6 e n o r n a s a a u e a ,

s t at e s : Con di ti ons u n de r whi ch grin din g whe e l s are use d

vary to su ch an e xt e n t that no ab solu te rul e c an be gi ve n
for s e le ctin g t he right grad e s for t he work .

B e cause a ce rt ai n ki n d Of wh e e l gi ve s e n tire sat is fact i on

i n one pl ant is no in dic ati on th at i t wi l l do e q uall y we ll in
,

an oth e r shop ,e ve n tho ugh t he w ork i s ide n t i cal in both

c ase s The re a s on for this i s that l oc al con di tion s ge ne rall y

.

have to be take n in to con si de ration an d as the y Ofte n c an

not be al te re d i t i s be s t whe n practicable to te s t tri al
, , ,

whe e l s on act ual rout in e w ork un de r t he s upe rvi si on of

care ful an d p ai n s taki ng e ffici e n cy e ngi n e e rs who have some
kno wle dge of abras ive s an d gri ndin g practice .

To gi ve a trial wh e e l to t he grind e r wi th t he in j uncti on

07
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
”
H e re B ill t ry t his whe e l an d se e what you think of it
‘

, , ,

is on e way Of t e s t in g a trial whe e l and a pract ice that is

t oo pre val e n t wi t h many gri n ding whe e l con s ume rs B ill -

may have t he be s t i n t e n ti on s in the worl d but it re q ui re s ,

more than good int e n ti on s to te s t a grin din g whe e l to

de te rmin e i t s actual worth H e u se s t he whe e l for a day .

or s o maybe a w e e k an d th e n forms a dec i si on which m ay

, ,

or m ay n ot be corre ct H e is n ot to bl ame in n in e c ase s

.

ou t of t e n if hi s ve rdict i s i n corre ct be c ause t he act ual use r

of grin ding wh e e l s on rou gh Op e rat ion s at l e as t

, has bu t ,

li ttle u se for m athe ma ti cs t h e re fore he i s at a l oss to form

,

an accurate d e ci si on re gardi n g act ual co s t of produ ct i on .

I n his Opini on t he wh e e l m ay be a good on e or a poor on e

, .

U nl e s s t he whe e l sh o ws a re markable s avin g in grin din g

t i me hi s d e ci s io n is li ab le to be a gu e s s p ure an d s im p le
,

an d i t m ay be in fl ue n ce d by a de e p root e d pre j u d ice in -

favor of a ce rt ain make of wh e e l H e m ay use a trial whe e l .

for a fe w we e ks an d re po rt th at he s e e s n o app are nt savi n g ,

an d if t he wh e e l i n que s t ion happe n s to be a comp arat i ve l y

hi gh price d one t he t e s t i s e nde d the n an d th ere

-

, .

On t he othe r h and if t he wh e e l was te s t e d accordin g to

,

common se n se me thods the produ ction d e p artme n t would

-

have actual fi gure s to s how t he purch as in g d epartme nt

re gardin g t he actual e arn i n g pow e r O f t he wh e e l Th e re .

are ove r t we n ty gri nding whe e l manufacture rs in this -

country and the y all make re li able produ ct s The y have .

brought t he gri n ding whe e l indu s try to it s pre se n t hi gh

-

s t at e O f d e ve l opme n t throu gh tire les s an d p ain s tak ing e ffort ,

be i n g re ady at any time to make spe cial whe e ls for trial

purpos e s for any ope ration th at appe ars practi cab le Sin ce .

the y are e ve r re a dy to h e lp the man ufacture r in re ducing

hi s produ cti on cos t s why s houl d n ot t he man ufact ure r
,

me e t the m half way b y gi vi ng trial whe e ls a fair an d im

-

partial te s t ?
The ave rage man ufacturer is b road mi n de d ; he is gen -

e rall y wil lin g to grant t he grin di ng w he e l sale sm an a -

courteous inte rvi e w and ofte n orde rs t rial whe e ls for te s t

I

98
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
g
as si n for this s tate Of affairs is that t he ave rage m anufac
ture r is not an ab rasi ve e n gin e e r the re fore he lacks t e ch
,

n i c al kn owl e dge of gri n din g wh e e l s and Oft e n doe s n ot u s e

t he practi cal m e thods e m pl oye d b y t he abras i ve e ffi ci e n cy

e n gi n e e r in d e t e rmin in g t he act ual e arn in g pow e r of a

gri n di ng whe e l I n cond uctin g a gri n di ng w he e l t e s t e m

.
-

bracin g whe e l s Of se ve ral make s or a fe w wh e e ls Of t he s am e

,

make in differe nt gri ts and grad e s it is a w as t e Of time to ,

att e m pt to s t at e from ob s e rvation al on e w hi ch is t he mo s t

e ffi ci e n t w he e l A c are ful re cord Of e ach w he e l s houl d be

.

ke pt an d re liabl e figure s s ubmitt e d to us e in comparin g

t he diffe re n t whe e l s .

To ill us t rat e t he princi pl e of pract ical wh e e l t e s tin g as

graphically as poss ibl e it m ay be w e ll to con si de r a fe w
,

practi cal te s t s Wh e re a large nu mb e r Of comparative ly

.

Fig. 20 .
— I dea l shape Of c as t ings for t es t ing e c onomy of whe e ls .

s mall pie ce s are groun d we have ample Opport uni ty to

,

de te rmin e the actual e arning powe r of t he gri nding w he e l

by con si de rin g t he following fact ors : Time con sum ed ,

number Of pie ce s groun d val ue Of abras ive m aterial us e d

,

and t he cos t of l abor B y comparin g t he amount Of w ork

.

produ ce d wi th t he actual cos t involve d we re a dil y de t e rmin e ,

t he act ual gri ndin g cos t pe r tho usand pi e ces This is wh at .

I OO
 TESTING WH EELS FOR E FFI CI EN CY

int e re s t s t he s u cc es s ful m an ufact ure r— ct ual product ion

a

cos ts What t he grinding w heel is made Of doe s not matt e r

.

as far as he i s conc e rn e d ; if w he e l s m ade of riv e r s and

bon de d wi th molas s e s s howe d t he gre a t e s t e arnin g powe r

he woul d acce pt the m j us t as re a di ly as he doe s t he com
p a r a t ive l y hi gh p ri c-
e d p rod u ct s of t he e l e ct ri c furn ac e .

In Fig 2 0 is s hown an ide al cas t ing for maki n g an e ffi

.

c ie n c y t e s t . It is Of mal le a ble iron w e i ghin g 1 0 Oz .

,

an d t he on ly gri ndin g n e c e s s ary is at t he b as e to re move

t he s prue le ft w he n t he c as t in g w as kn ocke d O ff t he g at e .

Le t i t b e as s ume d th at we are to t e s t a 1 6 x 2 wh e e l for

grinding t h e s e pie ce s The w orkman is gi ve n t he wh e e l
.

toge the r with an unlim ite d s upply Of cas t in gs and t he t e s t

conduct e d for a p e riod of fi fty hours At t he e nd Of thi s .

time we might h ave a re po rt like t he fo llowi ng : N umber

,

Of pi e c e s g rou n d tim e con s ume d 5 0 hours we ight ,

Of w he e l aft e r t e s t 30 l bs I n t he me a n tim e we h ave

.
,

drawn up a form like t he foll owin g to ai d us in de t e rmi ning

t he grindin g co s t .

Part t e s t e d. Roc ke r arm s hort brac ke t

M ake of whee l . D uple x
16 x 2

20

Q
V it rified

We i ght “ 4 l
3 bs .

Cos t pe r pound 300 1 95-

Ope rat in g s pe e d RPM . . .

M ate rial ground M alle ab le iron

Le ngt h of t es t 5 0 hours
Workman s name
’
G Harris
.

Workm an s rat e
’
5 pe r hour
N umbe r of piece s ground
Cos t of labor $ 1 2 50.

We ight of whee l aft e r t es t 30 lbs .

Pounds of ab ras ive use d .

4
Value of abras ive use d .

Tota c os t of gr nding
'

Cos t pe r t housand piec e s

 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
H e re we have suffi cie nt dat a to s atis fy t he mos t cri ti cal
e fii c i e n c y e n gin eer N othi n g is contai n e d in t he above tha t
.

is s upe rfluous ; in fact e ve ry i t e m is for a di s tin ct purpose .

The total grin di ng cos t mean s some thi n g be ca us e it re pre

se nt s act ual doll ars an d ce nt s th at have be e n e xpe nd e d on

a ce rt ain ope rat i on H ow much be tte r it i s to have a

.

s t at e m e nt like t he above than to re l y upon t he fore m an s

’

s tat e m e n t tha t a ce rtai n wh e e l c u t s good an d that one of

the m las t s t he ope rator three mon ths .Thi s s tate me n t

conve ys no re al information as re gards actual production
cos t s Suppos e for t he s ake of an argume n t that he trie d
.
, ,

another make of w he e l whi ch l as t e d onl y t w o month s .

H e woul d in all probabili ty conde mn i t as too s hort

, ,

l ive d ne ver t aki ng into con s i derat ion that a pract i cal te s t
,

as ou t lin e d above mi ght prov e th at i t act ual ly re du ce d

grinding cos t s whi le it las te d The firs t cos t of a gri n ding

.

whe e l is of no con s i de rati on ; it is i t s e arn ing power that

s houl d be kn own to be appre ci at e d : To illus t rat e t he
p o i nt c l e a r l y l e t,u s co n s i d e r a ch e a p w h e e l .

As in t he pre vi ous te s t we will us e a 1 6 x 2 wh e e l b u t

, ,

of su ch a quality that i t c an be purchas e d at a rock bottom -

price of Owing to t he l ow pri ce of t he whe e l i t ,

n aturally foll ows that it cannot be made of a ve ry e xpe n si ve

abras i ve ,t he ul t im at e re s ul t be in g th at i t is s l ow c u tti n g
whe n com pare d wi th whe e l s that bring be tt e r pric e s As .

be fore t he workman is gi ve n an unlimi ted n umbe r of cas t

,

in gs t he whe e l we i ghe d an d t he tes t run for fi fty ho urs

, , .

At t he e xpirati on of t he te s t we mi ght have t he foll owi n g

,

re port : N umber of pie ce s groun d Tim e consum e d

5 0 ho u rs .W e i ght of w h e e l a ft e r t e s t 2 8 po und s F r
.om
t hi s re port we proce e d as be fore an d draw up a summ ary .

Part t e s te d . Roc ke r arm short brack e t

M ake of whe e l Complex
16 x 2

20

Grade
B ond
84 5 4
-
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
Grade H pl .

B ond Vit ri fie d
Cost 39 27 -

l
34 bs .

RPM . . .

M alleab le iron
Le ngt h of t es t .
5 hours
0

G H arris
.

Workman s ’
rat e pe r hour
N um be r of pie c es grou n d
Cos t of l abor
We ight whe e l aft e r t es t
of . 25 lbs .

b
Pounds of a ras ive use d 9
b
Value of a ras ive use d .
82 4 5 34-

Total c os t of grinding 31 4 95 34 -

Cost pe r t hous and pie c e s

I t is se e n that b y usin g a firs t class abrasive we have -

act ual l y re d u c e d our gri n di n g cos t al though t he firs t co s t

,

Of t he wh e e l was over twi c e tha t of t he whe e l pre vi ou s l y

tes te d and the wear pe r we e k is 5 0 pe r ce nt gre a te r . .

If a whe e l see ms to we ar rapi dl y there is n o caus e for

alarm for i t mus t be born e in mi n d th at t he id e al grade of
,

gri ndin g whe e l for a spe cific Ope ration is of j us t t he corre ct

de gre e of hardne ss to all ow t he p articl es of abras ive mat e rial
to be pulle d from the bondi ng ma te ri al as s oon as the y have
los t the ir cu tting power A hard whe e l will l as t l on ge r
.

than a s oft one to be s ure but at t he same time i ts e arn ing

, ,

powe r i s gre at ly re duce d as i t is s l ow c utting I t is a ve ry

, .

good pl an to de te rmin e the e arning powe r of a whee l be fore

conde mning it for we aririg out too rapi dly The re i s of .
,

course a limit be yond whi ch we c annot go in in s talli ng

,

comparative ly so ft whe e l s for rough work If t he whe e l .

is too soft t he grain s Of t he abras ive will be pull e d from t he

,

bondi ng mate rial be fore accompli shing a fai r amoun t of

work . I n s te ad of re movi n g me tal from the work we are ,

trui ng Off t he gri nding whee l .

That a s ofte r grade wi ll ofte ntime s accompli sh more work

on a gi ve n Op e ration i s a fact known to e ve ry grin din g
whe e l s al e s man and t he followi n g inci de n t wh ich c arr e t o
,

1 04
 TE STING WH EELS FOR EFFI CI E NCY

t he wri te r s n otice m ay be Of inte re s t whil e con si de ring thi s

’
,

factor The w ork in que s tion con sis te d of c as t iron cre am

.
-

s e p arator frame s whi ch we re groun d all over wi th t he Obj e ct

o f p re p aring an e ve n s urface for t he paint er H ere it was .

n e c e s s ary to go ov e r t he s urfac e of t he c as ting c are fu ll y ,

a n d as thi s was s ome wh at of a t e di o u s Ope rat i on at be s t ,

a fre e c u tt i n g w h e e l whi ch w oul d e n abl e t he op erator to

,

fi nish a frame in t he q ui cke s t pos sibl e t ime was very m uch ,

de s ire d .

W i th t he w ork in que s tion t he ope rator had be e n usi ng ,

Carboru n d um w hee l s 8 in di a 1 in face 30 gri t G pl . .

, .
, , .

grade in V A bond The ou tput wi th this whe e l was.

thirty cas tin gs pe r day On e day one of The Car borundum

.
,

Company s e ffi cie n cy e ngin ee rs inve s tigate d t he Ope rat ion

’

an d ind u ce d t h e man age m e n t to t ry wh e e l s of a soft e r grad e ,

s t at ing th at w hil e t he s oft e r whe e l woul d not l as t as l ong

, ,

i t woul d mat e ri al ly incre as e prod uct ion whil e i t l as te d .

The re s ul t w as th at wh e e l s in 30 gri t H pl grade we re trie d .

o u t an d m u ch to t h e ope rator s s urp rise

’

, he was enabl e d ,

to finis h fifty c as tings pe r day .

Assumi ng th at we were con duct ing a t es t of this ki nd today

we woul d use a day s wage of
’
as a b as i s on whi ch to

c ond u ct our cos t t e s t In finishi ng thirty ca

. s t ings pe r day ,

o ur gri n di n g co s t for l abor woul d be t e n c e nt s per c as t ing

a s again s t s ix c e n t s pe r c as t ing wh e n fi fty are grou nd pe r

day . Thu s i t is se e n th at an act ual savi ng of 40 pe r ce nt

, .

in prod uction cos t i s accompli she d through a li ttl e e xpe ri

me nt in chan gi n g the grade of t he whe e l .

A slight ch an ge in grade Oft e n make s a grea t di ffe re nce ,

a s t he above me n t i on e d t e s t ill us tra te s an d anothe r si mp le

-

e xperi me nt al ong t he sam e lin e s th at c ame to t he wri t e r s

’

a tt e nt i on a fe w y e ars ago m ay be of inte res t

, In an y .

farming country m ay be found blacks mith s an d oth e rs who

n e t q ui t e a s u m ann uall y grin di ng p l ow point s duri ng t he

pl owi ng se as on The Ope ration is simp le con sis ting of

.
,

g ri nd i n g t h e p l ow poi n t u nt i l i t i s s harp To t he ci ty b re d .
-

m an i t m ay s e e m lau gh abl e that t he point of a pl ow has to

1 05
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
be harp
s , ch ne verthe le ss is we ll kn o wn by those
bu t su , ,

who have ha d occasi on to gu i de a pl ow .

The man in que s tion use d a Carborundum wh e e l in 20

gri t G pl grade an d V A bond wi th which he coul d grind
, .

forty pl ow poi nt s pe r day ne tting him H e was

,

dubious about tryi n g a s ofte r whe e l cl aimi ng that ,

p e r d a y w as a ni c e li tt l e s um in i t s el f an d th at i t w a s s om e

time s a good pl an to le t we ll e nough al on e H owe ver he .

,

was induce d to t ry a whee l on e grad e s oft e r th at is H pl , .

,

wi th t he re s ul t of grindi ng sixty points pe r day n e tti ng him ,

It is s e e n that by using a whe e l more adapt e d for

hi s w ork he put e x tra in hi s pocke t dai l y d uri ng the

plow point grindi ng season

-
.

N ow t he b usin e ss of grindi ng pl ow point s in a count ry

c ro ss roads s hop may not amo un t to m u ch i n i t se lf
-
bu t ,
.

that is n ot t he point The l es son is here : If one m an .

,

who kn ows but li ttle of e ffi cie n cy from t he average m an u

fac t ure r s point of vi e w c an put an e xtra in his pock e t
’
.

eve ry day using one whe e l only t he same be ing grade d

, ,

prope rly what are t he poss ibil ities for savi ng wi th t he

,

manufacture r whose grindi ng whe e l bill an d s ubs e q ue n t -

,
.

g ri n d i ng co s t s ru n s i nto , b i g fi gu r e s ? Th e po ss i b ili t i es fo r

savi ng are e nor mous .

The tes ts s o far con si d e re d have deal t on ly wi th com

parative ly light work but from thi s it mus t not be infe rre d ,

that acc urate tes t s for production cos ts cannot be condu cte d
on heavy work Car whe e l grin di ng furnis he s an i de al
.
-

me an s of de te rm in ing t he e ffi cie ncy of a gri n di ng whe e l

on he avy work an d t he foll owi ng te s t whi ch cam e to t he
, ,

wri ter s noti ce a fe w ye ars ago e mbodi es all t he d at a

’

n e ce s sary for computing t he act ual grindi ng cos t pe r whe e l .

The work con si s te d of gri ndi ng t he small fin s l e ft by t he

mold s on B arr contracte d chille d iron c ar whee l s Oft e n us e d -

on fre i ght cars The work was don e on a c ar wh e e l grinde r

.
-

of re gul ar pattern and t he whe e l use d w as Car borundum

,

1 8 in di a.
4 i
. n ,
f a c e 1 66 g ri t . G l
p g r a d,
e a n d V A , .

bond . The average gri n di n g time w as 5 0 s e con ds pe r

1 06
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
of mate rial use d M ul tiplying this amount by t he cos t .

p e r c u b i c i n ch w e h av e , o r t he a ct u a l co s t of
abras i ve u s e d Adding thi s to . our l abor cos t w e ,

have a tot al cos t of

We wi ll call our cos t for con ve nie nce i n fi guri n g ,

an d di vi di ng thi s amount by 6 343 t he n umbe r of c ar , ,

whe e ls ground w e find an act ual grindi n g cos t of

,

p e r w h ee l o r $ 2 9 5 6 pe r thou s and whe e l s . It i s see n th at .

by using a simple practi cal me thod it is poss i ble to accurat e ly

de te rmin e t he gri ndi n g cos t un de r e ve ryday working c on
di t ion s I t is re li able fi gure s of this ki nd that t he manufac
.

t ure rs de s i re .

In gri nding comparati ve ly l arge work it is poss i bl e t o ,

d e t e rmi n e t he grin di ng cos t whil e working on an indivi d ual

pre ce as t he foll owin g re port on t he grin di ng of a l arge
,

chi lle d iron roll by M r J H Hollin ge r of The Land is

-

, . . .
,

Tool Company publis he d in t he Oc t 2 6 1 9 1 1 n um be r of

, .
, ,

t he Ame ri c an M ac hi n i s t graphi call y ill us trat e s , .

“ —
I h ave ground a chille d cas t iron 1 011 20 3/ 1 6 in che s -

diame te r by 2 8 inche s l ong on a Lan dis 20 x 96 inch roll

gri nde r re moving 1 4 in ch from t he di am e ter of t he body
,

onl y Surfac e spe e d of roll roughing 5 2

. fe e t finishin g
, ,

5 2 -
1 2 fe e t ; t r av e rs e of w h e e l fo r e a ch r e vo l u t i on of t h e

work 7 8 inch ; whe e l fe e d at e ach re ve rsal

, inch ,

for roughi ng ; inch for fi ni s hing The roll was groun d .

—
wi th a 2 2 9/ 1 6 x 2 in ch Carborundum whe e l h avi ng an 8
i nch hole 40 3 gri t P grade 0 F bond ru nn in g at 92 5
, , , ,

re vol ut i on s pe r mi n u t e s urface fe e t an d i t was re

,

duc e d in di ame t e r 1 9 3 2 inch whi ch re p re s e n t s a cos t of ,

9 0 c e nt s T h i
. s w h e e l w o re j u s t fa s t e n o ugh to k ee p i t se l f
s harp an d for roughi ng was on ly dre s se d once wi th a
, ,

diamond Time for gri nding t he rol l to a smooth fin ish

.
,

good e nough for hot rolli ng 4 hours ; total cu bi c in che s ,

re move d 2 2 1 ; cu b i c inche s re move d pe r mi n u t e to fin is h e d

,

s urface ,
in ch The motor us e d on this w ork w as a
.

vari abl e spe e d 2 5 horse powe r Ave rage hors e powe r c on .

s ume d 2 ,

108
 TE STIN G WH EE LS FOR E FFI CI E N CY

In t he above re port it i s se e n that M r H ollin ge r h as .

e mbodie d all t he d at a n e ce s s ary for comp u t i n g an acc urat e

grin din g cos t whi ch i s qui t e e s s e n tial whe n te s t in g wh e e l s

,

on l arge w ork I t i s n e e dle ss to s t ate that comp arative l y

.

l on g gri n di n g op e ration s on l arge pie ce s are e xp e n s ive an d

wi thou t acc urate d at a compil e d by on
, e who un d e rs t an d s

t he art of grin din g tho rough ly it is an impo s s ibili ty to de

,

t e rmin e t he actual cos t .

The ope ration s hown in Fig 2 1 furni she s anothe r in

.
,

s t anc e wh e re i n t he grin di n g co s t c an b e compu t e d throu gh

Fig . 21 —G ri nding long shaft ing us e d in t e xt il e mac hin e ry .

worki n g on pie ce The work in que s tion con si s t s o f

on e .

act uall y gri ndin g l on g s h afti n g u s e d i n t e x t i l e m achi n e ry .

The sh aftin g come s s li ght ly ove rsi z e an d afte r b e in g c e n t e re d

i s ke pt i n rack s an d groun d as n e e de d Wi th shaft s Of t he
.

s ame l e n gth an d wi th a lik e amoun t of m at e ri al to re move ,

i t i s obvi ous th at a re cord of t he grin din g co s t for e ach s i z e

c an b e ke pt .Wh e n anothe r make of wh e e l i s to be t e s t e d ,

i t i s a s impl e m a tte r to de t e rmi n e i t s e arn in g powe r by

1 09
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
not ing t he le ngth of t ime take n to re move a ce rt ain amoun t
of mate ri al and the whe e l we ar me an whil e .

S till anoth e r in s tance wh ere the gri n di ng cos t c an be

comp ute d while workin g on one comp arat ive ly l arge pie ce
is shown in F ig 2 2 . In this cas e t he work con sis t s of
.
,

gri n di ng l ocom o t i v e gu i de b ars to p rod u ce a s moo th an d

Fig. 22 .
—Gri ndi ng a loc omot ive guide bar.

t ru e surface for t he cros s h e ad gi bs to sli de upon D iff e re n t

-
.

typ e s of l ocomotive s have v arious kin ds of gu id e bars ,

b u t wi th t he kin d shown four con s t i t u te a s e t Th us to .

,

d e te rmin e t he gri n ding cos t al l that is n e ce ss ary is to

,

me a s ure the thickne ss of the wh e e l wi th a pai r of c al ipe rs

b e fore an d afte r grin di ng t he four b ars an d t aki ng note of
t he tim e con s ume d in t he grin di ng ope rat ion The act ual .

grindi ng cos t i s arrive d at by adding t he labor cos t and

val ue Of abras ive ma te rial us e d In te s t s of thi s ki nd it is
.
,

truly s urpri sing how s ome ma ke s of whe e ls s how re markabl e

I IO
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
conve yi ng mate rial e t c an d are made in variou s si ze s from
, .
,

s mall on e s approxim at e ly an in ch l ong to l arge si ze s a foot or

more in l e ngth The small e r si ze s are cas t from a gate d

.

patte rn an d t he obj e ct of the grindi n g is to re move t he gate .

Thi s gate i s shown on t he to p of t he li nk ill us trate d in Fig 2 3 . .

The mean s ge n e ral l y provi de d for thi s w ork are shown

in Fi g 2 4 wh ere in A i s t he grinding wh e e l re volving as
.
,

s hown by t he arrow an d B t he drum for car ryi n g t he li nk s

Fig 24
.
— Prin ci pl e in volve d in grindi ng c hain li nks
. .

whi ch arepl ace d by hand in de pre ssion s or pocke t s pro, ,

vide d to accommod at e th e m Thi s drum re vol ve s qui t e

.

sl owl y in t he di re ct i on s hown by t he arro w The Obj e ct.

of t he sl ow motion is to gi ve t he whee l ampl e tim e to grin d

away t he gat e The ope rator pl ace s t he links in t he pocke t s
.

by hand an d as t he drum re vol ve s the y are brought in

cont act wi th t he whe e l M e an s are provi de d for moving
'

t he sh aft carryi ng t he drum toward t he wh ee l as i t we ars

a way whi ch i s
, of course ne ce ssary in produci ng un iform
, ,

work . As t he spe e d of t he drum i s al ways con s tant it i s ,

1 12
 TE STIN G WH EE LS FOR EFFI CI EN CY

e vi de nt that the life of the whe e l is t he chi e f factor to con

s i der as a comp arat ive l y s oft wh ee l w oul d we ar away ve ry
,

rap idl y wi thou t pe rformi ng i t s full qu ot a Of work an d during

it s life woul d re quire alm os t con s tan t a tte nti on in ke e ping

t he dru m in prope r re l ati on to t he pe riphe ry of t he whe e l .

Fig
. 25 .
— Se mi -
aut omat ic mac hine for rounding t he b ac ks of pearl but ton
s.

On t he oth e r h and t he whe e l s houl d not be too hard or

,

i t w oul d gl az e ve ry re adil y re fu se to c u t an d in s ome cas e s

, ,

a fract u re d whe e l woul d re su l t In te s tin g whe e l s on work

.

of this kind i t is a good p lan to be gi n the t e s t wi th com

,

parative l y s oft whee l s taki ng note of t he am oun t of lin ks

,

of a gi ve n s iz e ground during t he life of the whe e l H arde r .

whe e l s are the n t rie d an d t he h ard e s t wh e e l th at wi ll c ut

sati s f actoril y wi tho u t con s t an t gl az ing i s t he on e th at s houl d

be s e le ct e d .
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
‘

Anoth e r cas e whe re in t he e ffi cie n cy of t he w he e l is de

t e rmi ne d by i t s life is ill ust rat e d in Fi g 2 5 The mac hi n e
. .

s hown i s of s e m i au tomat i c con s t ru ct ion an d is desi gn e d

-

for roun di ng t he backs of pe arl b u tton bl anks

-

As t he il lus .

t rat ion s hows t he ope rator has a box of b u tton bl anks

,

an d pl ac e s the m one at a t im e in t he ch ucks w hi ch au

t om at i c ally gri p th e m an d carry the m un de r t he w h e e l

s hown at t he ri ght . The face Of t he whe e l is s lightly c on
cave d an d as t he chucks re volve on the ir axe s as we ll as ,

trave lin g in a circle t he b lanks are gi ve n t he de s ire d

,

round e d s h ape as the y p as s und e r t he w he e l Provi de d .

t he bl anks are gro un d in a s at i s factory man n e r that i s , ,

wi thou t b urn in g the m t he whe e l th at will l as t t he gre a t e s t

,

n umb e r of w orki n g d ay s i s con s i d e re d t he mos t e ffi ci e nt .

Te s ts of t he above ki n d are O f cou rs e e as il y con ducte d as

, ,

the y con sis t s im ply of s e l e ctin g a whe e l that will do t he

w ork in a s at is factory man n e r an d n otin g how l on g it will
l as t
.

F rom t he fore go in g it is se e n th at the re are thre e practi cal

,

me thods use d for t e s tin g t he e ffi ci e n cy Of a grindi n g wh e e l .

1
. A de fini te t im e te s t wh e re in t he wh e e l i s u s e d for a
s pe c ifi e d n um b e r of hou rs ; t he gri ndi n g cos t b e i n g co mpu t e d

by addi n g t he val ue of t he abras ive use d to t he l abor cos t ;

from which t he grin ding cos t pe r pie ce or pe r hundre d or
thous and pie ce s is compute d .

2
. The indivi du al pie ce t e s t whe re in t he grin di n g t ime
,

an d co s t of ab ras ive is n ot e d whil e w orki n g on o n e pie c e

of comp arative ly l arge work .

3
. T h e l if e of w h e e l t e s t i n w hi ch t h e amo unt of g ri nd i ng
is n ot e d durin g t he whole t im e t he whe e l is in s e rvi ce .

Al l t he above t e s t s are practic al an d c an be re lie d upon

,

to gi ve accurate production cost s on a varie ty of work ;

both of a rough an d pre c is ion n ature .

Grin din g wh e e l te s t s s houl d of cours e b e con d uct e d by

-

, ,

re s pon s i b le m e n an d t he d at a re gardin g t he pe rform an c e of

e ach w he e l s ho ul d be k e pt accurat e ly oth e rwi s e t he t e s t s

,

will be of no pract ical v al ue .

1 14
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
vi n c e dthat othe r gri n ding wheel man ufact ure rs al so make
-

, ,

d e pe n dable whee l s Othe r fact ors als o t he n at ure of

.
,

whi ch i t i s not ne ce s sary to s t ate he re s om e ti mes un d uly ,

infl ue nce gri n di ng machin e ope rators or e ve n de partm e n t

-

he ads to whom is some tim e s le ft t he se l ection of grin din g

whee l s It is se e n that l aboratory t e s ts c an be re lie d upon
.

as a s ure me an s to t he de s ire d e n d ; that i s to as ce rtain ,

be yond re as on abl e doubt t he act ual abrasive e ffi cie ncy of

al l whe e l s offe re d for t e s t purpo se s .

A gi ve n n umbe r of cubi c i nche s Of abras ive mat e rial

in corporate d into a grin di n g w he e l will at a gi ve n s u rface ,

s pe e d re move a de fin it e amo unt of me tal

,
Thi s i s t he .

hypos t asi s upon which laboratory te s ts to de t e rmin e t he ,

ab ras ive e ffi cie ncy Of gri n di ng whe e l s are b as e d , .

I n F ig 2 6 i s il lus trate d a sim p l e t e s t in g m achi ne for

.

de te rmin ing t he e ffi ci e ncy O f gri n ding whee l s u se d for s u ch

F ig 26.
— Laborat ory
.
g ri n din g
-
whe e l t e s t in g ma c hin e fo r t e s t in g grinding
whe e l s use d in hand gri nding O pe rat ions
-
.

purpose s as grindin g cas t ings an d forgi n gs ge ne ral grin din g ,

in t he machin e shop tool gri n ding or in fact for any pur

, , , ,
.

pos e whe re t he work is he l d i n cont act wi th the wh e e l by

h an d
m
.

This achin e con si s t s of a s ub s t antial base ( ) pon

A u
1 16
 LABORATORY TE STS

w hi ch is mounte d a s wing frame ( B ) carrying the grinding

w hee l ( C) . The p ull e y ( D ) on t he j ack s h aft (E ) is drive n
from an ove rhe ad count e rshaft of the variabl e s pe e d type -

w hile the p u ll e y (F ) on t he whee l sp indl e ( G ) is dri ve n b y

t he pu ll e y ( H ) .

The work to be t e s te d is shown at (J ) consis ting of a ,

b ar one in ch s q u are h e l d in t he anvil ( K ) by me an s of a s e t

s cre w . The grindin g whee l is always 1 2 inche s in diame t e r
w i th a on e inch face -
The machin e s houl d be ve ry rigi d to
.

'

ab s orb vib rat ion for wi th a li ght ly con s tru cte d machi n e
, , ,

vi bration is s ure to be pre se nt which woul d cause ch atte r ,

—
ing thu s pre ve nt ing t he e n d s o ught to d e te rmi n e t he
,

e flic ie n c y of t he gri n d ing w he e l und e r normal condi t io n s .

The whe e l s pin dl e i s 2 inche s in di ame t e r whil e it s pulle y

i s 6 inche s in diame te r wi th a 4 in ch face B oth pu l le y s -
.

on t he j ack s haft are 1 2 in ch e s in di ame t e r .

Powe r i s t ran s mi t te d by me an s Of t hre e in ch doub le ply - -

l e at h e r b e l t The Obj e ct of t he rib s on t he swi n g frame an d

.

the rib on t he b as e is to make t he con s tru ction as rigi d as

poss ible for t he re as on pre vi ous ly s tate d .

The swi n g frame s houl d be coun t e r we i ght e d by me an s Of -

a we ight att ache d to a cord p as s ing ove r ove r h e ad pull e y s -

.

This cord i s fas t e n e d to t he rod at t he fron t e nd of the s wing

frame The counte r we ight shoul d be j us t h e avy e n ough
.
-

to cau s e t he grindi n g whe e l to e xe rt a pre ssure of 1 0 pounds

on t he w ork thi s be in g t he ave rage pre ss ure e xe rt e d in
,

h an d grin din g Ope ration s The pre ssure is de te rmine d by

-
.

fas t e nin g a sp ring balance s usp e n de d from the ce iling to

t he e ye on t he swin g frame dire c t ly ove r t he sp in dl e .

A li tt le e xpe rime n t ation wi th a m achin e of thi s ki n d i s

s ure to d i s c l os e s t art li n g re s ul t s re gard in g t he e ffi cie ncy

of diff e re n t grind ing wh e e l s Some wh e e l s will be foun d to

.

c u t re adi l y hol di n g th e ir s h ape we ll w hil e othe rs prove to

, ,

be comp arat ive ly s l ow cu ttin g The whe e ls s houl d all be

.

run at t he same sp e e d R P M be in g t he corre ct

, . . .

s pe e d for a 1 2 in ch whe e l t he above n u mb e r Of re vol u t ion s

-

p e r m i n u t e gi v i n g a p e ri ph e ral s pe e d of fe e t pe r
1 1 7
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
mi nu te whi ch , f c pee d is con si de re d corre ct for hand
sur a e s

grin ding ope rations If the spee d is re tai n e d con s tant at

.

R P M an d the same pre ss ure e xe rte d in al l te s ts

. . .

( 1 0 po und s ) i t fo ll ows th at al l whee ls trie d are gi ve n a fair

an d imp art ial tes t since they ar e tri e d und er the s am e c on

di t ion s .

The te s t bar should of course be mad e of t he same ma , ,

t e ri al on which t he grindi ng whee l is u se d on act u al pro

duction work The whee l afte r be in g care full y we i ghe d
.
, ,

i s place d in po si ti on on t he spin dl e an d care fu lly t rue d by

me an s of t he dre s s e r shown in Fig 2 7 whi ch con si s t s of a .
,

Fig . 27 . S ta r whe e l dres

-
se r for use wi t h t es t ing mac h ine .

fe w t
s ar cu tte rs moun t e d in a hol de r which fi t s the
-
whe e l
hole in t he anvil The te s t bar i s n ow p lace d in posi ti on
.

an d t he t e s t con d u ct e d for on e h al f hour At t he e xpiration -

.

of thi s pe riod t he numbe r of cubic in che s of mat e ri al groun d

,

aw ay are not e d an d t he wh e e l t ake n O ff an d we ighe d to

de te rmi ne t he we ight of abrasive mat e ri al u s e d This shou l d .

be done on a s e n si tive s cal e w hich accurat e l y re gis t ers

ounce s .

I t is e vi de nt that t he whe e l which wi ll grin d away t he

gre at e s t amount of mate ri al i n a gi ve n t im e wi t h t he l e as t ,

am o un t of l oss to t he wh e e l i t s e l f i s t he mos t e fli c i e n t ,

whe e l to u se for t he p urpose in que s t ion I n orde rin g .

whe e l s for te s t p urpo se s on a machin e of thi s ki n d it is ,

1 1 8
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS

Fig
. 28.
— La bo ra t ory gri n ding
-
whe e l t es t i ng mac hi ne for t es t i ng grindi ng
whee ls us e d in c yli ndri c al grin ding Ope rat ions .

I ZO
 LABORATORY TE STS

hole . This whe e l is a re gul ar s tock si ez as it fit s se ve ral

c ylin dri cal grin ding machi n e s .

The pie ce to be tes te d con s is ts of di s c ( C) 2 in che s in

a

diame t e r 1 inch wi d e w ith a 3/ 4 in ch hole

,
-
It is made of
.

t he mat e rial u po n whi ch i t is de s ire d to t e s t t he whe el and

is fas t e ne d in pl ace on t he work s pin dl e ( D ) by me an s of t he
n ut ( E ) w hi ch ho l ds t he pie ce ag ain s t a sh oul de r on t he

work s pin dl e The work s pin dl e is mount e d on t he swing

.

frame ( F ) .

The work is ke pt in con t act w ith t he whee l by m e an s of

t he we ight ( G ) on t he le ve r ( H ) .The we ight is adj u s ted
to make t he whe e l s park he avily as it doe s on re gular pro
ductio n work whe n workin g at it s maximum limit The .

s ame amo u n t of pre ss u re s houl d be use d in t e s ti ng al l whe e l s

othe rwi s e a fair de cis ion is not poss ible .

A diamon d mounte d in t he hol de r (J ) whi ch fi t s t he slide

( )
K a t t he b ack of t he m a ch i n e i s for t h e pur po se of t ru i ng
t he whee l The t e s tin g c an be done e i the r we t or dry
. The .

mac hine s hown is de s i gne d for dry te s tin g but wi th the ,

addi t io n Of a hood to cove r t he whee l an d a pi pe to suppl y

wat e r at t he poin t O f gri ndi ng co n t act te s t s in we t grindi ng

,

c an be co n d u ct e d .

The t e s t s are carri e d on i n t he same man n e r as those j us t

de s c ri be d wi th a vie w to d e te rmini ng which is t he fas te s t
cu tting whe e l wi th t he le as t amoun t of we ar As pre vious ly .

s t at e d i t i s O ft e n a di ffi cul t m att e r to de t e rmin e t he actu al

’

e ffi ci e n cy Of a whee l u se d for c y li n dri cal gri n di ng owi ng to

t he many factors to be con si de re d W i th a machi ne of this

.

kind for con duct in g comparative t e s t s howe ve r whe re in , ,

the factors are simplifi e d as much as poss ibl e tangi ble ,

re s ul t s are poss i bl e in a ve ry s hort t ime wi thout t he n ec e s

s ity Of int e rrupt ing t he re gul ar work in t he grin din g de

par t m e n t .

The ma n ufact ure r who wi s he s to re d uce his grin ding cos t s

will do we ll to con duct a fe w s impl e t e s t s as o utl in e d in this
and t he pre vi ous c hapt e r The re s ul t s of t he t e s t s s houl d be
.

care fully not e d for future re fe re n ce and by te s ting diffe re nt

.

I 2I
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS

make s of whee ls and di ffe re nt gri ts and grade s of the s am e

mak e e conomi cal re s u l t s in t he production dep art ment are
.

sur e to foll ow It cos ts comparative ly li ttl e to te s t grinding

.

whee l s whe n t he work is unde rt ake n in t he right way an d

the act ual savi ng in dol lars and ce nt s that re s ul ts from
re l i ab le t e s t s m ake s i t w orth whil e to condu ct the m
.
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASI VE WH EE LS
favor . In t he ye ar 1 87 8 M r H art of D e troi t O bt ai n e d a
, .

n ove l pate nt on a grin din g w he e l con t ai ning a wire we b ,

t he O bj e ct of w hi ch w as to pre ve nt t he fragm e nts of t he

whe e l from flyin g in case i t burs t This w as re adil y ac
.

c e pt e d as a gre a t im prove m e nt w hi ch in de e d i t w as , an d ,

t he gri ndi ng whe e l b usi n e ss the re by re c e i ve d a remarka b le

-

impe t us .

W ith t he ge ne ral int rodu ct ion of c orundum in t he e arly

e ightie s grin ding w hee l s be gan to be use d for other pur
,

pose s aside from rough grindi n g owing to t he fact that

a c ool e r cu tt ing whe e l coul d be made by s ubs ti tuti ng
c orundum for e m e ry .Th us corund um whee ls foun d a
limi te d m arke t for ce rt ain tool grin di ng ope ration s hi the rto
-

don e on t he grinds ton e .

Wi th t he adoption of cyli ndrical grin di ng machine s for

fini s hin g h arde ne d p ar t s of machi n e ry the grindi ng wheel ,
-

busin e ss was e s tablish e d on a firm bas i s owing to the fact

t hat t he cylindri cal grinde r furnis hed a s ole mea n s for a
de sire d e n d ; that is doing work tha t coul d not be don e
,

e i ther w i th t he fi le or grind s tone Wi th the improve me n t

.

of cy lindrical and othe r pre ci s ion grin ding ma chi ne ry t he -

g ri nd i ng wh ee-
l ind u s t ry h as k e pt p ac e ; a b ras i ve w h ee l s

be i ng us e d at t he pre se nt day for thousands of man ufacturing

ope rat i on s .

S t range as i t may se e m howeve r t he mod e rn grinding

, ,

whe e l has not wholl y re place d t he grind s ton e for ce rtai n

Ope rat io n s owi ng chie fly to t he ch e apn e ss of grin ds ton e s

a nd to the man n er in whi ch they ac t on t he work w i th whi ch

the y ar e brought in contact .

A gri nds tone is run at a comparat ive ly s low pe riphe ral

s peed s o s l ow th at i t wi ll not throw wat er from it s s urface
, .

In the grin ding Ope ration particle s of quartz are torn from
,

the s tone and these floating in t he surface wate r pre se nt a

pl aning act ion on t he work Ofte n wi th a she ari ng c ut as
,

t he part icl e s of quart z ar e dragge d und e r t he pie ce be in g

g r o u nd . A n y m e ch an i c re ali z e s th a t a s h e aring c u t i s v e r y
”
e ff e ctiv e and thi s pe c uliari ty of grinds tone action as it ,

1 24
 GRIN D IN G WH E EL VS . GRIN D STON E S

is terme d toge the r wi th t he fact that quartz in i t se l f is a

,

very e flic ie n t abras ive for s om e cl as s e s of work account s ,

for t he fact that t he O ld grin d s ton e i s s till in favor in c e r

tai n ph as e s of work .

At t he p re s e nt day grind s ton e s are u se d for a n umbe r of

,

s u rfaci n g Ope rat i on s s u ch as grin ding t he s id e s of saw s ,

gri n di n g fi le bl anks s urfacin g plows axe gri nding e t c

, , , .

Large n u mb e rs of grinds ton e s cal l e d pul p s ton e s are u se d

in pre p ari n g wood pul p for p ap e r man u facture rs In this .

particul ar fie l d t he grindi ng whe e l cannot or at le as t has

, , , ,

not b e e n ab l e to comp e t e s ucce ss fu ll y owi n g to t he lo w i ni ti al

cos t Of grind s ton e s and to t he fact th at grinding whee l s

do not pre p are t he mat e ri al in the d e sire d man ne r to s ui t
Ame ri can p ape r man ufacture rs In t he Sc and in avi an coun
.

trie s howe ve r a spe c i al form of man ufacture d grin d in g

, ,

wh ee l i s u s e d for pu lp gri n d ing bu t the se sam e wh e e l s ,

do not fi n d favor in thi s cou ntry .

I n t he man u factu re Of fil e s t he grind s ton e i s s till u se d

°

in l arge q uan t i tie s owi ng to t he fact th at it le ave s j u s t the

prope r ki nd of s urface for t he tool s th at c ut t he file te e th .

N um e rous e xpe ri me n t s h ave b e e n trie d to d e ve l op a

grin din g whe e l to do thi s cl as s of work su cce ss fully bu t to ,

t he b e s t of t he wri t e r s kn ow l e dge no s ucce s s has b ee n

’

att ai n e d
.

Tha t t he grind s ton e s t ill shows e fficie ncy on ce rt ain

cl ass e s of work cannot be doubte d and as an il lu s tration
Of thi s w e c an con si d e r t he s u bj e ct of axe grindi ng As th e y .

come to t he grinding room axe s like othe r product s of , ,

t he forge are i n a rou gh s t at e an d t he ope rati on of grinding

,

the m s mooth be fore the y are te mpe re d i s t e rme d by t he

“ ” “
axe m an ufact ure r pre s s grin ding or p re ss in g A pre ss .

in thi s c ase i s nothin g more or le ss than a s tou t iron bar

t o hol d t he axe fi rml y agai n s t t he s ton e pre s s u re b e ing ap ,

p lie d by me an s Of a foot Ope rate d tre adl e -

.

The s ton e s u se d for thi s work ar e six fe e t in di ame ter

and tw e l ve i nch e s thi ck co s ting at a fair marke t p rice
, ,

$2 e a ch On e of the se s ton e s l as t s approximate ly thre e

.

125
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
w ee ks , during whi ch
time it grinds ax e s Con si de ring .

t e n ho urs as a d ay s work i t is se e n th at t he ope rat i on

’

of rou gh grinding one ax e con s u me s t hre e min u t es N ow .

the re are a good many s quare in che s on t he s urface of an

axe an d any ab ras ive wh at s oe ve r th at will do thi s wo rk

i n t he s hort t ime of t hree mi n u t e s is e ffi cie n t to say t he

l e as t . The cos t of ab ras ive mat e ri al u se d pe r ax e is le ss
than on e ce n t be in g approximate ly 7 1 0 of a ce n t
, .

If we in ve s t our in a grin din g whe e l we c an at a ,

f air marke t p ric e p urchase a whe e l 30 in che s in diame t e r

,

wi th a 2 i n ch face one 24 in che s i n d iame t e r wi th a

-

3 i n
-
ch f ac e or on e 20 i n ch e
, s i n d i am e t e r wi th a 5
i nch face A grin d s ton e 6 fe e t in d iame t e r wi th a 1 2 i nch
.
-

face con t ain s

, cubic in che s whe re as a typical grindin g ,

wh e e l th at c an be p u rch as e d for t he s ame p rice a 30 x 2 1 2 —

,

for an i ll u s trat ion con t ain s bu t cu bic in che s Thu s

, .

i t i s s e e n t h at a d e ci d e d factor i s in favor of t he gri n d s ton e ;

that i s i t s l ow cos t pe r cubic in ch It n at urall y follow s
,
.

'

that a grin din g wh e e l to compe te with a grind s ton e on t he

work in q u e s t ion mu s t be hi ghly e fficie nt owing to t he fact
tha t i t s cos t pe r c ubic in ch i s much gre ate r“ Again we
must not l ose s ight of t he fact that i t t ake s a ve ry fas t
c utting gri n di ng whe e l to surface an axe in t hre e minu t e s .

H owe ve r not with s t an din g th at grind s ton e s are ch e ap

,

and e ffi c i e n t t he grindi ng wh ee l i s gradu al ly cre e p ing i n to

,

t he axe in du s t ry owing to t he fact th at i t s adop t ion Offe rs

,

advan t age s th at cann ot be had w hil e u s in g grin d s ton e s .

A promi n e nt axe manufact ure r wi th whom t he wri t e r has

had s ome re ce n t corre spon de nce re gardi ng t he grindi n g
whee l in t he axe factory has t he foll owi ng to s ay in favor ,

of t he gri nding whe e l .

Our ge n e ral opi nion i s th at grin di ng wh e e l grindi ng i s -

as e c on omi c al in l abor cos t an d ab ras i ve cos t as we t s ton e -

grinding bu t t he collat e ral advant ag e s of t he grindi n g

,

w he e l gri n ding throw t he advan t age s s trong ly in favor O f

thi s me thod G ri ndi n g whee l gri ndi ng t ake s up much le s s
.
-

s p ac e re q uire s l e ss powe r an d pe rmi t s bett er worki ng c on

,

126
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
wheel has been adapted to purpose s undreamed of a fe w
years ago comparativel y s peak i ng thus it is re as onable t o
, ,

assume that t he knowl e dge of fu ture years produc e a

grin ding whee l that will e ventuall y re plac e t he grinds ton e
j us t as artific ial abrasive s have pract ically re place d t he
em ery whe e l of ye s t e rday
.
 CH APTE R N IN E

TH E ECO NO M IC ADVANTAG E O F US ING LARG E WH EE LS

Fac t ors t o be c on si dere d in c hoos ing a —

whe e l Comparat ive pri ce Of whe e ls
of various si z es — Advanta
ge Of large whee ls in c e rta in —
work Why large
whee l s are m ore e ffi c i e n t .

T
H OSE who purchas e grindi ng whe e l s have probably
not ice d that t he grindi n g whe e l sal e sm an see m s an xious
-

to se ll large whe e ls that is 1 6 x 2 inche s or ove r This is

, .

n ot al w ay s be c au se t he s al e s m an wi s he s to writ e u p a
“ ”
n i c e ord e r , as it we re Con t rary to this he ge n e rally
.
,

has his cu s tom e r s int e re s t s in min d an d re aliz e s that the re

’

i s t rue e conomy in u s in g comparati v e ly l arge w he e l s as t he ,

foll owing fi gure s s how The whee l siz e s an d lis t price s

.

are t ak e n from t he s t an dard grin di ng wh ee l lis t and a -

p e ru s al of t he s am e s ho w s th a t t he co s t of g r i ndi ng w h e e l s ,

p e r c u b i c inch in
, mo s t i n s t anc e s d e cre a s e s a,s t he s i z e
in cre as e s .

Th e re are s ome e xceptions to t his rul e howe ver for as , , ,

t he d at a s ho ws a 2 4 x 4 inch w hee l co s t s more pe r cu bi c

,
-

in ch than a 2 0 x 3 inch w h e e l -
It is we ll for t he purch asi ng
.

age nt w ho wi s he s to buy as e c o n omi call y as pos s i bl e to

fi gure care full y t he cos t per cubi c i nch of t he various si z ed -

whe e ls that he b uy s to as c e rt ai n wh e the r Or not he is buy

in g to adv an tage .

The gre a te s t di ffere nce in cos t pe r cubic i nch is found

in whee l s be l o w 20 inche s in di am e t er W i th whe e ls l arger
.

than this t he cos t differe nce pe r cu bi c inch is not so gre a t ,

an d in some in s t an ce s th e re i s no d e c reas e i n co s t pe r cu bi c

inch with an incre as e of size As an il l us t rati on a 30 x 4

.
,

inch wheel cos t s j us t as much pe r cu bi c inch as a 2 0 x 3 i nch -

1 29
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIVE WHEELS
whe e l w hil e t he
, c os t pe r c u bi c inc h of a 60 x 8 inc h whe e l
-

is onl y s li ght ly l es s t han t ha t Of a 30 x 4

-
inc h whee l .

Cos t

Cos t pe r c u bic inc h

Cos t pe r hundred c ubic inc hes .

L is t pri c e

Cos t pe r c ubic inc h

Cos t pe r hundre d c ubic inc hes
S iz e .

L is t pric e
Are a in c ubic inc hes
Cos t pe r c u ic inc hb .

Cos t pe r hundre d c u ic inc he s b

S iz e
L is t pric e
Are a in c ubic inc hes .

Cos t pe r c u ic inc hb .

Cos t pe r hundre d c u ic inc he s b

Lis t pri ce .

b
Are a in c u ic inc hes .

Cos t pe r c u ic inc hb .

L is t price
Are a in c ubic inc hes
Cos t pe r cu bic inc h
Cos t pe r hundre d cu ic inc hes b
The dvant age of using comparat ive ly l arge whe els is
a

s hown i n t he fol l owi ng comp ari s on : Le t i t be ass um e d that

a conce rn us e s two hundre d 1 2 x 2 inch ind ing w heel s

gr -

1 30
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
As t he f c of a gri n ding whe e l pr e se nt s thou san d s
sur a e

of cu tting point s to t he work it i s e vi d e nt th at t he surf a c e

,

havi ng t he mo s t point s to pre s e nt to a gi ve n pie ce Of work

wi ll l as t t he l on ge st wi thou t be coming dull e d or gl az e d , .

I n con s ide rin g a 1 4 x 2 in ch whe e l i n 2 0 gri t we h av e a

.
-

cutting s urface Of s qu are inche s an d al l owin g 4 00

cutting poin t s to t he s quare in ch t he sum Of the se e qu al s

3 O n t he oth e r h an d a 2 4 x,3 in ch w h-
e e l h as a cu tt i n g
s urfac e of s qu are inche s con t ai ni n g cu tti ng
point s It is pl ain ly s e e n that t he l att e r i s boun d to re m ai n
.

in cu ttin g con di ti on l on ge r th an t he forme r .

Why is it the n that many man ufacture rs pe rsis t in usin g

,

comp arative ly small grindi n g whe e l s moun te d on light

s t and s ? I n the firs t pl ace small gri n din g whe e l s t and s are
,
-

che ap to in s t all an d t he whe e l s for t he s ame are not an

e xp e n s ive i t e m w h e n bo ught a fe w at a t i m e The re is of
.
,

c ours e a pl ac e for t he s m all grin di n g wh e e l

, bu t for t h e
,

a ve rage run of g e n e ral work s n aggi n g c as t in g s an d forgi ng s

, ,

tool grin di ng e t c it i s fal s e e conomy to u s e whe e l s s mall e r

,
.
,

than 20 in ch e s in di ame t e r An i de al siz e to u s e for an y

.

Of t he above p urpose s i s 30 x 4 i n ch e s bu t ou t s i de of t h e
,

pl ow indu s try thi s size i s li ttl e u se d

,
The che ape s t
.

course in t he l on g run is to con si gn t he s mall grinding wh e e l -

s t an d s to t he s crap h e ap an d i n s t all l arge r on e s ; an d i n

t h e me an whi l e t he con s ume r Of grin di n g wh e e l s s hou l d b e

e du c at e d to t he fact th at s mall wh e e l s are e xp e n siv e at an y

prrc e .
 CH A PTE R TE N

T RU ING D EV ICES FO R G RIN D ING WHEE LS

{ Re p rin t e d from The I ron A ge ) .

Abras ive ac t ion — Toolsus e d in t ru i ng whe e ls — b

U s e Of ort and c arbonado .

diamonds in —
t ools G e t t i ng s t ones in t ool — Proc e d ure in t ruing whe e ls .

RI N D I N G whe e l s arety cu tt ing tool s t e

in re ali

vol vi ng at h igh spe e d whe re by countles s sh arp poin ts

re move min u t e chip s by wh at we c all for want Of a be tte r ,

t e rm t he act ion of abras ion I n t he s tricte s t se n se Of t he

, .

w ord th is is not corre ct be cause t he word abras i on mean s

,

t o we ar or rub whe re as a mod e r n grindi ng whe el act uall y

,

re move s m at e ri al be it h ard or soft by a cuttin g in s tea d

,

Of a we aring acti on TO obt ain t he be s t re sul ts t he in

.
,

nume rable cu tting point s on t he surface of t he whe e l shoul d

be ke pt s h arp an d the pe riphe ry conce nt ri c wi th th e spin dl e ;
othe rwi se t he e fli c ie n c y of t he whe e l i s mate ri all y l owe re d .

In this chapt e r a fe w s impl e me thod s for truing grin di ng

,

whe e l s w ill be bri e fly con si de re d .

The tool s u se d for this purpo se are of wo kinds diamon ds t ,

an d ordi n ary e me ry wh ee l dre sse rs

-
The re are two varie t ies
.

Of di amo n d s u se d th at is to say bort s tones man y of

, ,

whi ch are n e arly wh ite in col o r and a black varie t y call ed

,

carbon ado or bl ack diamond B ort s tone s are compara .

t ive l y i ne xp e n s ive wh e n comp are d wi th bl ack di amon ds ,

bu t the y are not so h ard an d con se que ntl y are short e r live d .

I t i s the re fore more e conomi cal to use black diam onds

, ,
.

B oth vari e t ie s are s ol d by t he carat an d c an be bought l oose

or al re ady mou n t e d in s t e e l or coppe r hol de rs The majorit y .

O f man u fac tur e rs p re fe r to bu y l oo se s tone s as b y this ,

me t hod flaws are more re adil y de t e cte d and s ince t he s tone s ,

I 33
 3:
ve ry m ail e a b le an d t hu s is es sily

t e n di n g to

I’
m 29 . Pi n t s t e p in m ou nt in g t he diam o nd .

l he m l t a l i n po i t ion ove r t he s t on e
'
- s
.

l L: l m i hw l s e t t i ng wi t h t he su pe rfl uous me t al m oved
'

l y .
31 . re .

la y S pe c i a l t yp e of dia m on d ho lde r .

pre ve n t o ve rhe a t i n
g t he s t on e , m e s c ause s it to
w h ich so m e t i

frac t ure .The rod s h oul d be

a bo ut s ix i n ch e s l on g and of

t he c orre c t diam e t e r t o fi t t he ho l d e r of t he m achin e where

i t is t o be u se d A hol e is dr ille d in t h e e n d of t he rod
.

de e p e nough t o b u ry t he s ton e as shown i n Fig 2 9 , The . .

ne xt s t e p is t o forc e ove r t he m e t al ov e r t he e dge s of the

s t o ne fi rm ly in plac e Th is is don e wi th a ligh t h amm er

.

and a s m all s t akin g ch ise l The re s ul t i s s how n in F ig 30

. . .

1 34
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
machine s quippe d wit h sui table hol de rs to ac c ommoda te
are e

truing de vi ce s and the y s houl d al ways be use d .

The de vi ce ill us trate d in F ig 33 is e xce lle n t for truing

.

whe e l s use d on surfac e grin ding machine s -

It is ve ry .

Fig 33 —.Sim ple de vic e for

. t ruing whe e l s on s urfac e gri nde rs .

si mple con s is t in g of a diamon d s e t in a hol de r 1

, inche s
l ong whi ch i s fas t e n e d i n a bl ock Of c as t iron by me an s Of
,

a se t s cre w It c an be use d on a m agn e t i c chuck or clam pe d

.

— D e vic e fo r t ru ing whee l s

F ig 34
. . o n c ut t e r gri ndi ng m ac hin e s .

in a vi s e F or trui n g
. w he e l s on various type s O f cu tt e r
gri n d in g m achine s an , an gle i ro n as s hown in F ig 34
, .
,

1 36
 TRUING D EVICES FO R G RIN D ING WH E E LS
gives good re s u l t s . The diam ond hol de r is fas t e ne d by
me ans of a se t sc re w an d t he an gl e iron is c la m pe d t o t he

plate n of t he mac hi ne by a s t ra p . bol t . or ot he r c o n ve n ie n t

mea ns .

We are som e t im es i nclin e d t o look as kan c e at ordinary

Fig 35
. .
—G ri ndi ng whe e l dres a
-
s
'
moun te d in a s pe c ia l holder for t ruin g
whe e ls us e d on c ylindrie al gri ndi ng mac hines .

gri nding but un de r ce rtain li m i t e d con di t ions the y are

,

productive of e xce ll e nt res ul t s In ordinary cyli ndrical .

grin ding it i s cust omary to rough out se ve ral hun d re d

,

pie ce s be fore taki ng any fi nis hin g c u t s an d as we re ,

36 .
—Tru ing de vic e for us e on large ve rt ica l s pindle gri ndi ng mac hine s .

m in s
ov g tock o nl y p y
a in g b
a s o,
l u t e l y n o a tt e nt i on to fi n i sh ,

all th t
a we d f
e s ire i s a as t c u tt i n g w h e e l
-
I n c a s e s of th i s .

kin d a fe w e m e ry whe e l dre ss e r cutt e rs mou n t e d in a

,
-

hol der as s ho w,
n i n i
F g 35 w i l l p r ov
. e a r,
e v e l a t i on to t h e

I 37
 —
sw ia c e gz i néh g n n ch in e a a h i den as s hot n i n l ig 36 ’
,

t m he fou nd a s a ln ab le m . It d l on ld be pm vi de d

how e ve r . t he forc e of t h e ma gne t is m is sufi c ie n t to ke ep

t he ho lde r in pl ac e .

I t mn s t he born e in m i nd t hat e m ery -

w he el dre es e rs

are prac t i ca b l e for rou ghin g w he e b ! fly , but whe n we

st op t o e on s ide r t h a t e ve n a c om parat i ve l v s nall diamon d
c os ts se ve ra l doll a rs ,
w he re as a se t of e m ery w he el dre ss ers
-

be purc hase d for fe w t he ir me n t s are we ll worth

’

ca n a c e nt s .

c on s i de ra t i on .
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WHEELS
fe e t cas t on i t whi ch all ows le ve l se tt ing on an une ve n
,

s urface, s hou l d occas i on re quire .

The rough cas t in g is mou nte d in a large la the c huck and

t he face t urne d off aft er w hi ch a
, inch hole is bore d and -

re a m e d in t he ce nt e r The ne xt s te p is to turn se ve ral

.

groove s inch apart The se c an be c ut wi th an ordi nary

.

F ig 37
. .
— Applianc e for re -
bu hing g i nding wh
s r ee ls .

thre ading tool an d are use d to s e t t he gri nding whe e l

,

ce nt ral while t e bu s hi n g it s hole Two he avy lin e s are ne xt

-
.

s cri be d on t he di s c 90 ap art an d ne ar the s e lin e s t he

°
,

ci rc le s are s t ampe d 1 2 3 4 5 6 e t c Se ve ral plugs are

, , , , , , .

n ow m ad e wi t h on e e nd to fi t t he hole in t he di s c whil e t he ,

diame t e rs of the large e nds s houl d be o oo z inch large r .

-

than t he arbors on t he grin ding whe e l s t an ds This slight -

.

cle arance is s uffi cie nt to al l ow t he whe e ls to slip on fre e ly .

The large port ion of t he pl u gs s houl d be on e in ch lo n ge r

than t he thi ckn e s s of t he grindi n g whe e l s Th us if wh e e l s .
,

1 40
 RE BU SHING GRIN D ING
-
WH E ELS
Wi t h a 2 -
inch face are u se d , t he p lugs shoul d be 3 inche s ,
as s hown i n t he c ut .

In t e bu shing a grin ding whe e l t he firs t ope ration is to

-

c u t ou t t he ori gi n al l e a d b u shi n g wi th a comp ass saw .

B y maki ng t wo cu t s diame tri call y opposi te one an othe r ,

t he b u s hi n g i s e as il y re move d by me an s of a fe w li ght taps

wi t h a hamm e r The whe e l is now lai d on t he di s c an d
.

car e full y arran ge d in t he ce nter by me an s of t he n e are s t

circl e to i t s pe riphe ry A p lug of t he corre ct si ze is n e x t
.

i n se rte d an d t he n e w bushin g cas t in pl ace Le ad is t he .

be s t mat e rial for t hi s purpose al thou gh any s crap s tock ,

of low me l tin g point such as s ol de r die cas t ing me t al e tc ,

-

, .
,

wi ll an swe r t he p urpos e e qu all y we ll .

The ope rati on of re bushi ng whee l s is so simpl e th at any

-

boy or h an dy m an c an do t he work in a satisfactory manner -

wh il e t he cos t of t he ne c e ss ary outfi t s houl d not exce e d

tw e n ty doll ars .
 CH APTE R TWE LVE

S UG G EST IO NS TO FO LLOW IN O RD E RING G RIN D ING WHEE LS

—
I nformat ion t o be give n wi th grindi ng whe e l orde r Fac t or gove rni ng se le c
-

t ion of whee ls — H ow to de te rmin e what kin d of a whee l should be use d

— Orde ring s pe c ial whee ls .

HE majori ty of grin ding whee l manuf acture rs incl ude

-

in the ir c at al ogue s a lis t of vario us grin ding ope ration s ,

toge the r wi t h t he gri ts an d grade s ge n e rall y re comme n de d

for t he diff e re nt work The obj ect of the se lis t s is to gui de
.

t he purch as in g age n t in t he se l e ct i on of gri ndi ng whe e ls for

various p urpo se s .

An orde r for gri nding whe e l s shoul d of course gi ve t he , ,

diam e te r thickn e s s size of arbor hole an d quantity de s ire d

, ,

an d in cas e of a re pe a t ord e r t he gri t an d grade

, , Othe r .

wi se i t is a good plan to re fe r to t he t abl e s pre vi ousl y m e n

t ione d or gi ve wi th t he orde r full and comp le t e in format ion
'

de scri bing how an d for wh at purpos e t he whe e l is to be

, ,

u se d This information is of gre at val ue to t he gri n ding

.

whe e l man ufact ure r in filling t he orde r int e lli ge nt l y an d ,

als o i t i s t he me an s of s avi n g m u ch v alu ab l e t ime as u n

n e ce ss ary corre s pon de n ce for t he purpos e of gaining full

inform at ion is th e re by e li min ate d .

Th e re are in dee d many factors gove rning the prope r se le c

tion of grinding whe e ls as t he foll owi ng d at a furnis he d t he ,

writ e r by t he Abras ive Comp an y of Philade lphia p l ain l y ,

illus trate .It is wi th ple as u re that t he write r in corporate s

thi s mate rial in his work as it s tat e s full y j us t how t he gri n d
in g whe e l man ufact ure r vi e ws an orde r for grin ding whe e l s
-

that he may fill t he same correctly the re by be ing as s ure d ,

of f ut ure b u s in e ss .

1 42
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIVE WH EE LS
Whe the r t he w ork is to be ground we t or dry large ly
de te rmi ne s t he grade of wh e e l to be furnis he d In many .

case s a harde r grade of w he e l can be use d if t he gri ndi n g

,

is don e we t as thi s p ract i ce pre ve nt s t he w ork from ove r

.

h e at i n g .

Wh e e ls are un de r ordin ary con dition s re c omme nde d t o

, ,

run to s u rface fe e t pe r mi n u t e al thou gh in ,

many kin ds of grin din g the y shoul d be run much s l owe r , .

If a whe e l is too h ard for t he ope rat ion good re s ul t s c a n ,

oft e n be obt ai n e d by re d u ci n g t he s pee d and if too soft , ,

thi s con di tion m ay be re ctifi e d by in cre as in g t he s pe e d .

It is se e n the re fore tha t whe e l s at s l ow s pee ds te n d to

, ,

ac t s oft e r wh e re as wh e e l s at hi gh s pe e d s appe ar to ac t
,

harde r In s tat in g t he Spe e d t he n umbe r of re vol uti on s

.
,

p e r m in u t e s ho u l d b e g i ve n W h e e l s u se d o n cy l in d.ri c al
g r ind e rs a r e op e r a t e d at a bo u t 5 5 00 pe ri ph e a l fee t p e r , r

min ut e while for automati c knife gri ndi n g the y are run
, ,

as s low as 2 5 0 0 fe e t pe r mi n u t e s urface s pe e d
, It is se e n .
,

the re fore th at s pe e d plays an im port ant part in a s ucce ss ful

,

g r i ndi ng op e r at i on .

If t he ope ration for w hich w he e l s are t o be orde re d is

cylin dri cal gri n ding t he diame te r of t he pi e ce s to be ground
,

s houl d be gi ve n al s o t he R P M , of t he work Thi s e n . . . .

ab le s t he gri n din g whe e l m an ufact ure r to de t e rmin e t he work

-

s pe e d . It is al s o n e ce s s ary to kn ow t he qu ali ty of finis h de

s ire d as thi s i s l arge l y d e t e rmi n e d by t he gri t of t h e wh e e l
,
.

If t he ope rat ion is s urface grin di n g t he spe e d in li ne ar ,

fe e t s houl d be gi ve n It is import ant al so to know t he t abl e

.

t rave rs e or cros s fe e d wh ich is t he s pe e d wi th w hi ch t he

, ,

wh e e l is fe d acros s t he w ork .

If t he whee l is othe r than re gu lar a bl ue pri n t or s ke tch ,

s houl d accomp an y t he orde r Oft e n times t he work to be .

done is of a s pe cial n at ure thus a s ke tch of t he work will ,

al so m at e ri al ly ai d in t he prope r se l e ct i on of t he whe e l .

The us e r who i s care ful to gi ve re q uire d in form at ion i s

ge n e rally t he on e who i s ge t ting t he be s t re s ul t s from hi s
”
grindin g w he e l s .

I 44
 CHAPTE R TH I RTE E N

D ES IG N O F D UST CO LLECT I NG -
S Y STE M S

( Re p ri nt e d from A meri c a n M ac hi ni s t ) .

S t at el aw re q ui re m e n ts — D e s ign of whe e l hood — —

G e n e ral de sign Siz e of

e x h a us t pipe fo r diffe re n t s iz e whe e l s

— —
E l bows Col lars M e t hod
— of

e re c t ion — — — —
Clea n o ut Fan D us t c ol lec t or E xhaus t s ys t e ms
- -
.

N t he majori ty of s t at e s w he re man ufact urin g i s c arrie d

I on to an y e xt e n t l aws h ave b e e n p as s e d compe ll in g t he
,

man ufacture r to e q uip grindin g an d polis hing de partme n t s

w ith a s uit ab le sy s t e m for carrying away t he d us t The .

diff e re nt s t at e l aws vary gre atly as to what con s tit ut e s an

e ff e ct ive d u s t coll e ct in g s ys t e m ; s om e b e in g ve ry ri gi d whil e
-

o t he rs are qui t e libe ral .

Thi s l e gi s l at ion i s good for s e ve ral re aso n s In t he fi rs t .

plac e it prot e ct s t he workm an s he al th The re moval of

,
’
.

du s t from any man ufacturi n g plant affords be tte r fire pro

t e c t ion . It s ave s quit e an am ount of mat e rial in cas e s
w h e re brass coppe r ni cke l or othe r co mp arat ive ly valu
, ,

abl e m e t al s are grou nd or poli s h e d It is a fact that in .

many case s w he re d us t coll e c t in g sy s te m s have be e n in

-

s t al l e d e n o u gh m e t al has b e e n s ave d i n t he cours e of a fe w

,

ye ars to offs e t t he cos t of t he in s t all ation .

The firs t poin t to con s ide r in any du s t coll e ct ing s y s t e m -

is t he de s ign of t he hood th at covers t he w h e e l Fig . .

3 8 il l u s t ra t e s an e ffe ct i v e hood m a d e by t h e B F . .

S t urt e v an t Co Hyde Park M as s The lowe r part of

.
, , .

t he hood form s a re ce pt acl e for cont ai n in g t he h e avi e r

part of t he m ate rial re move d from t he work an d is ,

1 45
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
p rovide d w ith a s win g cle an out gat e -
. It is import ant
t o coll e ct as m u ch m e t al a n d abras ive as pos si ble in t he

hood as this s ave s w e ar on t he pipin g

, , fan and coll ector .

B y re fe rri n g to F i g 39 i t i s s e e n th at
.
, t he hood in que s

F ig 38
.
— Whee l hood de s igne d for
. c a t c hing dus t .

t io n h in ge d on on e s ide to facili t at e t he re moval of

is
t he w h e e l as occ as i o n re quire s .

The s i z e of t he b ran ch pip e s con n e ct e d to t he hoods i s

d e t e rm in e d by t he s iz e of t he wh e e ls u s e d The foll owi ng
.

t ab l e give s t he g e n e ral ru l e s re c omm e n d e d by t he S t urt e

van t Com pan y Th e s e are ge n e ral an d Ope n to modifi c ation
.

i n c as e s of s pe cial or wi d e face d wh e e l s
-
.

1 46
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
“
i
p pe houl d in t ers ect at an angle of
s or l e
s s when ,

m e asure d from t he ce n t e r lin e of t he main pipe A gre a te r .

an gl e than thi s creat es unn e ce ssary fri ct i on whi ch im ai rs

p ,

F ig 4o
.
— Piping de tail s for dus t c olle c t in g sys t em
.
-
A e l bow j oin t ; ,
“ “
C m ain pipe j oin t ; D main pipe c l es n out
" " "
B c ap c l eanout ;
, , ,
.

t he e ffe ct i ve n e s s of t he s ys t e m , an d throws an u nne ce s s ary .

l oad on t he fan .

The main pipe s s houl d be plac e d on t he floor or be twe e n

t he ce iling an d floor wh e n po s s ibl e B y re fe rri ng to F ig 4 1 . .

w hich is a p lan an d e n d e l e vat ion of an e xh aus t sy s t e m i n

s t all e d in a m an u fact u rin g pl an t i t i s se e n th at t he are a ,

of t he main pipe in cre as e s for e ve ry two branch pi pe s

a dd e d . This i s e sse n tial in mai nt ai ni ng a un iform d raft .

W i thout doubt t he i deal main pipe woul d be one h avi n g a

,

con s tant t aper from e nd to e n d Such a pip e howe ve r .

, ,

wou ld not be practi cal to con s t ruct an d fu rthe rmore , , ,

would be un n e c e s s ari ly e xp e n s ive The ge n e ral ru l e w hi ch.

,

by t he w ay is s ome time s ope n to ch an ge i s to h ave t he

, ,

main pipe se ction s 2 5 pe r ce n t l arge r t h an t he s um of t he.

ope nings that l e ad to it Thus in F ig 4 1 t he s e ction

.
, .
,

m arke d A s houl d be 2 5 pe r ce nt large r th an t he combin e d .

are as of t he t w o b ran ch p ipe s op e n i n g i n to i t S e c t ion B .

shou l d be 2 5 pe r c e n t large r than t he combi ne d are as of i t s

.

1 48
 D E SI GN OF D UST COLLECTI NG SY STE MS -

branch pipe s plu s t he are a of se ction A and so on From

, ,
.

this it is s e e n that the re is always a 2 5 pe r ce nt in c re ase

, .

to insure cutt in g down t he air re s is t ance to a minimu m .

The join t s of t he main p ipe s houl d be forme d as s ho wn

i n Fig 40 C t he s traight line al ways being at t he l owes t
.

Fig 41
.
— Plan and e nd e le vat ion of a dus t -
c oll ect ing syst e m .

point Thi s is import ant as it he lps to keep the pipe free

.
,

from ob s t ru ct ions .

A cle anou t s houl d be pl ace d in e ve ry se ct i on of t he

main pipe als o at eve ry e l bow This shoul d be as air t igh t
, .
-

as pos s ib l e Fig 40 D ill us t rat e s t he t ype of cle anout

. .

u se d for t hi s p urpo se It con sis t s simply of a s lide conform

.

1 49
 w in t e rm pt t he fre e pas sage

so m e cas e s . how e ver . t he (e ne ma: i s loc a t e d be tw e e n t he

Wh e re i t i s prac t ic a bl e t o do s o t he fan shoul d b e pl ac e d

.

m o n a u l y n e a r t e w ork t o avoi d a lon g in take pi pe

s h
. It .

s ho uld als o be n e a r t h e ce ili n g t o avoi d t akin g up va l ua bl e

The s iz e d of t he fan de t e rm in e t he ve loc i t y of

an d s pe e

t he draf t w hi ch s houl d be srn fic i e n t t o raise a c ol um n of

’
,

wat e r t o 2 in ch e s in a U s h ape d t u be at t he point of

-

w ea ke s t s u ct i on w hi ch i s fart he s t awar from t he fan

, The .

amou n t o f su c t ion s t ipu l a t e d in s ome of t h e re ce n t l y pas s e d

s t at e law s is in e xc e s s of t he se figu res al t hou gh t he suc t ion

,

above s t at e d i s s u ffi ci e n t for t he e xh aus t sy s t e m in ques t ion .

E xhaus t s ys t e ms as applie d t o gri n ding an d poli s hin g

,

whe e ls are de s i gne d t o carry aw av t he du s t an d t o de pos it

, ,

i t at a conve n ie n t poin t The colle ct or is us ually pl ac e d

.

ou t of doors bu t i t s houl d be w i t hi n a re ason abl e di s t an c e

,

of t he fan to avoi d a l on g e xhaus t p ipe .

furt h er e orm n e n t is ne c e ss ary

Em u ne m is als o e x e rd s e d in pad rin g w he e ls for s hi p

whe e l is moun t e d for us e , it s hou l d be light ly ta ppe d wi th

a sm all ha m m e r . If it e m i ts a be Il lik e s ou nd it is safe
-

,
.

If it gi ves ou t a du ll s ou n d i t s houl d be c on de mn e d as uh ,

safe . Acc ide n ts t hrou gh de fe c ti ve whe e ls are happily ve ry , ,

ta gs of re gu lar w he e ls t he prope r ope ra t i n g s pe e d, an d t he

and t he m e c hani e al d pay a li t tle at t e n tion

e ngi ne e r , s hou l

to thi s importa n t de ta il The prope r ope ra t i n g s pe e d for

.

a c omm on w he e l in vi t rifie d or sili e a t e bon d is fe e t

p e r m i n u t e T h i s
. is a s afe s pe e d an d i t is pro d uc t i ve of
e c onomica l re s ul t s The t hi n s pe c ial whe e l s made by the
.
,

vu le ani t e an d she llac pro ce ss e s c an be run muc h fas ter ,

wi t h perfe c t s afe t y owin g t o t he s t ron g na t ure of t he bon d

, .

As a m at t e r of fac t , a vu l m nit e w h e e l h as to be run at a

hi gh pe ri phe ral s pe e d to s how e fi c ie n c y .

The re are se ve ral res s on s why grindin g whe e ls are over

s pee de d . In differe n ce on t he part of t he mi ll wright who
inst alle d t he grindi ng s tand i s s ome time s t he ca use N ot .

having j us t t he pro pe r size d pulle y for th e line s haft he

-

is like ly t o s ubs t i tu t e a differe nt si ze oft e n l arge r than is ,

call e d for which of course ove rs pe e ds the whe e l M any

, .

grin ding whe e l s tands are e quippe d wi th a t wo or thre e

-

s t e p con e t he obj e ct be ing to s pe e d up t he whe e l as it

,

wears down N e gle ct ing to s hift the be l t to i t s l owes t

.

s pe ed aft e r in s t alling a n e w wh e e l re s ul t s i n ove rs pee di ng , .

While grinding whe e l s t an ds of t he above type are no doubt

-

ve ry conve n ie nt as re gards s pe e d adj us tme n t s the y are , ,

at the s ame t i me a s o urce of con s t ant dange r as an in

, ,

1 5 2
 SAFEGUARD ING G RIN D IN G WH E ELS
‘

differe nt or in s ome cas e s a gre e n workm an is liabl e to

, ,

s hift t he b e l t to s ui t him s e lf ignoring limi t s of s afe ty , .

A s afe an d at t he same time an e conomical w ay to us e

,

ordin ary w h e e l s an d on e th at rs gi ving e nt ire sati s facti on

,

in s om e of our l arge s t m an ufact uring conce rn s is to al w ay s ,

b uy wh e e l s of a gi ve n s ize Whe n ne w the se wheels are

.
,

moun te d on a s t an d t he s pindle of whi ch runs at the prope r

,

s pe e d for t he di am e t e r of t he wh ee l As s oon as t he wh e e ls .

are worn do wn s ay 2 inche s

, the y are pl aced on anothe r ,

s t an d run n in g at a high e r s pe e d an d s o on unt il t he wh e e l

i s w orn down t o a s tu b The above of co urs e applie s only

.
, ,

to whe e ls havi ng a cons t ant grade from pe riphe ry to hub .

Wh e e ls havin g an incre as ing grade from t he outside to t he

hole as e xpl aine d e lse whe re do not requi re s peedi ng up
, ,

as th e y we ar away .

In moun t in g a grinding wh ee l the l ea d bus hing sh oul d ,

s l ip re adily ove r t he s pin dl e If t he bushi ng is a li ttle s m all

.
,

as i t s om e t im es is t he de fe ct c an be rea dily re me die d

,

by me an s of a b e aring s crape r or an old file The Ope rator .

who n e gle ct s this s imple pre c au ti on an d mount s a wh e e l

by forcin g i t on t he s pin dle i s t aking a chance of mee tin g ,

with a s e rious acci d e nt as t ight w he e l bushings are the

,

sourc e of t he m ajori ty of acci de n t s .

The re a s on for thi s is q ui t e appare nt as lead the mate rial , ,

with whi ch grin din g whe e ls are bus he d e xpands re adil y ,

from he at Wh e n t he whe e l s pindle runs warm as i t in

.
,

variably doe s afte r be ing in use a fe w hours the spindle ,

e xpands a li tt l e from t he h e at The l e ad bushin g re adily .

ab s orb s a p art of t h e h e a t w hi ch expan ds i t s e ve ral thou

s an dt hs of an inch o wi ng to t he fact th at l e ad has a hi gh

,

c o e ffic i e n t of e xp an si on
-
The expan s ion of t he le ad thro ws
.

an un d ue s t re ss on the wh e e l whi ch adde d to t he s t re s s , ,

to which t he wh ee l is s ubj e cte d from ce ntrifugal force ,

i s s uffi ci e nt to c au s e it to b urs t .

Wh e e l flange s s houl d be at le as t one third of the di ame ter -

of the whe e l and shoul d always be re ce sse d as s hown in

,

Fi g 42. .Plai n fl anges as sho wn i n Fig 43 are d ange rous

, .
, ,

1 53
 ABRASIV ES AND AB RAS IV E WHEELS
as t he y do n ot alway s i
g p
r w he e l pro pe rly, a
t he s li gh t

c ro wn in g of e i t he r whe el or flange be in g s ufi c ie n t to ause

c

t he m t o gri p the whe e l nea r t he arb or onl y . Fi g 44 illu s

.

t rat e s anot he r of t rou ble flan ge s

Fig 42 — Prope r des ign of whe e l flan ge s .

—
. .

Fig 43 I nc orre c t i n des ign as r

— —
. .

rui tf l m f i d tw o flange s of
f
Fig tu . u. use o ac c e n ts
w he e
Figs n d 6 — Tw t f safe t y fla nges
.
45 a 4 o.
ype s o .

be l onging to differe nt grin di n g s tand s be coming mixe d .

The ou te r fla nge be ing smal l e r in di ame te r th an t he inn er

one b rings an undue si de s train on t he whe e l
,
.

Two t yp e s of safe ty flan ge s are s hown in Figs 4 5 an d 46 . .

While flange s of this type wi ll pre ve nt a split fragmen t of a

wh e e l from flyi ng th e ir u se i s not at all c om mon
,
As a .

matte r of f act t he ave rage manufacture r con si de rs them a

,

n uisance G e nerally spe ak i n g safe ty flan ge s are not ne ces

.
,

sary wi th wh e e l s made by a re l iabl e m ake r p rope rl y moun t ed ,

and ru n at t he sp e e d re comm e nd e d .

Wh e n the nature of t he gri n di n g will pe rmi t it is a good ,

pl an t o use wh e e l s wi thout a work re s t On compara .

t ive l y h e avy work ho we ver a re s t i s of course ne c e ssary

, , , ,

as t he workm an has to u t ili z e hi s s t re n gth i n hol ding t he

work to the whe e l Re s t s are al s o n e ce ss ary on tool

.

I 54
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
of t he ope rat or H i s common se n se an d mec hani e al in s t inct
.

s houl d t e ll him th at he is t akin g de spe rate ch an ce s i n

all owi n g a wi de gap be t we e n t he wh e e l an d t he w ork re s t .

Loose whe e l spin dl e s oft e n c ause whe e ls to bre a k as the y

a l low t he w h e e l to run ou t of b alance and al s o make i t

Fig .
48.
— Sharpe ning t he pe ripheral t ee t h of a milling c utte r on an
unguarde d whee l .

i mpo s s ible to ke e p t he re s t adj us t e d c los e to t he whe e l .

B abbitt me t al e ve n of t he hi gh e s t q uali ty is che ap as c om

, ,

pare d to the con s e que n c e s of in j urie s and this is one re ason

,

why t he s p ind le s of grin ding whe e l s t and s s h oul d be re

-

babbi tt e d as s oo n as the y show n otice able s ign s of we ar .

M any s tat e s have pas se d laws re quirin g man ufact ure rs

t o e q u ip t he gri n ding whe e l s use d in th e ir p lan t s wi th gu ard s ,

t he obj e ct be in g to kee p t he p ie ce s of t he whe e l from flyin g

I 5 6
 SAFEGUARD IN G GRIN D ING WH E ELS
in cas e of accide nt ; not to kee p sparks out of t he ope rator s ’

e ye s as on e mi ght j u dge from t he fli m sy gu ard s s omet ime s

s e e n ov e r gri n di ng whe e l s ! While w he e l gu ard s are n ot

n e ce ssary where re liable whe e ls prope rly mounte d are in

, ,

Fi g 49 4
. . harpe ning t he si de t ee t lr oi a mil ling c ut t er on an un guarde d
wt1ee l

p
O e ra t ion the ir use is to be s tron gly re comme nd e d as the y
,

are t he di re ct c aus e of pre ve nt ing m any fat ali t i e s from ao

cide n t s cause d by care l e ss n es s on t he p art of t he ope rator .

I t is howe ve r not practicabl e to use guard s ove r t he

, ,

smal l e r wh ee l s u se d for cutt er sh arpe n in g an d othe r w ork of

,

lik e n at ure Fi gs 4 7 48 an d 49 il l us trat e c utt e r s h arpe ning

. .
,
-

I S7
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
o pe ration s an d to place guar ds ove r the se whe e ls woul d
,

be an i mposs ibili ty as t he s i ze of t he whe e l s an d the ir re l a

,

t ive pos i tion to t he w ork ar e di ffe re nt wi th e very operation .

Acc id e n t s wi th whe e ls of this kind are so rare as t o cau se

n o com me n t . The re ar e t wo re as on s for thi s : Firs t th es e

Fig 5 0 — Correc t l s urfac e whee l

. .
y guarded gri n ding .

s mal l w he e l s are comparat ive ly s trong for the ir si ze se l dom ,

bre aking u nle s s i n j ure d by be ing droppe d ; and again the re

i s n o re as on for s t an di n g di re ct ly in the ir p ath .

The photograph s re fe rre d to we re t ake n by t he writ e r

for adve rt is in g p urpos e s I n e ach c as e the Op e rat or was
.

1 5 8
ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS

Fig 5 2
.
— Shee t me ta l whee l
.
-
and spin dl e guard.

Fig 5 3
. .
—
Whee l and b e lt both gua ded
r .

1 60
 SAFEGUARD ING G RIN D ING WH E E LS
s e rious acci de nts are an impossi bil ity Wi th t he mode rn .

cylindrical grin di ng machin e acci de nt s from whee l bre ak age

,

are almos t impos si bl e as the wh e e l i s always p rote cted b y

a he avy gu ard While the ope rator ge n erally st ands di

.

re c t ly i n fron t of t he w h e e l he run s no ch ance of be i ng in

Fig . .
—
5 4 S he e t met al whe el guard arranged for adj us t me nt
-
.

j ured as it woul d be pract i cal ly im poss ible for a pie ce of t he

,

whee l to s trike him M achines of this kind ar e ne ve r

.

use d wi thou t wh e e l gu ards In fact a guard on a c ylin

.
,

dri e al grinding machine i s a ne ce ssi ty in keeping wate r from

flyi ng all ove r t he shop as this clas s of grinding is invari abl y
,

don e we t .

F i gs 5 2 and 5 3 are from photographs take n in t he s hops

.

of t wo we ll kn own railroad compan ie s B y re fe rring t o

-
.

Fig 5 2 it is s e e n th at the guard whi ch is made of s he e t me tal

.
, ,

of sufli c ie n t thi ckne ss to wi th s t and t he shock of t he wh e e l

fragm e nt s in cas e of acci de nt is also provi de d wi th a hood
,

to cover t he proj e cting thre ade d e nd of t he spindle The .

obj e c t of this hood i s to pre ve nt t he workm an s clothi ng

’

1 61
 ABRASI VE S AN D ABRASI VE WHEE LS
from be in g caught While t he w orkm an in t his ill us t rati on
.

is gri n din g a com para t ively s mall piece of work he is t aking ,

no chance s as t he w ork res t is pl ac ed cl os e t o t he whee l .

The t oo l gri nde r s hown in Fig 5 3 is of a t ype oft e n se en .

in rail roa d s hops I t is pro vi d e d w it h a he avy hood ; t he

.

work re s t is pro pe rly adj us t e d and a guard is provide d t o .

pre ve n t t he workm an s c lot hi n g from be i ng c aught in t he

'

55 . form of s hee t -
me tal whee l guard .

dri vi n g pul l e y . The on t hat railroad shop e mpl oye es

re as -

are so ade q u at e l y gu arde d again s t ac ci de n t s lie s in t he fac t

t hat t he s hop fore m an and mas t er mec hanics in c harge

are fai r min de d
-
c o n s ci e n t iou s m e n w ho have
.
g rad u a l l y
w orke d u p from un im port an t posi t ion s t o pos i tions of t rus t
c o ns i de r t he w orkm an s we lfare from
'

an d w ho t he re fore
. .

t he i r o wn ac t ual s hop e xpe rie n c e .

Fi g . i lu s t rat es an ot he r t ool grin di ng whe e l t hat is

l -

p p
r o erl y g u a r de d T h e. h o o d w h i c h i s
. m a de of in c h -

h
s ee t m e t a l .i ss e c u re l v b o l t e d t o t he fram e of t he mac hine
an d i s provi ded w i t h an ad j u s t m e n t w hic h all ows i t to be
m ove d t ow ard t e w hee l as t he w h e e l is re duce d in di am
s - .

e te r T “ is o f i m o t n u d h ou l d be l a c e d
.
p r a c e as a g a r s p
t o:
 ABRAS IV ES AN D ABRASIV E WHE ELS
t he gu ard in t he fore grou n d s how s . The work ing posi t ion
of t he guards is s ho w n by t h e gu ard in t he bac kgroun d .

Thes e gua rds are ad us t a j ble and c an be move d oward t he t

fac e of t he whe e ls . The v are n ove l in c ons t r uc t i on t he ,

body be in g c ut from one pi e c e of he avy she e t me t al .

F igs .
5 6 an d 5; il l u s t ra t e a w ho ll y ina de q uat e t ype of

gri ndi ng -
whe e l guards t ha t ar e , unfort u nat ely in c ommon ,

Fig 5 7 . .
— This guard i s too flims y to s t op flying whee l fragme n t s in
-
c ase of

an ac c i de n t .

use . While guards of this ki nd

oft e n pas se d by factory are

in s pe ctors who are lacki ng in practi cal knowle dge the y are ,

worse than no guard s at al l as a se ction of a burs t whe e l ,

wo ul d crumpl e the m up like so much cardboard .

I n case s wh e re grindin g whe e l s burs t re s ul t in g in fat al i ,

t ie s it i s s omet ime s a difficul t matt e r to de te rmin e who is

,

at faul t the empl oyer or t he e mpl oyee I s i t j us tice to

, .

1 64
 SAFE GUARD ING GRIN D IN G WH E E LS
compe l a man ufact ure r to pay he avy damage s for fat alit re s
brought abo ut ( as the y ofte n are ) by w anton care le ss ne s s
on t he part of t he ope rator If t he e mploye r n e gle ct s to
?

have ade q uat e guards pl ace d ove r grin din g whe e l s w he re ,

the re is a l aw re quiring him to do so it woul d se e m th at he

,

was c rimin all y n e gl ige nt in c ase s w he re fat ali t ie s re s ul t

from t he burs t in g of gri n din g w hee ls H owe ve r l e t it be
.
,

ass ume d th at t he whe e l is prope rl y gu arde d an d th at t he

ope rator hims e l f re move s t he guard for s ome re as on an d

by s o doin g is in j ure d Shoul d t he e mployer be compe l l e d
.

to pay damage s in this cas e As suming th at one Ope rator

?

re move s a wh ee l guard an d n e gl e ct s to re p l ace i t anoth e r ,

ope rator b e ing in j ure d on t he same whe e l a s hort time aft e r

ward who is t o bl ame in t hi s c as e t he ope rator who re
, ,

move d t he guard t he Ope rator who afte rward us e d t he

,

whe e l wi thou t t he guard or t he e mpl oy e r who was i gnoran t

of t he whole proc e e ding ? Th e s e are of cours e q ue s t ions
, ,

for t he court s to d e ci de an d de cis ion s in c as es of this kind

,

are not e as il y re ache d b y any me a n s .

In que s tion s whe re t he safe t y of e m ploye e s is conc e rne d ,

l abo r an d c apit al s houl d c o ope rat e

-
The worki ng m an
.
-

s houl d b e a r in mind t he fact that it i s an impossi b ili ty for

him to e arn a li vi n g wi thout ass uming s ome ris k and whe re

,

t he e mpl oy e r provi de s all po ssi bl e s afe guar ds agai n s t acc i

de nt s t he e mploye e s houl d se e to it that these safe guards
,

are n ot re move d or de s t roy e d .

 CHAPTE R F I FTE E N

AB RAS IV E PAP E RS AN D

Abra s ive su b s ta nc e s use d in —

maki ng abras ive pape r H is tory of abras ive paper
b an d c lot h i s ma n ufac t m e d —On de s of abras ive
— H ow a ras ive
pape r
p p
a e r and c lot h— Finding pe rc e n ta ge of iron in garn e t — Te s t ing garne t
pap er— Pa pe r and c l ot h b
a ras ive —
di sc s Tes ting dis cs for e fi c i e nc y .

B RAS IVE papers an d cloths the ab rasiv e c oatin g of

A w hi ch i s e me ry Carborundum garne t flin t Al oxit e
,
,

, , , ,

etc . are to be fo un d in pract i call y e ve ry b ranch of man u

,

fac t urin g from t he s mal l coun try pl aning mill or machi n e

s hop to t he i mm e n s e furn i t ure factory or au tomobil e plant .

Large q uanti tie s are al s o con s um e d by t ann e ri e s and othe r

le athe r worke rs Comparative ly litt l e se e m s to be known
.

con cernin g t he manufact ure of the se s t apl e arti cl e s save ,

from t he me a ge r accoun t s gi ve n now an d the n by sal e sm e n .

All abras ive pape rs an d cl oth s are m ad e i n t he s am e man

ne r wi th t he e xc e pti on of abras i ve di s cs w hi ch will be
, ,

conside re d l at e r We c an e xpl ain t he proc es s foll owed by

.

t aki n g up t he s ubj e ct of garn e t pape r .

Whil e t he use of abrasi ve mat e ri al s date s from rem ot e

time s t he use of coate d pape r and cl oth is a comp arativel y
,

mode rn inn ovation Some t w o hun dre d ye ars ago it was

.

common practi ce for N e w E ngl and cabine t m ak e rs who

live d n e ar t he se a coas t to use t he dri e d s ki n s of dogfi sh
an d sh arks for s moothing w ood Any one who has had .

occasi on to deal wi th t he above nam e d fi sh in t he li ve st at e -

will admi t that their skin s ar e e xce l l e nt ab ras i ve s in a li te ral

The a bov e c hapte r is Pape r
a c on s ol ida t ion of t wo art i c l e s : A
“
b rasi ve

and Cl oth , b
ori ginall y pu l ishe d in The I ron Trade s ma n , an d The Se le ction
whi c h firs t appe a re d in The Wood Worker, t o whic h the
”
of Garne t Pape r,

wri te r has adde d some fu rthe r mat e rial c on ce rning the t e s t ing of abrasive
disc s .

1 66
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH E E LS

grai n is fi rmly e mbe dde d in a matri x The p ape r is now .

caught up on more s t icks wh e re it trave ls up and down t he

,

l ong dr yi n g room t he proce ss of dryin g be ing h as t e n e d by

,

care fu ll y re gu l at e d bl as t s of warm ai r The p ape r fin all y .

re a che s t he wi n d in g m achin e wh e re it i s w ound in roll s of

,

abou t fou r fe e t in di ame t e r F rom th e re i t goe s to t he

.
,

s torage room w h e re i t i s thorou ghl y age d b e fore b e in g se n t

,

to t he c utt in g room I t i s of t he utmos t import ance to

.

age t he p ap e r be fore p utt in g i t on t he m arke t as gree n ,

pape r as i t is t e rme d by t he man uf acture r is ve ry short

, ,

li ve d owi n g to t he fact that t he glue is not se t s ufli c ie n t ly

,

to hol d t he grai n fi rmly in pl ace .

F rom t he s tore room t he roll s go to t he cu tt in g room

, ,

whe re the y ar e p re p are d in m arke t abl e s iz e s con s i s t in g of ,

9 x 1 1 s h e e t s, in q u i re s an d r e a m s a n d 5 0 y a rd r o ll s of ,
-

various wi dths E me ry clo th is s ol d in 9 x 1 1 s h e e ts an d in

.

roll s 9 1 8 an d 2 7 in ch e s wi d e
,
The gri t s run from crocu s
.

to 3 E me ry p ape r i s s ome t ime s s ol d in roll s bu t ,

the re is more de mand for t hi s mate rial in s he e t form .

Carborun dum pape r c an be bought in both roll s an d re am s

in all gri t s from 20 to F F As t hi s mat e rial i s use d e x
.

t e n sive ly in t he boot and shoe in du s try for h e e l s courin g ,

he e l bre as ting an d fore p art buffing it is al s o c ut in odd s ize s

-

and s h ape s to fi t vari ous machin e s u se d for t he above pur

pose s Carborun dum cloth c an be had in all gri t s from

.

4 to F F in 9 1 8
, an d 2 4 i nch r o ll s or 9 x 1 1 s h e e t s .

The re are four kin d s of garn e t pape r kn own to t he t rade ,

as foll ows : Fin is hing p ape r u se d for ru bb in g v arni sh, ,

whi c h is mad e in all gri ts from 1 to 6 0 doubl e face d -

fini shi ng p ape r in t he same grit s which i s coat e d on both

, ,

si de s an d s t rippe d apar t as n e e de d t he gri t s be in g t he s ame ,

as for ordin ary fi ni s hi ng p ape r ; cabin e t p ape r (ordi n ary

s he e t garn e t p ape r) in n umbe rs from 3 to an d roll

p ape r in n umbe rs 3 to Roll p ap e r is fur n is he d in

s t and ar d wi dth s of 1 8 24 ,30 3 6 , 4 0 4 2 an d 4
, 8 i nch e s, , .

Garne t cloth is al ways run in roll s of 2 8 in che s wi de but ,

c an be had in an y de si re d wi dth The bulk of garn e t p ape r .

1 68
 ABRASIV E PAPE RS AN D CLOTH S

is use d in t he wood workin g indus t rie s but it al s o furni she s

-

an e xce ll e n t mate rial for fini s hi ng comp arativel y soft

me tal s s uch as alumin um coppe r ve ry s oft bras s e t c , , ,
.

Ordin ary s an d p ape r is made in t he s ame si ze s an d n umbe rs

-

as g arn e t p ape r and i s u se d princip all y for s moothi ng com

a

p ar a t i ve l y s oft w ood s In re am. fo rm i t i s s o l d i n e ve ry ,

hardware an d ge ne ral s tore throughout t he civi li ze d w orl d

to c us tome rs who de s ire a fe w s he e ts at a t ime .

Abras ive p ape r and cl o th ar e al s o made in di s c form for

fini s hi n g me t al s on t he di s c t ype of grinde r As t he back .

ing of thi s mat e rial is ve ry he avy an d t he coatin g e xtra ,

thi ck it is n ot p racticable to run i t off in mil e le n gt hs thus

, ,

i t is co at e d in lon g s t rip s of approxim at e l y 200 fe e t Afte r .

dryin g t he dis c s are c ut from t he s trips by me ans of he avy

,

die s in a hydrauli c p re s s Some make rs have proce sse s for

.

coat in g di s cs afte r the y are c ut to s hape t he B e s l e y di s cs ,

wi th t he s piral groove be in g a good e xamp le of thi s pract ice .

The m ajori ty of the se spe ci al me thod s are cove re d by p a te nt .

Con t rary to t he ge ne ral imp re ssion the re i s ve ry li tt le ,

profi t in t he m anufac turep f abras ive pape r and cl oth Th1s .

s t at e me nt i s n ot m ad e at random s impl y for t he sak e of ,

fillin g up space but from act ual obse rvat ion of t he man u
,

facture of t he product s in que s t ion The re fore t he wri ter s .

’

ad vi ce to t he con sumer who aims to use e fii c i e nt mat e ri al i s

to purchas e s t andard pric e d good s O wi ng to t he fact that t he .

margin of p rofi t is s mal l t he make r cannot c ut pri ce s to an y

,

e x t e n t and s upp ly hi gh q u ali t y mat e rial at t he s ame t ime

-
.

The s upe rinte ndent and t he purch asing age nt of any

conce rn whe re garnet pape r is used to any e x te nt are fre ,

quently int e rvi e we d by garne t pape r sale sme n As the -

.

s al e s man s d uty is to se ll good s e ach and e ve ry on e

’

, of ,

course has j us t the mate rial that will s ure ly re d uce produc
,

tion cos ts Thus the quast ion arise s : Whose pape r is t he

.

”
mos t e ffi cie nt 7 It is impossi ble to answer this que s tion off
hand but the re are a fe w simple te s ts tha t any man ufacture r
,

c an mak e in his s p are t ime and t he d at a thus obt ai n e d is

,

re liab l e .

1 69
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
An y on e conve rs an t wi th the worki ng of a thre e
who is
drum san de r re al ize s th at a machi ne of thi s type call s for a
pape r with a ve ry s trong backi ng ; othe rwi se t he pape r i s
li able to t e ar be fore t he grain is worn to a point of use le ss

Fi g.
5 8
.
— S impl e de vi c e for b
t e s t ing t he s tre ngt h of a ras ive papers .

ne ss To te s t the s t re ngth of t he backin g we c an proce e d

.

as foll ow s : Firs t a frame as shown at (A) Fig 5 8 i s sus .

pe nde d from a conve nie nt ove rhe ad timber The c ross .

1 7 0
 ABRASIVE S AN D ABRAS IV E WHE ELS

t his impurit y .

To ob t ai n t he pe rc e n t age of iron we mus t ma s ure e ach ,

p i le b y vo l u m
. e T hi s c a n b e d on e w i t h an y s mall re

c e pt ac le : an e m p t y 38 c ali be r c a rt ri dge s he ll will ans we r

~

t he p urpos e ve rv w e ll S uppos e we find nin e ty s he l lful s

.

of grain t hat w as un a t t rac t e d bv t he ma gne t and t e n t hat the

ma gn e t picke d u p In t his u se i t is e vi de n t t hat t he grai n
.
,

c on t ai n s 1 0 pe r ce n t of iron . If s ubse que n t t es t s of grai n

.

tak e n from anot he r make of pape r yie l d 1 5 pe r c e n t of iron . .

i t is appare n t t ha t t he firs t s am ple was of be t t e r qu ali t y .

The re s u l t s of t he se t e s t s shoul d als o be e n t e re d in t he not e

book for f ut ure re fe re n c e .

To t e s t t he w orki n g e fii ci e n c v of an y make of pa pe r is als o

a compara t ive l y s imp le ope ra t i on H e re w e ca n us e wh at .

“
t he s al e s man t e rms a fif t y fi ft y t e s t Le t i t be assu me d .

tha t we are u s in g be lts 1 8 fe e t long We c an make up a .

be l t com pose d of 9 fe e t of on e make of pa pe r and 9 fe e t

of an o t h e r ma ke . I t i s obvi ous t h at t he pape r that gi ve s
ou t fi rs t i s of t he poore r q uali t y A t e s t of this ki nd c ause s
.

t he s a le s man w ho Suppli e d t he p ape r of poore r q uali t y t o

s cra t ch his he ad i n pe rp le xi t y On the se occasi ons i t i s
.

up t o t he s ale s m an t o fram e a good e x cu se or re t ire from t he

fie l d as grace fu ll y as pos s ible We c an use t he same kin d

.

of a te s t on t he drum sand e r p rovi de d i t is of t he type that

,

—
t ak e s s t raight p ape r that i s not wound on t he drums ,

s pi ral ly
. B y cove ri n g h alf of e ach dr um wi th on e make of
pape r an d t he othe r hal f wi t h an othe r make we c an soon ,

arri ve at a d e fin i t e conc l u s ion .

The t e s t s h e re de sc ribe d whi ch are not kn own to e ve ry

,

use r of garn e t pape r we re bro ught to t he wri te r s not i ce

’
,

wh ile t rave l ing as a s ale s man for one of t he le adi ng garne t

pape r man ufact ure rs and t he dat a obt aine d from the m
c an be re lie d upon Any garn e t pap e r s al e s m an ca n cit e
.
-

n ume rous in s t an ce s whe re hi s goods h ave won out ove r

those of his compe t itors but he alway s ke e ps quie t c on
,

c e rn ing t he i n s t anc e s wh e re in he has fail e d This i s one .

1 7 2
 ABRASIV E PAPE RS AN D CLOTH S

re as on why it is a good pl an for t he con s ume r to work ou t

hi s ow n t e s t s in his own p lant e v e r b e arin g in min d t he
,

fact that cruci al t e s t s s houl d re s ul t in col d hard fi gure s ,

that have be e n obt ai n e d through act ual common s e n s e te s t s -

.

The practi ce of di s c grindin g has be come q uit e common

durin g t he l as t fifte e n ye ars an d has l e d di s c man ufact ure rs
to s upply the ir product s in man y diffe re n t abras ive s an d
combin ations of abras ive s for various purpo s e s F lin t .
,

quartz garn e t e me ry c orun dum Carborun dum Crys tol on

, , , , , ,

Alox i t e Al und um an d Adam i t e are t he pri n cipal abras ive s

,

e mpl oy e d for di s c grin din g .

Not wi ths t an din g this formi dabl e array t he se l e ction of ,

s uit abl e di s cs i s a s imp l e ope rat ion compare d w ith t he se l e c

Fig
.
59.
—G as-
b urner parts finishe d by disc grinding .

tion of gri nding whe e l s Grinding whe e l s are made in many

.

diff e re n t d e gr ee s of hardn e s s to s ui t vari ou s cl as s e s of w ork .

With gri n din g di s cs howe ve r t he fact or of grade as applie d

, ,

to grindin g w he e ls is whol ly e limin ate d All that i s me ce s .

sary i s to se l e c t an ab ras ive th at prove s s at i s factory t he

, ,

charact e r of t he fi nish de s ire d de t e rminin g t he grai n of the

dis c .

I 73
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH E E LS
To il lu s t rat e t he prin ciple us e d in t as t ing di s cs for e f
fi c i e n c y w e c an con s i der t he pie ce s s hown in F ig 5 9 wh ich
, .
,

are gas b urn e r part s m ad e of cas t iron me as urin g 5 inch e s

-

, ,

in di am e t e r The fi ni s he d s urfac e s m
. e a s ure 3 8 in ch acro ss

an d t he grin di n g i s don e from t he rou gh t he obj e ct be in g ,

to m ake a good join t in t he s hort e s t po s s ible time The .

grin din g ope rat ion is s hown in F ig 60 . .

H e re it i s s e e n that t he pie ce s to be grou nd are he l d by a

re t ain in g d e vi ce an d al s o that the y are w e i ght e d The .

Fi g . 6o.
—G rinding gas -
bu nr er part s on a horiz onta l dis c grinder-
.

obj e ct of to in sure a good cont act The

t he we i ght s is . .

fin al fi nis h in g i s s ome t im e s done by h and as s hown .

To d e t e rmin e t he gri n di n g co s t wi th a gi ve n m ake of di s c .

it i s on ly n e c e ss ary to n ot e t he cos t of t he dis c i t s l ife an d ,

t he numbe r of pie c e s groun d F rom thi s dat a t he gri nding

.

cos t pe r hu n dre d pie ce s is e as ily comput e d .

To obt ai n t he be s t re s ul t s t he abras ive m us t of cours e

, , ,

be s uit e d to t he work an d while i t i s a we ll kn own fact that

,
-

flin t and quartz are s uit abl e for s oft wood garn e t for hard ,

wood e me ry for rough s t e e l gri n di n g whe re a du rab le d is c

,
-

is re q uire d corund um A loxit e an d Alu n dum for s t e e l an d

, , ,

1 74
 CHAPTE R S I X TE E N

S U RFACE G RI N D I NG

—
Finishing work by s urfac e grinding D e ve lopme n t of t he surfac e gri nding
—
mac hin e Finis hing loc om ot i ve gu ide ars — b
Rota ry gri nding fixt ure
Wh e e l spe e ds Cu ts Di e grinding H ow die s are he ld G ri ndi ng
— — — —
—
punc he s C re of whee ls
— — —
M agn e t ic c huc ks D e m agne t iz e rs Prope r
a —T
whe e l s e lec t i on for s urfac e grin di ng ype s of surfac e -

gri n di ng mac hi n e s
— Sta n da rd whe e l l is t .

ANY ye ars ago afte r t he grin din g whee l be c ame a

,

comme rcial possibi lity one of t he firs t us e s to whi ch

,

i t was put as i de from tool gri ndin g w as a s imp l e ki nd of

, ,

“ ”
s urfac e gri n ding c all e d in s hop l an guage s pot grind ing .

Thi s ope rati on whil e comparati ve l y simpl e is prod u cti ve

, ,

of accurate re s ult s an d is us e d at t he pre s e n t time i n finis h ing

ce rt ai n ki nds of gauge s an d oth e r work whe re e x tre me
accuracy as re gard s paral l e lis m is d e s i re d The ope rat ion .

i s ill us trat e d in F ig 6 1 The ope rator is grindin g a di e b y

. .

p assing t he work b ack an d forth und e r t he whee l If t he .

plan e upon which the work slide s is a fl at surface it foll ows .

that true pl an es will be ground on t he work .

Fig 6 2 ill us trate s a s e t of accurat e siz e blocks as us e d by

.

tool make rs an d machinis t s who work to c los e l imi t s Aft e r

-
.

harde ning gauge s of t hi s kind are ofte n finish e d paral l e l

,

by spot grin din g l e avi n g a ve ry small amoun t for fi n al

,

lappin g on e ach s urface The amount l e ft for t he fi n al

.

finis hi n g is ge n e rall y o ooo 2 in ch on e a ch s u rf ace

. .

At t he top of t he ill us t rat ion i s s hown t he fix ture use d for

hol di ng t he bl ocks w hil e grin din g This con si s t s of a fl at .

base e q uippe d with t wo pin ch cl amps for firml y hol d in g t he

w ork an d forc in g it down w ard at t he s ame t ime The s lot .

1 7 6
 SURFACE GRIN D ING

Fig 6 1
. .
—S pot -

grindi ng a blanking di e .

Fig
. 62 — Ac curat e s iz e blo ks fini he d by spot g inding and fixt u
c s r re for
holding t he m in t he gri nding operat ion .

I 77
 AB RASI V E S AN D AB RASIVE “
H EE LS

s e e n a t t he fron t is fo r t he ac c om moda t ion of t he m ic rome t e r

so t h at t he o pe ra t or c a n m e as ure t he w ork wi t hou t t a kin g

it ou t of t he fix t ure .

F ig 63 illu st rat e s a t ool ma ke r s s q uare t he bas e of w hi ch

'
-
.
,

w as fi n i s he d by s pot grindin g The w he e l ma rks are pl ai n l y .

se e n on t he w or k . Th e w he e l marks le ft by his proce s s t

are verv s l i ght and a true su rface is ass u re d if t he o pe ra t o r

t ake s t i me e n ough t o pas s all part s o f t he surfatx un d e r t h e

make r s sq uare
’
Fig 63 4
. .
pot -

g oun d
r t ool -
.

whe e l se ve ral t ime s ,

in fact
parks bu t u n t il t he whe e l s

faint ly I n F ig 6 4 is s hown a cylin de r an d s te am che s t for a

. .

mode l marine e n gin e The top of t he cyli n de r t he top and

.
,

bottom s urfa ce s of t he s t e a m che s t an d t he un de r s urfac e of

t he s t e a m ch e s t cove r we re fini s he d by s pot grin din g wi t h
t he obj e ct of maki n g a s t e am t ight j oin t wi thou t us i n g -

packin g .

The fe w il lu s t rat io n s s hown wil l brin g to t he mi n d of

t he pract ical me chan i c n um erou s in s t an ce s w he re s pot
gri n din g c an be us e d on work whe re accurat e s urface s are
n e ce s s ary The proc e ss is s impl e and c an be carrie d out on
.

a n y m achi n e e q ui ppe d wi th a gri ndin g whe e l an d a t ab l e .

The whe e l s u se d for t hi s Ope ratio n s houl d be me dium s oft

i n gra de The grit u s e d d e pe n ds on t he fi ni s h de s ire d
. .

F or die grin di n g as s hown i n F i g 6 1 a grit as coars e as 36

, .
,

1 78
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EE LS
obse rve d s uch a machi ne modifi e d in thi s manner at t he
B al dwi n Locomotive Works Phil ade l phia The whe e ls us e d
, .

we re Al oxi te in s he ll ac bon d .

The machin e j us t de s cri be d is t he forerunner of t he pre s

e nt day face grin di ng ma chin e or si de s urface r as i t is oft en
- -

call e d The si de surface r was firs t e xt e nsive l y us ed for

.

grin di ng l ocomoti ve gui de bars bu t of late years it has be e n ,

Fig 6 5 . .
— Locomot ive guide -
bar lapping mac hine .

a dapte d to a lar ge vari e ty of s urfac e g rin ding ope rati on s -

.

A modern fa ce grindi n g m achi n e is ill u s t rat e d in Fi g 6 6

-
. .

Thi s machin e is a product of t he D i amon d M ac hi n e Cc .

,

Provi de n ce R I , It carrie s a ring w he e l 30 inch e s in

. .

di am e te r 6 inche s wi de wi th a 2 6 in ch hole
, Thi s gi ve s a -
.

worki ng s urface of 2 in che s The w he e l is mount e d in a

.

s u bs t an t ial chu ck t he body of w hi ch is c as t iro n ;

, turn e d
all ove r to in s u re a pe rfe ct ru n nin g b al an ce The bod y .

of t he chu ck is t ape re d on t he ou ts i de an d i s s l otte d s o th at

i t m ay be re a dily compre s se d b y me an s of a s t e e l ring
whi ch is drawn u p on t he t ape r by me an s of bol t s The .

chuck is e quippe d wi th a backi n g pl at e b ack of t he w he e l , .

The obj e ct of t he b acki n g pl at e is t o brin g t he w h e e l face

forward as it we a rs aw ay B y t hi s arran ge me n t t he wh e e l
.
,

—
c a n be us e d down to a thi ckn e s s of 1 1 4 i nch e s wi th pe rfe ct

s afe ty . Chu cks of this ki n d al s o in s ure t he wh e e l again st

fl yi n g in c as e it i s a cci de n t al ly fr act ure d The m achi n e is .

e quippe d wi th a circ u l at in g pump w hi ch flood s t he work

1 80
 SURFACE G RIN D IN G

wi th wat e r obj e ct be in g to c arry away dus t an d to

, t he
ke e p down fri ct ion al he at .

The ope rat ion of grin ding gui d e bars is comparative ly

s imple The work is s trappe d to t he pl at e n of t he m achi n e
.

Fig 66
. .
— M odern face gri nding mac hine or s ide surface r
.

as s hown in F i g 6 7 and au tomati cal ly fe d b ack an d

. forth
unde r t he whe e l u n t il t he de s ire d fi ni s h is acquire d .

New gui de bars as th e y come from t he pl ane r are

, ,

ge n e ral ly fi nis he d by grindin g as t he grinding whe e l impart s

a s mooth s urface for t he cro s s h e a d g i bs to sli de u pon
-
If .

t he work is pl ane d wi th a coarse fe e d whi ch l e ave s d e e p ,

tool m arks s o much t he be tt e r be c ause thi s condi tion h e lps

, ,

to ke e p t he whe e l true and fre e cutt in g .

B y t he tim e a l ocomoti ve come s to t he s hop for a ge ne ral

ove rh aulin g t he gui de bars oft e n re quire re fini shi ng owi n g
, ,

to t he fact th at t he pre ss ure brought to be ar on the m th rough

t he cro s s he ads > by t he act ion of t he m ain rods we ars th e m
,

out of a t rue plane

-

This we ar in s ome cas e s IS as gre at as

.
, ,

1 81
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
in ch . The y
c are fully lin e d up on t he pl at e n of
are

t he gu i de bar gri n de r an d groun d until t he we aring s urfac e

-

pre s e n t s a tru e plan e G uide bar grindin g is on e of t he

.
-

firs t in s t an ce s whe re t he grin di n g w he e l s howe d a di s t inct

s a ving ove r oth e r m e thod s in t he rail roa d s hop .

In con s i de ri n g s i de s urfa ci n g in ge ne ral it s houl d be ,

“
b orn e in min d that machine s of thi s type cannot hog ofl
s tock as rapi dl y as c an a pl an e r or mill e r On ce rt ai n ope r .

Fig . 67 — Loc omot ive gui de bar in posi t ion for grinding
. .

at ion s , howe ve r t he si de s urface r s hows high e ffi c ie n cy

,

ove r machi n e s e quip pe d wi th cu ttin g tool s .

I n F i g 6 8 i s s hown a varie ty of w ork t h at i s admirably

.

a d apt e d for fi ni s hi n g on t he s i de s u rf ace r The pi e c e s s hown .

are fl as ks fl as k s i de s he a ds cas e s cov e rs hood s lathe

, , , , , ,

l e gs col umn s gu ards e t c

, , F rom t he d e s i gn of the s e pi e c e s
, .
,

i t is re adi ly s e e n th at the y do n ot le n d the m s e l ve s re a dil y

t o millin g or pl an i n g ope rat io n s It i s on work of t his kin d
.

‘
that t he s i de s urface r s how s e fli c ie n c y I n fi nis hi n g w ork .

of thi s ki n d on t he m il l e r or pl an e r it is n e ce s s ary to s trap ,

t he p ie c e s s e cure ly i n pl ace Pi e ce s of comp arat ive ly thi n

.

s e ct i on are o ft e n s pru n g ou t of s h ape by thi s proce du re ,

ca us e d by t he s train s s e t up in cl ampi n g adj u s t in g th e m

, ,

s e l ve s aft e r t he cl amp s are re l e as e d .

On t he s id e s urfac e r con di ti on s are m ore favorabl e be

,

c au s e work doe s n ot h ave to be he l d as s e c ure ly for grin d

in g ope rat ion s as it doe s wh e n it i s to be fin i s h e d wi t h
1 82
 m £2961 5 AN D AB RASIV E WH EE L S

Fig 69
. .
—R o t ary grinding fi xture for use on t he s ide s urfac e r .

of pie c e s . I n Fi g . hown t he ope rat ion of faci n g

7 0 is s

g e a r
-
c as e c o ve rs Th e s e are m ad e of al umi n u m an d
.
3 32
i nc h is al lo we d fo r fin is hing As t he ill us t rat ion s ho w s
.
,

fo ur c o ve rs are s e t o n t he m achine at one s e tt ing bein g ,

he ld i n s pe c ial fixt ure s .

1 84
 SURFACE G RIN D IN G

An int e re s ting grindin g ope ration is ill us trate d in Fig 7 1 . .

This work con sis t s of fi nis hi ng al umin um crank c as e s for

airpl an e e n gi n e s The wo rk is cl ampe d in s peci al fixt ures
.

an d 1 / 8 i n ch i s al l o we d for finis hi ng . The f ces thus

s ur a

Fig 7 0 — Fini s hi n ea r c ase c overs on t he s ide s urface r

g g
-
. . .

fi nis he d quire no sc raping an d in asse mbling the y are

re

p u t tog e th e r w i th a t hi n p ape r g as ke t a n d s h e ll ac .

A pie ce diffic ul t to machi n e by ordin ary me thods is

ill ust rat e d in F ig 7 2 This i s a ge ar cas e cove r use d on
. .
-

tractors It i s he l d i n t he fix t ure s hown and rapi dl y fini sh e d

.

i n a s atis fact ory m an n e r .

To s ucce s s fully fi n i s h work on t he s i de s urf ace r i s not a

diffic ul t ope rat ion if t he ope rator p ay s due att e nti on to a
fe w s imple factors The whe e l s ho ul d b e run at t he sp e e d
.

re comm e nde d by t he grinding m achi n e m an u fact ure r In-

.

t he c as e of t he 30 inch w h e e l on t he m achi n e s hown i n

-

F i g 66 t he corre ct s pe e d is 5 00 re vol ut i on s pe r min u t e

.
, .

Ple n ty of wat e r s houl d be us e d as thi s ke e ps down t he

frict ion al he at an d aids mat e rially in impart in g a good
“
fi nis h . Al s o t he whe e l s houl d be ke pt s harp by fre q ue nt
,

1 85
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS

Fig
.
7 1
.
—S urfac i ng airpl ane e ngi ne e rank c ases on the side s urfac er
.

Fig 7 2
. .
—G inding a g
r ear c as e cove r on
-
the side surfac er .

1 86
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E L S
As pre viousl y s t ate d di e s are ofte n groun d by spot
,

gri ndi ng as s hown in Fig 6 1 and this practic e produce s .

good re s ul t s whe re t he di e gri ndi ng is of an inte rmi tte n t

n ature The whe e l use d for thi s work assuming that t he
.
,

di e i s made of h ar de ne d st e e l sh oul d be made of an al u min a

,

abras i ve an d s houl d be run at a su rfac e spe e d of approxi

,

mate l y fe e t pe r min u te The grade shoul d be me di um

.

s oft and for ordi n ary p urpose s 36 gri t gi ve s good re s u l t s

, , .

Whe re an e xtra nice finish is de sire d on s mall die s for

-

e xample a whe e l in fin e r gri t c an be u se d to advant age

, .

As Fi g 6 1 sh ows t he w ork i s gro un d dry

.
, F or this .

re as on t he c ut t ak e n is g
, e n e rally comp arat i ve ly li gh t ,

abou t inch The w ork se l dom be come s u n du ly he ate d

.

owi ng to t he fact th at t he pl ate n of t he machin e ab s orb s

t he h e at from t he die n e arl y as fas t as it i s ge n e ra t e d .

Punche s are ground in t he s ame m an n e r as di e s wi th t he

e xce pt ion th at the y mu s t b e h e l d i n a sp e ci al hol d e r in

case s whe re the ir s h anks are made int e gral .

The u se of t he machi n e j ll S L con si de re d i s some wh at

l imi t e d as i t p rod u ce s fl at pl ane s onl y wh e re a s man y kin ds
, ,

of die s e spe ci all y those us e d for punchi n g comp arat ive ly

,

thi ck me t al shoul d be ground to give a s he aring c u t To

, .

accomp li s h t hi s i t i s n e c e ss ary from a practical point of

,

vi e w to ut ili z e a machine on whi ch t he work c an be firml y

,
‘

fas te ne d and fe d b ack and forth unde r the whe e l .

The machi n e ill us t rat e d in Fig 7 3 is a B rown Sh arpe

.

—
n um be r 2 s urface grin de r a machi n e that is wi de l y us e d for
s harp e n ing die s an d for t he ge n e ral run of s urfac e grin d in g -

work . It wi ll accommodate wo rk 1 8 in che s l ong 6 in che s ,

wi d e an d 9 inche s high whe n usin g a w he e l 7 inche s i n

diame te r The longi tu di n al t rave l of t he pl ate n is controlle d
.

by dogs that actuate t he re ve rsi n g l e ve r and t he plate n

s addl e c an be fe d i n from to inch a t e ach re ve rs al
of t he p l ate n .

The s imple s t manne r in whi ch to hold a d1e for grin din g ,

in case s whe re a fl a t s urface on ly i s de s ire d i s to grip i t in ,

t he vi s e wi t h w hi ch t he mac hi ne is provide d Thi s pract ice .

,

1 88
 SURFACE GRIN D IN G

howe ve r is not always p rod uctive of t he be s t re s ul ts

,

b e caus e i t is s ome t ime s almos t impos sible to hol d t he w ork

l e ve l in thi s mann e r .

F or thi s re as on many me ch an ic s pre fe r to s t rap t he die

,

dire ctly to t he plate n of t he machin e as ill us trat e d in F ig

, .

Fig 7 3
.
— B rown 8: Sharpe aut omat ic surface grinder
.

74 . If t he bottom of t he die is groun d fl at aft e r h arde n ing ,

i t is obvi ous that thi s surface c an be u se d for l ocatin g in

s u b s e q ue n t grin ding ope rat ion s to bri n g abou t accu rat e

re s u l t s In Fig 7 4 A is t he die B t he pl ate n of t he s urface

. .
, ,

grinde r C t he grin ding whe e l D t he s t raps that gri p the

, ,

work an d E t he backing s t rap s again s t whi ch t he s trap s D

,

be ar The s t rap s D ac t as pinch cl amp s an d the ir downward

.

thru s t s e at s t he die fi rmly again s t t he p late n of t he machine .

1 89
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
Wh e re comparative ly thi ck me t al is to be pie rce d i t is ,

c ommon p ract i ce to s he ar t he face of t he die as s how n in

Fig 7 5 w he re in A i s t he die B t he pun ch an d C t he me t al

.
, , ,

t o be pie rce d The double t ap e r imp art e d to t he face of

.

F ig 7 4
. .
—H ol din
g a bl
ankin g di e in pos i t ion for gri nding .

t he di e ows i t to c ut t he me tal wi th a s he aring act ion

al l

w hi ch re lie ve s t he punch p re ss of con si de rabl e s t rain .

A fix ture for hol ding di e s that are to be ground wi th a

s h e are d face i s i l lu s t rat e d in Fi g 7 6 Th is con sis t s of a
. .

b ase cas t ing (A) and a di e hol de r ( B ) The hol de r swi ve ls on .

Fig 7 5 . .
—B lanlnng di e°

wi t h a sheare d face .

t he pin ( C) an d i s desire d po si tion by the bol ts

l ocke d in t he
( D ) On e of t he l ugs on t he base is graduate d in degree s
.

for re ady se tting as s hown at ( E ) The re ce ss i n the hol de r.

i s machin e d at an an gle to corre s pond to that of t he di e

1 90
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRAS IV E WH E E LS
'

In thi s cas e
p un ch is groun d t o give the s he ar in s t e ad
, t he
of the die The l ower part of t he pun ch hol de r s how n in
.

Fig 7 7 is machin e d t o ac c omm oda t e t he fixtu re s how n i n

.

Fi g 7 6
. Thi s is for t he purpos e of grin din g s he are d face s
.

on punches the pun ch bl oc k be ing he l d in t he posi ti on

,

F ig 77.
— F ix t ure for hol di ng ta pe re d shank pun c he s for gri n ding
.
-
.

usuall y occ upie d by dies an d t he bas e of t he fix t ure

t he ,

swi ve l e d to im p art t he de s i re d she ar to t he p u n ch .

Di e grin ding in i t se lf i s a comparative ly si mple ope rati on

that doe s not cal l for the se rvi ce s of a ski lle d tool mak e r -
.

As a matt e r of fact at the pre s e nt time di e grin ding is

, ,

done in man y plan ts by wome n who do n ot pre te n d to

be ski ll e d mec han i cs All that is n e c e s s ary is to un de rs tand
.

t he fundame ntal principles of su rface gri n din g and to e xe r

cise due care to see that t he de pth of c u t an d t he cross
fe e d is not h eavy e nou gh to cause t he wh e e l to burn t he
edge s of t he di e .

In ordin ary di e grin ding if done dry whi ch is t he usual

, ,

cu s tom t he de pth of c ut sh oul d be from

, to in ch
an d t he cros s fe e d inch for e ach re ve rsal of t he pl ate n .

Thi s i s a ge n e ral rul e .

The whe e l s u se d for die gri n di n g shoul d be made of

al umin a abras ive s an d th e y sh oul d be qui t e soft an d coarse .

‘9’
I .
 SURFACE GRI ND IN G
’
G rad e s 3 4 an d 5 in t he wri te r s propo s e d
,
grade s cal e are

ge n e ral ly furnis he d in gri t s from 36 to 46 .

At the firs t s ign of glazing t he whe e l shoul d be true d wi th

,

a di amon d tool The e asie s t me thod for truin g the whe e l

.

on a su rface grin di ng machin e is to clamp t he di amond

-

tool in t he vi s e wi th whi ch t he machin e i s e quippe d and ,

fee d the di amon d pas t the wh e e l by me an s of t he cross

fee d .

Di e gri n ding i s s ome time s don e we t whi ch practice of , ,

course e xpe di te s producti on as t he wat e r kee p s down the

,

fricti on al he at I n we t grinding both the de pth of c ut an d

.
,

t he amoun t of cros s fe e d c an be mat e riall y i n cre as e d The .

machin e ill u s t rat e d in Fi g 73 c an be e quippe d wi th a we t

.

gri n di ng att achm e n t whe re in wate r i s supplie d to the whe e l

by me an s of a spe ci al whe e l gu ard throu gh piping by a , ,

ce ntrifu gal p ump imm e rs e d in a t an k s upport e d by a bracke t

from t he floor The wate r i s c aught by a w ork t an k pro
.

vi de d wi th a hood an d sp l ash gu ard s an d re t urn e d to a

s e tt ling pan throu gh a fle xib l e di s ch arge pip e .

On the large r t yp e s of s urface gri nding machi n e s the work

-

s houl d be ground we t un de r p racti call y al l con di t ion s The .

re as on for thi s lie s in t he fact th at t he comp arati ve l y large

whe e l s us e d cre at e more frict ion in proport ion th an do small e r

on e s A surface grindin g m achi ne of t he type in que s tion
.
-

having provi sion for an ample water suppl y is illus trate d ,

i n Fig 7 8 M ac hi ne s of thi s t yp e gi ve e xce lle n t res ul t s on

. .

he avy di e work such as se cti on s of large blanking di e s ,

whi ch owing to the ir n ature cannot be made from a soli d

, ,

piec e of s te e l an d for grin ding l arge su b pre ss di e s such as

,
-

are u se d for b l anking arma ture di s c s Th e se large s urface

.

grin di n g machin e s gi ve e con omical re s ul t s as t he de pth of

c u t an d t he t rave rs e fe e d c an be mat e ri all y i ncre as e d wh e n

compare d wi th s maller surface grinding machin e s Thi s i s

-
.
,

of course owin g to t he he avi er con s truction throu ghou t and

,

al s o to t he fact th at a l arge r wh e e l is u se d Surface gri n ding .

in ge n e ral was gi ve n a de ci de d impe tu s some 2 5 ye ars ago

by t he in troduction of t he magne tic chu ck by me ans of ,

1 93
 AB RASIV ES AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
whi ch flat work is dil y l oc ate d for grinding The mag
re a .

n e t ic chu ck offe rs t he addi t i on al advant age of hol di ng flat

work s e cure ly wi thou t d an ge r of spri n gi n g .

Fig .
7 8 —
.S urfac e -

gri n di ng mac hi ne havi ng provision for we t gri ndi ng .

A magne ti c chu ck made by t he H e al d M achi ne Co i s .

ill us trat e d in Fig 7 9 It has a workin g s urface 1 3 inche s

. .

l on g an d 6 inch e s wide an d i s e quippe d wi th ve rt i cal ad

,

j u s t ab l e s i d e an d e n d s top s for l oc at ing t he w ork Th es e .

pre ve n t t he thrus t of t he grin di ng wh e e l from forcing t he

w ork off t he ch u ck The fron t e dge of t he workin g s urf ace
.

i s provi de d wi th a T slot t he obj e ct of whi ch i s to ae com ,

m odat e s top s fin ge rs re t ai n e r s t rip s e t c

, ,
accordi ng to , .
,

t he n at ure of t he work h an dle d .

Fi g s 80 an d 81 il lus trate special typ e s of magn e t ic chu c k s

.

de s i gne d by t he H eal d Company The one shown in Fig . .

80 has a t ape r bas e whi ch i s adj u s t ab le for fi nishi ng t ape re d

w ork su ch as ke y s we dges e t c ,
The b ase plate is pivote d
, .

a t the l e ft hand e nd an d has an adj u s t in g s cre w clamping

-

. ,

1 94
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
bol t and graduation s at t he right han d e n d The grad ua
,
-

tion s show t he t ape r in de gre e s an d in in che s pe r foot This .

chuck is al so provi de d wi th a s wive l adj u s tme n t for grinding

com po und an gle s .

The chu ck sho wn in Fi g 81 has a s wive l base t he ax i s of

.
,

which run s l e n gt hwi se through t he ce n te r of t he chu ck .

The swive l plate i s provi de d wi th trun ni on s whi ch are clampe d

to hol d t he chu ck at t he angle de sire d Thi s is indi ca te d .

by graduation s at t he right hand e n d The b as e pl at e is

-
.

in on e cas ting whi c h s upport s t he chuck at both e nd s .

Thu s t he outfi t is se lf con t ai ne d

-
.

B oth the s e ch uck s le n d the m s e l ve s admirabl y to a dive r

s i t y of tool room an d oth e r work whi ch oth e rwi se wo ul d
-

re q ui re sp e ci al fix ture s or se tt in g up de vi c e s -
.

A prop e rl y de sig ne d an d con s t ruct e d magne t ic chu ck

s hou l d de magn e t i z e as s oon as t he cu rre n t i s turn e d off ,

bu t to as si s t in t he re moval of work h avi n g comp arative l y

Fig 82
.
— D emagn e t iz ing swit c h for us e wit h magn e t ic c huc k s .

large contact surface s a de magn e t i zing swi tch i s of gre at

,

ass i s t anc e Thi s i s due to th e fact th at after t he curre n t

.

i s turne d off t he work re t ai n s a ce rt ai n am oun t of mag

,

n e t is m
. T8offse t an d ne u tral ize this force a de magn e t i zing ,

swi tch as s hown in Fi g 82 is e mpl oy e d. Thi s d e vi ce i s .

fi tte d at on e e n d wi th con t act poin t s whi ch cl os e t he circui t

an d m agn e tize the ch uck for ope rat ion At t he oppos i t e .

1 96
 (SURFACE GRIN D ING

e nd, i t is provi de d wi th con tact poin t s h avin g a re ve rs ing

spring for de magn e t i zing p urpo s e s B y throwing t he h an dle
.

to t he le ft t he chu ck re ce ive s t he c urre nt pe rman e n tl y

,

an d by thro wi ng i t to t he right m akin g on l y an in s t an t s

’

con tact be twe e n t he bl ade s of t he s wi tch t he de magn e t iz ing

,

e ffe c t i s prod uc e d
. Af t e r t hi s t he work c an be re move d
,

re a dily from t he face of t he chu ck .

All work th at i s grou nd on a magn e t i c chu ck i s bound to

re t ai n a s m all am ount of m agn e t i s m wh ich oft e n prove s

Fig 83
.
— H eal d de m agn e t iz
. er .

de tri me nt al o win g to t he fact th at small p art icles of me t al

,

a re th e re by attract e d . M agn e t i ze d p ie ce s are re adil y

de magne t iz e d by t he de vi ce s ho wn in Fi g 83 The s t e e l . .

p late s s e e n at t he t op of t he c ase are t he poles of magne t s

con tain e d in t he box Th e s e e le ctro magn e t s are e ne rgi z e d
.
-

by conn e ct ing to an al te rn atin g curre nt circui t The rapi d

-
. .

re ve rs al s of pol ari ty produ ce d by t hi s ki nd of curre n t ,

re move all t rac e s of magn e t is m by si mp ly p as s i ng t he w ork

a fe w t ime s across t he s t e e l p l at e s .

I n i n s t alli n g and ope rat ing m agn e ti c chu cks t wo im ,

port an t factors shoul d be born e in mi n d Firs t t he vol t age .

,

for whi ch t he chu ck i s wound s houl d corre spon d to t he

vol t age in t he circui t to whi ch t he chuck is to be conn e ct e d .

If t he volt age in t he lin e i s too hi gh for t he ch uck t he l atte r ,

will be b urne d out and if the vol t age is too l o w t he ch uck ,

wil l n ot r e t ain t he work .

Se con d magn e ti c chucks can n ot be ope rate d on al t e rn at

,

I O7
 ABRASIVE S AND ABRASIVE WH EE LS
in g nt be cause t he rapi d re ve rs al of polari ty produ ce d
c urre

by such c urre nts gi ves t he poles or magne ts of t he chu ck

n o pe rma n e n t h ol din g powe r Thus in e ases whe re dire c t
.
,

cu rre n t is n ot available i t shou l d be ge nerate d by a small

,

ge ne rator dri ve n by t he lin e shaft in g .

Fig .
—
84 G rinding work wi t h irre gular
. c ontour on t he s urfac e gri n de r .

A B rown Sharpe c grin de r

s urf a e ppe d wi th a m ag
e qui

n e t ic chuck is ill us trat e d in Fi g 84 It i s se e n that the

. .

pie ce s ground are of irre gu lar s h ape an d it is on w ork of thi s

ki n d in p art icul ar that t he m agne tic chuck s hows e ffi cie n cy
w h e n use d on t he surface grinde r The pie c e s shown e n te r
.

in to t he con s t ru ct i on of shoe machin e ry whi ch i s ve ry ,

1 98
 A B RAS I VE S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
In a cce ptin g thi s s t ate me n t i t is un de rs tood of cours e , .

th at t he op e rator u se s t he whole face of t he whe e l That .

is he has not true d away p art of i t wi th t he diamon d

, ,

whi ch pract ice for s ome un known re as on is foll owe d i n

, ,

s ome s hop s .

If t he full face of t he whe e l is use d and t he grade se e ms

too s oft t he re me dy is to subs tit u t e a whe e l one half or
,

one grad e h arde r or to u se a wh e e l i n combin at ion gri t .

The se combin at ion gri t whe e l s h ave re markabl e s i zin g

powe r an d are pre fe rre d by many who h ave made a care ful
s t u d y of t he u n de rlyi n g p rincipl e s of gri ndi n g The wh e e l .

use d on t he m achi ne s hown in F ig 84 is in combi n at i on .

g r i t w i th 2 4 gri t as a b as i s .

If howe ve r too h ard a grade is us e d t he whee l wi ll

, , ,

s oo n fi ll u p an d m ay bu rn t he work If t he work app e ars .

und u ly hot s o hot t he h and c an n ot be he l d upon i t i t i s

, ,

ge ne rall y a sign that t he whe e l i s ove rh e at in g I n s ome .

in s t an ces min ut e b l ack spot s are s e e n on t he w ork whi ch

, ,

i s a s ure s ign of burn in g .

Some ope rators are unde r t he impres s ion th at a fin e gr ai n -

whe e l is ne ce ss ary for produ ci ng a s mooth fin ish Th i s .

s upposi t ion howe ve r is e rron e ous For t he ordin ary run

, , .

of tool room surface grin di ng 46 gri t is fin e e n ough although

-

whe e l s as fin e as 60 gri t are s ome times u se d on ve ry s m all

work . Fin e gri t wh e e l s c ut slow an d for thi s re as on are
not e conom i cal in t he l ong run A wh e e l in coars e r gri t .
,

wi th i t s full face u tilize d will be found to gi ve a s at isfactory

,

fini sh if i t is t rue d p rope rly .

Whe n a whe e l chatte rs the cause c an be t race d to two

,

s ource s E i the r t he whe e l is too hard or t he sp indle be ar

.

in gs are l oo se Chatt e rin g c au s e s a wavy spe ckle d ap

.
,

p e a ra n c e o n t h e w ork re a dil y d,e t e c t e d by any m e ch an i c .

The re me dy i s fi rs t to t ak e u p any sl ack in t he spindle

,

be ari n gs an d if chatt e rin g i s s till in e vi de nce atte nt ion ,

shoul d be p ai d to t he grad e of t he wh e e l .

The machi ne s hown in F ig 85 re p re s e nt s anothe r type .

of s urface grin de r It is a prod uct of t he H e al d M achi ne

.

2 00
 SURFACE GRIN D IN G

Co . an d c all e d a ring an d s urface grinde r I n s hop lan

is .

gu age howe ve r the s e machi ne s are ge ne ral ly re fe rre d to

, ,

as pis ton ri ng grind e rs

-
owi n g to t he fact that the y are
,

wi de ly use d for grindin g t he si de s of p i s ton ri n gs .

Fig 85 — G rindin H e al d ring and s urfac e grinde r

. .
g pi s t o n rings on a .

B ri efly de s cribe d t he mai n frame of the machin e c arrie s

,

a ve rt i cal s p i n dl e upon w hi ch a magn e t i c chu ck i s moun t e d .

The sp in dle is adj us t able up an d down to accommod at e

a n d s iz e diffe re nt thi ckne s s e s of worl and is provi de d ~

wi th microme t e r adj us tme n t for cl os e s e tt ing The upp e r .

p ar t of t he m a i n fram e s u pp o rt s a cro ss h e ad wh i ch carrie s

t he wh e e l spi n dle A n ove l fe at ure of this machi n e i s th at

.

a n adj u s tme nt is provi de d to e n ab l e t he whe e l to gri nd

t ape re d as we ll as flat s urface s This adj us tme nt i s of .

20 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
gre at val ue in grin din g s uch work as mil lin g saws whi ch
s houl d be thi nn e r at t he ce nt e r than at t he periphery t o

give t he proper working cl earan ce .

A l arge r machin e buil t on t he sam e prin cipl e is sh o wn in

Fi g 86 As t he illu s trat ion s ho ws thi s machi n e is e quippe d
. .
,

for we t grindin g Th e se machine s wi ll grind any ki n d of

.

— H e ald rotary s urfac e i for we t grinding

Fig 86. .
gr n der arran ge d .

fl at work wi thi n t he cap aci ty of t he chucks bu t are e spe ci ally

,

ad apt e d for fi n i s hin g ro un d w ork such as p is ton rin gs ,

thru s t coll ars milli n g cu tte rs e t c

, , .

I n comp arin g rot ary surface grin de rs wi th surface grind

e rs of t he re ci proc at ing type i t i s se e n th at in t he forme r
, ,

t he wh e e l cove rs t he e nt ire s urface of t he work be in g groun d

in m u ch le ss time th an i t doe s i n t he latt e r F or thi s re ason.
,

t he s izi ng powe r of t he wh e e l i s mat e rially incre a se d .

20 2
 AB RAS IV E S AN D ABRASIV E W HE E LS
e ss ary ow in g to t he fact th at t he diame te r of t he w h e e l u se d
is s uffi cie n t to cov e r t he whol e wi dth of t he pl at e n .

The m achine c arrie s a whe e l 1 4 in ch e s in diam e t e r wi th

a 1 i n c h fa c e
.
-
The ri m is r 1
.
— in che s which gi ve s a 1 1
,

i nch h ole The whe e l is mou n t e d in a s p e ci al hol d e r

.
.

be dde d in hot s he llac an d he l d s e cu re ly by me an s of cl amps .

The whe e l s pe e d is re vol u t i o n s a min ut e .

The p rob le m of l oc at ing t he work i s re d uce d to a mi nim um

owi n g t o t he fact th at t he machine is e q uippe d wi th a
mag ne t ic ch uck B y me an s of rot ary chucks this machine
.
,

is able to hand le both pl ain and circul ar grin ding Th e se .

chucks are m ade both magne t ic an d non magn e tic N on -

.

m agn e t ic ch uc ks are u se d for l oc at in g work that is n ot

Fig 88 — Pla in
. . rot ary c huc k for use on Prat t 8: Whit ne y ve rt ical s urfac e r.

a ttracte d by magne tis m s uch as bronze alumin um e t c

, , , . ,

whi le m agn e t ic chucks are use d for hol ding pie c e s made of
fe rrous m e t als A plain rotary chuck wi th i t s drivi n g me ch
.

ani s m is s how n i n F i g 88 The bas e upon w hi ch t he

. .

ch uck re vol ve s is cl ampe d to t he plat e n of t he machin e

wh ile t he d ri vin g me ch an is m i s l oc at e d ou t si de t he wat e r
gu a rd A n a
. dj u s t m e n t i s p ro vi d e d for t i l t i n g t he ch uck ,

w hi ch make s po ss ib le t he gri n ding of con cave or conve x

20 4
 SURFACE GRIN D IN G

surf a e sc . The d up l e x and

quadrupl e chu cks shown in F igs .

89 an d 90 are u se d on produ ct i on w ork whe re th e y in cre as e

t he o u tpu t m ate riall y The dupl e x chu ck i s adj u s t ab le
.

Fig 89.
— D uple x
. rot ary c huc k for use on Pratt Whitney vert ical s urfac e r.

for grin ding e i the r con c ave or conve x but t he quad rup le ,

c h u ck doe s n ot po s se s s thi s fe at ure .

D e si gn e d for a produ ct ion m achi n e t he gri nde r in qu e s ,

t ion is thorou ghl y au tomat ic The t abl e is provi de d wi th

.

F ig 90 — Q uadruple rotary c hu c l for us e on Prat t Whit ne y ve rt ic al

f
. .

5t rfac er .

t w o fe e d sp e e d s of 3 4 an d 1 4 2 in che s pe r minu t e . The fe e d

of t he t able pe r re volu t ion of t h e wh e e l i s an d

in ch e s .

20 5
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
An dl e s s vari e ty of flat work both re c tan gular and
en ,

circul ar c an be fini s he d on this machi n e as s hown in Fig 91

, . .

The p ie ce s s ho wn ill u s trate blankin g die s thre a d cu tting ,

-

di es ri ng gauges chu ck bodi e s collars ge ars small arms

, , , , ,
-

p art s e t c I n fact any pie ce whe the r hard or soft c an be

,
.
, , ,

F ig 91
.
— Sampl es of work finis he d on Prat t Whit ne y ve rt ical s urfac e r .

fi n is he d i n thi s manne r if i t s s urface i s of s uch a n ature as to

pe rmit gri pping on t he magne t i c chuck .

S u cce s s ful grin ding on t he ve rt i cal s urface r de pe n d s more

on the se le ct ion of w he e l s th an i t doe s on an y on e oth e r

factor Carbi de of sili con wh e e l s shoul d be use d for gri n d

.

i ng c as t i ron whil e alumin a abras i ve s are be tt e r adapte d

—
for s t e e l both in i t s hard an d s oft s t ate A factor p e c u liar .

to thi s m achi n e i s th at t he wi dth of surface to be fi nishe d

de t e rmin e s t he grade of whe e l to use Th us whe n fi n is hi n g
. .
,

comparative ly wi de s urface s s ofte r whe e ls are ne ce ss ary

th an thos e use d for grinding n arrow work The fol l owi n g .

grits an d grade s h ave be e n foun d t hrough practi ca l e xpe ri

me n t to gi ve good res ul t s On cas t iron and al umi num
.
-

20 6
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
machin e an d If t he machi ne i s use d inte rmi t
t he wo rk .

t e n t l y i t s houl d be cle an e d thoroughly aft e r u sin g an d oil e d

,

e ach t ime be fore s t art in g up whi le a machin e th at i s u se d

,

con s t ant ly s houl d be oile d e very day an d cle an e d thorou ghly

at l e as t once a w e e k .

Ano t he r type of surface gri ndin g machine is ill us trat e d

-

in Fig 92 Thi s m achin e is m ade by t he B lanchard M ach ine

. .

Co Cambri dge M as s an d is cal l e d a hi gh power ve rt ic al

.
, ,
-

Fig — B l anc hard high

92 po we r vert ic al s urfac e gri n der
-
. . .

f c gri nde r The ini t ial m achin e of this t ype was

s ur a e .

buil t by t he B lanch ard Com p any s ome e ight ye ars ago , ,

for the ir own u se The machin e i s bu il t ve ry ri gi dly to

.

e l i min at e vi b rat i on an d con s i s t s p ri ncip all y of a b as e c arry

in g an upright on which t he w he e l h e ad i s mou nt e d an d a

re vol vi n g p l at e n on w hi ch t he w ork i s h e l d .

The wh e e l spin d l e on t he m achin e shown i s dri ve n dire ct ly

208
 SU RFACE GRIN D IN G

by mean s of a 20 horse powe r motor al though these machi ne s

-

c an be arran ge d for be l t dri ve . In t he majori t y of cas e s ,,

howe ve r t he dire ct drive is to be pre ferre d

,
.

The whe e l used is a pl ain ring wi thou t flanges thus ,

cl amps are not n ec e s sary in hol di n g it in pl ace It is se t .

i n a cas t iron ring e i ther wi th s ulphur or Port land ce me nt

-
.

The rin g th at carrie s t he whe e l is fas t e n e d to t he face pl at e

at t he bottom of t he dri vi ng spindl e by me an s of s ix s cre ws .

To re i nforce t he whe e l in guar di ng it again s t poss ible bre ak

age a wire b an din g con si s t ing of t wo wi nd ings 1 2 inch wi d e
,

of brass wire is app lie d to t he ou t si de .

A nove l an d val uable fe ature pe culi ar to thi s machi n e 13

t he thre e poin t col umn su pport
-
In turning ou t fl at work
.

of un iform thi c kn e ss it is e sse n ti al that the whe e l spindl e

be e xactly s qu are wi th t he chu ck Whil e thi s alignme n t
.

m ay be corre ct whe n the machi n e i s ne w i t doe s not follow

,

that any we ar th at m ay de ve l op will be uniform To c or .

rec t e rrors due to we ar t he thre e point s u pport i s adj u s t abl e

,
-

whi ch fe ature ma ke s poss ibl e corre ct ali gnm e nt at all tim e s .

This adj us tme nt al s o furni s he s a con ve ni e nt me an s for

s e tt ing t he m achin e to grind concave or conve x s urfac e s .

The work to be ground is he l d e it he r ma gn e tically or

by cl amp s or by it s own we i ght on t he rot ar y chuck The .

t able body on whi ch t he chu ck is mount e d sli de s on t he

bas e an d carrie s t he ch uck unde r t he whe e l whe re it is
rot at e d by power an d t he wh ee l fe d down grad uall y unt il

t he d e s ire d amou nt of m e t al i s re m ove d B o th h and and

.

powe r fe e ds are prov ide d t he latte r h avin g a wi de range

,

of fe e ds wi th au toma tic s top s th at c an b e s e t at any point .

The fe e d me chani s m compris e s a han d crank a grad uat e d ,

rach e t whe e l an d a p awl drive n from t he ch u ck mot i on

an d arrange d to fe e d on c e at e ach re vol u t i on of t he w ork .

The fee d is ve ry se n si t ive as e ach tooth of t he rache t whe e l

repre s e n t s in ch . The graduati on s on t he w h ee l in
di c at in g thou s andth s of an inch are 1 2 in ch ap art .

Work on this machine i s in variab ly grou n d w e t and me ans

are p rovi d e d for i n s u ring an ampl e s uppl y of wat e r whi ch is
"

20 9
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WHE E LS

supplied in si de t he w he e l whil e gu ards are provi ded t o pre

_
]
ve nt the e s c ape of spray as it is throw n out by t he c e n trif
.

ugal act i on of t he whe e l .

An i de a of t he wi de range of work that c an be handl e d

on t he machi n e in ques tion is il lus trated in Fig 93 H e re . .

are i n cl ud e d ove r one h undre d diffe re nt ma chi ne part s

Fig 93
.
—
. Sa mples of work groun d on B lanchard high power -
vertie al
surfa c e grin de r .

compri si ng units of fire arms rings thrus t collars ; gears

-

, , ,

conn e c tin g rods fl at iron s e t c

, ,
.

The machin e is si mpl e in ope rat ion but it shoul d be t e

,

membe re d th at it is a pre ci si on machine in e ve ry s e n se of

,

t he wo rd . Al l t he beari ngs shoul d be oile d once a day and

t he gre as e cu p s t urn e d d ail y wh il e t he oi l gauge s shoul d be
ke pt fi lle d to t he ce nt er of the glas s at all time s .

The s ol u t ion for cooling the work s houl d con sis t of a

mi xtu re of 5 0 gal lon s of wate r one to t wo quart s of cu tt ing
,

oil and thre e to fi ve pounds of s ul ph at e of s od a .

210
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
re volu tion s a minu t e for t he ave rage ru n of work Thi s c an .

be in cre ase d if a comp arative ly s mall pi e ce chu ck e d n e ar

t he ce n t er is be in g grou nd On t he othe r h an d t he spe e d
.
,

sh ou l d be re d u ce d s om e wh at w h e n grindin g work th at

practicall y cove rs t he chu ck To imp art a ve ry smooth .

fin is h t he chuck spe e d shou l d be re du ce d to five re vol u ti on s

,

a mi nu te for t he l as t fe w t urn s .

The prope r me thod of ope rat in g t he machi n e is fir s t

to l oc at e t he work the n cl os e t he swi tch an d t ry t he work
,

to mak e sure th at it hol ds N e xt wi th t he whe e l hi gh

.
,

e n ou gh to cl e a r t he w ork t he chu ck i s re move d to i t s grind

,

i n g posi tion as fa r as it wi ll go un de r t he wh ee l
, The .

chu ck is n e x t s t art e d an d t he whe e l fe d down by han d unt il

i t s tart s to grin d t he work wh e n t he powe r fe e d sh ou l d b e
,

th rown i n The whe e l shoul d be rai se d be fore s toppi ng t he

.

chu ck or ch an gi n g t he chu ck spe e d an d t he c hu ck sh oul d be

s topp e d b e fore it i s move d from u n d er t he w h ee l .

The se le ct ion of corre ct wh e e l s for v e rt ical grin din g

machine s shou l d n ot be don e haph az ard if t he be s t re s ul t s
ar e d e s ire d . Owi ng to t he comp ara ti ve l y broad cont act
b e twe e n t he whe e l an d t he work a s light ch ange in t he grade
of whe e l ofte n cau s e s u n satisfactory w
,

ork I n this re spe ct .

,

ve rt ical surface grin din g machin e s are far more se n si t ive

-

than oth e r type s of pre ci sion grin din g machi n e s -

The .

wi dth of t he su rf ace to be grou n d oft e n aff e ct s t he wh e e l

gradi n g Thus n arrow surface s re quire harde r whe e ls th an
.
,

do pie ce s wi th comp arative ly wi de surface s Aft e r mu c h .

e xp e rim e n t at i on t he Bl an chard M achin e Co s t and ardi z e d

,
.

t he foll owi n g w he e l l is t w hi ch gi ve s t he kin d of wh e e l to

,

ge the r wi th t he prope r gri t an d grade to u se for vari ou s

clas s e s of w ork .

To provi d e me an s for re adily me as u rin g t he work wi thou t

t aki n g it off t he chu ck t he B l anch ard Com pany de ve l ope d
,

t he con tinu ou s re adi n g cali p e r g au ge i ll u s t rat e d i n Fi g 94 . .

The att achme n t e l imin at e s mu ch of t he t im e con sum e d

u n d e r ordi n ary con di t i on s w h e n t he w ork i s s topp e d for

t he purpo se of re movi n g a pie ce for me as ure me nt wi th

2I 2
 SURFACE G RIN D ING

M a t e ri al

Nort on Crys tol on Am e ri c an Carbolit e

N a rro w

B ro n z e

N arro w

Al um inu m M e di um
B road

Nort on S il ic at e N o 38 Alun dum

. Ame ri c an S ilic a te Corundu m

N arrow 24 —1 34

30 —1 24 -
1

30
—1

30
—1

N a rro w

M e d i um

B ro a d 3 83 0 G 3 824 G

N a rro w 3 83 0 H 30 1
-

H arde ne d
H igh s pe e d
-
M e d i um 3 83 0 G
Ste e l
B road 3 830 G 3 824 G

WH E E LS FO R B L A N CH AR D SU RF ACE G RI N D E R

Revi s e d to J ul y t o. 1 91 8
.

213
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EE LS
t he mi crome ter The de vi ce in cre as e s t he ope rator s con
.
’

fi de n c e in gri ndin g work accurat e ly an d rapi dl y as he doe s

not h ave to fe e l hi s way toward t he fin al fini sh Thu s .
,

he c an u se a he avy fe e d un t il t he l as t thousan dth i s to be

‘

re move d .

As t he ill u s trati on shows t he de vi ce con si s t s of an upright

,

an d bracke t for c arryi ng a di al i n di c ator A hard e n e d s t ee l

.
-

Fig —
94 Con tinuous re a din g ca lipe r auge for use on B lanc hard high power
g
-
. .

“
ve rt i c a l s ul ac e gr in de r
.

con tact poin t re s t s lightl y on t he w ork an d is con n e ct e d by

me an s of a rod to t he gau ge he ad The l ow e r face of t he.

con t act point is of a fl att e ne d cone sh ape an d as i t s ve rti cal

move me nt is slight it re adil y p as s e s ove r ope nin gs in t he
,

s urface of t he work or from pie ce to p i e c e .

I n s e tt in g t he gauge t he con t act poin t is brou ght down

,

on a si ze bl ock or a fini sh e d pie ce of t he de si re d si ze w hi ch

21 4
 CH APTE R SE VE N TE E N

CY L IN D RICAL G RIN D ING

—
Cylindrical grinders Ope rat ion of grin ders — D riving de vic es for work
—
Prope r whee l s pe e ds fo r vari ous m e ta l s and work Trave rse fe e d D e pt h—
of c u t — Roughing and finis hing c u ts — —
Spark n g B ac kre s t an d s t e ady
re s ts — b — b
L u ri ca t ion of work Lu ri ca t ing c ompoun ds and m ixt ures
—
D res s ing and t ruing whe e ls while on t he grinde r Chat t e r marks an d
—
t he ir re m e dy Se l e c t ion of prope r whe e l s for us e on c yli ndri c al gri nders
— —
U niversa l grinders Grinding tape rs Various ope rat ion s on un ivers al
gri n de r
.

T
H E mode rn c yl indri cal grinde r is one of t he greates t
ai ds to rapi d prod uct ion as it furn is he s a conve ni e nt

an d a c ura
c te mean s for fin ishi ng a large varie ty of machi ne
an d o th er p art s both h ard an d soft
, Cylin dri c al grinding
.

is a trade in it se lf involvi ng many factors that are in t e lli

ge ntly unde rs tood only afte r many ye ars of actual pract ice
and p at ie nt e xpe rim e nt at ion To be sure an y m an who
.
,

i s me ch an ic all y inclin e d or an y woman too for that m at

, , ,

t e r c an be t au ght to ope rat e a cylindri cal grinde r in a

,

few we e ks time bu t to unde rs tand thoro u ghl y t he man y

’

pe rple xing probl e ms of the grindi ng de p artme nt of the

average pl ant call s for knowl e dge th at is ac quire d on l y

through l on g practic e .

In t he fore goin g ch apte r it was se e n that the re are many

,

type s of s urface gri nde rs but wi th cylin drical grin ding t he

,

type s of machi nes us e d do n ot diffe r mat e rial l y e xce pt i n

on e m ajor poin t Th at is the t rave rs e move me nt of t he
.

machi n e whi ch c arrie s t he work p as t t he whe e l The olde s t .

an d mos t commonl y u s e d ty e con s is t s of a s t at ion ary

p
wh e e l wi th a movable pl at e n whi l e in a l at e r type of m a
216
 CYLI N D RI CAL GRIN D I N G

chine , the pl ate n doe s not move while t he whe e l c arriage

doe s .

As to t he mos t e ffi cie nt type the re is a qu es tion Thi s .

has ne ve r be e n se tt le d e ve n among abras ive e n gin e e rs

, .

Howe ve r both type s gi ve e xce lle nt re s ul t s in act ual prae

,
.

tice For t he ordin ary run of work it is the writ e r s opin ion
.
,
’

that one type is as e ffici e n t as t he othe r I t cannot be .

de nie d how e ve r th at in grin ding ve ry h e avy work (pie ce s

, ,

w e ighi ng s e ve ral h undre d poun ds ) t he t rave ling wh e e l offe rs

a de ci de d adv ant age as t he fre qu e nt re ve rs al of mot i on of
,

a uni t w e i ghi ng s e ve ral h un dr e d po und s is e li min at e d .

Grin di ng machin es of t he type s be fore ment ion e d th at ,

is thos e h avi ng t rave ling whe e l h e ads and those havi ng

Fig 95
.
—
. Landi s l ox36 -
in c h pla in grinding mac hine .

t rave lin g pl ate ns are again divi de d into two class e s plain
, ,

grin de rs and unive rs al gri nde rs A p lain gri n de r is a m a .

chine de signe d to take t he pl ace of t he e ngin e l athe in

fi n is hi ng all kinds of t urn e d work both s t rai ght an d t ap e re d ,

provi de d that t he t ape r is not too abrupt A unive rs al .

21 7
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH E E LS
grinde r as it s n ame in dicate s c an be use d for a wi de range
, ,

of work whi ch incl u de s be si de s plai n grin ding int e rn al ,

grinding face grin di ng t ape r gri ndi n g cu tte r grin ding an d

, , ,

in s ome case s s urfac e g rin di n g , In t he s t ricte s t se n se of t he .

word t he unive rs al gri nde r is n ot a prod u cti on machin e

,

an d i t s u se ful ne ss is mo s t l y confin e d to t he tool room -

.

F igs 95 96 97 an d 98 re pre se n t mod e rn pl ain gri n di ng

.
, ,

machi ne s as use d on produ c t ion work The mach in e shown .

Fig 96
.
— Landis . 1 2x96 -
inc h plain grindi ng mac hine .

in Fig 95 i s a 1 0 x 36 inch pl ain gri n der buil t by t he Lan di s

.
-

Tool Co Wayn e s boro , Pa . It is thoroughl y automat ic .

in ope rat 1on as r egar ds traverse an d cross fe e d s The whee l .

carriage on this machine trave rse s while t he pl ate n is

s t at i on ary The re ve rsal c an be se t at any de sire d pl ace
.

to su i t diffe re nt le ngth s of work an d the cross fe e d c an

be se t to fe e d e i th e r light or h e avy at e ach re ve rsal of t he
whe e l carriage an d al s o to ce as e fee ding wh e n a de s ire d
s i z e has b e en re ache d Thi s fe a ture is of gre at val ue in
.

“ ”
grindin g routin e w ork as t he c u t an d t ry me thod i s - -

al m o s t whol l y e limi n at e d The w ork i s drive n on t w o de ad

.

ce nte rs The machi n e ill us t rat e d in Fig 96 is al so a prod uct

. .

of the Lan di s Comp any It t ake s work up to 1 2 in ch e in .

s

di am e t e r an d 96 in che s l on g I t s e ss e n t ial fe ature s are t he

.

s am e as those of t he m achi n e sh own in F ig 95 bu t it has .

,

an addi t ion al fe at ure th at i s a de ci de d n ove l ty t he doub l e ,

21 8
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
m a t ic all y traversin g t he work pas t the whe e l or vic e vers e , ,

an d me an s for act uating and c ontrolli ng the c ros s fe e d

au tomatically .

So much for plai n grin di ng mac hi nes Le t us now con

.

s i der t he s ubj ec t of cy lindrical gri n di ng i t se l f To pe rmi t .

t he grindi ng machi n e to produ ce i t s maxi mum ou tp u t i t ,

is n e ce ss ary to pay atte n tion to t he manner in whi ch t he

work i s pre par e d for t he grinde r In man y cas e s e s pe c ially
.
,

on comp ar at ive l y s mall work n o pre p aration as i de from

,

.
—
Fig 98 N orto n 1 4x7 2 inc h plain grinding mac hine
.
-
.

ce n t e rin g an d s qu ari n g up t he e n d s is n e ce s sary Thi s .

i s e spe ci all y t rue in cas e s whe re pie c e s ar e of a gi ve n s i z e

for th e ir whol e le ngth in whi ch cas e the mate rial is oft e n
,

col d roll e d s t e e l
-
ove rsize .

With t he majority of work howe ve r e xpe rie nce has

, ,

p rove n th at one rou ghing c ut in t he l athe is ge n e rall y

n e ce s s ary The rough fe e d marks made by coarse fee d
.
-

hi gh spe e d turning aid mate ri all y in t he grin ding ope rati on

-

as the y h e lp to kee p t he w h e e l in good cu tt ing condi t ion .

Whe n a rough fe e d is us e d for t urning inch i s a fair

,

all ow anc e to l e ave for grindi ng Thi s is a ge ne ral rule an d

.
,

o f course i s s u bj e ct to m odifi c at ion s

, The Landi s Tool Co
. .

has comp ile d a t abl e of gri n ding all owance s for work run
ni n g in di ame te r from 1 / 2 to 1 2 in che s an d from 3 to 48
2 20
 CY LIN D RICAL GRI N D IN G

in che s l ong . The dat a we re obt ai ned from le ngthy e xpe ri

me nt at ion an d t he t able foll ows :

Le nora IN I N CHE S
12 1 5 18 24 30

0 10 . 01 5 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20

0 10 . 01 5 . 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20

01 5 . 015 . 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20

. 01 5 . 015 . 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20

. 01 5 . 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20 . 0 20

. 01 5 . 01 5 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20

. 01 5 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20

. 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20

0 20 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 25

0 20 . 0 20 . 0 20 . 0 25 . 0 25

0 20 . 0 20 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25

0 20 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25

02 5 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25

. 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 30

. 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 25 . 030 . 030

. 0 25 . 0 25 . 0 30 . 030 . 030

0 25 . 0 30 . 030 . 030 . 030

. 030 . 030 . 030 . 0 30 . 030

. 030 . 030 . 030 . 030 . 030

. 0 30 . 030 . 030 . 0 30 . 030

The m ajori ty of pie ce s th at are to be fi nishe d by gri ndin g

are driv e n by me an s of a dog pl ac e d on on e e n d The dog .

e n gage s a pin th at p roj e ct s from t he face p l at e of t he h e a d

s tock . I n case s wh e re it is advant age ous to trave rse t he

e nt ire l e n gth of t he work at one s e tt ing (in g rindi ng a pie ce

of uniform diame ter for it s e ntire le ngth for an ill u s trati on )

t he drivi n g de vi ce ill us trat e d in Fi g 99 i s u s e d in con ne ct ion
.

wi th B rown Sharpe gri nding machine s This con si s t s .

of a spe ci al ce n t e r ( B ) ove r whi ch t he dri ve r (A) re volve s

, .

The drive r i s fas t e n e d to t he de ad ce nt er p ul le y by t he -

s tu d 6 8 . The work is dri ve n by t he two pin s ( C) The hole s .

in t he work shoul d be sli ght ly lar ge r th an t he pin s an d

t hey shoul d be drille d by mean s of a simpl e dri ll ing j ig
t o in s ure the ir s lippin g over t he pin s wi thou t i n t e rfe re nc e .

An other de vice s ome time s u se d is a s q uare s h ape d c e nte r -

.

In this case one e n d of t he work is broache d to fi t t he

,

22 1
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WH EELS
c enter For taki ng comparative ly light c ut s this method
.
,

i s sat isfactory but it posse ss e s one dis advan t age in t hat

,

t he ce n te r has to re vol ve ge tting i t s mot ion from t he he a d

,

s tock sp in d l e Howe ve r ou spe cial gri ndin g m ac hi ne s su ch

.
,

as u se d by t wi s t drill man ufact ure rs this type of c en t e r is

-

Fig 99
.
— E nd dri vi ng dog for
.
-
use on B rown S harpe gri ndin g mac hin es .

o fte n use d as an in s pe c t ion of t he ce nte rs se e n in s ome make s

o f twi s t dr i ll s s how s .

After adj us t ing t he t ail s tock to sui t t he l ength of t he

work t he machi ne mus t be se t to grind s trai ght by adj us t
,

ing t he swi ve l on t he p late n In the ory this s houl d not

.
,

be ne ce ss ary In act ual pract ice howe ver it is found that

.
, ,

t he mac hi ne has to be s t rai ghte n e d up e ve ry t ime t he

t ail s tock i s move d This is ge ne rally caused by small

.

part icle s of dirt that work un der the tail s t ock It is a .

si mple matter to s t raighten up t he machi ne as all t hat is

nece ssary is to tak e a fe w c u ts over the w ork ca lipe r t o ,

fin d t he t aper and adj us t the swi ve l p late n to ofi se t this

, .

As a rule when man y pieces of the same ki nd are to

,

be ground it is the be s t pract ice to make t wo grindi ng

,

ope rat ion s one for roughi ng and one for fi nis hing
, In the .

22 2
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
t he grade of t he mat e rial t he quali ty of fi n ish an d t he hard
,

n e ss of the whee l mus t be con side re d in de t e rmi ning t he

correct speed Ofte n whe n failure to prod uce good re s ult s
.

is attrib u te d to t he wh e e l ; it may be re me d ie d by chan gi ng

t he s pe e d of the work .

The t rave rse spe e d is another factor that mu s t be con

si de re d in economi c al gri ndin g B y t rave rse fee d is m e ant
.

t he di s t ance t he p lat e n trave l s for e ach re vo l u t ion Of t he

work . In roughi ng ou t work thi s t rave rs e should be ve ry
,

n e arly t he wi dth of t he gri n ding whee l for e ach re vol ut ion

of t he work Th us if a wh e e l wi th a 2 in ch face is use d a
.
,
-
,

—
trave rse fee d of 1 7 / 8 in che s will be s at i sfactory Thi s .

pract ice c ause s t he whe e l to we ar un iformly in as much as

t he w ork p asse s t he whe e l wi th a de ci de d sh e aring act ion
whi ch he lp s to ke e p t he wh e e l t rue Whe n a fi ne fi ni sh is
.

re q uire d howe ve r t he t rave rs e fee d shou l d b e re d u ce d an d

, ,

t he work sp ee d incre a se d The above rule s appl y to t he

.

ge n e ral grin di ng of s te e l In gri n ding cas t iron t he pro

.
,

c e dure i s s li ght l y diffe re nt F or t he rou gh gri n din g of

.

thi s mat e rial a n arrow trave rse fe e d an d a d ee p c u t gi ve -

be tt e r re sul t s th an a wi de trave rse fee d wi th a sli ght c u t .

In finishing cas t iron i t is good pract ice to m ake as fe w

,

pas se s ove r t he work as possibl e as this has a t e n de ncy t o

pre ve nt whe e l glaz ing It i s se e n that this i s in dire ct
.

oppo si tion to t he ge ne rall y acce pte d rul e for fin ishin g s t e e l ,

in whi ch case an e xce lle nt fi nis h i s obt ai n e d by le tt in g t he

work t rave rse back an d forth p as t t he wh ee l wi thou t cross
fe e di ng until sparks are hardly vi si ble In shop l anguage .

”
thi s op e rat ion is spoke n of as grinding ou t an d i t i s pro
duc t ive of e xce l l e nt re s ul t s eve n whe n a comparative ly
,

coarse whe e l is use d .

To find t he spe e d in fee t pe r mi nu t e of t he whe e l or t he

work mul tiply t he di ame te r in inch e s by
, an d t he re sul t

by the n umber of revolution s pe r mi nu te ; then divi de t he

prod uct by 1 2 .

The d e pth of c ut is und e rs tood as the amount the work

i s fe d toward t he whe e l at e ach trave rse In case s wh e re t he .

2 24
 CYLIND RICAL GRIN D IN G

work be ground is of a su bs t antial n at ure

to th at i s com , ,

par a t i ve l y larg e in di am e t e r for i t s l e n gth a h e avy c u t ,

can be t ake n ; in fact t he whee l c an be forc e d into t he

work until t he driving be l t or motor whi che ve r t he case ,

may be is worki ng to i t s maxim um cap aci ty

,
Thi s ru le .
,

howe ve r appli e s to a hand fe e di n g

,
Whe n t he auto .

mat ic fe e d is use d a s uffic ie nt advance at e ach re ve rsal

,

of t he p l at e n shoul d be m ade to kee p t he wh e e l c u tt in g

at i t s m ax im um cap ac i t y H e avy cu t s in roughin g ope ra

.

tion s h ave a te nde ncy to ke e p t he whe e l tru e an d i n

c utt in g condi t ion .

Some ti me s in tak ing roughing cu t s i t i s not ice d th at t he ,

whe e l sp ar ks he avie r on one si de of t he work th an i t doe s

on t he o t h e r Thi s i s not t he faul t of t he machi n e bu t i s
.
,

cause d by the i nt e rn al s t rai n s an d forc e s in t he w ork ad

j us t ing the mse lve s or some t ime s by dirt worki n g in t he

, ,

ce n t e rs I t is nee dl e ss to s t ate th at both t he c e n t e rs on

.

the m achin e an d in t he work shoul d be cl e an e d b e fore pl ac i n g

the work in po si t ion whi ch e li min at e s th i s c au se of u n e ve n
sp arki ng Whe n t he un e ve n sp arki ng is cause d by t he w ork
.

adj u s t ing i t se lf to ove rcom e in t e rn al s t rain s t he e vi l c or ,

re c t s i t se lf The machin e de te ct s an d corre c t s t he e rror

. .

Whe n t he work sparks un e ve n t he wh e e l sh oul d b e ke pt ,

s harp an d s li ght fe e d s use d un t il t he w ork sp arks e v e n ly .

A sli ght diffe re nce in sp ar ki ng oft e n l e ad s t he i n e xpe rie n c e d

ope rator to be lie ve that t he work is b ad ly ou t of t ru e Thi s .
,

how e ve r i s se l dom true for i n many case s an e rror of

, ,

inch wi ll cau se un e ve n spar ki ng .

To se cure maximum product ion in t he gri n din g d e p art

me nt t he majorit y of pie c e s th at are groun d sho ul d be s up
,

port e d in t he gri nding machin e by me an s of b ackre s t s or

s te ady re s t s as th e y ar e al s o t e rm e d
-
A vi si t to m an y .

gri n ding departme nt s re ve al s t he fact th at this rule i s oft e n

ne gl ected It t ak e s a li ttle t ime to be s ure to se t b ack
.
, ,

re s t s bu t t he re s ul t s obt ain e d by th e ir us e amp ly pay for

,

t he s mall amo unt of t im e con s um e d in s e tt ing up Th e re i s .

no hard and fas t rule for t he n umbe r of b ackre s t s to u s e

225
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
on a giv e n pie ce of work . One re s t to a foot is sufi c i e n t ,

in mos t case s .

B ackre s t s are of thre e ki nds : s oli d spring and uni vers al ,

.

A differe nce Of opini on e xis t s among gri ndi ng m achi n e -

man ufact ure rs as to what is t he mos t e ffic i e nt type of back

res t but all three type s po sse ss ce rt ain advan t age s
,
A so li d .

backre s t as supplie d wi th Norton grin ding machi ne s i s

, ,

ill us t rat e d i n F ig 1 00 In thi s re s t t he s hoe forms a crad l e

. .
,

for t he work to re s t in wi th a saddl e or be aring point dia

Fig . roe — Plain or solid ba c k re s t for N ort on grinding mac hi nes .

me trically opposite t he grin ding whe e l and anothe r on t he

opposi te si de of t he ve rti cal ce n te r li ne close up to the poi nt
wh e re t he whee l c ome s in cont act wi th t he work b e i ng
ground This is pl ai nly s ee n in t he ill us tration Ho ward
. .

W D unbar in Gri ts and Gri nds a Norton Co publi cation

.
, ,
.
,

has t he fol l owi n g to say i n re gard to s oli d backre s t s :

The s hoe s houl d be e xactl y t he same diame te r as t he
fini s he d gro und work and shoul d be allowe d to come in
,

contact wi th t he surface be i ng grou nd imme diate l y upon

s t art ing t he gri n di ng ope rat ion The pract ice of attemptin g .

to true up t he se a t for t he s te ady re s t shoe be fore bringi ng -

the shoe in con t act wi th t he work is wrong as i t all ows ,

the face of t he wh e e l to brea k down due to vi brat i on of ,

t he work be i ng gro und The support shoul d be supp lied

.

imme di ately upon s t art ing the grindi ng operat ion It is a .

2 26
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
t humb sc re w . In hoe of thi s ki nd it s h oul d firs t
fi tt ing a s ,

bear we ll on t he und e r si de of the work The w ear will .

quickly fi t i t to t he work and th e shoe will al way s have a

firm be arin g und ern e a th The shoe s shoul d never be m a de
.

of h ard me t al or of a V sh ape It is not al ways nec e s s ary

.

for t he shoe of a spring re s t to be ar e nt ire l y arou nd one

half of t he circumfe re n ce of t he work A s hoe of suffi c i ent
.

F ig.
—
t om Uni versal ba k
c re s t for B rown Sharpe grinding mac hin e s .

mass will pre ve nt vi brat ion and as it i s of soft materi al ,

, ,

will soon we ar to fi t t he v aryi ng cir cumfere nce .

A uni vers al backre s t i s illu s t rate d in Fi g 1 0 2 Thi s . .

devi ce i s aproduct of t he B rown Sh arpe M fg Co and . .

i s sui table for all ki nd s of work I t po ss ess es the a dvantages

.

of a soli d re s t combin e d wi th t hose of the spri ng re st A .

2 28
 CYLI N DR I CAL GR I N D I N G

B rown Sh arpe grin d ing machi ne e quippe d wi th unive rsal

t
re s s is ill us t rate d i n F ig 1 03 The B row n
. . Sh arpe Com
p an y give t he followi ng dire ction s for t he u s e of t he unive rsal
b ackre s t :
“
On e t is require d for e ach six to t e n di ame t e rs of
re s

work in l e ngth Thu s a p ie ce of work 1 i nch in di ame t e r

.
,

an d 36 i n c h e s lo n g woul d re q uire s ix re s t s Short e r work .

F ig 1 03
.
— B rown
. Sharpe gri ndi ng mac hine e q ui ppe d wi t h uni vers al
ac kre s t s b .

h avi ng diffe re n t diame t e rs s uch as lath e s pindl e s require

, ,

t wo or thre e re s t s To place t he shoe i n prope r posi t ion

.

procee d as foll ows : F irs t se le ct s hoe s t he size of the fi ni shed

,

work an d hook t he t runnion s into t he Vees 2 6 Sec ond .

,

t urn b ack t he s cre w 2 7 far e nough to all ow t he shoe t o

cle ar t he work and loo se n nut 28 e nt ire ly to relie ve t he
pre s s ure on spring 2 9 The n turn back s cre w 30 Third
. .
,

t urn forwar d t he scre w 3 1 unt il a li ght press ure is gi ve n t o

t he spring 3 2 Turn forward t he s cre w 2 7 and if t he spri ng
.
,

2 9 i s wholl y re li e ve d and the s cre w 30 i s far eno u gh b ack

"

t he s hoe will come in cont act wi th t he work at both poi nts

A an d B F ourth pre ss li ght l y wi th the thumb on 36
.
, , ,

2 29
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
h ol di ng t he hoe in ge ntle contact wi th t he work and turn
s ,

the s cre w 30 care fully noting t he sli ghte s t touch of the e n d

,

agai n s t t he s top C in order that none of t he p art s be move d ,

an d wi th thi s s crew in cont act wi th t he s top

, t he s hoe ,

s houl d bear e q ually at both poi nt s A an d B Turn nut 2 8 .

t o gi ve some pres s ure to the spring 2 9 The combine d .

pressure of t he springs 2 9 an d 3 2 s houl d be only suffi ci e nt

t o re sis t the pre ss ure of t he whe e l whe n t aki ng t he l as t c u t ,

an d al so to pre ve nt vi brat ion of the work wh e n an y c u t i s

t ake n Con s t an t use of the shoes will we ar the surface s

.

A and B all owi ng the work to bear o

,
n th at p art of t he shoe

b etwe e n t he surface s When shoes are worn in thi s man

.

ne r cl e arance shoul d be fil e d be twee n the surface s A an d B

, .

Fifth gri nd the trial piec e of work moving the sc re w 2 7

, ,

to mai nt ai n t he c ont act of the s hoe wi th t he work an d t he

sc rew 3o t o pre s e rve the re lat i ve di ameters at t he vari ous

point s As t he work app roache s the finishe d size measure

.
,

at the differe nt re s t s af t e r ea ch c u t Afte r t he trial pie c e

.

is fi ni she d w i th the diarh e t e r ali ke at all point s the s hoe

, ,

s houl d bear eq uall y at A an d B and the sli di ng n ut 33 s houl d

re s t agai n s t the s houl der Le ave the part s in this rel ation
.

and gri nd the other pie ce of work adj us t ing sc rew 2 7 on l y ,

as t he s hoe we ars an d sc r w 30 for t he deli cat e adj us tme nt

e ,

for diameter Note t he e ffe ct of the adj us tment upon t he

.

sp arks to d e termi n e the appro xim at e po si tion When the .

work is to size the nut 33 and t he sc rew 30 are intended t o

,

re s t agai n s t the shoul der and s top to preve nt further pre s

sure of the s hoe upon the work The s hoe and whe e l will
.

be le ft in the proper po si tion for sizing dupli cate piec es .

When unground work is placed be twe e n t he ce nters and

in t he show be arings the nut 33 an d th e sc re w 30 will be
,

force d away from the shoul der and s top thus compre s si ng ,

t he springs 2 9 an d 32 S houl d the s hoe bear un e q uall y

.

at A an d B t he sc re w 2 8 s houl d be t i ghten e d to i n cre as e

,

pre ss ure at A and sc re w 3 1 to in creas e pre ssure at B D o .

not make t he comb ined pre ssure of the se springs grea ter

t han nec e ss ary as long and sl e nder work al though of uni ,

23o
 AB RASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
wh e e l c u t t e rs he l d in a suit able hol de r For many ye ars .
.

t he m an who b ro ught an e me ry wh ee l dres s er as t hi s tool -

is c all e d n e ar a pre ci sion grinding machi ne was ri d i cu l e d

, ,

bu t la t t e r day e xpe rim e n t at ion has prove n th at gri n di ng

-

whe e l dre sse rs of t he H un t in gt on type have the ir p art to

play in cylindrical gri n ding as we ll as for dre ssing w he e ls
for rou gh gri nd in g work ,

Th e re are se ve ral good re ason s for u sin g dre sse rs of t he

kin d un d e r con s id e rat ion n ot t he le as t of the m be ing t he
,

pre se n t h igh co s t of t he bort diamon ds ge ne rall y use d here

tofore I t m us t be re me mbe re d howe ve r that t he gri ndi ng
.
, ,

whe e l d re ss e r has i t s limi t at ion s On t he cyli ndri cal grinder

.
.

i t s u s e ful n e s s e n d s in pre p arin g wh e e l s for roughi ng ope r

at ion s . To t ru e t he fac e of t he w he e l for t akin g fini shi ng
cu t s t he di amon d shou l d be u s e d
, .

I n dre ss in g t he wh e e l t he d re s s e r s ho ul d be he l d in a
,

spe cial hol d e r s uch as t he on e s how n in F i g 1 04 whi ch .

,

s how s a spe c ral H u n t ingt on dre s s e r i n u se on a N or ton

g ri n d i n g m a ch i n e an d fe d
, p a s t t he wh e e l wi th a rap i d ,

e ve n mot ion .

I n t ruin g a whe e l to t ake smoo th fi ni s hi ng cu t s t he ,

diamond tool shou ld be h e l d se cure l y in t he hol de r provi ded

for i t an d fe d p as t t he wh e e l wi t h an e ve n mot ion t akin g ,

a ve ry li ght ou t An e xp e rt ope rator kn ow s how to use a

.

di amon d advan t age o usl y to bri ng about t he de sire d re s ul t s

an d th i s kn owl e dge i s g ai n e d by pract i ce al on e In both .

truin g an d dre s sing ope rat ion s t he whe e l shoul d be flood e d

,

wi th a lib e ral s t re am of l ubri c ant .

Ch att e r m arks on fin ishe d w ork are some t ime s pre se nt

an d th e y c an be att rib u t e d to a n umbe r of c au se s Tho se .

not thorou ghly conve rsan t with t he art of cyli ndrical grind
i ng oft e n l ay chatt e r mark s to t he ge arin g in t he he ad s tock .

It 1s t rue of course that incorre ctly fi tt e d ge ar s cause

, ,

chatt e r marks Thi s cau se howe ve r is not of common

.
, ,

“
occ urre nce The un ski lle d ope rator who de s ire s to wi sh
.

ch att e r mark s on t he he ad s tock ge ari n g ge n e rall y ci te s t he

fact th at an in c orre ct ly fi tt e d rack an d bull ge ar on a me t al
23 2
 CY LIN D RI CAL GR I N D I N G

p la n e r l e ave marks in t he fini she d work and thus tri e s to

s

e s t abli sh a p arall e l c ase wi th t he gri nd e r This comp aris on .

i s not lo gic al The pl an e r le ave s marks in t he fi ni s he d work

.

be c ause the ge aring is allowe d to bottom e i the r thr o ugh

w e ar i n t he w ay s or from chi p s an d dirt that b e come im
be dde d in t he bo ttom of t he bu ll ge ar an d rack t e e th W ith .

t he grin d e r the re are no chip s or di rt to work in to t he

,

Fig 1 04
.
— D re ss ing t he whe e l
. on a N ort on gri nding mac hine wi t h a
H unt ingt on s t ar -
whe e l dress e r.

ge ari n g a n d, furthe rmore we ar in t he ge ars in que s t ion

,

d oe s n ot c au se the m to bottom .

Ch atte rin g in conn e ct ion wi th t he pl ain grin de r c an be

l ai d to m an y c aus e s among the m be in g t he foll owin g :
,

Ce n t e rs poorly fi tt e d whe e l sli de or spindle l oo se he ad or

, ,

t ails t oc k l oo se incorre ct re lat ion be twee n whe e l an d work

,

spe e d l ack of s uffici e n t s t e ady re s t s imprope rl y t rue d wh e e l

,
-

, ,

whe e l ou t of b al an ce an d e n d pl ay cau se d by t he w ork not

b e ing s uffi ci e n t ly supporte d by t he ce nte rs Wh e n ch at .

2 33
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH E ELS
te ring occurs th e firs t thing to do is to go ove r the machi ne
,

care fully in spe ct in g all adj us tme nt s an d if this doe s not

, ,

corre ct t he e vil some of t he other above n am e d cau se s -

shoul d be inve s t rgat e d .

For t he e conomi cal an d e fi c ie n t Ope rat i on of any c ylin

dric al grin di ng machin e i t i s very ne ce ssary th at t he wh ee l
,

be in as pe rfe ct run nin g b alan ce as po ssi ble Wh e e l s th at .

are ou t of b al anc e cau s e vi brat ion an d ch atte r marks ;

'

the y wear ou t spi ndle boxe s rapi dl y and if badly out of

b alance the y are liable to burs t whi ch me an s po ssible
, ,

inj ury to t he workma n t he l o ss of a comp arative ly e x ,

pe n sive whe e l an d c urt ailme nt of product ion until a ne w

wh e e l i s mount e d .

Wh e e l s as the y come from t he grinding wheel manu

,
-

facture r ar e i n b alance wi thi n ve ry clos e li mi t s I t is im

,
.

po ssi bl e for t he whe e l manufact ure r to make a whe e l th at

Fig
. 1 05 —Balancing a gri ndi ng whe el
. by c hipping t he he avy si de .

i s in pe rfe ct runni ng balance wi thou t some spe c ial treat

me nt owi ng to the fact th at t he whee l te x t ure is apt t o
var y sl i ght ly Thus on e si de of t he whe e l may be a lit tl e
.
,

hea vi er than t he oppo si t e si de .

On e me thod of balan ci n g a gri ndin g whee l i s shown in

Fi g 1 0 5
. In thi s cas e the light si de of t he whe e l is at A and
.
,

2 34
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
li s t e d The grade s gi ven in the wri te r s propo se d grad e
’
. ar e

s al e
c .

M ATE RI AL AB RASI V E
Alum in a
Soft St e e l Alum in a
Cas t I ron Silic on Car b ide
B ras s . Silic on Car b id
e

Chille d I ron Sili c on Car b ide

Pist ons , Cas t I ron Silic on Car bide
Pis t on s , St e e l Alum in a
Pist ons , L yanit e Sili c on Car bide
Pis t on Ri ngs , Cas t I ron Si lic on Car b ide
As
be fore s t ate d the un ive rsal gri nde r is ad apte d to a
,

wid e range of work A typical un ive rsal grinde r is s how n

.

in F ig 1 0 7 Thi s machi n e i s made by t he B rown

. . Sh arp e

Fig . 1 07 .
— Brown Sharpe 1 2x30-
inc h universal grinding mac hine .

M fg Co Provi d e nce R I The average universal grinder

. .
, , . .

i s s om e wh at s mall e r than t he plain gri nd e r ordin ar il y s e e n .

The m achi n e illu s t rate d t ak e s work 30 inch e s l on g and will

s wi ng 1 2 i n ch e s ove r t he p lat e n whil e t he wh e e l u se d is 1 2

i nche s i n diame t e r an d from 3 8 to 1 in ch thick .

236
 CYLIN DRI CAL GR I N D I N G

The head s tock of n ive rsal gri nder is suppli ed wi th

any u

a live spin dl e whi ch c an be l ocke d wh e n i t i s d e sire d to

gri nd on d e ad ce nt e rs T h e .li v e sp i ndl e ad apt s i t se l f to

a varie t y of princip al ly int e rn al grin ding in whi ch ,

Fig. 1 08
.
—G ri nding t he s ide of a disc on a Brown 8: Sharpe un ivers al

gri ndi n g machine .

cas e a chu ck for hol din g t he work i s scre we d on the nose

of the spindl e The bas e of t he he a ds tock on t he mac hine
.

shown swi vel s an d thi s permi t s the machin e to h andl e a

vari e t y of an gul ar work The wheel sli de al so swive ls

. ,

3 37
 ABRASIV E S AND ABRASIV E WHEELS
whi ch fe at ure is ofte n take n advantage of in gri n di ng
abrupt t ape rs on work that is he l d be twe e n c e nt e rs .

The followi ng e xa mple s whi ch graphical ly illus trat e t he

,

adapt ab ili t y of t he unive rsa l gri nd er are fur nis he d b y t he ,

B rown Sharpe M fg Co Fig 1 0 8 ill us trate s t he gri nd

. . .

ing of t he e nd of a di sk th at i s fas t e ne d to a s haft t he work ,

4
Fig. 1 09 —G ri nding an b upt tap
a r e r on a B rown Sharpe universal grinding
mac hine .

be rug he l d be twe e n centers The grinding whe e l is place d

.

on t he e nd of t he spindl e .

In F ig 1 09 is shown the operat ion of grinding an abrupt

.

2 38
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
It is ofte n advanta ge ous to grind t wo tape rs with on e
se tt ing of t he machi n e as shown in F ig 1 1 0 The Fi ve . .

de gre e t ape r i s obt ai n e d by se tt in g ove r t he swi ve l pl at e

whil e t he forty fi ve de gre e tape r is obtai n e d by se ttin g t he
- -

whe e l be d to t he d e sire d angl e In obt ainin g t he angle at

.

which t he wh e e l be d i s to be se t aft er t he swi ve l pl at e n

,

has be e n se t it mu s t be born e in mind that t he an gl e m u s t

,

e q ual t he s um of t he tw o t ape rs The abrupt tape r i s

‘

groun d b y fe e di ng t he whe e l across t he work by h and ,

w hil e t he slight t ape r is groun d by fe e din g t he pl at e n b ack

an d forth au tom at ic al l y .

F ig 1 1 1 shows how t he ce nte rs are ground on t he u n i

.

versal grin der The live spindl e is u se d to dri ve t he ce n t e r

.
,

t he h e a d s tock be ing swive le d 30 de gre e s .

Fig I!r —G ri ndi ng a c e nte r on a B rown Sharpe univers al i ndi n

. .
gr g
mac hin e.

An intere s t ing ope rat ion is sh own in Fig . 1 1 2 whi ch c on

sis st of grinding t he si de s of such work as harde ne d collars ,

was h ers e t c
, The work is he l d in t he ch u ck whi ch i s
.

s cre we d to t he no s e of t he sp indl e whil e t he he a d s tock i s

,

s e t at 90 de gre e s wi th t he t rave l of t he pl at e n The wh e e l .

240
 CYLIND RICAL GR I N D I N G

12.
— G ri nding t he side of a
Jaw c huc k on a Brown Sharpe univers al gri nding mac hine .

24 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
is brought again s t t he work by h and fe e di ng and t he au to
mat ic fee d is use d to t raverse t he work p as t the whe e l .

F or gri n ding su ch work as was he rs milling cu tt e rs thru s t

, ,

c oll ars e t c
,
. t he app li ance ill u s t rat e d in Fig 1 1 3 i s c onve n
, .

ie n t
. The face plate s cre ws on t he e nd of t he spin dl e a n d
hold s t he work by mea n s of a Spli t bushi ng whi ch i s e x
p a n de d i n t h e ho l e i n t h e w or
. k Th e w ork i s h e l d by t h e

e xp an si on b us hing C whi ch i s e xpande d by t he s cre w B

an d drawn t ight ly agai n s t t he face pl at e by t urni ng t h e

knob A D iffe re n t size s of bus hings are re adil y in se rt e d

.

to t ake care of a wi de range of work .

F rom t he fore going i t is re a dil y se e n that the un iv e rs al

,

g ri n d e r i s a d a pt e d f or a wi d e range of w ork th a t cannot

be done on t he plai n grinder F or t hi s re as on i t i s a good
.
,

plan to in s t all a unive rs al gri nde r in ca se s whe re one machi n e

i s de pe nde d upon to t ake care of al l t he s hop ne e ds . As i d e
from t he e xample s shown t he unive rs al gri nde r i s use d for
,

int e rn al gri n di ng and c u tter sharpe nin g . The se su bj e ct s

will be t re at e d la t er .
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
h ea d s tock to bri ng i t s spindl e in li ne wi th t he trave l of
the pla te n if parall e l work i s des ire d I t is alm o s t impo s si b l e
.

t o accomplish t his b y re l yi ng on t he grad uat ion s of t h e

h ea d s tock swi ve l and on t he pla te n swi ve l and as t he c u t

F ig. 1 r4
.
— B rown Sharpe uni versal grinding mac hi ne arra nge d for
int e rnal gri nding.

and t ry
-
me thod is both sl ow an d unce rt ain othe r me an s ,

t o t he d e s ired e nd are ge n e rally u se d by t he m e ch an i c

who d e s ire s to t urn Out accurat e work .

The simpl e s t and mos t pract ical me thod for accomp li s h

ing t he d e s ire d re s ul t tha t has come to t he writ e r s n ot i ce
’

i s d e scribe d be low : Firs t the ch uck is screwe d on t he h e ad

2 44
 INTE RNAL GR I N D I N G
t ck spin dle which is unl ocke d to all ow i t to rot at e N e xt
s o .

a pi e c e of ro und s tock s ome wh a t l onge r th an t he d e pth of

t he hol e to be groun d i s cl am pe d in t he ch uck j aws all owi ng ,

s e ve ral i n ch e s to p roj e ct The n a re lie f is ground cl ose

.

to t he chuck j aw s This i s for t he gri n ding whee l to dwe ll

.

in d urin g re ve rsal in t he s ub se q ue nt opera tion Th e n t he .

O u t s i d e of t he p ie ce i s gr o un d t ru e an d cali pe re d care full y

an d t he h e ad s tock re se t un t il t he wh e e l grind s t he t e s t

pie ce paralle l Wh e n paral l e lis m re s ul t s i t is e vi de nt th at

.
,

t h e h e ad s tock spin dl e i s parall e l wi th t he t rave l of t he

pl at e n which is t he si t uat ion ne ce ss ary for accu rat e in
,

t e rn al grin din g The t e s t pie ce is n ow re move d and t he

.

m achin e s e t up for in t e rnal grin ding The ope rator n ee d .

n o t pay att e n t ion to arall e li sm aft e r t his as i t i s ass ure d

p .

H e i s th e n fre e to con ce n trat e his e ffort s to ge tt ing hi s work

to t he de sire d s ize .

I n grin din g t ap e rs t he h e ad s tock i s se t ove r to t he de s ire d

,

an g le an d t he work aft e r be in g grou n d

, is t e s t e d wi th a ,

t ape r gauge on wh ich a li tt le Pru ssi an bl ue i s sme are d .

Th i s furn i s h e s a re ady me an s of de te ct in g any e rrors th at

e xi s t . I t is re adily s e e n that i t i s a more s impl e matter to
s e t up t he i n t e rn al grindi n g att achme nt to g rind t ape rs

th an i t is to gri n d ab s ol ut e ly p aralle l that i s by t he cu tt i ng

,

an d t ryi n g m e thod
-
.

The m ach in e s hown i n Fi g 1 1 5 i s arran ge d to grind a .

doub le t ap e r The s wi ve l plate n i s se t ove r to gi ve t he

.

fi ve d e gre e t ape r whil e t he wh e e l p l at e n i s s e t to imp art t he

-

forty fi ve de gre e t ape r From the se ill us trat ion s it is se e n

- -
.
,

tha t t he u n ive rs al grinde r c an be adapt e d to a varie ty of

tool room work I n fact i t c an h an dle s ome varie t ie s of
-
.
,

work th at are b e yon d t he ran ge of t he produ ct ion in te rn al

grin de r F or thi s re as on in te rn al grin di ng on t he unive rsal
.
,

grin de r wi ll alway s be a part of tool room work -

.

Spe c i al in t e rn al grin din g m achi n e s are de s ign e d as pro

d uct ion tool s for rapi dl y an d acc urate l y finis hing m ore
work in a gi ve n t ime th an i t is po ss ibl e to t urn ou t on t he
unive rs al grind e r B roadly spe aki n g the se machi n e s c an
.
,

245
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WHE ELS
be di vi d e d into t wo group s those havi ng , hand fe e d an d
t hose e quippe d wi th au tomat i c fe e d This . fe at ure appli e s
t o t he pla t e n .

M achine s e q uippe d wi th han d fe eds are ad apte d for

gri n di ng s u ch work as ge ars be ve l gea rs , ,

F ig
. I 15 .
-
G ri nding a doubl e inte rnal tape r on 3 B rown Sharpe univers al
gri n di ng mac h in e s e t u p for i nt e rna l work .

pinion s b ush ings or in fact any ki nd of short work E x

, , , , .

p e ri e n c e h as p rov e n th a t on w ork not over three i n ch e s l ong ,

t he ave rage ope rator wi ll t urn ou t more work wi th a h and

fe d machi ne th an he wi ll wi th a machin e e quippe d wi th
au tomat ic fe e d .

The m ach ine il l u s t rat e d in Fi g 1 1 6 i s a prod u ct of The

.

H e al d M achi ne Cc Worce s t er M as s and i s thorou ghl y

.
, , ,

au tom at i c i n all i t s O pe rat ion s I t swi ngs work 1 5 i nch e s

.

i n d iame ter and will gri nd hole s 1 1 in c h e s de e p The head .

2 46
 .
—
Fig t un Hea ld fi s hi ng m d un k .

t ion s ow sh . t he pa rt of t he pl u g t ha t e ngages t he

is t ri a ngu l a r in s ha pe w hil e t he e nd t hat e n gages t he

t hrea de d collar is rou nd as se e n at 7 As t hi s c huc k gri p s .

t he w ork at i t s e nds i t hol ds i t se cu re l y wit hou t dan ge r of

,

d is t ort ion .

On e of t he mos t difii c ul t grin di ng proble m s wi th whi ch

t he prod u c t ion e n gin e e r has t o con t e n d is gri ndi ng t he .

hole s i n spur an d be ve l ge a rs as use d in automobile t ra n s

miss ion s and diffe re n t ial s The se ge ars are harde n e d an d
.

he a t t re a t e d t hu s t he y com e t o t he gri nding de partme nt

-

i n a s ligh t l y d i s t ort e d con di t ion F or smooth runni ng i t

.
,

is o b viou s t h at t he pi t ch li n e of t he ge ars m us t run as t rue

as p os s ibl e af t e r as se mb li n g To t hi s e n d s pe ci al ch u ck s
.
,

ha ve be e n d e ve l ope d for hol din g th e se ge ars in which t he

l o c a t ion is t ake n from t he t e e th at t he pi tch line cir cle -
.

Fig 1 1 8 illu s t rat e s thre e common me thod s for l oca t i ng

.

a rs a s de s c ri be d by t he H e al d Comp an y In A t he g e a
g e r .
,

is he l d who lly by t he ou t s ide diame te r I n B j aws of spe cial .

,

s hape are e mployed wh ich grip t he ge ar at t he bottom of

,

t he too th space while in C rolls are used which m ake c on

,

2 48
 INTE RNAL GRIN D ING

. .
—
F ig 1 1 8 Thre e ty pe s of c huc ks gri ndi ng t he hol es in gears
us e d in on a

H eald int ernal grindi ng mac hine .

2 49
owi ng t o t he m i z az
' r

h
t

l" M W a m fit m

I n t he se c
o nd me nhori m sh n a
t
B . : he f
a t s ci t h e ch uc k

mak e m n t act a t he t
ho rzt om of t he tomh s pa ce .
Thi s i s
a be t t e r me t hod t han t he one above de s c rfbe d inm uc h as

t he tfl t he orefi c a fly all t he sam e

'

t t tx n ot t he t ea h z e di s o

tanoe frorn t he pit c h c irc le The dis advan t age s of t his

me t hod ofloea t in g gea rs t ha t t he b-Ot t om is of t he t e e th

is oft e n rmrgh and some t i me s c u rve d o wi n g t o t he s hap e

of t he t oot h at t his poi n t an d for t he se re ason s t he me t ho d

is not as sat is fac t ory as it mi gh t appea r

The t hird me t hod , show n a t C call e d pit c h li ne

.
-
c on t ro l ,

whe re in t he gea r is cl am pe d in pla c e t hro u gh t he me di um

o f t hree rolls e ve nl y s pa c e d aro u n d t he gea r as t he ill us t ra

t ion s hows If t he t e e t h are e ve nl y spac e d an d t he gea r

.

u nharde n e d t his me t hod is ge ne ral l y s a t is fac t ory

, I t mu s t .

be borne in mi nd howe ve r t ha t di s t or t i on i s bou n d t o t ak e

, ,

p la c e w h e n ge ars are h a rd e n e d an d t hi s ha s an e f
f e c t on

t he spac i n g of t he gea r as w e ll as on it s o t h e r dim e n si on s .

I t is re ad ily unders tood tha t any vari a t ion in t he tooth

spac in g i s bound to al te r t he e ve n sp aci ng of t he roll s For .

e xample le t it be as su me d tha t one roll i s l oca t e d in a

,

narrow tooth while t he n e x t roll happe n s to fall i n t o a wi de r

to oth The l ocation of t he ge ar i s bound to be e cce ntric

. .

The chucks sh own in Fig 1 1 8 are all ali ke wi th t he e x .

c e pt io n of the l ocat ing po i nt s s hown at 4 B rie fly de s cri be d .

,

t he c h uck con sis t s of a body ( 2 ) which s cre w s to t he no s e

of t he sp ind le and a coll e t ( 3) whi ch i s sp li t in thre e pl ace s

and drawn into the ch uck b y me an s of a drawi ng rod

250
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
s pli t ring (4) made s trai ght in side and taperi ng on t he out
s i de wi th a short thre a d to e n ab le i t to be s cre we d i n a n d

o u t of t he body of t he chu c k The body (3) i s mou n t e d

.

on a face p l at e ( 2 ) whi ch is s cre we d on t he chu ck sp in dl e

The obj e ct of maki ng t he chu ck body in t wo pie c e s 2 ,

an d 3 ,i s to afford re a dy me an s for ke e ping t he ch u ck

run n in g ab s ol u t e l y t rue B y re fe rring to Fig 1 1 9 i t i s
. .
,

se e n th at p art of t he ou t si d e of t he p i ec e ( 3 ) i s grou nd

cylindri cal to mak e a path for the indi cator to re gi s te r on

wh il e truin g up t he chuck Thi s fe ature al l ows t he Ope ra tor
.

to che ck up t he running of t he chuck as fre que ntly as de

sire d . The sp li t ring (4) i s h ard e n e d to in s ur e i t agai n s t
we ar . Oth e rwi se t he p re ss ure of t he roll s wou l d soon i m
pair it s accuracy as th e y woul d irnbe d th e mse l ve s s li ght l y
at t he poin t s of cont act e ve ry t ime t he ch u ck was t i ghte n e d .

I n F ig 1 20 is shown a H e al d chu ck for l oc at ing l arge be v e l

‘

,
.

g e a rs a s u s e d i n au tomob i l e re ar axl e s An u nh
. ard e n e d

r20 — H ea ld c huck for loca t ing large be ve l gears for int e rnal
.
grinding .

ge ar ( )2 mo u ntis
e d on t h e f ac e p l at e w h i,ch i s re c e s s ed
s li ght ly to ce nt er the locat ing ge ar s o th at i t wi ll run true

a t all t ime s The ge ar to be ground (3) i s locat e d wi th i t s

.

f ace to t he l ocat ing ge ar an d i s h e l d in plac e by three clamp s

25 2
 INTE RNAL GRIN D ING

shown at 4 As the illus tration shows a port ion of t he teeth

.
,
.

of t he l ocating ge ar are c ut bac k as at 5 l e avi ng full le n gth -

teeth ( 6 ) at thre e poi nts of the circumfe re n ce This thre e .

poi nt cont act ins ure s t he ge ar again s t rocki n g on i t s se a t .

Anoth er nove l ge ar chu ck i s shown i n Fig 1 2 1 Thi s . .

chuck was origi n ate d by t he H e al d Comp any and is use d

for gri ndi ng be ve l pinion s In reali ty i t is a modi fi ca tion
.

Fig 121 — Heald c huc k for loc at ing be ve l pinions for int ernal gri ndi n
. .
g .

of the princip le use d in the chu ck s hown i n F ig 1 1 9 Taper . .

roll s are u se d wh i ch are sp ace d arou nd t he circumfe re nc e

to l oc ate t he ge ar in p rope r posi t ion according to t he pi tch

li ne. The t ape r roll s shoul d be three five or se ve n in num ,

be r according to t he num be r of tee th in t he ge ar

,
.

The me thod of hol di ng t he roll s all ows for a ce rt ain

amount of pl ay for t he purpos e of t aki ng care of sl igh t

variat ions in t he ge ars due to h ard e ning ,

.

Re fe rri ng to Fig 1 2 1 1 i s the spindl e 2 the chu ck bod y 3

.
, , ,

t he cl amp arm s th at hol d t he ge ar in po si t i on 4 t he l oc at i ng ,

roll s an d 5 the re t aining ring in whi ch t he rol l s are mou n t e d .

While t he pre se n t day in te rnal gri nd e r is a production

-

mach in e in e ve ry se n se of t he word i t i s not a tool for ,

“ ”
hoggi ng off s tock I t is a machin e e spe ciall y de sign e d
.

for fin i sh in g ope rat ion s For thi s re ason att e nt ion sh oul d
.
,

be p ai d to t he amount of s tock l e ft for grin ding e spe c i all y ,

in h ard e n e d work .

25 3
5

ee i wet . H o wew e :
-

e do e s no r have t o be

wi t h a
c t
i afa mon '

. I n we :
gri ndi n g t he hood ove r
re sul t s .

t he c huc k ke e ps t he spra y from fl yin g I n dry gri ndi n g an .

.

oz ha n at i d w w y t h d h gh h h ll ow hea d
pp e ra s a a e u s t t r ou t e o -

p i m l l l T h i s p t e c t s t he Ope rat or and ke e ps t he mac hi ne

ro

1 lua u a t t he s a me t im e .

Whm I on in t e rnal gri nde rs are run a t pe ri phe ral spe e ds

- '
.

" u rging fro m to fe e t pe r minu te while t he work

ape m l r a n va ry from 2 5 to 1 00 fe e t
-
m i n u t T h i
pe r e ere s .

no l mr l a nd l a s t rul e to re fe r to b u t t he e xpe rie nce d o e r

c
, p
ul m j g s t he c o rre c t combinat ion of whe e l and work
u d e

upm al by t he q ua l it y a nd qu an t i t y of the out u t and t he

-

p
p m l m n m m c o f t he wh e e l
'
.

In m lm l ing whe e ls fo r inte rn al gri nding c arbide of silic on

' '

”5 4
 Fig
. 1 22
.
— Hea l d c ylinde r gri ndi ng machi ne .

machine c t y Wi t h th e se factors in mi nd e ngi nee rs

a c ura e l .
,

t urne d to t he grindi ng machi ne for a solu tion of t he diffi c ul ty .

The o rd in ary single cy linder of other d ays w as a diffi cu l t

i c e to gri nd i n as mu ch as i t cou l d not be rot at e d re adi l y
p e

a s pe c i al gri n ding fi x t u re w as n e c e ss ary whi ch had pro

vis ion for running and balan ci n g e ach indivi dual cyli nde r .

Aga in i t would be impo s s ible to rot at e a cylind er of t he

,

type ill us t rate d i n Fi g 1 23 wh i ch i s cas t e n bloc

.
, Th ere .

fo re t he m ac hine s hown in Fig 1 2 2 was de ve lope d

. . The .

bas e and upright of this mach in e are cas t in on e pie ce The .

whe e l spindle is mount e d at t he top of t he upright and is

o f t he plane t ary t ype The main spindl e re vol ve s to carry
.

25 6
 I NTE RNAL GRIN D ING

t he w h e e l o nd the wall of t he cylinder to be ground

ar u

whi l e t he s upple me ntary spindl e rot at e s rapi dly to i mp art

motion to t he grinding whe e l A sp e ci al adj us tment
.
,

graduate d in thousandths of an inch de te rmi ne s the ec c e n ,

t ric se tt in g of t he whe e l spindle .

The p lat e n c an be adj us t e d at right angle s to the wheel

s pindle by me an s of a s cre w fe e d e quipped wi th a mi c rom

Fig 1 23
.
— M ul t iple cylinder for an
. auto mobile e ngi ne as finishe d by
gri ndin g .

t
e er dial whi ch fe at ure is mad e u se of in gri n ding cylinders
,

of t he typ e shown in Fig 1 2 3 The p late n is fe d longi

. .

t udi nally by me an s of an au tomat i c fe e d t he move me nt ,

be in g con t rolle d by adj us t able dogs that actuate the re

ve rsal at e ach e n d of t he s troke .

The ope rat ion of grin ding t he cylind e r shown in F ig .

1 2 3 i s s hown i n F ig 1 24 .The cylin der i s mounte d on a

.

s pe c i al angl e iron fix t ur e th at i s cl ampe d to t he pl ate n of

-

t he m achi n e One bore of t he cyli n de r i s groun d at a t ime

.

an d comp l e t e l y fi n i s h e d be fore m ovin g t he p l at e n to grind

t he n e x t hole The amoun t to le ave for gri nding d e pe nd s

.

upon t he si z e of t he cylind e r an d t he condi t ion in whi ch t he

hole s are le ft by t he rough boring ope ration U suall y .

cylinde rs are rou gh bore d wi th a coarse fe e d which le ave s

d ee p tool marks Thi s is advantageous as t he tool marks
.

25 7
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
e xe r t heari ng mot ion o f t he whee l whi ch he lps t o ke e p
a s

i t t rue If t he hole s are acc urate ly space d in t he borin g

.

ope rat ion from to 5 i nch e s be l ow t he bottom of t he

boring t ool marks are sufi c ie n t for fi nis hing Thi s is not a .

hard an d fas t rule by any me an s as l oc al c ondi ti on s mus t

be take n into c onsi de rat ion th us e xpe rime nta ti on is t he
,

Fig . 1 24 —Gri n . a four c ylinde r un it for an automo ile

-
b e ngin e on a
e al d c yli nde r gri ndi ng mac hi ne
.

onl y accurate guide If t he ope rator fi nd s that he has a

.

l arge amoun t of s tock to re m ove aft e r t he hole s show up

true t he amoun t l e ft for fi nishing shoul d be re duce d and
, ,

“
on t he othe r h an d if t he hol e s fail to grind out t he all ow
,

an c e mus t be in cre as e d -

It is be s t whe n firs t in s t alling a

.

grin der for thi s work to s t art wi th a li be ral allowan c e which

c an be re d uce d if too m uch s tock has be e n l e ft .

Cyli n d e r gri nd in g is a p re cis ion Ope rat ion in e ve ry se n se

of t he word e s pe ci all y whe n fi nishin g cylin de rs for airc raft
,

e n gi ne s For this re as on t he wh e e l mus t be ke pt true an d

.
,

in cu tt in g con d it ion at all t ime s B y agai n re fe rring t o

.

Fi g 1 24 i t i s s e e n that th e re i s a bracke t s e t at an angl e

.
,

un der e ach cyl ind e r loc at ion The se are for hol din g a dia
.

258
 Pig
. 1 26.
—G i nding
r a spe c ial int c m al oombrs ti on engine c yfindu
’
m a

by me ans of t he c onn e ct ions se e n at t he t op n a r t he upri gh e t

of the angl e iron and at t he e n d of t he c ylin de r . The dust
is e xhaus e d by mea ns of an ai r su ct ion c onn ect ed t o t he
t
e xha us t Opening of t he cyli nde r .

Cylinde rs are Ofte n ground howe ver wi th no provi si on , ,

ma de for wate r cooling an d if t he de pth of c ut tak e n is

, ,

no t t o o he avy good re s ul t s ar e obtai ne d

, Su ch a gri n di ng .

o e rat ion is shown in Fi g 6 T h w o k on i t of

p 1 2 . e r c . s s s

g ri n din g a s peci al cy l i nd e r of t h e air coo l e d t yp e T h e-

d us t .

c an be re adil y di sp o se d of by p l aci ng a hood conn e c t ed to

I he e xh aus t sy s tem ove r t he e n d of the hole be i ng ground .

The c y lin de r grin de r has wi thou t a doubt gon e a l ong

,
,
,

way to ward pe rfe ct ing t he p re s e nt day automobil e and ai r -

p l an e e ngi n e G r
.ou nd ho l e s are more acc urat e than it is pos
2 60
 I NTE RNAL GRIN D ING
sible to produ ce by boring an d re aming and e ve ry hole c an
be mad e e xact ly t he s ame si z e with ve ry li tt le troubl e .

F ar l e s s acc uracy is re q uire d in borin g in fact t he boring , ,

Fig . 1 27 — G rinding t he hol e rn a c oil s pring on a H e al d c ylinder

g inding
r mac hi ne .

O pe ration is for rou ghi ng out only and the time spe nt in
re ami ng is e limi n at e d M ul tipl e cylinde rs are h andled as
.

e as il y as are s ingl e one s an d int e rch ange abili ty of cyl inders ,

pis ton s an d rin gs i s as s ure d N O time has to be sp e nt in

.

Fig
. 1 28 .
—G rinding a hol e m a pie c e of t ile pipe on a H ea ld cylinde r
gri n di n g m ac hin e .

l apping a d cylin de r an d a maximum am ount of com

groun

p re s s ion is alway s pos s ible .

Asi d e from cylinde r grinding t he cylin der grinde r le nds

,

26 1
 Bi z s
- ize ;
fl j ob k M in F i g
. 1 28

pi
is e c e o
a f t il e i
pp e 16 i n
c
h
es lon g and 8 inc he s i n side
i m
d a et e r a n d a groun d
w s to wi t hi n a limi t of i n ches ,

pl u s o
-
r m i n-
u s F i g .1 2 9 sh ow s a
. lar ge worm gea r m ou n t e d
for in t e rn al gri n di n g Th e mann e r in whi ch t he w ork is
.

h ld in
e e ac h cas e is de rs t ood by re fe rri n g t o t he
e a si l y un

il l u s t ra t ion s an d it is se e n t ha t t he se pi ec es di d not re q uire

e l abo rat e sp e c ial fix t m for hol din g t he m in pos i tion .
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
in di ame te r and we ighs pounds The inte rmediate .

rolls are se ve n in n umbe r 1 4 inche s in di a me t e r an d w e i gh

,

po unds e ach while t he top roll is the same di ame te r

,

an d w e i ght as t he n e x t t o bott o m roll .

As t he work of c al e n de r roll s is nothi ng more or le ss th an

to p re ss p ape r i t woul d appe ar th at the y shoul d s t ay in
,

Fig l 3o
.
— The l arges t
. s t ac k of ca le nde r rol l s on t he American c ont in e n t .

shap e ind e fin i te ly bu t thi s is not t he cas e The con s t an t

,
.

rolli ng act ion grad u all y affe ct s t he mirro r like fin i s h an d -

“ ”
agai n t he
,
doctors whi ch are thin pl ate s of spe ci all y
,

t e mpe re d s t e e l u se d for s crapin g the m s ome time s le ave ,

s cratch e s What is te rm e d a plug in p ape r mill parlance

.
“ ”
-

“
oft e n occ urs As t he pape r make r say s : A plug plays t he
.

mi s chi e f with t he roll s It occ urs us uall y whe n t he we b

.

of p ap e r bre aks and b anks up an d a large wad is pulle d be

twe e n t he rolls Whe n thi s h appe ns one roll m ay s top
.
,

2 64
 SPE CI AL GRIN D ING OPE RATI ON S
'

g whi le the ne xt roll to it cont inue s

ol vi n evol ve
to r .

de r th e s e con di t ion s a fl at spot is s ome time s

,
worn on t he

t will be s e e n th at a spe cial gri n di n g machine is neces sar y

kee p t he cale n de rs in condi tion The majority of pape r .

ll s ke e p a fe w spare rolls in s tock w hich are s ubs ti t ute d

worn on e s M os t p ape r mills al s o h ave a compl e t e ly
.

ri pp e d grin din g d e p artm e nt whi ch s ave s t he t im e an d

) e n s e i nvol ve d in ca s e s wh e re ro ll s are se nt t o a di s tant

n t for grin din g .

As s tat e d in t he i n t rod uct ion roll fini shi ng was one of the ,

;t att e mpt s at cyl i n dric al gri nding The roll s in u s e at .

rt t im e s om e 5 0 ye ars ago we re of cours e much s mall e r

, , , ,

rn t he o n e s s hown in Fig 1 30 A typic al old time s tack

. .
-

ne 5 0 y e ars ol d is s till running n e ar An sonia

, Conn , .
,

1 con s i s t s of t he foll owin g : A top roll 1 0 x 5 0 inche s

ighin g about pound s a bottom roll of t he s ame ,

ne n s i on s an d w e i ght an d fou r fi ve inch int e rme di ate

,
-

ls we i ghi n g a littl e ove r 300 pounds e ach .

Sin c e t he origi n al p ape r machin e t he prototype of t he ,

zs e n t day F ourdrin ie r m achi n e

-

w as inve nt e d in 1 7 98 by ,

ui s Rob e rt in Fran ce it foll ows th at t he e arl y cal e nde r

,

l s w ere n ot fi ni sh e d b y gri n di ng The que s tion n at urall y .

“
se s : H ow w e re th e s e h ard roll s fi ni she d with t he prop er
”
f mooth to c l nd p p It i h t ’
e e o n ? t w i
g r s e s s a e e r a e r s e r er s

in i on th at th e s e Ol d t ime roll s we re not chill e d roll s but

-

rpl y h ard ch arcoal iron sand cas t roll s

,
-

, Thus th e y -
.
,

1 1d be fi ni s h e d w i th t urning tool s j us t as roll turners in ,

e l mil l s fi ni s h t he p as s e s on rolli ng mill roll s at t he pre s ent -

It i s definite ly k own
th at h ard chille d iron roll s we re
n ,
-

i de fifty y e ars ago an d th at th e y we re fi n is h e d by gri nd

b b i
'

p ro a y w th h and m ad e gri n di ng wh e-
e l s con s i s t i ng
e me ry bon de d tog e th e r wi th gl ue or s h e ll ac Who m ade .

firs t g rin din g machi n e for this p urpos e howe ver is a , ,

1t t e r of co n j e ct ure The wri t e r has made dilige nt s e arch

.
,

.t i s u n ab le to th row any light on t he s ubj e ct .

26 5
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
A mode rn ro ll grinding mach ine is shown in Fig 1 3 1
-
. .
0

Thi s machi n e is a p rod uct of t he F arre l F oundry M achi n e

Co An s onia Conn who are t he make rs of t he rolls ill us
.
, ,
.
,

t rat e d in Fi g 1 30 As t he ill us trat ion s hows this m achi n e

. .
,

diffe rs radi call y from machin e s for cylindri cal grin di ng as

Fig
. 1 31 .
— Farre l se l f c onta ine d- -
ll gri ndin g mac hine
c al e n de r ro .

d e s cribe d in a pre vi ous ch ap t e r Roll grin d in g i s a trade .

in i t se lf an d i t s s ucc e ss f ul pros e cu t ion is possib le on ly wi th

machin e s buil t e spe ci al ly for t he p urpose .

B rie fly d e s cribe d t he rol l gri n ding machi n e ill u s t rat e d

,
-

con si s t s of a mas s ive be d upon w hich t he carriage carryi ng ,

t w o whe e l h e ad s t rave rs e s d e ri vi n g it s mot i on by me an s

, ,

of an automat ic s cre w fe e d The motor for dri vi n g t he whe e ls

.

i s mount e d on a s upe rs t ru ct ure ove r t he carri age w hil e t he

c arri age drivi ng me chanis m i s act uate d by me an s of t he
-

motor se e n at t he right Thi s motor al so imp ar t s t he rotary

.

moti on to t he roll .

Two grindin g wh e e l s one on e i ther si de work on t he roll

, ,

si mul t an e o u sl y Thi s is for t he obj e ct of e xpe di tin g pro

.

duction an d insurin g a s traight true roll at t he sam e t im e , .

2 66
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
roll s othe rwi se the ne xt to bottom roll woul d not make
,

contact wi thou t saggi ng an d so on up t he s tack The .

‘
difl ic ul t y i s s u c ce ss full y ove rcome by crowni ng the bottom
roll s o tha t i n i t s d e fle ct e d s t ate i t s upper s urface p re se nt s

Fig . r33 —Crowne d . c ale n de r rol l . The o

crwn in g c ompe n sa tes
t h e e rror due
defl ec t ion This i ll us t rat i on rs e xagge ra t e d i l l us tr a t e
’

t o t he rol l s . to
t he prin c ipl e .

a s rai t ght lin e . Thi s is ill us trate d in Fig . 1 33 . Thi s ill u s

t rat ion is al s o s omewh at ex aggerate d to ill us trate t he
pri ncipl e .

The me ch an is m for cro wn in g is s imple an d e as il y un de r

s tood On on e s ide of t he roll grinde r be d e x te n di n g ne arl y
.
,

i t s whol e l e ngth is an arche d pl ate c all e d a mas te r crow n

,

pl ate This i s not shown in Fig 1 3 1 as i t is on t he oth e r

. .

si d e of t he machin e A t oe pie ce on t he whe e l carri age

.

trave l s ove r thi s mas ter plate an d through t he me di um of ,

le ve rs t he whee l he ad s are move d away from t he roll as

,

the ce n te r is approache d an d tow ar d t he rol as t he oth e r

’

e n d i s app roa ch e d This imparts the de sir ed crown.

The .

me chan is m is adj us table to impart t he amount of crown

nec e ss ary for different l e ngths an d we i ghts of rolls I t i s .

Obvi ous th a t a l ong comparative l y thi n roll will de fle ct

,

more than a roll of t he same le n gth but of gre a te r diame te r , ,

thus thi s adj us tme n t is ne ce s s ar y The amount of c ro wn .

to gi ve a roll to offset the e rror caused by saggi ng is de

t e rmi n e d by e xperi me nt al on e To the be s t of t he wri t e r s ’
.

know le dge n o t abl es gi vin g th e amount of cro wn for difi e r

,

e n t l e ngt h s an d di ame te rs of roll s h ave bee n pu blis hed .

S ome ye ars ago wh e n t he roll gri nde r had to de pe n d on

,

nat ural abras ive s roll gri n ding was a l ong and t edi ous
,

ope rat ion As a mat te r of fact wee ks we re s ome t im es

.
,

c o n s u m e d in gri n di ng a sin gle ro ll in case s w he re i t w as

ba dl y ou t of s hape The di sc ove ry of Carborundum in .

1 89 1 prove d a dec i ded boon t o ro ll gri nding as this abras ive

2 68
 S PE CI AL GRIN D ING OPE RATION S

made it possible to accomplish in days wh at th e re tofore

re q uire d we e ks At the pre s en t day Carborundum an d
.
,

othe r carbide of sili con abras ives are used alm os t e xclusive l y
for grin din g c ale nd e r roll s .

She ll ac bon de d whe e l s are ge n e ral ly us e d for this ope r

-

at ion for t wo re as on s : A s he ll ac bon d e d whe e l im p art s -

an e xce e di n gl y fin e fi n ish whi ch i s ve ry d e s irabl e an d ,

agai n the s e whe e l s are qui te durable The gri t s use d run
,
.

from 24 to 80 in a me di um s oft to s oft grade F or roughi n g .

ope ration s whe e l s in vi tri fi e d bon d are s ome t ime s use d

,
.

Roll grin di n g in it s e lf is a comp arative ly simpl e ope r

ati on . The roll i s s uppo rt e d by i t s journal s or n e ck s an d
re vol ve d by me an s of a fl e xib le con n e ct i on The grin di ng .

s hou l d be w orke d we t u n d e r all con d i ti on s The w hee l s .

are fe d in u n t il th e y sp ark he avil y an d e n ou gh p as s e s t ake n

ove r t he roll to grin d i t true I t is the n fin is he d by me an s of

.

light cu t s t he w h e e ls be in g all owe d to t rave rse un til no

,

s p arks are vi s ibl e .

I t is e vi de n t that a cal e n de r roll wi th impe rfe ction s on

it s s urface wi ll n ot fi n is h p ape r s atis factoril y an d for thi s ,

re as o n gre at c are mu s t be e xe rcise d in grin ding and the

,

l e as t t e n de ncy to chatte rin g promptly ove rcome Ch atte r .

in g in this case i s cause d by one of thre e thing s or a com

, ,

bin ation of all thre e : Loose whe e l spin dle boxe s e xce ss ive ,

w ork sp e e d or hard whe e l s Whe n ch atte ring occurs the

.
,

firs t thin g to do is to se e th at t he work spe e d is normal an d

the n t he whe e l spin dle boxe s shoul d be adj us t e d If the s e .

adj u s tme n t s do n ot ove rcome t he diffi cul ty t he wh e e l spe e d ,

s houl d be re d u ce d s li ghtl y an d if t he whee l s are too h ard

,

t he re d u ctio n of speed wi l l te nd to make the m function as

s oft e r w he e l s .

The corre ct whe e l surface s pe e d for roll grin din g is

-

fe e t pe r minut e Re garding t he work sp e e d howe ve r there

.
, ,

is n o hard an d fas t rul e In vi s itin g p ape r mill s in all part s

.

of t he coun try t he writ e r has obs e rve d work sp e e d s ran gin g

,

al l t he w ay from 1 5 to 60 fe e t a min ut e an d s ome t ime s more ,

an d i n e ach case t he ope rator w as ge tt in g sat i s factory re

2 69
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH E ELS
s ul t s . Loc al con di t ion s s uch as t he grade and make of
whe e l u s e d t he h ardn e s s of t he 1 011 e t c have to be t a ke n
, , .
,

into con s ide rat ion in de te rmi ni n g t he work s pe e d Roll .

gri n din g in t he s trict e s t se n se of t he word is not a produc

, ,

t ion ope rat ion thus the Ope rator se t s t he work spe ed to
,

s ui t h im s e l f an d as l o n g as he i s ge tt in g a s a t is factory fin i s h

he is n ot con ce rne d wh e the r t he t ime t ake n to fini s h a

ce rt ain roll is thre e days or a we e k .

An oth e r i m port an t branch of chi lle d iron gri ndin g c on -

s i s t s of fi n i s h in g t he m as s ive roll s u s e d i n s tee l mil l s for

rolli n g s h e e t s an d p l at e s Thi s is e xacti n g work as t he face s

.

of t he roll s s houl d be p aralle l in orde r that s tock of un iform

thickn e ss c an be rolle d U n t il a fe w ye ars ago the se roll s
.
,

w ere fi n i s h e d by t he s l ow e r proc e s s of t urn in g on a re gul ar

f The man ufact ure rs of cyli n drical gri nd
roll t u rn in g l ath e
-
.

in g m ach in e ry howe ve r re ali z in g that t he s t e e l mill s Offere d

, ,

a n e w fi e l d for t he sal e of gri n di n g ma chin e ry be gan a ,

s e rie s of e xh au s t ive e xp e rime n t s wh ich ul t im at e l y re s ul t e d

in t he p roduct ion of e xtra he avy spe ci all y d e s i gn e d m a

-

chine s for fi nis hin g the s e roll s .

The roll s in q ue s ti on are of vari ou s s ize s ran gi n g all t he

way from thos e use d for roll ing ribbon s tock whi ch are ,

from 8 to 1 2 i nche s lon g an d from 6 to 1 0 inche s in di am e te r ,

up to t he m as s ive roll s u se d for roll i ng h e avy p la te s w hi ch

are oft e n 5 4 i n che s in d iame t e r an d 1 5 fe e t l o n g The s mall .

roll s c an be re a d il y ground in a re gu l ar cy l in dri cal gr i n di ng

machin e an d t he proce s s doe s not diffe r mat e riall y from any
othe r cyli n drical grin din g job e xce pt pe rhap s th at t he whe e l
, ,

use d i s a t rifle s oft e r i n as mu ch as t he amou n t of cont act

be twee n t he roll an d t he whe e l prohi bit s t he u se of a hard

or e ve n of a me d iu m grade w he e l .

A mass ive grin din g mach ine con s t ruct e d e s pe cially for
fi ni s hi n g s t e e l mill roll s is ill u s trat e d in F ig 1 34
-

.
This . .

machine is a product of t he Landi s Tool Co an d in ge ne ral .

de s ign it doe s not diffe r mat e rial ly from a re gul ar Landi s

pl ain grinde r As t he ill us trat ion s how s t he roll is l ocate d
.
,

by i t s ne c ks or journal s and is drive n from t he face pl ate

2 70
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
t nds This posi tion all ows him to vie w the grin di ng ope r
s a .

at ion at all t ime s The roll i s mounte d on i t s journal s an d

.

re vol ve d from t he he ad s tock The whee l is fe d towar d t he

.

w ork by me an s of t he uppe r h an dwh e e l s hown in t he ill u s

t rat ion The machine is motor dri ve n throu ghou t
. The
-
.

e q uipm e n t con si s t s of fi ve motors as foll ows : A 40 horse -

powe r uni t moun te d on t he whe e l carriage for rot atin g t he

gri n di ng whe e l an d trave rsing t he whe e l carriage ; a 15 horse -

powe r motor mounte d on t he h e ads tock for re volvi ng t he

work an d thre e 2 hors e powe r motors -
The s e s mall motors .

are pl ace d on t he he a d an d t ai l s toc ks an d on t he w h e e l

carriage The firs t two are for trave rsin g t he parts upon
.

w hi ch th e y are mou n t e d al on g t he w ay s of t he b ase whil e ,

t he l as t dri ve s t he pum p an d trave rs e s t he grin di ng wh ee l

at ri ght angle s to t he w ork This machin e i s sai d to be t he
.

he avi e s t grin ding machin e e ve r con s tructe d It we i gh s .

poun d s Afte r t he firs t machin e of thi s type was

.

fi ni s he d and in s t all e d in a s te e l mil l for de mons trat ion i t ,

was found aft e r e xh au s tive tri al s that i t re du ce d t he t ime

, ,

re q uire d i n dre ss in g rolls from 5 0 to 7 5 pe r c e n t .

The re al ways has an d probably alw ay s will be con

, ,

t rove rs y re gardi ng t he man ne r in whi ch roll s s houl d be

l oca te d for gri n di ng ; that is by the ir ce nt e rs or by the ir
,

n e cks. No matte r whi ch me thod is us e d t he l ocating point s ,

mus t be true If t he roll is to be l ocate d on ce n te rs the s e

.
,

mus t be true 60 de gre e ce n te rs ; pe rfe ctly round at all

-

points and fre e from s core s or impe rfe ction s If t he roll

, .

is to be l oca te d by it s ne cks i t foll ows th at the se mus t be

,

s trai ght true as re gard s circumfe re n ce an d in lin e wi th

,

e ach oth e r If t he n e cks are ou t of roun d as the y oft e n

.
,

are from we ar it foll ows th at t he imp e rfe ct ion s wi ll be

,

dupli cat e d on t he face of t he roll I t is a fact th at t he .

n e cks of the s e m assi ve roll s are oft e n o ut of t rue as th e y

we ar re adi ly du e to t he e x ce s s ive pre ss ure to whi ch th e y

are s ubj e ct e d in act u al u s e .

A good me thod fol lowe d by man y roll gri n d e rs is firs t

, ,

to true out t he ce n t e rs care fu lly ; the n moun t the roll and

27 2
 SPECI AL GRIN D ING O PE RATION S

gri n d t he ne ck s unt i lthe y are round an d s traight Th e n the .

roll i s l oc a t e d by t he n e cks an d i t s bod y groun d On the .

oth e r h an d many e xpe rt roll gri nd e rs h ave achie ve d e xce l

,

l e n t re sul t s by gri n di ng roll s as l arge as 30 inch e s in di ame te r

an d 1 20 i n ch e s l on g by l oc a t in g th e m on ce nt e rs .

The s urfac e s pe e d of t he whe e l s use d for roll grin di ng is

from to fe e t pe r min u te The surface spe e d of .

t he w ork i s comp arat ive ly hi gh wh e n comp are d to work

s p e e d s u s e d in ordin ary cyli ndric al grinding I n fact it .
,

ran ge s from 1 0 0 to 2 0 0 fe e t pe r min u t e The t rave rs e .

fe e d is ve ry n e arly the wi dth of t he whe e l for e ach re volu

t ion of t he w ork The de pth of cu t for roughin g is all t he
.

wh e e l will s t an d whil e for fi ni shi n g t he c ut is comp arat ive ly

,

light . I t is obvi ous that roll s for rolling hot st e e l do not

re q u i re t he mirror lik e fi i
-
l
n s h ca e d for on cale n de r rolls
l .

S te e l mi ll roll s howe ve r re q uire a comp arat ive l y s mooth

-

, ,

fi nis h as any imp e rfe ction s woul d show up on t he mat e rial

roll e d .

—
Ste e l mill roll s are made of t wo mate rial s chi lle d iron
-

an d s t e e l F or gri nding t he iron roll s carbi de of sil icon

.
,

i s us e d an d for s te e l rolls al umin a abrasi ve s The same .

grit s and grade s appl y to this work in a gen eral way as , ,

give n for grin ding cale nde r roll s .

An othe r i mportant branch of roll grinding is t he fin ishi ng

of chille d iron roll s used in flour mills Thi s appli e s to t he
-
.

s mooth roll s as we ll as t he corrugate d bre akin g down roll s -

.

The corrugat ion s of t he latte r we ar down aft er a fe w ye ars

’

se rvic e an d be fore re corrugat ing the m -

the worn corruga ,

t ion s are ground away Thi s work is do ne on t he s am e type

.

of machi ne ill us trate d in F ig 1 3 1 As flour mill roll s are .

-

comparat ive l y s mall ranging from 6 inche s in di ame t e r an d

,

1 2 in che s l on g to 1 2 inche s in diame t e r an d 60 i n ch e s l o n g ,

a m uch s m all e r machi n e i s u se d The se machine s are ge n

.

e ral ly p rovi d e d wi th a swi ng re s t for as s u rin g s t rai ght rol l s ,

b ut t he y are s e l dom e q uipp e d wi th a crown in g attachme n t

as t he roll s are n ot l ong e n ou gh for th e ir di ame t e r to de fl e ct

from the ir own wei ght .

2 73
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
L arge flour mill s h ave the ir own grin din g and corrugatin g
de p artm e n t s in ch arge of an e xpe rie n ce d ope rator b ut m any ,

o f t he s m all e r mi ll s se n d th e ir rol l s to re p air s hops th at m ak e

a spe c i al t y of th is w o rk Th e re s e e ms to be n o good re as on
.

w hy t h is grin din g cou l d not be don e on a re gul ar cyli n dri cal

grin de r afte r t he me thod e mpl oye d in gri n di ng s mall s t e e
mill roll s bu t t he type of gri n de r shown in Fig 1 3 1 se e ms to
, .

h ave t he p re fe re n ce .

I n grin d in g t he worn corru gat ion s from fl our mill roll s -

c arb id e of s il icon w h e e s in 30 to 60 gri t an d me di um gra d e

'

are u s e d . S he ll ac bon d e d wh e e l s are always use d for fi n i s h

-

n g ope rat ion s bu t for rou ghin g s ome ope rators p re fe r

i
,

vi t rifi e d wh ee s The work doe s n ot di ffe r mat e rially rorn

'

a n y othe r roll grin d in g ope rat ion an d t he proce ss foll ow e d

-

i s t he s ame .

Aft e r t he automobile had p as s e d t he e xpe rime nt al s ta ge

a n d be gan to b e an in d u s try in t se lf on e of t he comp l e x ,

p robl e ms i t brou ght abou t was t he fi nis hing of cranks h aft s .

I t goe s wi thout s ayin g that t he be ar n gs and pin s of t hi s

im port an t m e mb e r of t he mode rn a u tomobile mus t b e ao
c urat e ly an d s moothl y fi n i s h e d if an e as y runni ng motor -

is to re s u l t an d as m ay be imagin e d abras i ve e ngin e e rs

, ,

l os t no t im e in ad aptin g t he cy lin drical grin d e r for finis hin g

c rank sh aft s I n t he e arly day s of t he au tomobile ind us try
.
,

t he grin ding of c rank s h af t s pre s e n t e d m an y difi c ul t ie s .

—
Fig r361 Typica l
. c ranks haft as finis he d bv grinding .
v

The sh aft was u s uall y h e l d be twe e n c e n te rs on offset bl oc ks .

This m e thod whe n applie d to a four or s ix throw cran ks haft

274
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS

Fig . r38.
—Work carrying fixt ure
-
for gri nding crankshaft s
crank shaft gri n din g machine.

Fig
. 1 39 —S pec ial whee l t ruing de vi ce for Landis cranks haft grin ding machin e
-
.

276
 SPECI AL GRIN D IN G OPE RATION S

in d ic at e d in E n gli s h M e tri c s cal e s an d the oth e r for

an d ,

l oc ating t he pins in the ir re l at ive gri n di ng posi tions The .

s e tt i n g for thi s is con troll e d by a d ivi s i on in de x whi ch is

of t he t ape re d type to in sure i t again s t re as onable we ar .

The count e rb alan ce we ights are se e n at t he bottom of t he

face plat e .

An othe r att achme n t pe culi ar to crank grin di ng mach ine s -

i s t he sp e ci al radius truin g d e vi ce wh ich i s ab s olu t e ly ne c

e s sary in ke e p in g t he corn e rs of t he whe e l a t t he corre c t

radi us to i mpart t he d e si re d fi ll e t s on t he w ork A Lan di s .

s pe c i al wh e e l t rui n g d e vi ce of thi s typ e i s ill us t rat e d in

-

F i g 1 39
. . Th i s i s a ttache d to t he top of one of t he work
re s t s use d i n s upport in g t he crank whil e grin di ng The .

diamon d tool i s os cill ate d by t he le ve r at t he top Th is .

fix tu re i s al s o u se d for t ruin g the face of t he whe e l and ,

as t he i l l u s t ra t ion s how s t he work ne e d not be re move d

,

wh e n t he de vi ce is in u se As s hown t he diamon d se tting

.
,
-

gauge i s t urn e d ove r an d p us he d back on it s hol der whe re it

doe s n ot in t e rfe re wi th t he truin g ope rat ion .

Cranks haft s are fi nis he d in t wo ways grin din g from t he ,

rou gh forgi n g an d fi ni s h grin di ng aft e r a rou ghing c u t in

t he l athe The re i s s ome con t rove rs y as to which is t he

'

be s t m e thod but in actual pract ice both m e thods give e x

,

c e ll e n t re s u l t s I n gri ndi n g a c rank s h aft from t he rough

.
,

it i s firs t ce n t e re d an d t he mai n be arin gs rou ghe d out The n .

i t i s h e l d in t he offs e t fix t ure s an d the pin s roughe d ou t .

N e xt t he pin s are fini s he d care fully and las t of all t he mai n

be arings .

I n t he othe r proc e ss t he roughing i s done i n t he lathe

,

an d t he grin di n g m achi n e u s e d for t he fi ni s hin g ope rat i on

on ly I n thi s c ase t he main be arings are firs t rough groun d

.
,

to wi t hi n a fe w thousan dths of t he fini shed si ze the n t he ,

pin s are roughe d N e xt t he pins are fin ishe d an d l as t of all

.

a fi n is hi n g c u t i s t ake n ove r t he main be arin gs .

G rindin g from t he rou gh we ars out whe e ls rapi dl y bu t

'
,

as t he t urnin g ope rat ion i n t he la th e is e l imin at e d the re ,

may be truth in t he clai m that this me thod is t he mos t

27 7
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EE LS
ra pi d . Howe ve r many le adin g man ufacturers pre fe r t o
,

take t he roughi n g cu t s in t he l ath e Th us i t is se e n th at

.
,

th e re mus t be factors in favor of both me thods otherwis e ,

on e or t he othe r w oul d be adopt e d un ive rsall y .

Crank grindi n g is an e xacting Ope ration an d t he s pee d

wi th whi ch t he work i s t urn e d out is attain e d onl y by l ong
practi ce on t he p art of t he ope rator It diffe rs from ordi nary .

grin din g in s e ve ral ways I n t he firs t pl ace in working on

.
,

t he pin s t he t raverse fe e d i s e limin ate d e n t ire l y and t he

,

work fe d dire ct ly to t he whe e l by me an s of t he cross fee d .

The face of t he whe e l mu s t be ke pt true an d s trai ght in the

fin is hi n g ope rat ion . Agai n t he ope rator has to e xe rcis e
,

care in watchin g t he fill e ts for a t rue radi us on t he wh e e l

,

corne r is n e ce s s ary in impart in g t he de sire d fi ll e t on t he

fi ni s he d work .Anothe r poin t that re quire s cl os e atte n t i on
on t he part of t he ope rator i s t he sp acin g of t he pins Cran k .

s h aft grin din g i s a spe ci al t ra de in i t se lf an d i n comm on

wi th othe r e xact in g op e ration s s kill is de ve l ope d on l y,

through l on g pract ice .

As crank sh aft s are al ways made of s te e l al umin a abrasi ve s ,

ar e u s e d for grin di n g the m G rindi n g whe e l man ufacture rs

.
-

who c ate r to thi s cl as s of trade h ave de ve l ope d s pe c ial

w he e l s for t he work . Th e s e wh ee l s are ge n e rall y in com
bin at ion grit s and grea t care has be e n p aid to de ve l oping
bond s that will in s ure t he corne rs hol di ng up we ll wi th -

out d an ge r of b urni n g t he w ork The whe e l s us e d for

.

gri n din g c ranks haft s from t he rough are coarse and com
—
p arat ive ly h ard from 1 6 to 2 4 gri t in t he write r s grade s ’

1 1 to 1 4 . F or fi nis hi n g fin e r an d s oft e r wh e e l s are use d

, .

The gri t s in thi s case run from 36 to 4 0 an d t he grade s

from 7 to 9 .

Pe rhap s t he gre ate s t di ffi cul ty e xperi e nce d in cranks haft

g rin d i n g i s k e e p i n g t h e w or k t ru e It i s im pe ra ti.ve th a t
fre e cuttin g whe e l s are use d but the y mus t not be too soft
-

, ,

o the rwi se more wh e e l i s w as t e d in ke e p in g t he fill e t s at the

p r op e r r ad ii th a n i s u s e d i n act u al gr in di ng If t he w hee l s .

are too h ard in t he fin i shi ng ope rati on th e y h e a t the met al

, ,

278
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH EELS
th e cams we re harde ne d a poli s hi ng with abrasi ve cl oth
,

was thou ght s uffi ci e nt .

As t he au tomobil e e ngi n e was gradually improved t he ,

val ve act uat in g me chanis m was give n more atte nt ion an d

-

more accurate ly fi ni she d cams we re de mande d Gri n din g .

machin e man ufact ure rs t urn e d the ir atte ntion to the de

ve l opm e n t of s pe ci al att achm e nt s for c am gri n din g .

Pre s e n t day inte rn al combus t ion e n gin e cams are of tw o

- -

kin ds : I n te gral cams in whi ch se ve ral cams are made in

,

t e gral wi th the ir sh af t an d indi vi du al c ams

, The form e r .

type is t he one mos t e x te n sive ly use d The latte r t ype is .

s ome t im e s us e d on mul t ipl e cyli n d e r e n gin e s in whi ch cas e ,

t he cam s are pinn e d or oth e rwis e fas t e n e d perman e nt l y

to t he s h aft The majorit y of in divi dual cams howe ve r
.
, ,

are u se d on s in gle cyli n de r e n gi n e s of various type s .

Th e re are t wo type s of c am gri n di n g att achm e nts to t a ke

-

care of t he t wo ki n ds of c ams above re fe rre d to An att ach .

me n t made by t he Norton Gri n di ng Co for fini s hi ng in .

di vi du al c ams is s hown in Fig 1 40 B rie fly des cri be d i t

. .
,

con sis t s of a sp in dle whi ch c arrie s t he c am to be ground

an d t he mas t e r c am w hi ch runn in g ove r a roll e r p rod u c e s
, ,

t he d e s ire d con tour of t he c am face It is dri ve n from t he

.

he ad s tock of t he machine an d a s t ron g sp ring ke e p s t he

mas t e r c am in con t act wi th it s rol le r whil e t he c am is brou ght
to t he whe e l by me an s of t he c ros s fee d .

An att achm e n t de si gn e d for gri n di n g in t e gral cam s is s how n

in Fig 1 4 1 whi le Fig 1 4 2 i s a cl os e up vi e w of t he att ach
.
,
.
-

me n t t ake n from t he b ack of t he machine The ge ar gu ar d s .

are re move d in thi s vi e w to s how t he Ope rat ing me ch an i s m .

A i s t he dri vi n g arm B t he m as t e r c ams on the ir spind l e

, ,

C t he roll whi ch i s s e t in posi t ion be fore t he de si re d l e a de r

by slipping alon g t he s haft D This is e quipped wi th a .

l ocking de vi ce to hol d i t in pl ace as occ as i on re quires .

E is t he c ase th at cove rs a s t iff s prin g whi ch holds the mas ter

c am in cont act wi th t he roll F i s t he dri vi ng dog G the
.
,

s t e ady res t s an d H t he t ail s tock

-
As t he mas te r c ams are
.

revol ve d their be ari ng ag ain s t t he roll c auses t he att ac h

2 80
 SPECI AL GRI N D I NG OPE RATI ON S

Fig. 1 40
.
—Norton grinding attac hm e nt for fini shing indivi dual cams .

F ig
. 1 4! — Nort on grindi ng at tac hme nt for finishing c ams made int egral wi th
t he ir s haft s .

2 81
 SPE CIAL GRIN D IN G OPE RATION S

As t he cam s in que s tion ar e made of s te e l alumin a abra ,

si ve s are use d in grinding the m The de gre e of accuracy

.

de mande d and t he finish s ought are import ant factors

gove rnin g t he s e le ction of whe e l s for c am gri ndin g F or .

Fig . 1 43 Open type N ort on

. Fig . 1 44 . Clos ed t ype Norton
st e ady t ea t for ca mshaft gri nding
-
. st e ady re s t
-
for ca m shaft gri ndin g .

o ghing out t he cam s be fore the y are harde ne d whi ch is

r u ,

common pract ice whee l s in 1 6 to 24 gri t an d 1 2 to 1 7 grade s

,

will be found sat i sfactory I t is s ee n h e re th at t he whe e ls

.

use d for thi s purpos e are comp ar at ive ly h ard For roughin g .

ou t h ard e n e d c am s 2 4 to 40 gri t in grad e s 4 to 7 will give

good re su l t s F or fini shing harde ne d cams gri t s 36 to 5 0

.
,

in grade s 3 to 5 will be found sat isfactory The grade s are .

accordin g to t he wri t e r s grade sc al e

’
.

On e of t he mos t inte res t in g factors pe rt ai n in g to c am

grin din g is t he me thod foll owe d in produci n g t he le ade rs
or mas t e r cam s It is ne ce ssary that the s e be accurat e as
.

re gard s con tour if accurate re s ul t s i n t he ground c am s ar e

sought In grinding a c am we use a l e ade r of t he de sire d

.
,

form to produ ce the ou tlin e on t he c am th at os cill ate s be

fore t he gri n din g whee l In maki n g the se le a de rs we re
.
,

ve rse the practice Thi s will be cl e arly unde rs tood by t he

.

following de s cription The ope ration is s hown in Fig 1 4 5

. . .

Thi s is the same att achme nt use d for c am gri ndin g bu t se t

up differen t l y In place of t he gri n din g whee l t he dis k ( 2 )
.

is used This is made of cas t iron an d occupie s t he po si t ion

.

283
 ABRASIV ES AN D ABRASI VE WH EELS
take n by t he grin di ng whe e l in gri ndin g Ope rations The .

mode l e arn ( 4) bears again s t t he di sk and from i t is prod uce d

t he l e ad e r se veral of whi c h are shown at 5
, Thi s is gr ound .

by t he grindi ng whee l The spindle ( 6) carri e s t he mas te r

Fig . r45.
—G ri nding t h
e l e aders for a N ort on c am
-

grinding at t ac hm e n t .

cams The mas te r cams which are h arde n e d we re roughe d

.
, ,

approxi m at e l y to t he de s ire d s h ape be fore h arde ni ng The .

be ari ngs of t he m as t e r c am s pin dl e and t he ce n t e rs of t he

-

att achme n t mus t be e x act ly in lin e As t he gri ndi ng wh e e l

.

an d t he m as t e r c am re vol ve t he mod e l run s ove r t he di s k

,

which p rod uce d t he de s ire d c on to ur on t he mas te r It .

l oo ks s impl e which in t ru th it i s but to as sure s atis factory

, ,

re s ul t s t wo i mport ant factors mu s t be born e in mi nd The .

di s k ( 2 ) mus t be t he si ze of t he gri n ding whe e l that is to be

us e d i n grin d ing t he c am on re gul ar prod uct ion work an d

t he gri n di n g wh e e l ( 1 ) mus t be e x act l y t he same s i ze as

t he roll th at i s to foll ow ove r t he m as t e r c ams whe n th e y
are i n u s e as p rod uc e rs for t he fi n i s he d c ams .

As pre vi ous ly s t at e d t he mas t e r cams are rough e d ou t

be fore the y are harde n e d an d a fe w word s conce rning a
2 84
 SPE CIAL GRIN D IN G OPE RATION S

mple me thod to follow in marki ng t he ou tlin e will not

si

b e out of plac e h e re The blanks while soft are mount e d

.
, ,

on t he rou ghi ng mas t e r c am spindl e it be i n g unde rs tood

-

th at in c am grin ding two se t s of mas te rs are n e ce s sary one ,

for roughin g an d t he othe r for fi ni s hing mas t e r cam s The .

machi n e is s t art e d up an d t he mode l produce s t he de s ire d

motion to t he mas te r c am sh aft The whe e l ( 1 ) is brought .

to be ar slightly agai n s t t he si de of t he mas te r whe re it

marks t he outlin e from whi ch t he t oolrnake r roughs out
t he ca m .

Ast ted pre vi ously t he disk ove r whi ch t he mode l c am

s a ,

run s in maki n g a mas t e r c am m us t be t he s am e si ze as t he

Ge nm i c d wit h
Unde r S iz e Whe el Ove r Siz e Wheel

Fig I 46 —E fl ect
'

of varying whe e l dia me t ers in c am

. .
g in di ng
r .

gri n din g whee l to be use d in gri nding t he c ams late r in pro

du ct ion work As all gri ndin g whee ls we ar in use it is
.

e vi d e n t th at aft e r t he w he e l is worn away s ome wh at rt wi l l

n ot grin d t he sam e s h ape as i t di d whe n it was u to i z

p s e .

This i s graphi c all y ill us trate d in F ig 1 46 which was pre .

p are d for e xpl an atory purpose s by H owar d W D un bar .

,

an d il l u s t rat e s cl e arl y j us t w h at tak e s p l ace in ca m gri n d in g .

The mode l c am i s in po si t ion be arin g again s t t he gui de roll .

2 85
 SPE CI AL GRIN D IN G OPE RATION S

by h an d on t he face of a wi de whe e l Thi s pract ice of course

.
, ,

calle d for t he se rvi ce s Of an e xp e rt w orkm an an d e ve n

un de r the se condi tion s t he re s ul ts we re not always satis

factory .

The m achi ne s hown in Fig 1 48 was d e si gn e d e sp e ciall y

.

for grinding l inks an d li nk bl ocks an d is c all e d a radi al

F ig
. 1 47 .
— Thre e t ypes of l oc omot ive val ve gea r l in ks
-
.

gri n de r H owe ve r as th e se machine s are use d prin cipal ly

.
, .

in railroad shop s the y are ge ne rall y c all e d li nk grin de rs .

The machi n e is de sign e d an d b uil t by H G H amm e tt . .

,

Troy N Y , . .

The ful crum of t he bar see n in t he fore ground is adj u s t

abl e to accom mod ate li nks of di ffe re n t radi i an d c au se s

t he uppe r s e ct i on of t he pl ate n to de s cri be a c urve as i t

t rave rs e s b ack an d forth The gri n ding whee l is c arri e d on
.

a ve rti c al s pin dl e an d i s fe d down ward as t he grin ding pro

gros se s The li nk is li ne d up to t he de s ire d radius and

.

s e cure l y s t rappe d to t he pl at e n of t he m achin e al thou gh i n ,

s ome c ase s s pe ci al fix t ure s ar e provi d e d for l ocat ing t he work .

2 87
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
In fi tting up links of any kin d t he firs t s te p is ge ne ral l y
,

to gri n d t he bl ock which is th e n u s e d as a gauge in grin di n g

the li nk to t he corre ct wi dth This is a much e asi e r pro
.

c e dure th an to att e mpt to grind t he li n k firs t an d th e n

—
Fig 1 48 Hamme t t link
.
-

gri n di ng mac hine .

fit t he block I n fi ttin g up n e w li nk s of t he type shown at A

.
,

t he b uil t up lin k e x ce ll e n t re s ul t s c an be obt ai n e d by grin d

-

in g t he bl ock an d fi ll e rs at one ope ration an d t he oth er

me mbe rs n e xt I n ass e mblin g t he cle aran ce to all ow t he
.
,

bl ock to sli de is obtain e d by me an s of pape r s hi ms or lin e rs

place d be twee n t he fill e rs an d t he me mbe rs 1 and 2 .

Links we ar qui t e rapi dl y e s p e ci all y thos e us e d in con

,

n e c t ion wi th S te ph e n s on li nk motio n s Th is is due pri n

.

c ipall y to t he s lip of t he b l ock c au s e d am on g oth e r thi n g s

, ,

by offse tt in g t he s addle pin to se cure t he de sire d c u t Off -

motion B uil t up li nk s c an be re adi ly re ground an d ne w

.
- -

blocks fi tte d but wi th s oli d lin ks t he on ly t hing to do is t o

,

g ri n d th e m u nt il t he r a d ii a re t ru e d u p an d th e n fi t n e w
blocks .

The ope ration of link gri n din g i s s imp le after t he link

2 88
 SPE CIAL GRIN D IN G OPE RATION S

h as bee n corre ctly l oc ate d on t he plate n of t he machine .

The de pth of ou t s houl d be comp arative ly li ght as thi s

w ork i s don e dry an d t he whe e l s houl d be fe d down by me an s
of t he au tomat i c fe e d. The whee l s ge n e rall y use d are from
i i i A h w i
’

3 0 to 4 0 gr t s n t he wr t e r s 1 2 grad.e s t e ork s

s t e e l an al umin a abras i ve s ho ul d be use d

, .
 CUTT E R SH ARPE NIN G

cutte r gri nde r I t e mbodie s a numbe r of adj us tme nt s and

.
,

wi th t he ne ce ss ary att achme n t s c an be se t up to do an y

,

ki n d of c u t t e r gri n din g The ope ration s hown in Fig 1 5 0

. .

Fig — Cinc innat i uni ve rsal m room

. 1 49
.
gri ndin g ac hine adapte d for tool -

and c ut t er gri n ding.

is th at of grin di ng t he pe riphe ral t ee th on an ordin ary

millin g cutter For .
gri ndi ng e n d mi l l s th e w,ork i s l oc at e d
29 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH E E LS

in a s l ee ve that fit s t he swive l h e ad seen unde r t he ope r

at or s h an d The att achm e n t s hown in Fig 1 5 5 is for
’
.
. ,

i n di n g t he e n d t ee th of cu tt e rs an d simil ar p ie c e s w hi l e
g r

t he att achm e n t il l us t rat e d in F i g 1 63 i s for grin di n g form e d

.

cu tt e rs .

While t he pri mary Obj e ct in s harpe ning a milling c u tt e r

is to pu t i t s te e th in c u tting condi t ion care mus t be e x e r
,

Fig . 150 —
. G rin ding t he pe ri phe ral t e e t h of a mill ing c utt e r on a B ro wn
Sharpe c ut t e r grindin g mac hine .

c i se d
to s e e th at t he cu tt e r is ke pt roun d and that t he te e th
are grou n d s t rai ght wi th t he axi s of t he c u tt e r If t he c utt e r .

is n ot rou nd comp arat ive ly fe w of i t s t e e th out an d if i t i s

,

t ape re d accurate work c ann ot be obt ain e d .

On e of t he mo st rapid an d si mp l e me thod s of s h arpe n ing

a cu tt e r p roperl y wi th t he above factors in mind i s s hown
, ,

292
 CUTTE R SH ARPENIN G

i n Fi g . 1 5 0 . The cutt e r is mount e d on

hollow work arbor a

as s hown i n F ig 1 5 1 w h e re i t is h e l d be t wee n t wo collars

.
,

A an d B Th e s e coll ars h ave s e ve ral s tep s on the m to ac

.

commodat e c utt e rs wi th diffe re n t si ze d arbor hole s This -

.

hollow arbor carryi ng t he cu tt e r i s s li d b ack an d forth by

Fig . 15 1 — H ol l ow work
. b
ar or for loc at in g milling c utt e rs for gri nding .

h and al on g t he bar C which is al s o s een in Fig 1 5 0 This

, . .

bar is cl ampe d in t he swive l he ad If t he bar is s traight i t

.
,

n aturally foll ows that t he te e th of t he cutter will be groun d

p aralle l re gardle ss of the se ttin g of t he swive l h e ad and
, ,

i f t he w ork ar bor is true a round cu tte r will re s ul t

, This .

m e thod of cu tter grindi ng is not ne w by any me an s but it ,

p roduce s accurat e re sul t s .

The fi rs t s tep in s e tting up t he cu tte r grinde r rs to clamp

t he cutt e r on t he work arbor s e t t he bar 1n pl ace and the n
,

se t t he gui ding finger unde r t he cu tter tooth n e ares t t he

w he e l to imp art the corre ct angle for cle arance This i s .

ge ne rally from five to se ve n de gre e s Too little cle arance .

wi ll c ause t he cutt e r to c ut s lowl y whil e too gre at a cl e ar ,

ance m ake s the teeth d ull qui ckl y In settin g t he gui de .

fi nge r to imp art the de s ire d cle arance the expert Operator ,

i s ge ne ral ly guided by e xpe rie nce al one .

I n gri n din g t he cutte r s hould be fe d p a

, s t t he w h ee l wi th

a fai rl y q ui ck moti on and t he de pth of c ut shoul d be com

p ar a t i ve l y l i ght as thi s w ork is g e n e rall y don e d ry an d

thus i t is obvious that a de e p c u t wi ll burn the tooth It .

i s a good pl an to mark t he firs t tooth wi th ch al k an d gri nd

t he t ee th e ve n l y an d care full y un t il all h ave bee n s h arpe n e d .

It is ge ne rall y found th at t he whee l wears a li ttle in goin g

arou n d t he c utte r onc e and for thi s re as on a ve ry li ght

fi ni s h i n g ou t shoul d be t ake n to in sure t he cutte r not be in g

2 93
 CUTTE R SH ARPENIN G

ke e p s tte r tooth in cont act wi th t he gui de fin ger

t he cu .

Thi s i s t he s afe s t way to gri nd a milli n g cu tt e r but it is ,

more liable to burn t he te e th than t he me thod illu s trated

in Fi g 1 5 2 . In t he latte r me thod it is s e e n that t he gui de ,

fin ge r i s plac e d j u s t opposi t e to wh at i t is in t he forme r case '

an d al s o th at t he cu tt e r has b e e n re ve rs e d The ope rator .

mu s t e xe rci se gre at car e to kee p t he cu tter in contact wi th

t he wh e e l t he acti on of whi ch has a t e nde ncy to p ull the
,

w ork aw ay from t he gui de fin ge r Shoul d the operator .

re l ax hi s di li ge nce t he whe e l mi ght force t he tooth away

,

from t he gui de fin ger whi ch woul d re sul t in an inj ured tooth

or p e rh ap s a broke n w he e l In gri nding c utt e rs by this
.

me thod t he whe e l is not as liable to burn t he work thus a

, ,

de e pe r ou t c an be t ake n F or this re as on this me thod is u sed

.
,

by many me ch anics In c on si de ring t he be s t me thod to u se i t

.
,

i s be s t for a gre e n ope rator to u se t he firs t de s cri be d one while -

t he latt er s houl d be le ft for more e xp e rie nce d operators .

I n gri nding t he t e e th of a s trai ght or spiral milli n gc utte r ,

t he c l e arance is obt ain e d by rai si ng or l owe ring t he gui de

fi n ge r . In grindin g angular c utte rs howe ve r anothe r , ,

F ig 153 .
— Corre c t an d inc orre c t m e thods of loc a t in g an gu l ar c u t t ers for
an n dm rz a

me thod mu s t be u se d Corre ct an d i n corre ct s e t up posi

.
-

tion s for an gu lar c u tt e rs are s how n in Fig 1 5 3 A illu s . .

t rat e s t he corre ct pos i t i on i n w hi ch t he tooth make s a

s t rai ght l i ne tow ard t he ce n t e r Thi s i s n e ce s s ary in pre
.

s e rv i n g t he corre ct an gl e as gi v e n by t he swi ve l he ad w h e n
2 95
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WHE ELS
the machin e is se t up for t he gri nding ope ration If t he .

g ui d e fi ng e rs w e re d ropp e d to gi v e t he c l e aranc e a ng l e ,

t he re su l t as s hown in B woul d be had H e re it is seen t ha t

.

t he tooth doe s not be ar e ve n ly on t he gui de finge r .

In s e tt ing up t he cutte r grind e r for grinding t e e th on

angul ar cu tt ers ,t he cl e arance is obtai n e d by rais ing t he

Fig
. 154 —
.G rinding an angular milling c utt er on a Cincinnati grinder .

whe e l ce nte r above th at of t he cu tte r in the machin e s hown

in Fig 1 5 4 w hi ch is a Cincinn at i gri n d e r se t up for grind
.
,

ing t he pe riphe ral tee th of an angu l ar cutte r The cutter.

i s h e l d on t he e n d of t he swi ve l he ad spin dl e and t he angle

for cle arance obt ain e d by rais in g t he w he e l h e ad while t he ,

s wive l he ad i s se t ove r to t he de sire d angle .

As a ge ne ral thin g t he s ide t e e th of mil lin g cutt e rs re quire

,

ind ing bu t l dom owi n g to t he fact that mos t of the c ut

g r s e ,

296
 CUTTE R SH ARPE NIN G

ting is done by t he pe riphe ral te e th In some cas e s howe ve r

.
, ,

the si de t e e th re quire s h arpe ning i t be ing obvi o us th at th i s is

,

impe rative w ith n e w cu tte rs th at h ave n e ve r be e n b acke d off .

Si de te e th are s harpe ne d in t wo ways th at is to s ay , ,

wi th t he face or t he pe riph e ry of t he wh e e l F or s ome millin g .

Op e rat ion s ,t he pe riphe ry of t he wh e e l is to be p re fe rre d

as i t gi ve s a be tt e r cu tt ing c le arance Grinding un der thes e
.

c on di t ion s is il lus t rat e d i n Fig 1 5 5 whi ch s hows an att ach

F ig [ 5 5
. .
— G rinding t he s ide t e e t h of a milling c ut t er t he pe ri phery
on of t he
whee l on a B rown Sharpe c u t t er gri ndi ng at tac hme nt .

me n t for this purpos e on t he B rown S hanpe cutte r gri nde r

depicte d in Fi gs 1 5 0 and 1 5 2 The cu tte r is he l d on t he
. .

e n d of an arbor that fi t s i n t he he ad an d i s fe d back and

forth by t he le ver se e n in t he lowe r p art of t he ill us trat ion .

The gu ide finge r at t he right l ocat e s t he te e th .

2 97
 CUTTE R SH ARPENIN G

to t he on e be i ng groun d s trike t he wh e e l t he tabl e shoul d ,

be rai se d to m ak e t he cle aran ce de sire d The above appli e s .

to t he grin ding of right si de te e t h In gri n di ng t he le ft side

.

t e e th t he op e rati o n is re ve rs e d an d t he kn e e s e t to 89
,

de gre e s so th at t he grin di n g is done wi th t he up side of the

w he e l in s t e ad of t he dow n s ide .

An oth e r de vi ce oft e n m ade u se of in gri n ding t he s ide

te e t h of mi lli n g cu tte rs is shown in Fig 1 5 7 and i s calle d a .

uni ve rs al he a d Th e s e he ads are ve ry h andy for a dive rsi ty

.

Fig . 157 .
— Umvers al hea d for gri n ding mill ing c ut t ers , e tc .

of gri n di n g ope ration s The machi ne s hown i s a W alk er

.

g ri n d e r a n d t h e op e rato r i s gr in d i n g t he e n d t e e th of a

bu t t mi ll This is he l d on a short arbor which i s l oc at e d

.

in t he ve e bl ock of t he u n ive rs al h e ad The h e ad i s til t e d

.

t o imp art t he d e s ire d angl e an d t he t e e t h are l oc at e d by

m e an s of t he gu i d e fi n ge r w hi ch i s s t rapp e d to t he pl at e n
of t he machi n e .

On fi rs t thou ght i t mi ght se e m th at a l arge machi ne

,

w ou l d b e n e ce ss ary to sh arp e n l arge in s e rt e d tooth milli n g -

2 99
 l B RASl V l IS AN D AB RAS IV E
-
WHEE LS
This is no t t he c as e . howe ve r . as t he v are re a d il y

m u m ]n n ordin arv cu t te r gri n di n g mac hin e s F ig 8

. . 1 5
h es t he o pe rat i o n o f s h a rp e n i n g t he fac e t ee t h of a

i n
g , " 11 11 a n a Cin c i nn a t i gri n de r . The cut t e r is m o u n t e d
. l s ha n k he ld in t he s w i ve l he a d s pin dle an d t he s w i ve l

N 138 —G.i rnding a larg e in se rt e d t oo t h m il

-
ling c ut t e r on a

Cinc innat i grinde r .

imp art t he d e sire d cle arance The .

ld be b rou ght t o a horizon t al po s i t i o n

be ar on it .

t he co rn e rs of t he t e e t h o f

e xpe rie n ce has p rove n t h at

obt ain e d by roundi ng t he se corn e rs .

thi s m an n e r i s i l l u s t ra t e d i n F i g 1 5 0 .

i nd i ng i t on a C i n c inn a t i gri n d e r i s
gr
l
"
0
 CUTTE R SH ARPENIN G

illu s t rate d in F ig 1 60 The . . cu t is obt aine d by ve lin g

swi

t he h e ad 4 5 d e gre e s 2 2 , de gre e s an d 6 7 de gree s .

While gri n din g l arge cu tte rs , i t is oft e n n e ce ssary to s wi ve l

Fig 1 5 9
.
—
. Re l ie ve d c orn e rs on fac e m il l t oot h
-

bo t h t he t able an d t he he ad t o all ow for cle arance In .

t h is m e t hod t he an gl e is obt ain e d by a combin at ion of bot h

di al s .

Fig l 6o —.Ci nc i nnat i grinder

. se t up to re lieve c orners of c ut t er t ee t h.

30 1
 CUTTE R SH ARPE NIN G

c utt in g aw ay i t s pe riphe ry a diffe re nt me thod mu s t be

,

foll ow e d with forme d c utte rs as t he outlin e is ofte n of s uch

a compli c at e d s h ape th at it w ou l d be impo s s i ble to grind

it. The re lie f of th e se cu tt e rs is in the form of re gu lar

c urve s and the y can re adily be sharpened by gri nding
,

aw ay t he dulle d p art of t he tooth fac e The prin cip le is

.

ill us trate d in Fig 1 6 2 where in A i s t he cu tt e r an d B t he

.
,

grin ding whe e l I n gri n ding

. cu tters t he dotte d

I
!c
Fig
. 1 62
.
— Princ iple in vol ve d in grindi ng form e d c ut t ers .

line C wh ich is
, cont in uati on of t he whe e l face mu s t p as s
a ,

through the ce nt e r of t he cu tte r Othe rwi se t he cu tt e r

.

will not mil l e xact ly t he form for whi ch i t was de s i gn e d .

3 3
0
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E ELS
This i s an im port ant
poi nt in the grindi ng of forme d cu tt e rs
that is some t ime s ove rl ooke d .

The ope rati on of grinding a forme d cutt e r is s hown in

Fig 1 63
. The work is done on a B rown
. Sh arpe formed

.
—
Fig I 3 G rin ding a form ed c u t t e r on a B rown 8: Sharpe form ed
6 .
-
c ut t er

gr i ndi n g a t ta c hm.e nt

c utte r grin di n g att achm e n t that is fi tte d to t he comp an y s

-
’

re gul ar c u tt e r gri n de r as s hown i n Fi g 1 5 0

. The work i s
.

h e l d on an arbor be twe e n t wo ce nte rs an d t he c u tter i s

3 4
0
 CUTTE R SH ARPE NING

in d e xe d o
ar un d by me an s of t he w orm w he e l se e n in t he
ill us t rati on .

The firs t t p in se ttin g up t he machin e for gri ndi ng

s e

cu tte rs of thi s type i s to s e e that t he face of t he whe e l is

pe rfe ct ly true As a matte r of fact i t is a good plan to
.
,

true t he face of t he wh e e l e ve ry tim e it i s pl ace d on t he

spin dl e .N e x t t he ce n te r mu s t be brought in lin e wi th t he
,

face of t he whe e l Af t e r t he c utt e r is in posi t ion on it s

.

arbor t he wh e e l i s adj u s t e d to t he corre ct de pth an d on e

,

tooth fe d aroun d radially un til i t s trike s t he whe e l The n .

t h e i n d e x pi n i s l ocat e d The c ut t ak e n s houl d be com

.

p arat ive ly li ght as it is an e asy matte r to burn t he te e th

of t he cutte rs in que s ti on e ve n wi th t he be s t whe e ls ob ,

t ain abl e On e tooth shoul d be groun d at a tim e wi th a

.

fairly rapi d re ciprocatin g motion un til t he wh e e l ce ase s to

sp ark h e avi l y Af te r all t he t e e th h ave be e n ground e nou gh
.

to in s ure th e ir be in g sh arp t he cu tter s houl d be gone ,

arou n d o n ce or tw ice wi th a s li ght c u t to m ak e s ure th at t he

g ri n d i n g h as l e ft t he t e e th e v e n l y sp ac e d O th e rwi s e onl y a .
,

fe w of t he t e e th wil l c ut afte r t he cutt e r is pu t in op e ration .

Wh ile t he op e ration of sh arpe ning milli ng c utte rs of any

ki n d i s comp arative ly simple care shoul d be e xe rcise d in ,

t he s e l e ct i on of t he wh e e l s u se d whi ch s houl d be free cu tting

an d m ad e of an al u mi n a abrasi ve si n ce t he w ork i s s t e e l ,

grin di n g I t s houl d al s o be born e in min d that whe e ls for

.

s h arp e ni n g hi gh sp e e d s t e e l cu tt e rs
-
s houl d be
-
some w h at

coarse r than tho se u s e d for sh arpe nin g carbon s t e e l cu tte rs -

.

Ag ai n t he c up an d sauce r whe e l s u s e d for sh arpe n in g both

,
- -

pl ai n an d forme d cu tte rs s houl d be s ome what softe r th an

t he di s k w hee l s s o comm on l y u s e d for s h arpe ni n g p e riph e ral
t e e th l e foll owin g whe e l s h ave be e n foun d to gi ve good
’
.

re s u l t s i n cu tt e r gri n din g The gradin gs are accordin g to

.

t he wri t e r s grad e s cal e For hi gh spe e d s t e e l c u tters 36

’
- -
.
,

to 4 6 gri t 4 to 7 grade For c arbon s te e l cu tte rs 5 0 t o

,
.
-

60 gri t 4 to 7 grade
,
.

Af t e r t he p e riph e ral t e e th of an ordin ary milli n g cu tt e r

have be e n s harpe n e d s e ve ral time s t he tooth land be come s ,

3 5
0
 CUTTE R SH ARPENIN G

t he n e x t ope rat ion is to grind away t he s upe rfluous s tock

as s hown at B This work i s don e wi th a wh e e l in 46 grit
.

on t he wri t e r s 6 grad e The face of t he whe e l is true d to

’
.

p rod uce t he de s ire d angle to t he te e th .

The op e rat ion i s s imp le an d afte r a li ttle pract ice t he ,

ave rage op e rator c an s ecure e x ce l l e nt re sul t s t hr ough t he

e xe rci s e of a li ttl e care I n gas h in g ou t t he t e e th one tooth

.
,

s hou l d b e op e rat e d on at a t i me an d se veral cu t s t ake n to

,

brin g t he gash to t he re quire d de pth In the re c utt in g .

-

ope rat ion wi th t he be ve le d wh e e l t he de pth of c u t shoul d

,

Fig 1 6 5
.
— St e ps
. take n in re cutt ing a
-
milli ng c utt er wi t hout anneal in g .

n ot be de e p e nough to caus e t he whe e l to burn t he work .

I n t he l att e r op e rat ion al s o on e tooth s houl d be worke d

,

on at a t ime un t il it is grou n d to t he re quire d dep th as thi s

prac t ice wi ll gi ve be tte r re sul t s than c an be obtain e d by
t aki n g a s mal l c ut from e ach tooth one afte r an othe r .

U p on firs t trial t he Op e rat or wrll n o doubt burn an d

, , ,

ruin a fe w cu tt e rs bu t a l i t t l e pract ice wi ll m ak e him pro

,

fi c ie n t . I n F i g 1 6 5 t wo cu t t e rs are shown
.
,
Cu tt e r A .

has be e n gas h e d onl y whi l e B s how s t he fi nishe d c u tte r re ady

to be pu t to u s e agai n The s ide te e th c an be c ut if ne c e s
.

s i t y d e m an d s but s in c e the s e t e e th are s e l dom grou n d

, ,

the y are rare ly worn to t he e xte n t of ne e ding re cu tting -

.

3 7
0
 CHA PTE R TW E N TY ON E -

S AW S HA RP EN ING

B an d sa w s an d c irc ular sa w s —O pe ra t ion of b an d saw s harpe n in g

-
ma c h i n e
Sharpe n in g b an d in n e w
s aw s — G rin ding of m a c h in e te e t h— Care
—
l i w l f
S e c t on of he e s or sa w gumm in g M ac hine s for s harpe n ing c ol d s a ws
e

S harpe n i ng hac k s a w l ade s -

b .

top a mom e n t to con si de r t he vas t amount

H E N we s

of timbe r t hat is annu ally c u t an d conve rt e d in to

l umbe r for v ariou s purp os e s i t i s e as y to s e e why s aw s h arp
,

e ni n g or s aw gu mmi n g as i t i s t e rm e d i n l u mb e r m i l l s an d
,

othe r wood w orki n g e s t abli s hm e n t s i s an e xt e n si ve t rade

-

i n i t se lf A m an who s harpe n s wood w orki n g s aw s i s in

.
-

vari ably calle d a fi l e r al though he s e l dom u s e s a fi l e in his

,

w ork an d t he room w h e re t he s aw s are re paire d i s call e d

,

t he fi li n g room The n ame of cou rse d at e s from t he t i me

.
, ,

wh e n t he fi le w a s t he onl y tool to be had for s aw s h arp e n i ng

an d i n com m on w i t h m an y ot h e r m i s p l ac e d t rade t e rm s
, ,

i t prob abl y w i ll e n d ure for y e ars to come .

S aw s are of t w o ki n d s that i s to s ay b an d s aw s an d
, ,

circu l ar s aw s an d th e re are variou s t ype s of e ach ki nd

, .

F or cu t t in g up l ogs circ u l ar s aw s are n ot as e con omi c al

,

as b an d s aw s ow i n g to t he f act th a t t he forme r h av e to be

of a comp arat ive l y thicke r gau ge to in s ure t he n e ce s s ary

s t iffn e ss an d s t re n gth The adde d thi ck n e s s of cours e
.
, ,

make s e xt ra s aw d u s t wh ic h is an e c on omi c w as t e N ow a .

d ays circu l ar s aw s are u s e d in c om p arat ive ly fe w mil l s

, .

S t ill t h e re are a fe w c ircu l ar m i l l s l e ft wh i ch c arry s aw s

,

as l arge as 6 fe e t i n di am e t e r M an y circu l ar s aw s are u s e d

.

as c u t off s aw s for v ari ou s p u rpo s e s s u ch as c u t t in g l o n g

-

30 8
 SAW SH ARPENIN G

l ogs i n t o t he d e sire d le ngths be fore the y are sawe d into

boards an d for e dgin g an d trimmin g l umbe r e t c , .

The m aj ori t y of mill s today are b an d mil l s an d t he s aws

u s e d are of t e n 5 0 fe e t l on g be i n g drive n by t wo l arge p ul le y s
,
.

i n wi dth t h e y ru n from 1 0 to 1 4 in che s

, A s mall e r typ e of
.

b an d s aw c all e d a re s aw i s ge ne rall y about 2 5 fe e t lon g

,
-

a n d from 6 to 1 0 i n ch e s wi d e M any file rs make t he ir re

.

s aw s from ol d h an d s aw s .

Tw o machin e s u s e d for saw gu mmin g are s hown in Fi gs .

1 6 6 an d 1 6 7 .The machin e s hown in F ig 1 66 i s for sh arp .

e n in g b an d s aws w hile t he one s hown in Fig 1 6 7 is for

, .

F ig . 1 66 — Type of machin e us e d for gumming b and saws .

c irc ul ar s aw s t he s aw s hown b e ing a c u t off s aw wh ich i s

,
-

re a d il y s e e n from t he s h ap e of t he t e e th .

B oth type s of m achine s op e rat e on p ract ic all y t he s am e

p r i n c ip,l e th at i s to s ay m e an
, s ar e p rovi d e d for fe e d in g

t h e s aw u n d e r the wh e e l tooth by tooth an d for l ow e ring

, ,

3 9
0
 SAW SH ARPE NIN G

of the se ob s truction s it some time s happe ns that e ve ry tooth

is li te rall y s tri ppe d Off ne arly down to t he bottom of t he
gul l e t s .

Whe n accide nt s of thi s ki nd happe n t he operat ion of ,

roughi n g ou t t he saw i s in orde r Thi s re q uires much gri n d

.

Fig . I 67 .
-
Type of mac hin e us e d for gummi ng c irc ul ar saws .

in g as eve ry tooth has to be groun d in again to t he de sire d ,

d e pth which t ake s m any hours of he avy grin ding Wh e n

, .

t he fil e r m ake s a n e w saw from a bl an k wh i ch is common ,

pract ice in s ome p art s of t he coun try t he roughin g out ,

3 1 1
 ABRASIV E S AN D ABRASIV E WH E E LS
ope rat i on al s o t ake s pl ace It is firs t ne c e s s ary to s t amp t h e
.

te e th in t he saw and the n grind the m to t he corre ct s h ap e .

The s t amp in g ope ration is e s se n t ial oth e rwi se t he fe e d

,

dog w oul d h ave no de pre s s ion s to gri p to carry t he saw

al on g.

F rom t he above it is se e n that t he fil e r in a large b and

,

mill w orks un d e r diffi c ul tie s an d as i de from t he above

hindrance s he has oth er troubles to con te nd wi th I t is .
,

of c ours e n e ce s s ary that t he filing room be in cl ose p rox

,

imit y to t he mil ls on whi ch t he saws are u se d The i de al .

l oca tion for t he filing room is in a d e tach e d room on t he

l e ve l wi th t he mill floor The Obj e ct of t he de t ache d bui ld
.

i ng is to e lim i nate as mu ch as po ss ibl e t he vi bration wh ich

, ,

i s always a de tri m e nt to good gri ndin g of an y ki nd wh at

s oe v e r .

An othe r factor that is t he cause of mu ch t rouble in t he

fi ling room is th at t he e n gin e th at run s t he mill al s o run s
t he lin e sh aft i n t he filing room Thus wh e n t he saw goe s
.
,

thr ough a l arge log t he spe e d of t he e ngin e is lowe re d a

fe w re volution s pe r mi n u te be fore t he gove rn or c an fe e d
more s te am to com pe n s ate for t he e xt ra load While t he .

e n gi n e lowe rs i t s spe e d a fe w re volu t ion s a mi nu t e it is ,

re a dil y se e n th at t he gri n ding wh e e l on t he saw gummin g -

machin e is lowe re d in spe e d in a gre ate r rat io as i t run s

corre spon dingly fas te r th an t he e ngi ne Thi s factor of
.

u n e ve n w he e l s pe e d i n t e rfe res wi th good re s ul t s an d for

thi s re as on t he mill s w he re care ful plann in g is in e vi d e nce

, ,

are e q uipp e d wi th s m all ind e p e nde nt e ngin e s for s upp lyi ng

powe r to t he filin g room .

S aw grin din g machine s are very se l dom e quippe d wi th

-

me an s for c arryin g aw ay t he dus t cau s e d by grin din g an d ,

for t h i s re as on the y shoul d re c e ive c are ful att e n t ion The .

w h e e l sp in dl e boxe s shou l d be e xam i n e d fre qu e n t l y an d t he

w e ar t ake n up wh e n n e ce s s ary for a l oos e w he e l spin dl e
,

c annot be d e pe n de d upon for t he be s t re s ul t s The ca ms .

an d t h e i r roll s s hou l d b e e x am i n e d an d O il e d fre qu e ntl y .

The c ams we ar ou t of s h ap e i n time : thu s the y fail to pro

3 1 2
 SAW SHARPENIN G

d uce t he prope r ki nd of tooth A worn c am l e ts the wh e e l

.

down into t he gu lle t of t he tooth too abruptly whi ch not ,

onl y spoil s t he shape of t he tooth but wears away t he ,

w h e e l too rapi dly .

G re at care s houl d be u s e d i n t he s e le ction Of whe e l s

for s aw gu mmin g b e c aus e in fe rior abrasi ve s Oft e n burn and
cas e h ar de n t he s aws causi n g the m to crack If a crack
, .

s hows up at t he bottom of a tooth t he only thi ng to do i s ,

to c ut t he tooth out and braze in a ne w one whi ch is an

e xp e n s ive Op e rat ion The s e whe e ls shoul d be of an al umin a
.

ab ras ive an d s oft e nough to c ut fre e ly but not s oft en ough ,

to we a r ou t too fas t The grade de pe nd s principall y on t he

.

condi t ion t he machi ne is in and othe r loc al factors such as

u n d ue vi brat ion TOO much vib ration we ars out t he whe e l s
.

.
—
Fig t 68 Thre e t ype s of whee ls
. us e d for saw gumm i ng .

re a dily an d a harde r whe e l mus t be use d than coul d be

e mp loye d un d e r more favorab l e condi t i on s The wh e e ls .

u s e d for th i s work run from 30 to 46 gri t an d 7 to 1 0 grade

accordi n g to t he wri t er s grad e sc ale Combinat ion gri t

’
.

whe e l s wi th a b as e of 30 or 36 are e x ce ll e n t for t hi s p urpose .

Th e re are t hre e s h ape s of w h e e l s u se d for saw gu mmin g ,

as il l u s trat e d i n Fi g 1 68 . A is a p lai n s t raight w he e l B

.
,

i s t ape re d on both side s w hil e C is a s h ape cal le d a Cove l

s aw gu m me r . The re i s a diff e re n ce of opini on amon g fil e rs
as to w h i ch s h ape i s t he be s t to u s e S ome fil e rs ge t e x
.

c e l l e n t re s ul t s wi th p l ai n s t rai ght wh e e l s while othe rs in ,

3 I 3
 SAW SHARPE NIN G

an d s mall circul ar s aw s as ar e u se d for l arge r saws t he only ,

e xc e pt io n be in g th at t he gri t s are s om e w h at fi n e r .

An othe r im port an t bran ch Of s aw sh arp e ni n g con si s t s

of grin di n g me t al c u tt in g s aw s as s hown in F ig 1 7 1 The s e . .

“ ”
are Oft e n t e rme d col d saws an d are u s e d for cutt ing

Fig: 1 7 0 — M e tal
. c ut t ing or c ol d saw us e d for c utt ing large s t ee l se c t ion s .

b ar tock s truct ural s t ee l s e c t ion s rail s e t c

s ,
-

, The y are
, .

al s o fre q u e n t l y u s e d in s t e e l fou n d ri e s for c u tt in g aw ay t he

s pru e s from l arge c as t i n gs As m ay b e i m agin e d t he y ar e

.
,

O f t e n pu t to s e v e re u sage an d for th i s re as o n th e y re q u ire

fre q u e n t grin di n g .

The Op e rat ion of s h ar pe n in g t he s aw s h own i n F i g 1 7 1 .

i s il u s t rat e d i n F i g 1 7 2 Thi s m achi n e i s a p rod u c t of t he

'

. .

M a t t e s on M fg Co Chic ago an d is d e s igne d on t he prin

. .
, ,

c i p l e i n vol ve d in t he s aw s h arp e n in g m achi n e s p re vi ou s l y

-

3 1 5
 AB RASIV E S AND AB RASIVE WH E E LS
d e s cribe d in this ch apte r Tha t is to say i t has me an s
.
,

for fe e di n g t he wh ee l wi th an up an d down mot ion w hil e t h e

- -

s aw i s fe d o nw ard tooth by tooth by a fe e d dog Th e se

, , .

motion s are automatic .

The Op e rat ion Of s h arpe n ing col d saws is s ome what s im i

l ar to re cu tt ing mi lli n g cu tt e rs as pre vi ousl y d e s crib e d
-

be cause t wo cu ts are ge ne rall y tak e n ; one to grind out t he "

gul le t s and a fol lowing c ut to s h arpe n t he tee th givi n g ,

Fig . 17 1
.
—Type of s e mi
-
automat ic mac hine use d for sharpe ni ng small
c irc ular sa ws .

t h e m t he prope r re l ie f at me t ime For grin di ng ou t

t he sa .

t he gul le t s t he w h e e l i s b e ve l e d to t he corre ct angl e t h e

, ,

w he e l b e in g droppe d dire ctl y in to t he tooth F or s h arp e n i ng .

t he pe riphe ry Of t he s aw t he whee l i s b e ve le d s li ght l y ;

,

o n l y j u s t e n ou gh to i n s u re t he p rop e r cu tt in g cl e aranc e .

An oth e r m ach in e e x t e n s iv e l y u s e d for sh arp e n in g col d

s aw s i s s how n i n F i g 1 7 3 . Th is is m ade by t he N e w ton
.

M ac h i n e T00 1 Works Phi l ade lphia The machin e i s s e l f

, .

c on t ai n e d an d e l e ct ric all y dr iv e n by me an s of a motor p l ac e d

3 1 6
 SAW SH ARPE NING

on ppleme nt ary bas e whil e t he re s t of t he me chan is m

a su

i s s upport e d by a cas t iron col um n

-
.

Thi s machi n e i s fully au tomat ic in Opera t ion be yond

l oc ating t he saw an d se tt ing t he hand adj us tme n t for de pth
of c ut To in sure each tooth be ing of t he corre ct contour
.
,

Fig . r7 2 —S harpe n ing a

. c ol d saw on a M att es on saw sharpe ni n g
-
machine .

t he fe e d ing p awl is s e t s o th at t he whee l grin d s both t he

b ack an d t he fron t Of t he tooth in t he roughi n g ou t ope ra -

t ion I n grind in g s aw s in which a tooth or t wo has be e n

.

broke n out (which i s n ot infre que n t ) an auxiliary fe e d p awl is

p rovi de d This p awl e n gage s t he ne x t tooth b ack of t he
.

bre ak .

3 7
1
 SA W SHARPENING
B ro adl y ope ration of s harpe nin g c ol d saws
s pea ki n g , t he
i s s imp e an d i t is e asily carrie d out if a fe w simpl e pre
'

caution s are t ake n In t he firs t place the s e saws shoul d be

.
,

s harpe ne d fre q ue n t l y It s houl d be born e in mind th at the y

.

are re all y no more or l e s s th an h uge mi llin g cu tte rs and as

s uch th e y s houl d be gi ve n care ful att e n t ion Wh e n slightly .

dull the y cannot work to maximum e ffi cie n cy but if th e y

, ,

ar e ke pt s h arp the y will yie l d e xce ll e n t re s ul ts Se ve ral .

s aws for e ach machi n e sh oul d be ke pt on h an d an d dul l

s aws s houl d b e re p l ace d wi th sharp one s at fre que n t int e rvals .

The wh e e l s us e d for s h ar pe ning cold saws s houl d be of

a fre e c u tt in g n at ure an d at t he same t im e the y s hou l d
-

hol d the ir sh ape we ll Thi s applie s to t he wh e e l s use d for

.

grinding t he pe ri phe ry of t he te e th as we ll as those use d for

formin g ou t t he gu l le ts As t he grin di ng in que s tion i s .

s te e l t he whe e l s s houl d be made of an al umin a abrasi ve

, .

Grit s from 40 to 60 in t he wri te r s grade s rangi ng from 1 0

'

to 1 2 ge nerall y gi ve good re sul ts .

The machin e shown in Fig 1 7 4 was de si gn e d e s pe ci all y .

for sh arpe ning hack saw blade s an d t he s low run ning band
- -

saw s as use d at t he pre s e nt day for cu tt in g me t al s of various

kind s Some ye ars ago wh e n h ack saw bl ade s we re made

.
,
-

of car bon s te e l the y we re thrown away as s oon as the tee th

be c ame too dull for practical use At t he pre s e n t t ime .
,

howe ve r when t he majori ty of h ack s aw blade s are made

,
-

of high spe e d s t e e l it is e vid e n t that t he ave rage m an ufac

-

turing plan t s e xpe n di ture for blade s un d e r s uch condi tion s

’

i s com p arat ive ly hi gh an d att e n t ion has be e n di re ct e d to

re cl aiming t he worn b l ad e s .

The machine in que s t ion is de s ign e d an d made by t he

War dwe ll M fg Co Cle ve land Ohio an d i t s Ope ration is
. .
, , ,

comp arative ly s imple As t he ill us tration shows it i s n ot .

,

un like t he machi n e s pre vi ous l y d e s cribe d for s h arpe ni n g

wood working s aws f The m achi n e is provi de d wi th a main

-

drive whi ch e xt e n ds across t he b ack of t he frame an d pow e r

i s tran s m itt e d by me an s of a be l t to t he s h aft s e e n i n t he
fore ground upon whi ch t he grinding whe e l is mou nte d
, .

3
 ABRASIV E S AN D AB RASIV E WH E E LS
Thi s wh e e l i s com p ar at ive ly thi n is made in e l as ti c bon d
, ,

an d i s of me di um gri t an d gra de .

The gr in di n g wh e e l s h aft or sp indl e is s u sp e n de d a t

-

, ,

t he e n d of an arm t he oppo s i t e e n d of whi c h s wi n g s i n

,

pivot e d be ari n gs p lace d we ll p art to re du ce s ide m ot ion to

,

a mi n im um Thi s fe at ure is n e c e s s ary to in s ure corre ct

.

sp aci n g of t he saw t e e th The arm i s support e d in a s e g

.

Fig 1 7 4
.
— Wardwe ll
. aut omat ic saw s harpe ning
-
mac hi ne .

me nt whi ch all ows t he whe e l to be s e t at an an gl e Thi s ,

.

pe rmi t s on e e dge or corn e r only Of t he wh ee l to com e in

, ,

con t act wi th t he face of t he tooth be in g groun d whil e t he

Oppo s i t e e dge or corn e r b e ar s on t he b ack of t he tooth
, ,
.

Thi s act ion s e rve s to k e e p t he w h e e l dre s s e d con s t an t l y

so th at i t al w ay s pre s e nt s t he prope r s h ap e for formi ng t he

gu ll e t s of t he t e e th .

Tw o adj us tme n t s con trol t he move me nt s of t he gri n di n g

w h e e l h e ad . On e gove rn s t he d e pth t he gr in di ng whe e l is
al l owe d to s ink i n to t he tooth gu l l e t whil e t he oth e r re gu ,

l at e s t he am oun t of c u t to be t ak e n from t he b ack Of t he

tooth The las t adj u s tme n t i s made by an adj us ting sc re w
.

3 2 0
 SAW SH ARPE NIN G

whi ch come s in contact at the prope r time wi th a roll which

bears on t he face of the c am Thi s c am is adj us tabl e for
.

forming all the differen t s hap e d b acks of te e th .

Power from t he fe e d mechani sm is de rive d from t he mai n

drive shaft through a worm ge ar to a shaft at t he le ft
hand si de of t he mac hin e . On t he e n d of thi s sh aft i s a
sl ott e d e ccen tri c e q uippe d wi th a scre w fe e d Thi s e ccentric
.

g ov e r n s t he fe e d of t he b l ad e to t h e m a chi ne .

The ope ration of t he machin e i s simple an d e xact and

it i s sai d th at as li ttle as one hal f thousandth of an in ch
-

c an be re move d from ei ther t he face or t he b ack of t he

tooth The mac hin e is automatic in ope ration and after

.
, ,

be i ng s tar te d it re quires no more atte ntion until t he saw

,

has be e n s har pe ned that is whe n gri n di ng a b and saw

, , .

Wi th hack saws a group is place d in posi tion an d the fe e d

,
-

pawl s tak e the se one at a time an d fe e d the m through the

machine A group of hack saw bl ade s are place d in the
.
-

machine be in g he l d by spri n g te n si on The fe e d pawl be ar s

,
.

on the inn e r blade only thus as s oon as this is fe d out of

,

the way the spring action force s another in a posi tion t o

,

be fe d forward .

The bl ade s are fed al ong by a double pawl arrange me nt -

.

Two p awls work at t he same time one on each si de of t he,

grindi ng whe e l The one on t he right draws the bl ade in

.

an d s t ar t s t he grin di ng of t he fir s t tooth whil e t he oth e r on

,

t he l e ft draws t he blade cl e ar Of t he grinding whee l an d dis

ch ar ge s it .
 I N D EX

Aloxit e ,furna ce , powe r re q uire d to

O pe rat e , 5 8 .

A b rasi ve ac t ion , 1 33 . Aloxi t e grain , pre para tion of, 5 9 .

A b ras i ve di s c s , ma nufac t ure of, 1 69 . Aloxi t e , how c rushe d, 5 9 .

A bras i ve di sc s ma t e rial s use d, 1 7 3

, . Aloxi te ingot , 5 9 .

A bras i ve di sc s se l e c t ion of, 1 7 3

, . Aloxi te ingot s , how roke n , 5 9 b .

A bras i ve di sc s t e s t ing, 1 7 4 , . Aloxi te , proce ss of making 5 8 , .

A brasi ve pa pe r an d c lot h , c oat ing Aloxi te , purit y of, 5 9 .

ma c hi ne fo r ma kin g, 1 6 7 . Alo xite , use s of, 60 .

b
A ras i ve pa pe r an d c lo t h , e a rl y manu Alo xi te , whe re made , 5 8 .

fa c t u re of 1 6 7 Al um i na , a rt ificial , D oll ne r s , 5 1
’
.
, .

b
A ras i ve pa pe r an d c l ot h gri t s of, 89 ,
. Al umi na , p e rce ntage of in e me ry , 1 7 .

b
A ras i ve pa pe r and c lo t h , siz e s and Al undum, 5 7 .

n um be rs o f 1 6 8 ,
. Al un dum furnac e , horse powe r re
b
A ras i ve pape r an d c lo t h , use s of, 1 66 . q ui re d to ope rat e 5 7 , .

b
A ras i ve te m pe r 5 2 , . Al undum , ho w c rus he d , 5 7 .

b
A ras i ve s art i fi c ial , 37
, . Al un dum pigs , 5 7 .

b
A ras i ve s , na t ural , 1 3 . Alundum , proc e ss of maki ng, 5 7 .

b
A ra s i ve s use d for die gri nding, 1 92 . Al undum , use s of, 5 8 .

b
Ac c i de n t s , lame fo r, 1 64 . Al undum , va rie t ie s of 5 8 , .

Ac c ide n t s ca use d by t igh t whee l Al undum varie t ie s , how de signa te d,

bus hings 1 5 3 , .
58 .

Ac c ide n t s c a use d by wo rk re s t , 1 5 5 . Ame rica n c orundum , 2 5 .

Ac he son , E dwa rd G 38 .
,
. Am e ri c an e me ry di sc o ve ry of, 1 6
, .

Ac t ion , a b ras i ve , 1 33 . Am oun t [fo r fini shi ng i n c ranks ha ft

Ac t ion , gri nds t one , 1 24 .
gri ndi ng, 27 9 .

Ada m i te 63 ,
. Ampe rage of Car orundum fu rnac e , b
Ada pta bilit y of c ylin de r gri nde r, 26 1 .
40 .

Adapt i ng whee l for s urfac e grindi ng . Ana lysis oftCorubin , 5 1 .

1 99 . Anal ys is of c orundum , 23 .

Advan tage O f c oa rs e fe e d ma rk s i n Angular c utte rs , grin di ng, 295 .

g ri n d in g, 1 81 . Angul a r gri t , 64 .

Adva nta ge s O f co m inat ion grit s , 89 b . Angula r gri t , c om pos i t i on of, 64 .

Advan tage s of t e us hing grinding -

b Angul ar grit , si z e s of, 64 .

whee ls , 1 39 . Angul a r grit , us e s of, 64 .

Advan t age s of using la rge grindi ng Arka nsas s ha rpe ni ng s t one s , 35 .

whe e l s 1 30 , . Arka nsas s harpe ning s tones , c o m

Allo wanc e for finis h c hip, 223 .
posi ti on of, 35 .

All owanc e for int e rnal gri nding, 25 3 . Arkansas s ha rpe ni ng s t one s , use s of,
All owanc e s for gri ndi ng, 220 .
35
Alo xi te 5 8 , . Arka nsas sha rpe ning s tone s , varie t ie s
Al oxit e , c harac te ris t ic s of, 60 . of. 35
Al oxi t e , c olor of, 60 . Arkans as sha rpe ni ng s t one s , whe re
Aloxi te , furna c e , 5 8 . found, 35 .
 IN D EX
Art ifi c ial a b a iv W
r s e, e rle i n s ,
’
61 . B lan c hard grinde r, loc a ting work on ,
Artificial a b a iv 37
r s es, . 21 1 .

al umina , B lanchard gri nde r, ope ra t ion of, 2 1 2

’
Art ific ial Dr G . . D OIl ne r s , .

51 . Bla nc hard gri nde r, whe e l s for, 2 1 2 .

Art ific ial c oru ndum , 47 . B lanc hard gri nde r, whe e l spe e d, 2 1 1 .

Art i ficial c orun dum , de ve lopme n t of, Blan chard surface grin di ng ma c hi ne ,
48 . 208 .

Artific ial c orundum , firs t suc ce ssful B lanc hard surface gri nde r, sam ples of
produc t ion of, 48 . work done on , 2 10 .

Artific ial c orun dum , Jac o s proc e ss

’
b B ond of grin ding whe e ls , 66 .

for making, 5 6 . B ondin g ma t e ri al s , 66 .

Art ific ial c o rundum , te m pe r of, 5 6 . B onding ma t e ri al s , how t e s t e d , 6 7 .

Art ificial c orun dum , whe n firs t made , B onds , gri n din g whee l , how s tan da rd
47 . 48 iz e d, 67 .

Artifi c ial s ha rpe ni ng s t one s , 83 . B oro Car one , 62

-
b .

b
Aut omo ile e ngine c am s , t ype s of, 280 .
-
b
B oro Car one , c harac te ris t i c s of, 62 .

Axe grindin g 1 2 5 , .
-
b
B oro Car one , c olor of, 62 .

Axe grindin g, advanta ge s of grin di ng -

b
B orO Ca r one , use s of, 62 .

whe e l s i n , 1 26 .
-
b
B orO Car one , where made , 6 2 .

Axe gri nding, fut ure of grinding whee l B ort di amonds , 3 1 .

for, 1 2 7 . B ranc h pipe s , siz e of for dus t c ol -

Axe gri nding, t ime c onsume d, 126 . le c ting s ys t e m , 1 46 .

B re aka e , grin din g whe e l s , cause s of,

g
15 1
B
B rea ki ng Aloxi te ingots , 5 9 .

B ac kre s t , se t t i ng, N ort on , 226 . B rown Sharpe c u tt e r grin de r, 290 .

Bac kre s t , so li d,
N ort on , 226 . B ro wn Sharpe c ut te r grindi ng at
B ac kre s t , i ng, B rown
s pr Sha rpe , tac hme n t , 297 .

227 . B rown Sharpe forme d c ut te r gri nd -

B ac kre s t , unive rsal , B rown Sharpe , ing at tac hm e nt , 304 .

228 . B rown 8: Sharpe spring ac kre s t , 227 b .

B ac kre s ts , kin ds of, 226 . B rown Sharpe surface grin de r, 1 88 .

B alance whee l , 234 . B rown 8: Sharpe uni ve rs al ac kre s t , b

B alanc ing de vi ce , Lan di s , 235 . 228 .

B alan c ing grinding whe e ls , 7 6 . B rown Sharpe unive rsal grin de r,

Bal as ru y, 47 b . 236 .

B and t e sa ws , 309
-
. b
B urning a Car orun dum furnac e , 40 .

B and t e sa ws , grin ding, 3 1 4

-
. B ush ing grin di ng whee l s , 7 5 .

B an d saws , 308 . B y produc t of Car orun dum furnace ,

-
b
B arre l c orun dum , 22 .
40.
B auxi t e , 5 3 5 7 , .

B auxi te , c olor of, 5 3 .

B auxi t e , di sc ove ry O f, 5 3 . Cale n de r roll s ca use s of we ar of 264

, , .

B auxi t e , origi n of nam e , 5 3 . Cale n de r roll s e arly how fini she d

, , ,

B auxi te , whe re found, 5 3, 5 4 . 26 5 .

B e lgian raz or hone , 35 . Cal e nde r rol l s how ground 269

, , .

B e l ts , garne t pape r, te s t ing, 1 7 2 . Cale nde r rolls large s t s tac k of, 263
, .

B e rt hie r, P , 5 3 . . Cal e nde r rol ls Old ins tall at ion 26 5

, , .

B lame fo r ac c i de n t s , 1 64 . Cali pe r gauge c on t inuous rea ding

,
-
,

B lanc ha rd c ont inuous re a di ng c al ipe r B lanc hard, 2 12 .

ga uge , 2 1 2 . Cam gri nde r, lea de rs for, 283 .

B lanc hard grinde r, c huc k spe e d for, Cam gri nding attac hmen t , N ort on ,
-

21 1 . 2 80 .
 IN D EX
Cam grinding,
-
e fie c t of whee l we ar Carborundum s harpe ning s t one s how ,

in , 2 85 . molde d, 84 .

Ca m grindi ng le a de rs how made 284

-
, , . b
Car orundum s pe c i fic gravi t y of 4 1 , , .

Ca m gri nding s te a dy re s ts for 282

-

,
-
, . b
Car orundum use s of 45 , , .

Cam gri nding whe e ls for 283

-
, , . b
Car orun dum , whe n di sc ove re d 38 , .

Cams t ype s of in automobile e ngine s

, , b
Car orundum , why not found in
2 80 . na t ure , 4 1 .

Canadian c orundum 2 1 , . Carbosoli te , 46 .

Cana dian c orundum de posi t s 2 1 , . Carbosolit e c ol or of, 47 , .

Ca rb ide of sil ic on 38 , . Care of saw gri n ding mac hine s 31 2 , .

Ca rb ide of sil i c on Ge rman 46 , ,

. Ca r whe e l gri nding te s ting whee ls
-
,

Ca rbonado frac t ure of 32, , . for, 1 06 .

Ca rbonado spe c i fic gravi t y of 29

, , . Case harde nin g of saws , c ause of, 31 3 .

Ca rbonado use s of 32 , , . Cause of c hat t e r marks , 232 .

Ca rbonado whe re found, 32, . Cause s of c hat t e ri ng in roll grindi ng,

Ca rborundum c lea vage 4 1 , , . 269 .

Ca rboru ndum c lo th 1 68 , . Ca use s of hard and soft s pots 7 2 ,

.

Ca rboru ndum c olor of 4 1 , , . Ce nt e r sq uare , 22 1

, .

Corborundum c omposi t ion of 38 , , . Ce nte rs grinding, 240

, .

Carborundum c rys tals shape of 4 1 , , . Chain link gri nding, 1 1 2 .

Ca rborundum fo r s te e l grinding 45 , . Change in grade e fi e c t of 105 , , .

Ca rbo rundum frac t ure of 4 1 , , . Charac t e ri s tics of Al oxi t e , 60 .

Carborundum furnac e 38 , . Charac te ri s ti cs of B orO Carbone , 62 -

.

Ca rborundum furnace ampe rage , 40 , . Cha rac t e ri s ti cs of e me ry 1 7 , .

Ca rborundum furnace burning 40 , , . Charac t e ri s tic s of grinds tone s 1 27 , .

Ca rborundum furnace , by produc t of -

, Charac te ri s t i cs of pre sse d whe e ls 68 , .

40 . Charge of Carborundum furnace 39 , .

Ca rborundum furnace c harge of 39 , , . Charging a Carborundum furnace 39 , .

Ca rbo rundum furnac e c ont e n t s of 40 , , . Chatt e r marks ca use of 232 , . .

Ca rborundum furnac e , hea t of 40 , . Cha tt e ring ca use s of in roll gri nding

, , ,

Carborundum furnace how c harge d , ,

269 .

39 Cha tt e ring, whe e l , 200 .

Carborundum furnace , vol tage , 40 . Chille d i ron roll gri ndi ng te s t , 1 08 .

Carborun dum grai n , num e rs of, 44 b . Chuc k bus hing, He al d, 248

, .

Carborundum , ha rdness of, 4 1 . Chuc k for ring whe e l 1 80 , .

Ca rborundum , how c rus he d, 42 . Chuc k magne ti c , H ea l d 1 94

, , .

Ca rborundum , how grade d 43 , . Chuc k magne ti c swive l 1 94

, , , .

Carborundum , how puri fie d, 42 . Chuck magne ti c tape r 1 94

, , , .

Ca rborun dum , M purit ie s of, 42 . Chuc k spe e d for B lanchard gri nde r ,

Carborundum a
p p e r , 1 68 . 2 1 1.

Carborundum po w d e r, h ow grade d, Chuc king work for inte rnal gri nde r,
44 . 247 .

Carborundum proce ss of making 39 , , . Chuc ks gea r 248 25 1 25 2 25 3

, , , , , .

Carboru ndum raw mat e ria ls 38 , , . Chuc ks magne ti c c urre n t for 1 97

, , , .

Carborundum raz or hone s , 85 . Chuc ks rotary for surface gri nde r

, , ,

Ca rborundum rubs 86 , . 204 .

Ca rborundum sharpe ning st one s 83 , . Cinc i nna ti c u t te r gri nde r 290 , .

Ca rborundum sharpe nin g s t one s , Circ ula r saws , 308 .

com bin a t i on , 86 . Circ ular saws machine for gri ndi ng , ,

Ca rb orundum s harpe ni ng stones , gri t s 3 4

1 .

of, 85 . Classe s of diamonds 29 , .

Ca rborundum s harpe ni ng s t one s how , Cle a nout s for dus t c olle c t ing s ys te m ,

finis he d, 86 . 1 49 .
 IN D EX
Curre nt fo r magne ti c c huc ks 1 97 , . fi
D e pt h of nishin g c ut for s urface
Cut de pth of 224
, , .
g ri n di ng, 1 99 .

Cu t de pt h of for die grindin g 1 92

, , . D e si gn of c ollars for dus t c oll e c t ing
Cut t e r c lea rance how ob taine d 295 , , . s yste m , 1 47 .

Cu t t e r gri n de r B rown 8: Sharpe , ,

D e s i gn of e l bow s for dus t c ol l e c t ing
290 . s ys t e m , 1 47 .

Cu t t e r gri nde r Cinc i nnat i 290 , , . D e signat ion of al undum varie t ie s , 5 8 .

Cut t e r gri nde r Walke r 299 , , . D e signat ion of whe e l grade s , 91

Cut t e r grindi ng at tac hme nt , B rown D e t e rmini ng gri t an d grade , 1 43 .

Sha rpe , 297 . D e ve l opme n t of art ific ial c orun dum

Cut te r grindi ng, c up whee l s for, 302 .
48 .

Cu t t e r gri ndi ng, loc at i ng work , 291 . D e vil le , E H , Sain te Claire , 5 3

. .
-
.

Cu t t e r gri nding, ma c hine s use d for, Diam ond, 1 3, 29 .

290 . Diamond, ort , 3 1 b .

Cut t e r grindi ng s le e ve 293 , . Diamond, c lasse s of, 29 .

Cut t e r gri n ding whe e ls , fixt ure for D i amond, c ol or of, 3 1 .

t rui ng, 1 36 . D iamond c ut t ing, i nt roduc t ion of, 31 .

Cu t te r gri ndi ng, whe e l s for, 305 . Diamond, frac t ure of, 29 .

Cu t t e r gri nding, wide fac e d whe e ls Diamond hardne ss of, 29 , .

for, 294 . D iam ond, how found 30 , .

Cut te r te e t h c orne rs roundin g 300 , , . Di amond, how mine d , 30 .

Cut t e rs an gul ar gri ndi ng 295

, , , . Diamond, ho w t o use for t rui ng grind
Cut t e rs fo rme d grinding 302 305
, , , , . ing whe e l , 1 35 .

Cyli nde r gri nde r adapta b ili t y of 26 1 , ,

Diam ond min e s , D e B e e rs , 30 .

Cylinde r grinde r H e al d 25 5 , , . Diamond powde r, how pre pare d, 3 1 .

Cyl inde r grindin g 2 5 7 , . Dia mond pow de r, use s of, 31

Cyli nde r gri ndi ng whe e l s for 25 9 , , . Diam ond, pre pari ng for marke t , 30 .

Cyli ndri cal grinding, appli c ati ons of ,

Diamond, re se t t i ng of, 1 35 ,
238 . Dia m ond, s pe ci fic gravi t y of, 29 .

Cyli ndrical grinding how , to orde r Di am ond s t e e l e m e ry 64 , .

whe e l s for, 1 44 . Di am on d, whe e l t ruing, se t t i ng of,

Cyli ndri c al grin di ng, mac hin e for t es t 1 34 .

i ng whe e l s for, 1 1 9 . Diamond, whe re found, 29 .

Cyli ndri c al gri n ding ma c hi ne s , 2 1 6 . D i amon ds s ort in g, 3 1 , .

Cyl indric al gri ndi ng, s pe e d for whe e l , Di amonds , whe e l t ruing, ki nds of,
223 . 1 33 .

Cyli ndrical gri ndi ng, t es t ing whe e l s Die gri n ding, 1 87 .

for, 1 2 1 . D ie gri nding, a rasi ve s use d , 1 92 b .

Cy lindrical grindi ng, whe e l s for, 235 . Di e gri n ding, c ross fe e d for, 1 92 .

Cylindri cal gri nding whe e l s , s ta r D ie , grindi ng, de p t h of c ut , 1 92 .

whee l dre sse r for t rui ng, 1 37 . Die gri nding xt ure 1 90 fi , .

Di e gri ndi ng, whee ls for, 1 88, 1 92 ,

1 99 .

D ie gri nding whe e l s , t ruing, 1 93 .

D ata for whee l tes t , 1 0 1 . Die s he a re d, 1 90

, .

D e B e e rs di amon d mine s , 30 . Di e s loc a t ing for grinding, 1 88

,
.

D e grade s 9 1
-

, . Dio sc o ri de s , 1 4 .

D e magn e t iz e r, H e a l d, 1 97 . Di s c ove ry of Ame ri c an e me ry , 1 6 .

D e magne t i z ing s wi t c h , 1 96 . Di sc ove ry of au xi t e , 5 2 b .

D e posi t s of Canadian c orundum, 2 1 . Di s c ove ry of Ca r orundum , 38 b .

D e po s it s of garne t , 33 . Di sc ove ry of Craigmont c oru ndum ,

D e pt h of c ut 224 ,
. 24 .

De pt h of c ut for die grindi ng, 1 92 . D isc s , a b rasi ve , man ufac t ure of, 1 69 .

3 7
2
 IN D EX
b
D is c s , a rasi ve , se le c ti on of, 1 7 3 . E las t ic proc e ss , 80 .

D isc s , a brasi ve , te s t i ng, 1 7 4 . E las t ic whe e l s , purpose s use d fo r, 80 .

D og, gri ndi ng, 22 1 . b

E l o ws for dus t c oll e c ting s ys t e m , de
D Ollne r s a rt ifici al al umina , 5 1
’
. sign of, 1 47 .

D o uble ta pe rs , i nt e rnal grindin g, 245 E le c t ri c furnace , Hass lac he r s , 49

’
. .

D us t c oll e c t i ng s ys t e m , ran c h pipe s , b E le c t ric furnace , Jac o s , 5 4 b '

.

siz e of, 1 46 . E le c t rolon , 47 .

D us t c oll e c t ing sys te m, c le anout s for, E le c t rolon , how made , 47 .

1 49 . E me ry , 1 4 .

D us t c oll e c t ing s yst e m , de sign of c ol E m e ry c ha rac t e ris t ics of, 1 7 .

la rs for, 1 47 . E me ry c lot h, 1 68 .

D us t c oll e c t ing sys t e m , de s ign of e l E me ry , c ol or of, 1 5 .

b ow s fo r, 1 47 . E me ry, diamond s t e e l , 64 .

D us t c olle c t i ng s ys t e m , loc at ion of E me ry , e arly use s of, 1 4 .

fan , 1 5 0 . E m e ry, how foun d, 1 5 .

D us t c oll e c t ing sys te m , main pipe s , E me ry, how min e d , 1 5 .

1 48 . E me ry, i mpuri t ie s of, 1 7 .

D re sse s , e me ry whee l prac t ica ilit y b E me ry , N axos , 1 6 .

of, 1 38 . E me ry pape r, 1 6 8 .

D ress i ng gri ndin g whee l , 232 . E me ry, pe rc e nt age of al umina , 1 7 .

D ress ing grin ding whe e ls , t ools use d E me ry, s pe c ifi c gravi t y of, 1 7 .

for, 1 33 . E me ry, s pine l , 1 6 .

D ull mil lin g c u tte rs , re s ul t s of usi ng, E me ry, s pine l , c ompone nt pa rt s of,
290 . 16 .

D un ar, H oward W , 285

b . . E me ry, s pine l , hardne ss of, 1 6 .

D us t c oll e c t ing hood, 1 45 . E me ry s to ne s , 1 9 .

D us t c oll e c t ing s ys t e m , l oc at ion of E me ry, Turkish , 1 5 .

c oll e c t or, 1 5 0 . E me ry , use s of, 1 9 .

D us t co l le c t i ng s ys t e m s , advanta ge s E me ry whe e l dre s se rs , prac t ic a ilit y b

of, 1 45 . of, 1 38 .

E me ry, whe re found, 1 4

E
.

E nd mill s , gri n ding, 302 .

E arl y cal e nde r roll s , how fini she d,

265 .

E arl y man ufac t ure Of a ras ive pa pe r b

and c lot h , 1 6 7 . Fac e gri ndin g, 240 .

E arl y produc t ion of art ific ial c ornn Fac e gri nding mac hin e , 1 80 .

darn . 47 . 48 Fac e of whe e l , gri n ding wi t h, 238 .

E arl y use s of e me ry, 1 4 . Fac ing and e dgi ng gri nding whe e ls , 7 4 .

E arni ng powe r of gri nding whe e ls , Fac i ng ge ar c ase c ove rs , 1 84, 1 85 .

1 02 . Faci ng grin ding whe e ls , tools us e d, 74 .

E be lme n , J J , 48 . . . b
Fac t ors for la orat o ry te s ts , 1 1 6 .

E c onomical use of whee ls , 1 5 3 . Fac t ors to c onside r in se le c t ing gri nd

E c onomi cal value of soft whe e l s , 104 . i ng whe e ls , 1 29 .

E fl e c t of c hange i n grade , 103 . Fallac y of me dium grade , 92 .

Efi ec t of fine gri t whe e ls on s urfac e Fan , loc at ion of in dus t c olle c tin g
g ri n di ng 200 , . s ys t e m , 1 5 0 .

E fi e c t of vi ra t ion , 1 3 1 b . Fa rre l roll c rowning me c hani s m , 268 .

E fl e c t of whee l s pe e d on grade , 95 . Farre l roll grinde r, 266 .

E ffi ci e nc y of gri nds ton e s , 1 2 5 . Fe e d, c ross , for die gri n ding, 1 92 .

E fi ci e nc y of large grin di ng whe e l s , Fee d t rave rse , 224 .

131 . Fe e d, t rave rse , for roll gri nding, 27 3 .

E ffi c ie nc y te st , ide al c as t i ng fo r, 10 1 . Fe il , C 48 . .

3 2 8
 IN D EX
Fe rro sili c on , 5 9 . Garne t , how found, 33 .

F il ing room , 3 1 2 . Ga rne t , how pre pare d, 33 .

F ine gri t whe e l s , e ffe c t of on s urface Ga rne t , impuri ties of, 1 7 1 .

g ri ndi ng, 200 . Ga rne t , kinds of, 32 .

F ini s h all owanc e in c yli nde r gri nding, b

Garne t pa pe r e l t s , ta t ing, 1 7 2 .

25 7 . G arne t pape r, ki nds o f, 1 68 .

Fi ni s hi ng Ca r orundum sharpe ning b G arne t pape r, te s ting 1 70 , .

s t o nes , 86 . G arne t , s pe c ific gravi t y of, 33 .

F inis hi ng c hi p, all owanc e fo r, 223 . G arne t , t e s t ing 1 7 1 , .

Fi nis hi ng c rank c a se s , 1 85 . G arne t , use s of, 33 .

F i nis hi ng c ut , de pth of for s urface Ga rne t , whe re found, 33 .

grin di ng 1 99 , . G audi n , M A A , 48 . . . .

F iri ng a gri ndi ng whee l kil n, 7 1 . G ea r c ase c ove rs , fac i ng, 1 84, 1 85 .

F i xt ure for holdi ng punc he s , 1 92 . G ea r c huc ks , 248, 2 5 1 , 25 2, 2 5 3 .

F ix t ure fo r t rui ng c ut t e r gri nding Ge a rs grindi ng hole s i n , 248

, .

whee ls , 1 36 . Ge rman arti fic ial c orun dum , ho w

F ixt ure fo r die gri nding, 1 90 . made , 49 .

F ix t ure for t rui ng s urfac e grindin g b

Ge rmafi ca r ide of sili c on , 46 .

whe e l s , 136 . b
G rade loc ks , mas te r, 91 .

F i xt ure , grindi ng, rotary , 1 83 . G rade , c hange in, c fl e c t of, 1 05 .

F lange s , s afe t y , 1 5 4 . b
G rade li s t , re lia le , how c om pil e d, 92 .

F la nges , whee l , pla in , dange r o f, 1 5 3 . G rade lis ts , c omparat ive , i nac c urac y
F lange s , whe e l , proport ion of, 1 5 3 . of, 91

F li nt , c ompos i t ion of, 34 . G rade , running, 96 .

F li n t , frac t ure of, 34 . G rade s c ale , re lia ili t y of, 94 b .

F li n t q ua rt z , use s of, 35 . G rade sc ale , uni ve rs al , 93, 94 .

F li n t q ua rt z , whe re found, 35 . G rade s of gri nding whe e ls , 9 1

F l int , s pe c i fic gravit y of, 34 G rade s whee l , how de si gna te d, 9 1
'

.
, .

Format ion of Tri poli , 36 . G rading Car orundum , 43 b .

F orme d c ut te r gri nding at t ac hme nt , b

G radi ng Ca r orun dum powde r, 44 .

B row n 8: Sharpe , 304 . G rinde r, c ylin dri cal , pre paring work
F orme d c ut te rs , gri nding, 302, 305 . for, 220 .

F ourgri nde r, H e nry, 263 . Gri n de r, plain c yli ndri cal , 2 1 7 .

F rac t ure of e arbonado , 32 . G rin de r, roll , Farre l , 266 .

F rac t ure of Ca r orun dum , 41 b . G rinde r, se t tin g st raight , 222 .

F rac t ure of dia mond, 29 . G ri nde r, s urface , B rown Sharpe ,

F rac t ure of fli nt , 34 . 1 88 .

F ra c t ure of q uart z , 34 . G ri n de r, s urface , P rat t Whi t ne y ,

F rem y , E , 48 . . 203 .

Full he at of ki l n , 7 3 . Gri nde r, uni ve rs al , 2 1 7 .

F urnac e , Al oxi t e , 5 8 . G ri nding allowance for c ylin de rs , 25 7 .

F urna c e , Ca rborundum, 38 . G rinding allowanc e s , 220 .

b
F u rna ce , Ca r orundum, by produc t -
G rindi ng a tape r, 238, 240 .

o f 40
, . G ri nding axe s , 1 25 .

b
F u rnace , Car orundum , c onte nts of, ‘
G ri nding cal e nde r rolls , 269 .

40 . Grin ding c e n te rs , 240 .

F urnac e , Ca r b o rundu m he a t of, 40

, . G ri nding c hain li nks , 1 1 2 .

G ri nding c hi l le d e ar whe e ls , 1 06 .

G rindi ng c ranks hafts , 2 7 7 .

G ri nding c yli nde rs , 25 7 .

G a rne t , 32 . G rindin g, c yli ndrical , applic a ti ons of,

G a rne t , ha rdne ss of, 33 . 238 .

G a rne t , how c rys tal li z e d, 32 . G ri nding , c yli ndric al , whe e ls fo r, 235 .

3 9
2
 IN D EX
G ri nding whee ls , tamping, 7 9 . Hardness of corundum 22 , .

G rin di ng whee l s , t e s ting for soun d H ardne s s of diam onds , 29 .

ne s s , 74 . Hardness of garne t , 33 .

G rin ding whe e l s , t e s t s , la bo ra tory, H ardness of gri nding whee ls , how

1 15 . c ont roll e d , 7 .

G ri nding whe e l s , t hre e me t hods of H ardness of quart z , 34 .

t e s t ing 1 1 4
, . H ardne ss of spine l e me ry , 1 6 .

G rin ding whee ls , tool s use d for dre ss H assl ac he r s e le c t ric furnac e , 49
’
.

ing 1 33
s ° H as slac he r, F ranz , 49 .

G rin di n g whe e l s , wi re we b , 1 24 . H aul tain , H E T 2 1 , 24

. . .

G ri nding whe e l s , wi re we b , 80 . H e ad, uni ve rsal , 299 .

G rin ding wi th fac e of whe e l , 238 . b

H eal d us hi ng c huc k 248 , .

G ri nds t one ac t ion , 1 24 . H e al d c yl inde r grin de r 2 5 5 , .

G rinds t one , e ffi c ie nc y of, 1 25 . H e a l d de magne ti z e r 1 97 . .

G ri nds t one , life Of, 1 25 . H e al d in te rnal grinde r 246 , .

G rinds t one use s of, 1 25

, . H e al d magne t i c ch uc k , 1 94 .

G rin ds t one s an d gri nding whe e ls , c os t H eal d ring gri nde r, 200 .

c ompa ri son s , 1 26 . H ea ld rota ry s urfac e grin de r 202 , .

G rinds t one s , c harac t e ris ti c s of, 1 27 . b

H e a t of Car orundum furnac e , 40 .

G ri nds t one s , use s of, 1 4 . H ole s i n ge ars , grindi ng, 248 .

G rit and grade , how de te rmi ne d, 1 43 . H oll inge r J H , 1 08

, . . .

G ri t and grade of whe e ls for s pot H one , raz o r, Be lgian 35 , .

gri n di ng, 1 7 8 . H oo d, dus t c oll e c ti ng, 1 45 .

G rit angul ar, 64

, . H orse power re q uire d to ope rate Al un
b
G ri t s , c om inat ion , 89 . dum furnac e , 5 7 .

G ri t s of ab rasi ve pape r an d c lot h , 89 .

G ri ts of Ca r orundum sharpe ning b 1

s t one s , 85 .

G rit s , gri n di ng whe e l , 88 . Idea l cas t ing for e fii c i e n c y t e s t , 1 0 1 .

G ri ts , m ixe d, 88 . I dea l c orundum , 22 .

G ri t s , s t raight , 88 . I m purit ie s of Car o rundum , 42 b .

G uard, pulle y , 1 62 . I m puritie s of e me ry, 1 7 .

G ua rd, s pin dl e , 1 6 1 . I mpuri t ie s of garne t , 1 7 1 .

G uard, whe e l , 247 . I mpuriti e s of pumice , 36 .

G uarde d s u rfac e gri ndi ng whe e l s , 159 . I mpuri ti e s of sands tone , 1 4 .

G ua rds , w he e l , 1 5 6 . I na c c urac y, causes of, in roll win ding,

G ua rds , whee l , unsafe , 1 64 . 27 2 .
G ui de ba r, loc omot ive , grindi ng, I nac c uracy of c omparative grade li s t s ,
b
G uide a rs , loc omot i ve , lapping, 1 70 .
91 .

b
G ui de a rs , loc o mot ive , we a r on , 1 81 . I nformat ion t o gi ve in orde ri ng gri n d
G uide fi nge r, loc a t ing, 294 . ing whe e ls , 1 42 .

I ngot , Aloxi t e , 5 9 .

I nspe c t in g gri ndi ng whe e l s fo r grade ,

74 .

H ac k saw bl a de gri n de r, Wardwe ll , I nt e rnal grin de r, He a ld, 246 .

319 . I nte rnal gri nding, 243 .

H ac k saw bl ade s , gri ndi ng, 3 1

2 . I nte rnal grindi ng, allowance for, 25 3 .

H am me t t l in k grinde r, 287 . I nt e rn al grindi ng, c huc king work for,

Ha rd a nd soft s po t s , how ca use d, 7 2 . 247 .

Hard or soft whe e l s , how t o re c tify, 95 . I nt e rnal gri n ding ma ch ine s , t ype s of,
H ard or soft whee ls , how t o re me dy, 245 .

1 44 . I nte rnal gri nding, se t ti ng up u nive r

H a rdne s s of Carborundum 41 , . sa l gri n de r for, 243 .
 IN D EX
I n t e rnal grinding, whe e l spe eds for, Loc ating die s for grinding, 1 88 .

25 4 . Loc ating gui de finge r, 294 .

I nt e rna l grindi ng whe e ls , t ruing, 25 5 . Loca ti ng mill rolls for grindin g, 2 7 2 .

I n t e rnal tape rs , gri nding, 245 . Loca ting work on B lanc hard gri nde r,
I nt roduc t ion of diamond c ut t ing, 3 1 . 21 1 .

Loca t ion of Arkansas sharpe ning

s to n e de posi t s 35
J
.
,

Loc at ion of ba uxi t e de posi ts , 5 3, 5 4 .

Jac obs Charle s B 5 3

, .
, . Loca t ion of ca r ona do de posi t s 32 b , .

Jac obs e lec t ri c furnace 5 4 Loca t ion of c orun dum de posi t s , 2 1 ,

’
.
,

J bs proce ss for maki ng

ac o arti ficial 2 5 , 26 .

c orundum , 5 6 . Loca t ion of diamond de posi ts , 29 .

Loca tion of e me ry de pos i t s , 1 5 .

K Loca t ion of fli nt q ua rt z de posi ts ,

35
K il n , full hea t of, 7 3 . Loc at ion of Tripoli de pos i ts , 36 .

K il n grinding whe e l firing, 7 1 . Loc o mot i ve gui de ba r gri nding, 1 81 .

K il n low me l t ing point of, 7 2

, . Loc omoti ve gui de bar gri n ding, t e s t
K il n re d he a t of 7 2
, , . ing whe e ls fo r, 1 10 .

K iln , t es ting heat of, 7 2 . Loc omot ive gui de ars , lapping, 1 7 1 b .

K il n vi t ri fying 7 0
, , . Loc omot ive gui de a rs , wea r on , 1 81 b .

b
K i nds of ac kre s ts , 226 . Loose spindl e s , 1 5 6 .

K i nds of garne t 32 , . Lo w me l ting point of kiln , 7 2 .

K inds of whee l t ruing di amonds , 1 33 . b

Lu ri c an t , gri nding, 2 1 0, 23 1 .

b
L u rica tion of s pindl e , 25 5 , 25 8 .

L Luca s , D r H S , 1 6 . . . .

La bo at r gri ndi ng whe e l te s ts , 1 1 5

ory .
M
La bo t
ra o ry t e s t on whe e ls for rough

gri n di n g o p e ra ti ons , how c arri e d M achine , for maldng a ra

c oa t ing, b
ou t , 1 1 8 . s ive pape r an d c loth , 1 67 .

b
La orato ry te s ts , fac tors for, 1 1 5 . M ac hin e for te s t ing whe e ls use d on
b
Landis alan c ing de vi ce , 235 . c yli ndri ca l grin di ng, 1 1 9 .

Landis c ranks haft grinde r, 27 5 . M ac hine for te s t ing whe e ls use d for
Landis mill roll gri nde r, 27 0 . rough ope rat ions , 1 1 6 .

Landis plain grinde r, 2 1 7 . M ac hine , s ha vi ng, 69 .

Ia ppi ng loc om ot ive gui de ars , 1 70 b . M ac hine s use d for c utte r gri ndi ng,
Large c ut te rs , sharpe nin g, 299 . 290.
Large gri nding whe e ls , advantage s of M agne ti c chuc k He ald 1 94 , , .

usi ng, 1 30 . M agne tic c huck tape r 1 94 , , .

La rge grindi ng whe e ls , e ffi cie nc y of, M agne t ic ch uc k s wi ve l 1 94 , , .

1 31 . M agn e tic c huc ks c u rre n t for 1 97 , , .

Le ade rs for c am grinde r, 283 . M anufac t ure of abrasi ve dis e s 1 69 , .

Le ade rs for ca m grinding, ho w made , M anufac t ure of Al undum 5 7 , .

284 . M an ufac t ure of Crys tolon 47 , .

Life of gri nds tone , 1 25 . M anufac t ure of E le c t rolon 47 , .

Li mi ts in us ing soft whe e ls , 104 . M anufac t ure of Ge rman art ificia l c or

Li nk gri nde r H amme t t , 287
, . un dum , 49 .

Li nk gri n ding, 288 . M a rks c ha t te r c ause of 232

, , , .

Li n k gri n di ng whee ls for, 289, . M as t e r grade b loc ks 91 , .

M ate ri als bondin g 66

°
Links val ve ge a r, t ype s of 286
, , .
, , .

Loading gri ndi ng whe e l sage rs , 7 1 . M at e ri als raw Ca rborundum 38

, , , .

Loc a ti ng c ut t e rs for gri ndin g, 291 M at e rial s use d on ab rasi ve dise s 1 7 3 , .

 IN D E X
M at te son saw grinde r 31 5 , . Ove rs pe e di ng of gri n di ng whe e ls , re a
M e dium grade fallac y of 92 , , . sons for, 1 5 2 .

M e t a l c ut t ing saws 31 5 , . Oxal umina , 63 .

M e tal c ut t ing saws gri ndi ng 3 1 5 , , , Oxal umina , c omposi tion of, 63 .

31 9 . Oxal umi na , how made , 63 .

M e t hods of mixi ng grindi ng whe e l Oxal umina, use s of, 63 .

mat e rials 68 , .

M ill roll gri nde r Landis , 270 , .

P
M ill roll grinde r Norton 27 1 , , .

M il l roll s loc at ing for grindi ng 2 7 2

, , . Pape r and c loth, a b asiv r e , ea rly man
M illin g c ut te rs dull , re sul ts of usi ng
, , ufac t ure of, 1 6 7 .

290 . Pape r and c l ot h, a b a iv

r s e, use s of,
M ill ing c ut te rs grindi ng 292 , ,
. 1 66 .

Mill ing c ut t e rs gri nding side s of 242

, , . b
Pape r, Ca r orundum , 1 68 .

M illin g c ut t e rs , t e c u t ting 306 -

, . Pape r, e me ry, 1 68 .

M ills e nd grinding 302

, , , . Pape r, garne t , kinds of, 1 68 .

M ine ral Spanish 33

, , . Pape r, garne t , te s ting, 1 7 0 .

M ining of diamonds 30 , . Pape r, sand, 1 69 .

M i nin g of e me ry, 1 5 . b
Pe arl ut ton grinding, 1 1 4 .

M ixe d gri t s 88 , . Pe riphe ral s pe e d, e fi e c t on s urface

M ixi ng gri ndi ng whee l mate ri als , g ri n di ng 99
. 1 .

me thods use d, 68 . Pigs , Al un dum , 5 7 .

M ode rn gri nding mac hine s 2 1 8 , . Plai n c ylindrical gri n de r, 2 1 7 .

M oldi ng Carborundum sharpe ni ng Plain gri nde r, La ndi s , 2 1 7 .

84
s tone s , . Plain gri nde r, Nort on , 2 1 9 .

M ount in g grinding whe e l s , 153 . Plain gri n ding whee l flan ge s dange r ,

of, 1 5 3 .

Pli ny, 1 4 .

Pl ow poin ts , gri ndi ng, 105 .

b
Nat ural a rasives , 1 3 . Poin t ing up saws , 3 1 0 .

Na t ural sharpe ni ng s t one s , 35 . Powe r re qui re d to Ope rat e Aloxi te

Nax os e m e ry, 1 6 . furnace , 5 8 .

N e w ton sa w grinde r, 31 6 . Prat t Whi tne y surfac e gri n de r, 203 .

b
Nort on ac kre s t , se t t ing, 226 . Pratt Whit ne y surfac e gri n de r,
N ort on ca m gri n ding att ac hme nt , 280 . s ampl es of work done on , 206 .

N ort on m ill roll gri nde r, 27 1 . Pratt , Prof J H , 20 , 2 1

. . . .

N ort on pla in gri nde r, 2 1 9 . Pre paration of Al oxi t e grain , 5 9 .

No rt on soli d a c kre s t , 226 b . Pre paration of c orundum , 24 .

b
N um e rs Of Ca r orundum grain , 44 b . Pre paration of diamon d po wde r, 3 1 .

Pre parat ion of garne t , 33 .

0 Pre parati on of work for c yli ndric al

g ri n de r ,
2 20 .

Ope ra t ing spe e d of gri n din g whe e ls , Pre pari n g di amonds for marke t , 30 .

how de s igna te d , 1 5 2 . Pre ss , gri n ding whe e l , 68 .

Ope ra t ion of B lanchard gri nde r, 2 1 2 . Pre sse d proce ss , 68 .

Orde ri ng gri nding whe e l s , informa Pre sse d whee ls , c ha rac t e ris t i c s Of, 68 .

ti on to gi ve , 1 42 . Proc e ss for making Jac o s art ificial b '

Orde ring spe c ial gri ndi ng whe e l s , 1 44 . c orundum, 5 6 .

Orde rin g whe e ls for c yli ndrical gri nd Proce ss of maldng Al oxi te , 5 8 .

ing. 1 44 . Proc e ss of maki ng Al un dum , 5 7 .

Ori e n tal ru y, 47 b . Proce ss of ma king Ca r orun dum , 39 b .

Ori gin of name of auxite , 5 3 b . Proce ss of making c rushe d st ee l , 63 .

Ori gin Of pumi ce , 36 . Process of making Oxalumina 63 , .

333
 IN D EX
Sharpe ni ng s tone s , Turke y, 35
8 .

Sha ving ma c hi ne , 69 .

Safe t y flanges , 1 5 4 . She a re d di e , 1 90 .

Sage rs grindi ng whe e l , 7 1

, . Si de s urface r, 1 80 .

Sage rs , ho w loade d 7 1 , . Side s urfac e r, varie t ies of work

S a mpl e s of wo rk done on Blanc hard g r ou n d o n , 1 82 .

s urface gri nde r, 2 10 . Si de te e t h , gri nding, 297 , 298 .

S am ple s of wo rk done on Prat t b

Silic a te onde d whee ls , purpose s use d '

Whi t ne y s urface grinde r, 206 . for, 7 9

.

Sa nd pape r, 1 69
-
. Sili c a te proce ss , 7 9 .

Sands tone , 1 3 . Sil ic on ca r ide , 38b .

Sa nds t one , c olors of, 1 4 . Sili c on , fe rro, 5 9 .

S ands tone , im puri t ie s of, 1 4 . b

Siz e loc ks , gri ndi ng, 1 7 6 .

Sa nds t one whe re fou nd, 1 4

, . b
Siz e of ran c h pipe s for dus t c oll e c t
Saw grinde r, M at te s on , 3 1 5 . i ng s ys t e m , 1 46 .

S aw gri nde r, N e wton , 31 6 .

'
b
S iz e s a nd nu m e rs of a ras ive pape r b
Sa w gri ndi ng, e ffe c t of S pe e d i n , 31 2 . a n d c lo t h , 1 6 8 .

S a w grindi ng ma c hine s 309 , . S iz e s O f a ngula r grit 64 , .

Sa w gri nding ma c hi ne s c a re of 3 1 2 , , . S iz e s of c rushe d s te e l , 64 .

Saw gri ndin g w hee ls , s hape s O f, 3 1 3 . Siz i ng po we r of s urface grin ding

Sa w gri nding, whee l s use d for, 3 1 3 . whe e l , 1 99 .

Sa ws , b
a nd 30 8 , . Sle e ve for c ut te r gri nding 293 ,
.

S aws c a se ha rde ni ng, ca use s of, 3 1 3

, . S m all grindi ng w he e ls why u se d 1 32 , , .

S aws , c irc ul ar 308 , . S mi th , D r J La wre n c e 1 5

. .
, .

Sa ws gri ndin g, 3 10
, . Soft whe e l s , e c o nom ic a l value o f, 1 04 .

Sa ws ha c k, grinding, 32 1
, . Soft whe e l s , li mi t s i n usi ng, 1 04 .

S aws , me tal c u t t ing, 31 5 . Solid bac k re s t , N orton , 226 .

Sa ws me tal c u ttin g, gri ndi ng, 3 1 5 ,

, Sort i ng dia monds , 31 .

319 . So rt i ng grin ding whe e ls , 7 3 .

Saws , poi n ti ng up, 3 10 . Spanish mine ral , 33 .

Sa ws , roughing ou t , 3 1 0 . Spa rki ng, un e ve n , 2 25 .

Sa ws , wood worki ng, t ype s

-
of, 308 . Spe c ial whe e ls , how t o orde r 1 44 , .

S c ythe s tone s , 36 . S pe c i fic gravi t y O f c a r onado , 29 b

S e l e c t ing gri n di ng whe e ls , fac to rs to S pe ci fic gravi t y of Car o run dum 4 1 b . .

c ons ide r, 1 29 . S pe c ific gravi t y of di amond, 29 .

b
S e l e c t ion of a rasi ve disc s , 1 7 3 . S pe c ific gravi t y of e me ry , 1 7 .

Se le c ti on of grindi ng whe e l s , 97 . Spe c ific gravity of fli n t , 34 .

Se le c tio n O f whe e ls for su rfac ing, 1 87 . Spe c ifi c gravi ty of garne t , 33 .

Se m i automa t ic grin din g ope ra t ions ,

-
S pe c ific gra vi t y of quart z , 34 .

t e s t i ng whee l s for, 1 1 1 . Spe e d, e ffe c t of, in saw gri ndi ng, 3 1 2 .

Se t t ing gri nde rs s t raigh t , 22 2 . Spe e d of whe e l for c ylin dri cal gri nd
Se t t i ng whee l t ruing dia mond, 1 34 . i ng, 223 .

S haft in g, tes ti ng whe e l s for gri n di ng, Spe e d of whe e l , rule for finding, 2 24 .

1 09 . b
Spe e d, ta le for s urfac in g, 1 87 .

b
S hape of Ca r orundum c rys ta l s , 4 1 . S pe e d t e s ti ng gri n ding whe e l s , 7 6 .

Sha pe s of saw gri ndi ng whe e ls , 3 1 3 . Spe e d , work 223 , .

Sharpe ni ng la rge c ut t e rs , 299 . Spe e d, work , for rol l grinding, 269 .

Sha rpe ni ng s t o ne s , Arkansas , 35 . S pe e ds for s urfac e gri ndi n g, 1 85 .

Sha rpe ni ng s t o ne s , art ific ia l , 83 . Spe e ds of grin ding whe e l s , 96 .

Sharpe ning s to nes , Car orundum , 83 b . Spindl e guard, 1 6 1 .

Sharpe n ing s tones , Ca r orundum , b S pindle s , loo se , 1 5 6 .

how finis he d, 86 . Spine l , e me ry , 1 6 .

Sharpe ni ng s tones , na tural , 35 . S pine l , e m e ry, c ompone nt parts of, 1 6 .

335
 IN D EX

Spi ne l e me ry, ha rdn e ss of, 1 6

, . Swi t c h , de magne t iz ing, 1 96 .

S pi ne l , ru y , 47 b . S wi ve l magne t ic c huc k 1 94 , .

S pot grindi ng, 1 7 6 . S ys te m , dus t c o ll e c t ing, mai n pi pe s

Spot gri nding whee ls , gri t and grade for, 1 48 .

of 1 7 8
, . S ys t e m s , dus t c oll e c ting, adva n tage s
Sq ua re ce n te r, 22 1 . O f, 1 45 .

St anda rdi z a t i on of grindi ng whe e l

T
b onds , 6 7 .

S tanda rdiz e d whe e l grade s , 94 . b

Ta le s pe e d for surfac ing 1 87 , .

St ar whe e l dres se r for t rui ng c ylin Tamping grindi ng whee l s , 7 9 .

dri c al grin din g whe e ls 1 37 , . Tape r gri n di ng 238 240 , , .

St e a dy re s t s for c am grinding 282

-

, . Tape r magne t i c c huc k , 1 94 .

St e e l gri nding wi t h Car orundum , 45 b . Tape rs , gri n din g dou l e i nt e rnal , 245 b .

Ste e l mill roll s , 27 0 . Te e t h side grinding, 297 , 298

, .

S t e e l mill roll s , grinding, 2 7 2 . Te m pe r, a ras ive 5 2 b , .

S tone , pumi ce , 36 . Te m pe r of artific i al c orundum , 5 6 .

S to ne , rot t e n , 36 . Te s t re c ords , how t o ke e p , 1 1 9 .

S t o ne s , e me ry, 1 9 . Te s t whe e l dat a , 1 0 1 .

St one s , pul p, 1 25 . b
Te s t in g a rasi ve disc s , 1 7 4 .

Stone s , sc yt he , 36 . b
Tes t i ng ondi ng ma te rial s , 6 7 .

St one s , sha rpe ni n g, nat ural 35 , . Te s tin g c orundum , 2 5 .

S t one s , sharpe ning, Turke y , 35 . Te s ti ng ga rne t , 1 7 1 .

St rai ght gri t s , 88 . Te s t ing garn e t pa pe r 1 7 0 , .

S urfac e gri nde r, B rown Sharpe 1 88 , . Te s t ing garne t pa pe r e l ts 1 7 2 b , .

Surface gri n de r, Pra t t Whit ne y, Te s ting grin ding whee l s for so un d

203 . ne s s , 74 .

Surfac e grinde r, Prat t 8: Whit ne y , Te s t in g gri n din g whee ls in th e lab

'

se l e c t ion of whee l s for, 206 . ora t o ry , 1 15 .

Surface grin de r, ro t ary, H e al d, 202 . Te s t i ng he a t of kil n , 7 2 .

Surfac e grin de rs , c om pari so n of 202 , . Te s t ing Ope rat ion , t rui n g whe e l i n ,
S urface grindin g, adapt ing whe e l for, 1 18 .

1 99 . Te s t ing t ri al whe e l s , wrong m e t hod,

S u rfac e grindi n g c huc ks , rot a ry , 204 .
98 .

S urfac e grin ding, de pth of fi ni shing Te s t ing whe e l s for car whe e l gri ndin g,
c ut , 1 99 . 1 06 .

Su rfac e gri nding, e ffe c t of fi ne gri t Te s t ing whe e l s for c ylin dri ca l gri n d
whe e l s , 200 . i ng, 1 2 1 .

S urfac e gri n ding, e ffe c t of pe riphe ral Te s t ing whe e ls for gri n din g sha ft i ng ,

spe e d on , 1 99 . 109 .

Surfac e gri nding mac hine , B lan c hard, Te s t ing whee l s for l oc omot ive guide
208 . b a r grin di ng, 1 1 0 .

Surfac e grindi ng ma c hi ne we t , 1 93 , . Te s t i n g whe e l s for se mi— au t oma t i c

Su rfac e grin ding, spee ds for, 1 85 .

gri n ding Ope rat i ons , 1 1 1 .

Surfac e gri n di ng whe e l gua rds , 1 5 9 . Te s t in g whe e l s on c hill e d i ro n ro ll

S urface gri n ding whe e l , siz ing po we r gr i n di ng , 1 0 8 .

of, 1 99 . Th ree me thods of t e s t ing gri n di ng

Su rfac e gri n din g whee l s , fix t u re for wh ee l s , 1 1 4 .

t rui n g, 1 36 . Tight whee l b

ush ings as ca use of ,

Su rfac e r, si de , 1 80 . ac c ide n t s , 1 5 3 .

S urfac e r, si de , varie t ie s of work , Ti me con s ume d in axe grindin g, 1 26 .

grou n d on 1 82 , . Tirne n e c e ssa ry t o vit rify whe e l s , 7 3 .

Surfac i ng, se le c t ion of whe e l s for, 1 87 . Tools u se d for dre ssin g gri ndin g
S urfac i ng, ta ble s pe e d for, 1 87 . whe e l s , 1 33 .
 IN DE X
Tool s use d for fac i ng gri n ding whe e l s , U se s of diamond powder, 31 .

74 U se s of e me ry , 1 9 .

Tools use d for re ush ing gri n ding -

b U se s o f fli n t q uart z , 35 .

whee l s , 1 39 . U se s of garne t , 33 .

Trave rse fe e d, 224 . U se s O f gri n ds t on e s , 1 4, 1 25 .

Trave rse fe e d for roll grinding, 2 7 3 . U se s of Oxa l umi na , 63 .

Tri al whe e ls , c orre c t me t hod of te s t U se s of pum ice , 36 .

in g, 1 00 . U se s of q uart z , 34 .

Tri al whe e l s , wrong me thod of te s ting, U se s of Tri poli , 36 .

9 8 .

Tripoli , 36 .

Tri poli , how forme d, 36 .

Tri poli , use s of, 36 . Val ue of gri n di ng whee l e fli cie ncy,

‘
Tripoli , whe re foun d, 36 . 1 06 .

Trui ng c yli ndric al grin ding whe e l s Val ue of ru y, 47 b .

with s tar whe e l dre sse r, 1 37 . Valve gea r links , t ype s of, 286 .

Trui ng di e gri nding whe e l s , 1 92 . Varie tie s Of Al undum , 5 8 .

Trui ng grinding whe e l , 232 . Vari e t ie s of Arka nsas sha rpe nin g
Trui ng in te rnal gri n ding wh e e l s , 25 5 , s t one s ,
35 .

25 8 . Varie t ie s of c orundum , 2 1
Truing whe e l in te s t ing ope ration , Varie t ie s of gri nding whe e l onds 6 7 b ,
.

1 18 . Va rie t ie s of work finishe d on s ide s u r

Trui ng whe e ls on ve rt ic al s pindle fac e r, 1 82 .

gri nde r, 1 38 . Ve rt ica l s pin dl e gri n de r, t rui n g

Turke y s harpe ni ng s tone s , 35 . whe e l s on , 1 38 .

Turkis h e me ry, 1 5 . Ve rt i c al s u rface gri n de r, Prat t 8:

Whi tne y , se le c tion of whee ls for,
206 .

b
Vi ra t ion , e ffe c t of, 1 31 .

Une ve n s parki ng, 225 . Vit ri fie d proc e ss , 67 .

U ngua rde d whe e ls , 1 5 7 . Vi t ri fying ldl n , 7 0 .

U ni ve rsal B rown S harpe b ac kre s t , Vit ri fying proc e ss , tim e c on s um e d to

228 . c a rry ou t , 73 .

U ni ve rsal grade sc a le , 93 94 , . b
Vol t age of Car orun dum furn ac e , 40 .

U nive rs al gri n de r, 2 1 7 . Vol um e of gri ndi ng whee l , ho w t o

U ni ve rsal gri nde r, B rown 8: Sharpe , fi nd, 1 0 7 .

236 . von B e rq ue n , L , 3 1 . .

U ni ve rsal grin de r, se tt ing up for in t e r

nal gri n di n g 243 , .
W
U ni ve rs al he a d 299 , .

U nsa fe whe e l guards , 1 64 . Walke r c ut te r grinde r 299 , .

b
U se s of a rasi ve pa pe r an d c lot h , 1 66 . Wa rdwe ll hac k sa w blade grin de r 3 1 9 , .

U se s O f Al o xi t e 60 , . We ar on loc omot ive guide bars 1 81 , .

U se s of Al u ndum 5 8 , . We rle in s art i fic i al abrasi ve 6 1

’

, .

U se s of angular gri t 64 , . We t s urface grindi ng machi ne 1 93 , .

U se s of Arka n sas s ha rpe ning s t one s , Whe e l bal an ce 234 , .

35 Whe e l c hat te ri ng 200 , .

U se s of BorO Car one , 62

-
b . Whe e l flange s propo rt ion of 1 5 3
, , .

U se s of c a rb o na do 32 ,
. Whe e l grade s how de si gnat e d 9 1
, ,
.

U se s o f Ca rbo run du m , 45 . Whe e l grade s standardiz at ion (if 94

, ,
.

U se s o f Co rn i n 52b ,
. Whee l guard 247 , .

U se s o f c oru n du m 29 ,
. Whe e l guards 1 5 6 , .

U se s of c rus he d s t e e l , 64 . Whe e l gua rds unsafe 1 64 , , .

337
 FAG]

A uto m ob il e B ooks
A uto mobil e Carb ure to rs
A uto mob il e Charts
A uto mob il e I t i on S y s te ms
A uto m ob il e h t l ng
A uto mob il e ues t i ons an d A ns we rs
A uto mob il e S e p ai rin
A uto m ob il e S ta rt in g
Auto mob il e Tro u b l e
A uto mob il e We ldi ng
A via ti on .

B oil er Room Ch art

Carbure tl on Trou b l e Chart

Carb ure to rs
Change G e ar
Q ues ti ons an d A ns we rs on A u to
m ob il e
Com b us ti on
R ail road A c ci de n ts

Conc re te for F arm U s e .

Concre t e for S h op U s e .

Cos me ti cs .

D i es Rub be r S t amm
D rawi ng S aw F iling
D rawi n g for P l um b e rs S a ws M e me n t

E i gm
. of
S hee t M e tal ork s

n a r.
-

S h0p Cons t ruc t i on .

B ll
E e c t rl c e s . S hop M anage me n t .

E l e c t ri c S wi tc h b oards S hop P rac ti c e

S hop Tools
S k e t c hi ng P ape r
S ol de ri ng
S pli ces a nd R0 pe Work
E ve ry da E n gi n ee ri ng S te am E ngi ne e rin g
Sm
.

F ac to ry It an e me n t . H e a t ing
F ord Au to mob l o
F ord Trou b l e Ch art S to rage B at te ri es .

F orm ul as an d Rec i pe s S ub m ari ne Chart .

S wi t c h B oards .

G as E ngi n e Cons t ruc t i on

T8 Wi el
a rs . . . °

G as E ngi n es . e 0 13 9 h Y. r
Te l e p hone
G ami n g an d Cam . Thre ad Cu t t i ng
Tool M ak i ng
E
e n?
l gi
m A pa ra
.

ue nc Toy M ak in g
ii
.

H orse e t C ar Trac t i ve Powe r Ch art

H ot Wate r H e a t i n g
.

Trac t or G as . .

Train R ul e s .

Turb i n e s .

V ac uum H e a t in g
I gni ti on S s te ms V al ve Se t ti ng
I gni ti on ub l e Chart V e n ti l ati on
m
.

I ndi a Rub be r
g
a e h ae rt V al ve G e ar
I n te rc hang ea bl e M anufac t urin g ate rproofl ng
We ldi ng
.

I nve n t i ons
Wire le ss Te l e graph y
.

K not s
L at he W ork Wi ri ng
Wirin g D iagrams
. .

L ink M ot i ons

An y of t he se b oo k s p o
r m p t l y s e n t p re pa id t o a n y a ddre s s
in t he w o rl d o n re c e i p t o f p ri c e .

Ho w to re m i t — B y Pos tal M one y Orde r, E xpre ss M one y Orde r,

.

B ank D raft or Re gis te re d Le tte r .

 CATALOGUE OF GOOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

AU TO M O BILE S AN D M O TO RCYCLE S
TH E M OD E RN GAS OLINE —
AUTOM OB ILE ITS D E S IGN, CONS TRUC
TI O N, M AINTE NAN CE AND REPAIR By c ros W Pas t , M E

m m “
. . . .

m“° m wm m
ii as s es se v yT a s N e
u s
{is
‘‘" n -

m p; e e by a au .0 e er ran 0 e au
mo b ile ind us t F re e from te c h nica er s e ry ng s l t m
a ne Ev t hi i
so s l i d
.
plyim
t hat anyone 0 ave e i n t e llige nc e may gai n a c om pre h e ns i ve w e of th e
gasoli ne auto mob il e e i nformati on is u
. to d ate and i nc l ude s . i n ad di on t o an -

e xpos i ti on of pri nc i p l es of c ons t ruc ti on and es c ri pti on of all t ype s of aut omobil es and
t h e ir c o m pone nt s . val uab le mone y sa vi ng hi nts on t h e c are and 0 t i on of mot or
j
-

c ars p rope ll e d b y i n t e rna l c omb us t i on e ngi nes Am ong some of e su b e c t s t re at ed

.

mi gh t be me nt i one d : Torpe do and oth e r s y mme t rical bod y forms de s igne d to red uc e
a ir re s is t anc e ; s l e e ve val ve . rot ary val ve and oth e r e s of sil e n t moto rs ; inc re asi ng
te nde nc y to favor worm ge ar power t rans mis d on -
ve rs al ap l i c at i on of magne to
-
a
g
l t ion : de ve l op me n t of auto mobi le e l ec t ric li gh ti ng s y ste ms : loc k mo to rs ; un der
-

s ung c h assi s ; app li c ati on of rac ti c al se lf s t art e rs : l ong s t rok e and offse t c y linder
-

mot ors ; late s t auto ma t ic l ub c ati on s y s te ms : s i le nt c hains for val ve operati on and
c h anga s pe e d ge a ring ; th e us e of front whe e l b rak es and many ot h e r d e t ail re fin e me n t s .

B y a care f ul s t udy of t h e es of t his book one c an gai n prac t i c al k nowl e of auto

m ob ile c ons t ruc t i on t hat save t i m e . mone y and worry Th e book y ou us t . j
wh at to do . h ow and wh e n to do i t N ot hi ng has b e e n omi t t e d . no de t ail has be en
q
.

s li gh te d E ve ry part of t he au to mobile . i ts e ui pme n t . ac c ess ori e s . tools . suppli es .

.

s pare part s n e ce ss ary . e t c . have b e e n dis c us s e d c omp re h e ns i ve l y

. I f you are or .

i n t e nd t o be c ome a mot oris t . or are i n s y way i nt e re s t e d i n th e mode rn G as oline

A ut omob il e t his i s a b ook y ou c annot a ord to be wi t h out
. O ver a pag e s .

and more t h an ne w and s pec iall y made de t ail il l us trati ons . as we ll as any full m
age and doub l e 0 plat e s . sh owi ng all part s of t h e auto mob il e I nc l udi ng 1 2
p
e .

oidi ng plat e s ric e . 88. 0

WH AT I S S AI D OF TH I S B OO K
I t is t h e b e s t b ook on t he A ut omobil e se w up to dat e J H Pil e As soc iat e E di tor .
"
— . .

A utomobi l e Trade J ou rnal

—
.

E ve ry A uto mob il e O wner has use for a book of t his c harac te r Ths Tradesman
j
. .

This b ook is s upe rior t o any t re ati s e h ere t ofore pub lis h e d on th e s ub e c t The
"
.

I nve nti ve A ge .

We kn ow of no oth er vol ume t hat is so c ompl e t e in all it s d men ts and i n which .

t h e wi de fi e l d of auto mob il e c ons t ruc t i on wi th i t s me c hani c s in t ricac i e s is so pla inl y

handl e d b ot h .i n t h e t ex t and i n t h e m a tter of i l l us tra t i ons — The M otori s t .
"
.

“
Th e b ook is ve th orough a c are ful e xami na t i on faili . to dis c l os e an t in
onn t i on wi t h e automob il e i t s c are and re pair t o ve be e n over ed
c n eca
. . .

ra s
—
.

M r Pa has don e a gre at work and b e ne fi t to th e Auto mob il e F i eld W C

ge
. .
.

H as ford ‘gr Y M C A A ut omobil e S c h ool B os t on M ass

j
. . . . . . .
. .

I t is us t t h e ki nd of a book a moto ris t ne e ds if he wan ts t o underst and his c ar .

A me ri ca n Thre she rman .

THE M OD E L T FORD CAR, ITS CONS TRUCTI ON , OPE RATI ON AND

I N CLUD IN G THE FORD FARM TRACTOR B y Vi e ros W
gfi
p . .

AG E
This is a c om p l e t e
ins t ruc t ion b ook All part s of th e F ord M ode l T Car are de s cri be d
.

and ill us t rate d ; t he c ons t ruc t i on is f ull y de s c ri b e d an d ope ra pri nc i pl e s made

E ve ry F ord own e r ne e ds t his prac t i c al b ook ou don t ha ve to
’
c l e ar to e ve ry one . .

gue s s a bo ut t h e c ons t ruc t i on or whe re t h e t roub l e is as i t s h ows how t o t ak e all arts

g
.

apa rt and h o w t o l oca te an d fix all faul t s Th e wri te r M r P age has Ope rat e d a ord.
. . .

c ar for fo ur e ars and wri t e s fro m ac t ual k n owl e dge A mong t he c ont e n ts are : .

l The F ord ar I t s P arts and Th e ir F u nc t i ons 2 Th e E ngi ne an d A uxil iary

W — —
. . . .

G u H ow t he E k T h F ue l S u pl y S y st e m Th e Carb ure to r
—
r o ps . e or s e
M aki ng t he I Cooling and L u b c ati on 3 D e tails Chass is
t i on park
—
Cha nge S pe e d e ar P owe r Trans m iss ion— D iffe re n t ial G e ar Ac t i on— S t e eri ng G e ar
of . . .

— F ro n t A xl e —F rame and S ri ngs — B rak es 4 H ow t o D ri ve and Care for th e F ord

The Con t rol 8 st e m E xp ia nod—S tarting t h e M ot or—D ri vi ng th e Car—Lo cating
. .
.

R oads ide Tro u l e e — Tire Re pai rs —O t h e Chas sis —W i nt e r Care of Car 5 S ys

F aul t s i n E ngi ne — F aul ts i n Carb ure to r
. .

t e ma t i c Loc a t i on o f Trou bl es and Re m e d es

— I gni t ion Tro ub l w —Coo S y s t e m D e fe c ts —A us t me nt of
.

an d L ub ri c at i on
Trans miss i on G e ar—G e n e ral ha sd s Re pai rs Th e F ord Trac t or and t or c on
.

ve rs i on se t s and G e nui ne F ord Trac t o r 1 06 il l us t rat i ons 3 1 0 pages Two large

. . .

foldi ng pla te s P ri ce .

AUTO M OB ILE RE PAI RING MAD E EAS B y VI CTO R W P a s s , M E Y

m
. . . .

A c om p re he ns i ve p rac t i c al exposi t i on of e ve ry phas e of mode rn au t omob i le

. i rl ng
prac t ic e Out lines e very proce ss i nc i den tal to moto r car res torat ion
. G i ves s for .

3
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD PRACTI CAL BOOKS

sh ow n i n b ot h t e c hni c al and non t e c hni c al for s All sy mb ols are f u e xpla in e d

-
It m . .

is a c ompre he nsi ve re vi e w of m ode rn st arti ng and i gni ti on s ys te m p e s . an d i nc l udes

a c om m
ote e xpos i t ion of s t orage b att e ry c ons t ruc t ion . c are and re pai r
e n e rato rs . magne t os . and all igni t i on or ligh t i ng
All t
s te m un ts are
of .

st art ing m ot ors .

f ull e xplaine d
i n 9 19 are c onsi d
5 M x7 Clot h 5 30 page s .
E0
.

.
g
W
of c ars al re s d y in use as we ll as t b os e

na ti ons . 3 foldi ng plate s 5

P ri c e “
t are t o c o e
son i n the automobi le bus i ne ss nee ds thi s v ol ume
.
m
.

GAS OLINE AND KE RO S E NE CARBURETORS , CONS TRUCTI ON , IN

S TALL ATI ON AND AD S TM E NT B y M u os Vrc roa W Pas s A . . .

N e w Up to dat e Book on odern Car ure t i on Prac ti ce

- -
b .

Thi s is a s i m e . c om m
ensi ve . and auth ori t ati ve tre ati s e for prac ti cal m a r e x
plai ni ng all bas i c pri n pi e s pe rtai ni ng t o c arbure t i on . sh owi ng how li ui d fuel s are
vapori z e d an d t urne d i n t o gas for o t in g all t ype s of tutu nal c om b on e ngin es ln
-

t e nde d t O Ope rate on va of gas o e . k eros e ne . b e nz ol . and al c oh ol All ie adi n t y pe s

g
-
.

of c arb ure t ors are d be d in de t ail . s pe ci al at t e n ti on be i ng van t o t h e forms e vi s e d

t o us e t h e c h e ape r fue ls s uc h as k erose ne Carbure ti on trou l es . fue l s st e m t roub l e s .
y
.

c arb ure t or re pairs and i ns t al l at i on . e l e c t ri c prim ers and e c on omi z ers .

-
ot t mani
folds and all modern c arb ure t or de ve l opm e nts are c ons i de re d i n a t horo mann er .

M e t h ods of us t i ng all t y pe s of c arb ure t ors are full di s c uss e d as we ll as s ugges

t i ons for maxim um fue l e c onom y and ob hi ghe s t e ngin e power .

This b ook is i n val ua b l e t o e n . s t ude nt s . and m ot oris t s . as i t i nc l ud es t h e

mos t c om pl e t e e xpos i t i on on e ros e ne c arb ure t ors e ver publis h e d The drawi n gs .

sh owi n c arb ure to r c ons t ruc ti on are m ad e from ac c urate e i ne e ring de s igns and
sh ow part s of late t ype s of c arb ure tors 25 0 pages 89 us t rat i ons . . . flf
HOW TO RUN AN AUTOM OBILE . By Vrow s W . Pas s .

This tre atise and run ni ng all m ak es of

ves c onc is e ins t ruc ti on s for st art in line

m ob il e s .
e very s
c on t a ine d are
’
t c are for t h e m . and
or s hi o
: ?
8e ars . c on
l
A ut omob e P art s and Th
i
]
c t i ve
m
e ngin e . e c
F unc t i ons
os

?
c of c
! ong
tr De
h e h ap te ra
I I G e n e ral S t arti ng
gg? {
m
i} gng
.

—
. . .

and D ri vi n I nst ruc ti ons II I i c al 1 9 1 9 Control S y s te ms Care of A u t o

g
. .

m obil es .T orough l y ill us t rat e d . 1 8 pages 7 2 ill us t rat i ons . Pri c e 81 . 00 .

TH E AU TOM OB ILI S T S PO CKE T COM PANI ON AND EXPE NSE RE CORD ’

.

B y Vrc ro a '
W . Pa s s .

This book is not onl y val uab l e as a c on ve ni e n t c os t re c ord . b ut c ont ains m uc h l n

format i on of val ue t o moto ris t s I nc l ud e s a c ondens e d di ge s t of auto la ws of all
.

S t ate s . a l u b ri c a t i on sc h e dul e hi n ts for c are of s t o rage bat te ry . and c are of ti re s .

.

l oc at i on of road troub l es . anti fr e e s ol ut i ons . h orse power t abl e dri ving h int s
- -

and man y us e ful ta b le s an d re c i pe s 0 i nte re s t to all m oto ri s t s ot a t e c hni c al N

j
.

b ook in an y se ns e of t h e word us t a c oll e c t i on of prac t ic al fac t s i n si mpl e lan ua

g gg
.

for t h e e ve ry d ay motoris t -
Con ve ni e n t poc k e t s iz e . P ri c e 1. .

AUTOM OB ILE WE LD IN G WI TH THE OXY ACETYLE NE FLAME ! B y

-

M K E I TH D U N HAM
. .

E xpla ins in a s i mpl e mann er apparat us to b e us e d i ts care and h ow t o c ons t ruc t

q
. .

ne ce ss ary s h op e ui pm e n t Proc e e ds t h e n t o t he ac t ual we l di ng of all auto mob il e

.

part s i n a mann e r un d ers t an dab l e b y e ve ry one G i ves rin c i pl e s n e ve r t o b e for

f
. .

got te n Thi s b ook is of ut mos t val ue sin c e t h e pe rpl e x r rob l e ms ari s i n g wh e n

?
. .

m e tal is h e a te d t o a m e l t ing poi nt are fu e xplaine d an e proper m e t h ods t o

ove rc om e t h e m sh own 1 6 7 pages F ull y us t rate d
. P ri c e . lly . .

M OTORCYCLE S , S IDE CARS AND CYCLE CARS THE IR CON STRUCTI ON,
M ANAGE M E NT AND RE PAIR By Vrc roa Pas s , M E . _
. .

Th e onl y c om pl e te work publis h e d for th e motorcy c lis t and c y c l e c aris t D e s c ri be s .

mac h ines . t h e ir de s ign . c ons t ruc ti on . mai nt e nanc e . 0 rat i on

é
ful y all l e ad i n t ype s of
an re pai r . Th
is t re a t is e out li nes ful l th e ope rati on of t wo and four c y e powe r -

pla n t s and all i gni t io n ca rb ure t i on an l u b ri c ati on s y s t e ms i n de t ail

. D e s c ri be s all .

re res e n t at i ve t yp e s of fr e e e ngi ne c l u tc h es . vari ab l e s pe e d ge ars and wer t rans

s s i on s y s t e ms G i ves c om pl e t e i ns t ruc t i on s for ope rati ng and re ps i
. g all t ype s .

Cons ide rs full y e l e c t ri c se lf s t art i ng and ligh ti ng s ys t e ms an t y pe s of ring fra mes

in
g
-
.

and s p ri ngs forks and sh ows 1 c on t rol m e t h ods F or th os e dod g t ec h ni c al .

i nforma t i on a c om pl e te se ri es of t a i ce and many formul a to as s is t i n d e s i gni ng are

i nc l ude d The work t e ll s h ow to figure owe r ne e d e d to c li mb grades . ove rc ome air
g
.

re s i s ta nc e and at tai n hi gh 8 I t a ows how t o se l e c t ge ar rat ios for vari ous

we i h ts and powe rs h ow to ure b rak i ng e fii c i e nc re ui re d ve s s i z e s of be l t s an d q
g
. .

c h na to t rans m it pow e r s afe l y . an d s h ows how to es i sp e t s . b e l t pu ll e y s . e tc .

This work als o inc l udes c ompl e t e formul rs for figuri ng ores power. s hows h ow d yna -

5
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , PRACTICAL B OOKS

mome t e r t e s ts are mad e

de fi nes re l ati ve e c i e nc y of ai r» and wate r c ool e d e ngi ne s plain
. m -
.

and ant i b e ari ngs and m an y ot he r da t a of a p rac t ic al h e l pful e ngi ne e ri ng

-
fri c t ion . .

nature Re me mb e r t hat y ou ge t thi s i nforma ti on in ad di ti on to t h e p rac t i c al de

.

s c ri p t ion and i ns t ruc t i ons whi c h al one are wort h se ve ral t i m es t h e pric e of t h e book .

5 5 0q 35 0 s pe c i all y mad e il l us t rat i ons 5 fol di ng plat e s

. Cl ot h P ri c e . . .

I S S A I D O F TH I S B OO K WH AT
H e re is a b ook t hat s houl d b e i n t he c y c l e re paire r s ki t —A me ri ca n B lacks mi th
' "
. .

The be s t way for any ri de r to t horough l y un de rs t and his m ac h ine is t o ge t a c op y

— P ac ifl c M otorc ycl i s t
.

of t his b ook ; i t is wort h many t imes i ts p ri c e . .

AUTOM OB I LE . AVIATION AN D M OTORCYCLE CH ARTS

AVIA I O N C
T H ART— L O CATI O N OF AIRPLANE POWE R PLANTTROUB LE S
M AD E E AS B y M as on VI CTO R W PAG E, A S ,Y . . . .

A large c ha rt out li ni ng all parts of a t yp i c al airplane powe r lan t s h owi ng t h e poi nt s .

whe re t ro ub l e is ap t t o oc c u r and s ugge s t ing re me di e s fo r e c om mo n de fe c t s In

m
.

e d e s pe c i al ly for a vi ato rs an d avi ati on me c h ani c s on s c h ool and fi e l

d y
du t
ga m 0 0 0 O O O 0 0' O
s ) c an 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 0 O 0 0 ;
CHART GAS OLINE E N GINE TROUBLE S M AD E E AS
.
— A CHART S H O W Y
t NAL VI EW OF GAS OLINE E NGINE
£
n i gi
l

It
S c
AG l
s h o ws c l e a rl y all
,
Compile d by Vrc roa

rt s of a typ ic al four c y li nde r gas oli ne e of t h e four c y c l e -

a
.

t ype I t out li ne s t i nc t l y all a rt s li ab l e t o gi ve t rou b l e an als o d e t ails th e d e

K
.

range m e n t s apt t o i n t e rfere wi t s moot h en gi n e ope rat i on .

V al ua bl e to s t ud e n ts . moto ri s ts . me c ha ni c s . re e n . garage m e n . auto mobil e sa l es

m e n . c hauffe urs . moto rboat owne rs . mot or t ru and t rac to r d ri ve rs . avi ato rs . m oto r -

c y c lis t s . and all ot h e rs wh o ha ve t o d o wi t h gas oli n e powe r la n t s .

I t s im pli fi es l oc at i on of all e ngi ne t roub l e s . a nd whil e i t wl rove i n val ua b l e t o t h e

novic e . i t c an be use d to ad van t age b y t h e more e x pe rt It ould b e on th e walls of .

e ve ry p ub li c a nd p ri vate arage . auto mob il e re pair s h op c l ub h ouse or sc h oo l I t c an -

. .

be c arri e d i n t h e au t omo il e or e t wi t h e as e . and will ins ure agai ns t l ow of t i me

wh e n e ne t rou b l e manifes t s t se lf .

This se c t ona i vi e w of e ngi n e is a c ompl e te re vi e w of all moto r t roub l es I t is re pa re d .

b y a p rac t i c al m oto ri s t for al l wh o moto r M ore i nforma t i on for t h e mone t n e ve r .

b fore off ere d N o de t afis omi t te d S iz e 25 x38 i nc hes S e c ure l y mail re c e i t

e O O O O O O O 2
53
. . .

o OO O 0 O O O 0 0 5 c an 0 o 0 0 0 O 0 O

CHART LO CATI O N OF FORD E N GINE TROUBLE S M ADE E AS

. Y . Com
pile d by V I CTO R W P A G E, M E . . .

This s h o ws c l e a r se c ti onal vi e ws de pi c ti ng all porti ons of t h e F ord power plan t and

auxili ary grou I t out li ne s c l e arl y all pa rts of t he e 9 . fue l s uppl y s y s t e m igni .

t ion gro u an c ooli s y s t e m t hat are ap t to gi ve t rou b e , de t aili ng all de umge m e n t s

B
.

t hat a re abl e to c an e ngi n e l os e pow er . s t art ha rd or work i rre gul arl y This .

c hart is val ua b l e to s t ude n ts . o wn e rs a nd dri ve rs as i t s i m p l i fi e s l oc a t i on of all e ngi ne

q
.

faul ts . O f gre a t ad van t age as a n i ns t ruc t or for t h e no vi ce . i t c an be use d e ua ll y we ll

b y t he m ore e xpe rt as a work of re fe re nc e and re vi e w I t c an b e c arri e d i n t h e t ool .

b ox or poc k e t wi th e ase and wi ll s a ve i ts c os t i n la bor e li m i nate d t h e firs t t im e' e ngi ne

t ro ub l e mani fe s t s i t se lf P re pare d wi t h s pe c i al re fe re n c e t o t h e ave rage ma n s n e e ds
.

and i s a p rac t ic al re vi e w of all m oto r trou b l e s b e c aus e i t i s b as e d on t h e ac t ual e x

ri e nc e of a n a uto m ob i le e ngi ne e r m e c ha ni c wi t h t he mec h ani s m t h e c h art d es c ri be s
-
.

t e na b l es t h e n o n te c h n ic a l o wner or 0 to r of a F ord c a r to l oc a t e e ngi ne de

-

range m e nt s b y s y s t e m at ic se arc h gui d e d y e a s il y re c ogni z e d s y m p to ms ins t e ad of b y

.

gue s s work I t mak es t he ave rage own e r i n de pe nde n t of t h e roads ide re pai r s h op
'

whe n to uri ng M us t be se e n t o be appre c iat e d

. S iz e 25 x38 i nc hes , P ri nte d on . .

h e a vy bo nd pape r P ri ce 0 . S b c e n ts
. .

CHART . LUBRI ATIO N or TH E C moron CAR CHAS S I S . Compile d by

VI CTO R W P AG E, M E . . .

Thi s c hart p rese n ts t h e lan vi e w of a t yp ic a l s i x c li nde r c h ass is of st andard de s ign

P
-

and al l p art s are c l e arl y ndic a te d t ha t d e ma nd oil . t h e fre ue nc y wi th whic h t h e y q

m us t be l u b ric ate d and t he ki nd of oi l t o us e A p rac t i c al c h art for all in t ere s t e d in .

m ot or c ar mai nt e nanc e
-
S iz e 24x38 i nc h es P ric e . 86 c e n ts .

CH ART L O CATI ON OF CARB URE TI O N TROUBLE S

. M AD E EAS Y . Com
pile d by V I CTo a W P A G s , M E . . .

This c ha rt s h ows all

part s of a t ic al pre ss ure fe e d fue l s u ppl y s y s t e m and gi ves
c ause s of t ro u b l e . how to l oca te de e c ts and me ans of re me d yi ng t he m S iz e 24x38 .

i nc h e s P ri ce
. 86 c e n ts
6
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD , PRACTICAL BOOKS

CHART LOCATI ON OF IGNITI ON S YS TE M TROUB LES MAD E EAS Y

. .

Com pil ed by VI CTOR W Pas s , M E . . .

I n t hi s diagram al l parts Of a t ic al doub le l n ti on syste m us ing bat t ery and magne t o

c urre n t are s hown . and sugges t e ns are ve gio r re adil y finding igni ti on t roub l es and
e li mi nat i ng t h e m whe n found S iz e . inc he s . P ri ce 85

CH ART LO CATION OF COOLIN G AND LUB RI CATI ON SYSTE M FAULTS

. .

Com pile d by VI CTO R W PAG E M E .

, . .

This c om t o di agram s hows a t yp i c al aut om ob il e power plant us in ump c irc ulat e d

wat e r c oo " s ys te m and t he mos t pul ar l ub ri c at ion me t h od ves es t ic as gP
fl
-
.

for c uri ng a o ve rhe a t and l oss O wer faul ts due to faul t y ac ti on Of e oiling
or c ooli ng grou p S iz e 2 i nc h es . ce S h e s - ts .

CHART . M OTORCYCLE TROUB LES M ADE EAS Y . Compile d by VI CT OR

W . P AG E M E , . .

A c hart s howi ng se c t ional vi e w Of a s i n l e c y linder li ne e ngi ne -

.

s i mp li fi e s l oca t i on Of all we r lant t rou ic e A si ng e c y linde r moto r is s h own for .

-

s i m pl ic i t y I t out li nes
. t i nc t y all part s lia b le t o gi ve t roub le and als o de t ails t h e
de range m e n ts ap t t o i nt e rfe re wi t h s m ooth 0 Ope rat i on This c hart will prove .

O f val ue to all who ha ve to do wi t h t h e Ope rat on re pai r or sal e O f moto rc yc l es NO . .

de tails omi t te d S i z e 30x20 inc h e s

. P ri c e 86 c e n ts.

AVI ATI ON

A B C OF AVI ATI ON By M AJO R VI CT OR W . PAGs .

This book des c ri be s t he bas i c rin c i pl es Of aviat ion t e lls how a ball oon or di rigi b l e .

is mad e and wh y i t fi oats in t e ai r D e s c ri be s how an lane fil es I t s h ows i n . .

de t ail t h e d iffe re nt parts Of an airplane wha t t h e y are and w t t h e y do D e s cri be s . .

all t y pe s Of ai rpla nes and h ow t h di ffe r i n c ons t ruc t i on ; as we ll as de taili ng t he

ad van tages and di s ad van t age s Of e rc u t t Of ai rc raft I t i nc lude s a c om pl e te .

d i c t i onary of avi at ion te rms an d c l e ar dra Of l eadi ng al lanes The re ad e r .

wi ll fi nd s i m pl e in s t ruc t i ons for un pac k ing s e t t i ng up and airplanes A . . .

full de s c ri t i on Of airplane c on t rol pri nc i pl es is gi ve n and me t h fi yi ng are di s

c us s e d at e ng t h .

This book ans we rs e ve ry q

ue s t i on on e can as k ab out mod ern ai rc raft t h e i r con
q
.

A se lf e d uc ato r on avi a t i on wi t h out an e ual

£5
s t ruc t ion and Ope rat i on .
-
27 5 es . .

1 30 s pe c iall y made ill ust rat i ons wi t h 7 p la te s P rice 50 .

—
AVIATI O N E N GINE S D ESIGN ; CO N S TRUCTION ; REPAIR . B y M AJ O R
T O R W PAG s A S
VI C .
,
. .
,

This t re at ise . wri t te n b y

a re c ogni z e d aut h ori ty on all Of t he rac t ic al as pe c t s Of
i n te rnal c om b us t ion e 0 c ons t ruc t ion . mai n te nanc e . and re fill s t h e ne e d as
n o ot he r b ook does he ma t te r is l ogic al l y arrange d ; all de s c ri pt i ve ma t t e r is
.

s l m l y e xp re s s e d and c opi ous l y ill us t rate d . so t hat an yone c an unde rs t and ai rplane
E
c ng I e ope rat i on and re pai r e ve n if wi t hou t p re vi ous me c hani c al t raini ng This .

work i s in val ua b le for anyone des i ri ng t o b e c ome an a viat or or a viati on me c hani c .

T he la te s t ro t ary t y pe s . s uc h as t h e G nom e M onos ou ape . and L e Rh one . are full y

e xplai n e d .as we ll as t he re ce nt l y d e ve l ope d V e e an radi al t y pe s T he s ub e c ts x . j
O f c arb ure t i on . igni t i on . c ooli ng . and l ub ri c a t i on als o are c ove re d i n a t horo ugh mann e r .

T he c ha p te rs on re pair and mai nte nanc e are dis t i nc ti ve and foun d i n no ot he r book
on t his s ub e c t j
h ot a te c hni c al book . b ut a prac ti c al . e as il y un de rs tood work of
.

re fe re nc e for al l i nte re s t e d i n ae rona uti cal s ci e nce 5 7 6 page s 25 3 ill us t rati ons
s s s s s s s s m
. . .

P ri m . ne t 0 o e e o 380 o s s s 0

G LOS S Y
or AVI ATI ON TE RM S E NGLI S H FRE N CH -
°

E N GLI H B y M o o n VI CTO R w pAG E, A S ,

. . . . and La m .

PAUL M O RTARI O L, Of the Fre nc h Flying Corps .

A c om pl e t e l oss ary Of prac t ic all y all te rms us e d in aviati on havi ng lis ts in b ot h

F re nc h and E q
ngli s h wi t h e ui val e nts i n e i t he r language P ri ne t .

AVI ATI O N CHART—LOCATI O N OF AIRPLANE POWE R PLANT TROUBLE S '

M AD E E AS By M AJO R VI CTO R W PAGE, A S ,

Y . . . .

A l arge c ha rt out li ning all part s of a t y pic al ai rplane power lant s howi ng t he poin ts .

w he re t rou bl e is apt t o oc c ur and s ugge s t ing re med i es for t e c om m on de fe c t s In .

t de d e s pe c ia l l y for aviat ors and a vi at i on me c hani c s on sc hool an d fi e l d dut

es
r m o 0 0 O O 0
b0
0 n ;
0 e s 0 s s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 “y
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD , PRACTI CAL BOOKS

LOCATI ON OF FORD E N GINE TROUBLE S M AD E E AS Y . Compile d by

VI CTO R W PAGE, M E . .

This shows c l e ar s e i e ws de i O wer plant and

lz
i ona ali port ion of th e F ord
out u es c le ar y ct g i s mP
parts 0 t t e
ll
auxiliary groul s u pp ,

m
e
ign i ti on group a
i d c ooli ng sy s te . t h at m
are ap t t o gi ve trou is . de t ai li ng a d
me n ts t hat are lia ble to mak e an e ngi ne los e power. s t a s rt band or work irre gularl
c h art is val uab le t o st ud e n t s . own e rs . and dri ve rs as i t si m plifi e s loc at i on of
? q
.

faul t s. Of gre at ad vant age as an ins t ruc t or for t he novic e i t c an b e us ed e uall y we ll

b y t h e more e xpe rt as a work of re fe re nc e and re vie w I t c an be c arri e d i n the t ooi .

box or poc k e t wi t h e as e and will sa ve i ts c os t in ia bor e lim i na te d t h e fi rs t time e ngino

t roub le mani fes ts i ts e lf Pre pare d wi t h s pe cial re fe re nce t o th e ave rage an s ne e ds m
’
.

and i s a prac t i c al re vi e w of all motor t roub l es b e c aus e i t is b as e d on t he ac t ual e s .

e nc e of an auto mob il e e e ar m
e c hanic wi th t h e me c hanis m t he c hart de s crib e s .
-

t e na b l es t he non toc h ni own er or o

-
tor of a F ord c ar t o loc at e e ngine de
range m e nt s b s y st e ma t i c se arch . guid e d y e as l ly re c ogni z e d sy m pt oms i ns t e ad of b y
guess work t mak es t he ave rag e own er inde pe n de nt of t he roads ide re p ai r s h op
.

whe n to uring M us t be se e n t o be app e ci t e d. S iz e 25 x38 inc h es P ri nt e d on he avy

ra
. .

bond pape r P ric e . o 9 5 cen t s

ima
”( S UB MARINE CH ART— WITH PARTS NUMB ERED AND
L
200

A c ros s s ec ti on vi e w s howi ng c l e arl y and dis t i nc t l all t h e i nt e rior of a S ub mari ne of

y
-
.

th e late s t ty e Y ou ge t more i nformati on fro m th ! c h art about th e c ons t ruc t i on and

r N o de t ails omi t t e d—c v
.
.

Operati on a S ub marin e th an i n an oth er way

l g
. .

is ac c urat e and t o s cal e I t is ab sol u te y c orre c t in e very de t ail ha vi ng be e n a prov

. .

b y N aval E ngi ne e rs All th e mac hine ry and d e vic e s fi t te d in a mode rn S u marin e

.

B oat are s h own and t o mak e t h e ving more re adil y unde rs to od all th e fe at ure s
“
. .

are sh own in ope rat i ve form wi t h O c ers and M e n i n t h e ac t of

08 . t h e du t i es
e d t o th e m i n se rvic e c ondi ti ons Th is CH A R T 18 RE Y AN E CY CLO .

P E I A OF A S U B M A R I N E . 25 c e n t s

B OX CAR CHART .

A c h art s h owi ng th e anat omy of a box c ar pu t of th e c ar numbe re d and

h
aving e ve ry
'
.

i ts prope r name gi ve n in a re fere nc e l is t . 85 c e n ts

GOND OLA CAR CHART .

A c h art sh owing t h e anato my of a gondola c ar having e very part of the c ar num be re d .

and i t s prope r re fere nc e name gi ve n i n a re fere nc e lis 85 c e n t s

PAS S E N GE R CAR CHART -

.

A c h art sh owing t he anato my of

and i ts prope r na me gi ve n in a w ere nc e
. ha ving e ve ry part of t h e c ar numbe re d
85 c e n t s

S TE E L H OPPE R B OTTOM COAL CAR .

A c hart s howi n g t he an at omy of a s t e e l H oppe r B o tt om Coa l Car havi ng e ve ry p art .

num b e re d an d i ts prOpe r nam e gi ve n in 85 c e n t s

TRACTIVE POWE R CH ART .

A c hart wh e re b y you c an fi nd t h e t rac ti ve we r or drawbar pull of any loc omot i ve

wi t ho ut maki ng a fig ure S h ows wh at c s de rs are e ual h ow dri w h e e ls and q
e
y
-

What si z d e ngi ne you ne e d to e xort a ve n draw bar

. .

ste a m pre s s ure a ffe c t t h e powe r .

pull or an yt hi ng y ou des i re i n thi s li ne 5 0 c e n ts .

H ORS E PO WE R CHART
-

Sho ws t h e horse powe r of any st ati onary e ngin e wi t h ou t c al c ul at ion

-
N o mat t e r wha t .

t h e c y li n d e r di ame te r of s t rok e th e s t e am prm u re of c ut o ff th e re vol ut ions or

.
-
. .

wh e t h e r c ond e n si ng or non c onde ns ing i t 8 all t h ere

'
E as y to us e ac c urate and
-
. . . .

s aves t i m e and ca lc ulati ons E s pe c i all y us e f ul to e ngine ers and de s igners

. 5 0 c e n ts .

B OILE R ROOM CHART B y Ge o L FOWLE R

—
. . . .

A c h art s i z e 14x28 i n c h e s s h owi —

i n is ome tric pe rs pe c t i ve th e mec hanis ms b e
l ongi ng l n a mod e rn boil er roo m T 0 various parts are sh own b rok e n or re move d . .

s o t h at t h e i n t e rnal c ons t ruc t i on is full ill us t rate d E ac h part is gi ve n a re fe re nce .

nu m b e r and t h es e wi t h th e c orre s n ng nam e are gi ve n i n a glos s ary pri n te d a t

This c h art is re all y a dl c onary of t he b oil e r room—th e n am e s of more th an
. . .

th e si des .

9
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD , PRACTI CAL BOOKS

CO K E
—
COKE M ODERN COKIN G PRACTI CE IN CLUD IN G ANAL SI S O F Y
M ATE RIALS AND PROD UCTS . By J . CHRIS TO P HE R and T H B YRO M . . .

This t he st andard work on t he s ub j e c t has j us t be e n re vis e d and is now iss ue d i n

. .

t wo vol ume s I t i s a prac t ic al work for t hos e

. i n Co k e manufac t ure an d
t he re c o ve ry [of B pd F u l l-
y ill us t rate d t h fo ld i ng p l a te s I t has bee n .

t he ai m of t he aut ou r in 1) t his b ook to produc e on e whi c h s ha ll be of us e

. .

a nd be ne fi t t o t h os e who are te d wi t h or i n te re s te d i n t he mod e rn de ve l o p . .

me nts of t he ind us t ry A mong t he c ha pt ers c on tain e d i n V ol um e I are : I n t rod uc

Coal Was hing
.

t i on. Clas s ifi c a t i on of F ue l s I mpuri t i es of Coals . Sam l in g . .

an d V al uat i on of Coals e tc Chl orine P owe r of F ue ls

. . H i s to ry of Cok e L an u .

fac t ure D e ve i o me nt s i n Coke O ve n D e s ign ;

. Re c e n of Cok e O ve ns .

M e c hani c al A pp c es a t Cok e O ve ns Che mi c al and P b E xa min a ti on of

.

Cok e V ol um e I I c ove rs B y prod uc t s

. E ac h vol um e -
ill us t ra te d . wi t h .

fol ding pla te s P ri c e pe r vol um e

. .

CO M P RE S S E D AI R
COM PRE S SED AIR IN ALL ITS APPLI CATI ON S . B y GARD NE R D Hrs c ox . .

This is th e mos t c om ple te b ook on t he su b e c t of Air tha t has e ve r b e e n is s ue d . an d i ts j

t hi rt y fi ve c ha pt e rs i nc l ude a bou t e ve ry b ase of t he s ub e c t one c an t hi nk of
-
I t ma y j .

be c all e d an e nc y c lope d ia of c om air I t is wri t t e n b y an e xpe rt . who . i n i ts .

665 es . has d ea l t wi t h t he s u b e c t i n a c om re he ns l ve mann e r. no b ase of i t be i ng

omi t I nc l udes t he ph y s ical p ro p e rti es of from a vac uum to i t s h e s t p re s s ure .
i ts t he rmod yn amic s . c om pres s i on . t rans mis s i on and use s as a moti ve po we r. i n t h e
O pe rat ion Of S t a t i onary and P ort ab le M ac hi ne ry . i n M ini ng . Ai r Tools . A ir L ifts .
P unr in of W
a t e r. A c ids . and O ils ; t h e Ai r B l as t for Cl e a and P ai n t ing . t h e
f
S anc B t and i ts W
ork . and t he N um e ro us A ppli anc e s i n whi Compre ss e d A ir is
a M os t Con ve ni e n t and E c onomi c al Trans mi t te r of P owe r for M e c han ic al ork . W
Rail way P rop uls i on . Re frige rat ion . and th e V arious U se s to whi c h Com pre ss e d A i r
h as be e n applie d I nc l udes fort y four t ab les of t h e h ys i crr.i pro es of ai r. i t s
'

P
-

q
.

c om pre s s i on . e xpans ion . a nd vol um es re uire d for val ous ki nds 0 work . and a lis t
_

of
re m m
on c om pre s se d air from 187 5 to dat e
and e nl arge d .
O ver 5 00 ill us t rat ions . 5 th E d i t ion .
Cloth b ound .
.

H alf M orocc o pri c e .

CO N CRE TE

JU S T PUB LI S H E D — CO N CRE TE WORKE RS ’

REFE RE N CE B OOK S A .

S E RIE S OF PO PULAR HAND B OOK S FOR CON CRETE U S E RS .

Pre pare d by A A H OU G HTON . . . E ac h 60 c e n ts

The author. i n p re ari na th i s S e ri es . has not on l y treate d on th e us ua l ty es 0 cons truc ti on .

but exp lai n s and l l us trate s molds and s ys te ms tha t are not s u ed , t w i c h a re e qua l m
i n val ue and ofte n s upe ri or to those re s tri c te d by ate n ts T es e molds are very easi l y and . {
t hen tu cons truc te d and e mbody s i mp l i c i ty ra i ty of operati on . and th e mos t s u cce s s fu l .

res u ts i n the molde d con cre te E ac h 0 thes e Tu e lre books i s fu l l y i ll us trate d. an d the '
.

s ubj ec ts are exhaus ti ve l y tre ate d i n p la n E ngli sh .

CO N CRE TE WALL FORM S . B y A A H O U G HTO N

. . .

A n e w au toma t ic wall c la m p is ill us t rate d wi t h worki ng drawi ngs O t he r t yp e s of .

wall forms . Cla m ps . se parato rs . e tc . are al s o ill us t rate d and e x plai ne d

. .

CONCRE TE FLO ORS AND S IDE WALK S . B y A A H O U G HTON . . .

The molds for moid i l ‘ uare s . h e xagonal and man ot h e r s t y l e s of m osai c fl oor and
s id e walk bl oc k s are fi r y fi us trate d and e xp laine d ( . I S O 2 of Se ri es )
. 60 c e n ts

PRACTI CAL CO N CRE TE S IL O CO N STRUCTI ON . B y A A H O U OHTO N

. . .

Compl e t e worki ng d rawi ngs and s pe ci fi c at ions are ve n for se ve ral s t y l es of c onc re t e
s i l os . wi t h i ll us t rat ions of molds for monoli t hic and l oc k s i los Th e t a b l es dat a a nd . . .

i nformat ion p re s e n te d in t his b ook are of t h e ut mos t val ue ji n planni ng and c on s t ruc t i ng
m
all for s of c onc re t e silos . ( N o 3 of S e ri es ) . 6 0 c e n ts

IO
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTI CAL B OOK S

M OLD IN G CON CRE TE CH IM NE YS , SLATE AND ROOF TILE S . By A A . .

H O U G HTO N .

Th e manufac ture of of c oncre te s l ate and roof t il e is full y tre ate d

all . V al uab l e
dat a on all forms of re orc e d c onc re t e roofs are c on taine d wi thi n i ts es . The '

c ons t ruc ti on of c onc re te c hi mn e y s b y bl oc k and monoli t hic s ys t e ms is us t rat e d

and d e s c ri b e d A nu m be r of orname n tal d
. of c hi mne y c ons t ruc t i on wi th molds .

are sh own i n t h is val ua bl e tre atis e ( N o 4 0 Se ries ) . . . 6 0 ce nts

MOLD IN G AND CURIN G ORNAM E NTAL CON CRETE . By A A H O U GHTO N . . .

Th e prO pe r roporti ons of c e m e n t and aggre ga t e s for va riou finis h es . al s o t h e e t h od m

of th oro mi xi ng and placi ng i n th e mol ds . are full y tre ate d An e xhaus t i ve
j
.

tre at is e on s ub e c t t ha t e ve ry c onc re te work er will fi nd of dail y us e and val ue

O O O O O
.

( N 0 5 ors e d m
0 o ) 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 60 ee n‘.

CONCRE TE M ONUME NTS , M AUS OLE UM S AND BURIAL VAULTS . By

A A H O U OHTO N
. . .

The mol of c onc re t e m onu m

e n ts to i m i t a te th e m os t e xpe ns i ve c ut s ton e is e x
p lai ne d in t s t re a t is e . wi t h worki ng dra of e as il y b uil t molds Cu t t i ng i n .

sc ri p ti ons and de s i gn s are als o full y t re ate d o 6 of S e ries ) 6 0 c e n ts . . .

M OLD IN G CONCRE TE BATH TUBS , AQUARI UM S AND NATATORIUM S .

By A A H OU G HTON
. . .

S i m ple molds and ins t ruc t ion are ve n for mol di many s ty l es of c on cre t e bath tubs
s wi mm in pools e t c Th e s e mo ds are e asil y b a
fit and t rapid and s ucc u fu i
g
. .

work . 6 0 ce n ts

CONCRETE BRID GE S , CULVERTS AND SE WE RS . By A A H O U GHTON . . .

A num b e r of orna m e nt al c onc re t e b ri e s wi th ill us t rati ons of molds are ve n A .

c olla b l e c e n t e r or c ore fo r b ri es . vert s and se wers is full y il l us tra wi th de

t ail i ns t ruc ti ons for b uil ding No . . 8 of Se ri e s ) .
60 ce n ts

CONS TRU CTIN G CON CRETE P ORCHE S . B y A A H O UGHTO N . . .

A num ber of des igns wi t h worki ng drawi ngs of mol ds are full y e xplaine d s o any one .

c an e as i ly c ons t ruc t di ffe re n t s t y les of orna me nt al c onc re t e porc h es wi th out t h e pur

c has e of expe ns i ve molds ( N o 9 of Se ri es ) . . . 0 ce n t s

MOLDIN G CONCRETE FLOWER POTS , B OXES , JARDINIERE S, ETC -

.

By A A H O U G HTON. . .

Th e molds for produc ing man y ori ginal d Of fi ower t s . urns fl owe r b oxe s .
j
-
.

a rdi ni e re s . e tc . are full y i ll us t rate d and e xp

. ed. s o th e w e r c an e as il y c ons t ruc t
and Ope rat e s ame ( N O 10 of S e ries )
. . .
6 0 ce n ts

M OLD IN G CONCRETE FOUNTAI NS AND LAWN ORNAM E NTS . By A .

A H O U GHTO N
. .

Th e moi of a num be r of de s i gns of lawn s e ats . c urb ing . hi tc h i ng pos t s . pe rg

dials an d o e r forms Of ornam e nt al c onc re te for th e orname nt ati on of lawns an d gar
d e ns . is ful l y ill us t rat e d an d desc ri b e d ( N o 1 1 of Se ri e s ) 6 0 c e n ts
. .

CONCRE TE FROM SAND M OLD S By A A H O U GHTO N . . . .

A Prac t ic al Work t re a t on a proce s s whi c h has h ere to fore b e en h e l d as

b y t h e fe w wh o in
g
a t rad e s ecre t
i t . and whic h will s uc c w s fuliy mol d e ve ry and an y c l an of
ornam e n t al c oncre t e work Th e roc e s s of m olding c onc re t e wi t h s and m olds is of
£
.

t h e u t mos t rac t ic ai val ue . pom e s ng t h e manifold ad van t ag es of a low c os t of mol ds .

t he c as e an g
rap idi t y of ope rat ion . pe rfe c t de tails to all ornam e n t al de s ig ns . de ns i t y
and i nc re as e d s t re ngt h of th e c o nc re te . e c t c uring of th e work wi t h ou t at te n t ion
and t h e e as y re moval of t h e mol ds s ea of an y underc ut t ing th e de s i gn may have .

ORNAME NTAL CON CRETE WITH OUT M OLD S . By A A H O U G HTON

. . .

Th e proc es s for m orname n t al c onc re te wi t h out molds has l o be e n he l d as a

se c re t . and now . for t e fi rs t t i me . t his p roc e s s is Th e b ook
i
ve n t o t h e p u li e
g
.

re ve als t h e s e c re t an d is t h e onl y b ook pub lis h e d w c h e x iai ns a si m pl e . p rac t i c al

m e t hod whe re b y th e c oncre t e work e r is e nab le d . b y e mpio ng wood and me tal t em
late s of di ffere n t de s i gns . t o mol d or mode l in c onc re te an y Cornice . A rc hi vol t .
g ol u mn . P e des t al . B as e Cap . U rn or Pi er i n a m onol i t hi c form righ t upon t h e ob . —
The s e
m
de and m
be molde d i n un i ts or b l oc k s . and th e n b ui l t up t o s uit t h e spe c i fi c a ons
g
This work is full y ill us t rate d . wi th det ail e d e ngravi ngs P ri ce .

I I
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD , PRACTICAL B OOKS

AVIATI ON —
TERM S E NGLISH -
FRE N CH FRE NCH E N GLIS H By M AJOR -
.

VI CTO R W PAGE, A S . . .
, and L I E UT PAUL MONTARI OL .

Fre nch Flying Corps .

DIES — M E TAL WO RK

D IES : TH E I R CON S TR CTI ON AND U SE FOR THE M OD ERN WORKING U

OF S H EE T ME TALS By J V WOOD WORTH . . . .

A mos t us ef ui book and one whic h sh ould be i n th e hands of all a lga e d la

worki ng of me t als ; tre e
and D e vi c es t oge t h er wi
.
.

on th e D es ign ing Co
th e mann e r i n whic h t he y
g
and U se 0'Tools ure s
oul d be us e d i n t he P owr
. . w
P re ss for the c h e ap and t a id produc ti on of t he gre at varie t y of shee t me tal artic l es
.
-

now i n us e I t is de s ign
. as a guide t o th e produc t ion of s h e e t me t al parts at t he -

mini mum of c os t wit h th e maximum of out put Th e hard e ning and t e mpe ri ng of .

P re ss t ools and t h e c lass e s of work whi c h ma y b roduc e d to t he be s t ad vant age b y

t h e us e of diss i n th e power press are ful ly tre a I ts 5 05 ill us t rati ons s h ow dies as
p re s s fixt ure s and s he e t me t al wo
prac t ic al t hat ail me ta l worid ng m
c ons t ruc t and us e t h e m
-

w
t h e de s c ri pt i ons of whic h are s o c l e ar and
cs wi ll be ab le t o und ers t and ho w t o d
-

M any of t h e di es and pros fixt ure s tre ate d we re at

.
.

c ons t ruc t e d b th e auth or or unde r his su pe rvis ion O t he rs were b ui l t b y s kilful

X
.

me c hanits an are i n us e in iarge sh e e t me tal es t abus hme nts and mac h ine sh o
s O O O O O O O O O O O
-

6th E di ti on m 0 0 O 0 ‘8. o 0 0 O O O

PUN CH ES D IE S AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTURING IN PRESSES By .

J V. .oonWORTH .

This work is a c om on vol um e t o t h e aut hor s e l e me ntary work e nti t l e d D ies Thei r
'
.

Cons t ruc ti on I t o t h e e xt e n t of
"
as and t does not go int o th e d e t ails of di e
.

t he aut hor s pre vious book . but gi ve s a c om pre h e ns i ve re vi e w of th e old of Ope rati ons
'

c arri e d on b y pre ss es A large part of t he i nfor at ion gi ve n has b w n drawn fro m the
. m
aut hor s
'
nal e xp e rie nc e It h t we l l be te r e d an E n c l ope dl a of D i e m -
M
W
.

P unc h airing . D ie S i nki ng . S hee t

-
e tal ork i ng . and M of S pe c ial Tools S u
res ac a. D e vi c es and M e c h ani c al Com b i na ti ons for P unc hi n t t ing . B e ndi r or m
E18 . Pie rc i ng . D rawi ng . Com pre s s i a nd Ame b ling S he e t e tal Parts . and o Arti m h fié
c l e s of oth er M at e rlals i n M ac hi ne ool s . 2d E di t ion . P ric e .

D ROP FORGIN G , D IE S INKING AND M ACHINE FORMING OF STE EL - -

.

B y J V WOOD WO RTH
. . .

In ad di t ion t o t h e art s above me n t i on e d t h e book c on t ai ns e xpli ci t informat i on re

n i ng t he dro p forgl ng and harde ni ng lants . de s igns . c ondi t ions . e ui pm e n t . drop q
fi
-

mmers . fo m ac hines . e t c . mac 0 forgi ng . h ydraul ic forgi n g . a ut oge nous .

we lding and p prac t ice . The book c ontains el e ven chapte rs . and the i nfor ation m
I3
 CATALOGUE OF GO OD , PRACTI CAL BOOKS

t what will rove mos t val uab l e t o t he forge d me tal

c on taine d in t hes e c hapt rs is
g g
u
s
m
-

work e r i n t h e wor are t h orough ly i ll us tra t e d b m e ans of

w
All 0
. t i ons
ha nes and out lin e s k e tc h e s of t he mac hine ry e mpl oy e d. de

D RAW —
I N G S K E TCH I N G P APE R

PRACTI CAL PE RS PE CTI VE B y RI CH ARD S and CoLvIN

. .

S h ows j us t h ow to mak e al l kin ds of mec hani c ai dra wi ngs i n t he

onl y prac fl c al pa b
s pe c t i ve is om e t ric M ak es e ve ry th i ng lain so t h at any me c hanic c an und ers t and
p
.

a s k e t c h or dra wing i n thi s way S aves u me i n t he dra room and mis t ak e s i n t h e

.
.

s hops . Cont ains prac t i c al e xampl es of vari ous c lasse s of wor 4t h E di t i on 6 0 c e n ts .

LI NEAR PE RS PE CTI VE S E LF TAUGH T -

. By HE RMAN T C K RAU S . . .

This w or k gi ves t h e t h e o ry an p rac c e o li ne ar pe rs pe c t i ve as us e d i n archi te c t m al .

d ti f '

e ngin e e ri an d m e c han i c al drawi ngs P e rs ons t ak i up t h e s t udy of t he s u b e c t

.
.

j
b y t he ms e ve s wi ll be a b l e b y t h e us e of th e i ns t ruc on gi ve n t o gras p t h e
j
s ub e c t and b y re as ona b l e prac t i c e be c ome good
.

e ra t i ve draft s man h e arrange

.

p
. .

me n t of t he book is good ; t h e plat e is on t h e e ft d whil e th e de sc ri pti ve t e xt

foll ows on t h e oppos i t e e so as t o b e re adil y re fe rre d to
. The drawi ngs are a n .

s uffi c i e n t l y l arge s c al e to ow th e work c le arl and are p lai nl y fig ure d Th e e h .

in c l ud e d a s e l f i an ato ry c hart w hi c h gi ves al l n forma t i on n e c e ss ary for t h e t horough

u nde rs t andi ng 0 e rs pe c t i ve T hi s Chart al one is wort h many t im es o ver t he p ri c e of
.

t h e book 2d Re v
. an d e nl arge d E di t ion .

SE LF TAU GH T M E CH ANI CAL DRAWIN G AND E LE ME NTAR MACH INE

-
Y
D E S I GN B y F L S Y L V E S TE R, M E , D raft s man , wit h additions by E RI K
. .

“
. . .

”
OB E RG , ass oc iate e ditor of M ac hi ne ry .

This is prac t i c al t re at ise on M e c h ani c al D rawi ng and M ac hi ne D e s ign c ompris i ng

a .

t h e firs t prin c i pl es of ge ome t ri c and me c hani c al d rawin g works hop mat h e ma t ic s . .

me c hani cs s t re ngt h of ma te rials and t h e c al c ulat i ons and de s ign of mac hine de t ails
. .

Th e a ut h or s ai m has b e e n t o ad ap t t his t re a t is e t o t he re q ui re me n ts of t he p rac ti c al

'

me chani c and oung drafts man and t o pre se n t t h e m at t e r in as c l e ar and c onc i s e a

manne r as b ie To m e e t t h e d e mands of t hi s c las s of s t ude nt s p rac t i c all y all t h e
.
.

i m port an t e l e me nts of mac hine d e s n ha ve b e e n de al t wi t h . and i n addi t i on alg e b raic

formulas ha ve be e n lai ne d and e e l e me n t s of t ig
onome t ry tre a te d in t h e manner
g
g
.

bes t s ui t e d t o t h e n g of t h e p rac t ica l ma n Th e k is di vi de d i nt o 20 c hapt e rs . .

and i n arrangi ng th e m at e ri al me c hani c al d ra wl p ure and s i m pl e . has b e e n ta k e n

u firs t as a t h oro unde rs t andi of t h e
.

ri nc i p es of re rese n t i ng ob e c t s fac i li t a t es j
p p
.

t l e furth e r s t ud y 0 m e c hani c al s ub e c t s hi s is foll o w b y t h e ma t he ma t lm ne ce s

.

s ary for t h e sol uti on of t h e p ro b l e ms in mac hin e d whi c h are pre se n te d la t e r. and
a prac t ic al i n t rod uc t i on t o t h e ore t i c al m e c ha ni cs an t h e s t re ngt h of ma te rial s Th e .

various e l e me n t s e n t e ri ng i nt o m ac hi n e d es i gn s uc h as c a ms ge ars s p roc k e t wh e e ls . . . .

-

c one pull e ys bol t s . sc re ws . c oup li ngs . c l utc h es s ha ft i ng a nd fi y wh e e ls ha ve b e en

. .
-
.

t re ate d i n s uc h a wa as t o mak e pos si b l e t he us e of t h e work as a t e xt hook for a -

c on t in uous c ours e 0 s t ud y I t is e as il y c o mpre he nde d an d ass i mi la te d e ve n b

.

s t ud e n ts of lim i te d pre vi ous t rai ni ng 330 pages . 2 1 5 e ngravi ngs P rice

. .

A NE W S KE TCHI N G PAP E R .

A ne w 8 all y rul e d p a r to e n ab l e y ou to mak e s k e tc h es or drawi ngs i n i s o me t ric

pe rs pe c t ve wi t h o ut an y uri ng or f I t i s b e i ng us e d for s h op de t ai ls as we l l
as for ass e m b l y draw i ngs . as i t m ak es one s e tc h d o t h e work of t hre e . and no workman
j
c a n h e l p se e ing us t wh at is wan t e d P ads of 40 s h e e t s . 6 x9 inc he s . 25 c e n t s .
. P ads
of 40 sh e e t s . 9x 12 i nc h e s . 5 0 c e n t s ; 40 s he e ts . 1 2x 1 8. P ri c e

E LE CTRI CI TY

ARI TH M E TI C OF ELE CTRI CIT Y . B y Prof T O CON O R S LO AN E

. .
'
.

A p rac t ic al t re a t is e on e l e c t ric al c a lc ul ati ons of all ki n ds re d uc e d to a se ri es of rul es all .

of t h e s i m pl es t forms an d i n vol vi ng onl y ord i nary ari t h m e t ic : e ac h rul e i ll us t rate d

.

h on e o r more rac t ic a l pro b l e ms wi t h d e ta i le d so l u t ion of eac h on e This b ook is

p
. .

c ass e d am ong t l e mos t use ful works uh li s he d on t h e s c ie nc e of e l e c t ric i t y c o ve ri ng .

as i t doe s t h e ma t h e m at i c s of e l ec t ri t y i n a m anne r t ha t wi ll at t rac t t h e at t e n t i on

of t h ose wh o are n ot familiar wi t h al ge b raical formulas 2ot h E di ti on 1 60
n
. .

14
 CATALOG UE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

COM MU TATOR CONS TRUCTI ON . By WM . B AX TE R, JR .

Th e bus i ness e nd of any namo or mot or of t h e di re c t c urre n t i s t h e c ommut ator

dy
.

This b ook goes i n t o th e es i gni ng b uil ding and mai n te nance 0 c omm ut ato rs s h ows . . .

h ow to l oca t e t rou b l es and h ow t o re me dy t he m ; e ve ryone who ftm e s wi t h d mos

ce n ts

D NAM O BUILD IN G FOR AM ATEURS , OR H OW TO CONS TRU CT A

Y
IFTY WATT D NAM O B y ARTH U R J WE E D , M e m e r of N Y E le c trical
Y b
gi
-
. . . .

Oc e ty.

A prac t ic al t re at is e s ho i n de tail t he c ons t ruc t i on of a small dynamo or moto r t h e

e n t i re mac hi ne work of w c h c an be don e on a s mall foot lath e D im e ns i one d worki ng .

draw ings are gi ve n for e ac h pie c e of mac h i ne work and e ac h 0 t i on is c l e arl y .

d e s c ri be d This mac hi ne wh e n use d as a d ynamo has an out put 0 fift y wa t t s ; wh en

. . .

us e d as a m oto r i t will dri ve a sm ali drill pre ss or la t he I t c an be use d te dri ve a .

se wi ng m ac hi n e on any and all 0 work Th e b ook is ill us trate d wi th more .

t han s i xt origi n a l e n gra s h owi ng e ac t ual c onst ruc ti on of th e diffe re n t parts

1 Fift Wat t D ynamo
.

A mong e c on te n t s are pte rs on : 2 Side B e a .

-
. .

B e ds . 3 Fi e ld P un
. 4 B e arings 5 mm utator 6 P ull e y . 7 B . . . . . .

H ol d e rs 8 Conn e c ti on c ard 9 Armature Shaft 1 0 Armat ure 1 1 Arma t ure

Winding 1 2 Fi el d Wi nding
. . . . . . . .

. 1 3 Conn ec t ing and S tarting

. P ri c e . c l oth .
. . .

ELE CTRI C WIRING

, , DIAGRAM S AND SWI TCHB OARD S . By NE WTON
HARRI SON .

A th orough ly rac t ic al tre ati s e th e subj e ct of E l e c tric Wiring in al l i ts branc h es .

inc i n fi
e x p nat ions and diagrams w c h are t h oroughl y e xpli c i t and gre at ly si mplify
th e s ub e c t P rac t ic al e very d ay prob l e ms i n wi ring are pres en t e d and th e me t hod
. .
-

of ob i n t ell ige n t res ul t s c l e arly sh own O nly ari th me ti c is us e d O hm s iaw

'
. .

is gi ve n a s im pl e e xplanat ion wi th re fere nc e t o

m
for dire c t and al t ernat ing
c urre n ts Th e fundame n tal
. nd pl e of drop of pote n t i n c irc ui ts is sh own wi t h i ts
various a li c a tions The pie c i rc ui t is de ve lope d wi th th e pos i ti on of mains .
pp
.

fe e ders an b ranc h es ; th e i r tre at me n t as a part of a wi ring plan and th e i r e m ploy

m e nt in house c l e arl y illus trate d Some ai m l e fac ts ab out t es t ing are i nc lude d .

i n c onnec ti on wi th e wi ring M olding and c ondu t work are gi ve n c are ful c ons ide ra
.

t i on ; and s wi tc h boards are s ys t e ma ti t re a te d b uil t up and ill us trat e d s h owi n

g
. .

t h e purpos e t h e y serve for c onne c ti on t h th e c irc ui t s and to sh un t and c om pona

. .

wound mac hi n es Th e si mple p ri nc ipl es of s wi t c hboard c onst ruc t i on t h e de ve io

. .

m e n t of th e s wi t c hb oard th e c onne c t ions of th e vari ous ins t rum e n ts inc l uding

. 0 .

l ightni ng arres t e r are als o plainl y se t fort h . .

m
Al te rnat ing c urre nt is t re a te d wi th e xplanati ons of t h e we r fac to r c ondi t i ons . .

c al va ri ous s iz e s 0 wire and a s i mp l e wa of ob t aini ng t . s i z es for l e phase . -

t wo and th re e phas e c irc ui ts This i s

-
0 onl y c om pl e te work is su .s ho .

and y ou wha t y ou sh oul d k now a bout di re c t and al te rna c urre n t wiri ng I .

is a re ad re fere nc e Th e work is fre e from ad vanc e d te c h ni c ali es and mat h ema t ic s .

.

ari th me c be i ng us e d t h roug hou t I t is in e v re s pec t a h and y we ll wri tt e n .

. .
-

ins t ruc ti ve c om re h e ns i ve vol um e on wi

. for e wire man fore man c on t rac t or. . .

or e i ec tric i an 2 pages ; 1 05 ili ust rati ons

. ce .

EL C RI C FURNACE S AND TH E IR IND US TRI AL APPLI CATI ON S

Eg
'
. By
‘V RI GH T .

This is a b ook whi c h will prove of in te re s t to man y c l ass e s of pe opl e : t he manufac t ure r
who des ires t o know what produc t can be manufac t ure d s ucc e s sfull y i n t he e l e c t ri c
f urnac e t he ]c h e mis t who wi s he s to pos t hi ms e lf on e l e c t ro c he mi s and t h e
.

s t ude n t of s c i e n c e wh o m e re l y l oo k s in to t h e s u b e c t from c uri os i t y e w re vi s e d j .

and e nla rge d e di t i on 320 pages F ul l y ill us t rat e d

. Cl ot h P ri ce . . .

ELE CTRI C TOY M AKI N G , D NAM O BUILD IN G , AN D ELE CTRI C M OTOR Y

CON S TRU CTI ON B y Prof T O CO NO R S w a n s
’
. . . .

Thi s work t re at s of th e mak ing a t h ome of e l ec t ri ca l to ys . e l ec t ri c al apparat us . moto rs

dynamos and i ns t rume n t s i n ge ne ral . and is ( 1 e d to b ring w i thi n t h e re ac h 0
oung and old t h e man ufac t ure of ge n ui n e an d e l ec t ri ca l appli anc e s Th e work .

e s pe c i all y d es i gn e d for ama te urs and young folks .

Th ous ands of our y oung pe op l e are dail y e n ti ng . and b us il y e ng age d in

e l e c t ri c al to y s and apparat us of vari ous ki n
vs t h e muc h n e e d e d i nforma t ion i n a
Th e p re se n t work is us t wh at is j wan t
e d to lai n rac t ical mann er wi th ill us t rat ions
p
. .
to e e as y t h e carrying ou t of th e work . oth di t i on . P ri ce

PRACTI CAL E LE CTRI CI TY . B y Prof T O CO N OR S LO AN E . .

’
.

This work of 7 68 was pre vious l kn own as Sl oane s E l e c tric i ans B and B ook and
‘ '

31?
es .

is i nte nde d for prac t ical e l ec t cl an wh o h as t o mak e things go Th e e n ti re .

IS
 CATALOGUE OF GOOD PRACTI CAL B OOKS

are inde xe d i n e v re as onab l e c om binat i on of words re fe re n c e t o th e pro pe r plac e

in t he bod y of t h e k is re adil made I t is d i itic u t to d e c id e h ow far a book of . i
t hi s c harac t e r is t o k e e p t h e di e t onary form and t o wh a t e xt e n t i t ma y ass um e t h e .

e nc y c lope d i a form F or s ome ur os e s c onc is e . e xac t l word e d d e fi ni ti ons are n e e d e d ;

Pg
.

for ot h e r pur s e s more e xt e n( e d e s e ri t ions are re q This book se e ks to sa tis fy

gg
.

b ot h d e man a nd d oe s i t wi t h c onal e rab l e s ucc e s s Com ple te . c onc is e and c on .

ve ni e nt 682 pages
. 393 ill us t rat i ons Twe lfth E di ti on.
. P ric e .

S WI TCH BOARD S . By WILLI AM B AX TE R, JR .

This book a ppe als t o e ve ry e ngi n e e r and e l ec t ric ia n who wan ts t o k now th e rac t ic al
s i de of t hi ngs I t t ak e s u p all s ort s and c o ndi t i o ns of d m os c onn ons an d
j
. .

c i rc ui ts and s h ows b y diagra m and ill us t ra t i on us t h ow t e s wi t c h board s h o uld be

.

c onnec te d I nc l ude s dire c t and al t e rna t i ng c urre n t b oa rd s . als o t h os e for are ligh ti ng .
.

i nc and es c e n t and we r c irc ui ts S pe c i al t re a t m e nt on h igh vol tage boards for

. we r
t rans mis ion 2d di t i on
. 1 90 pages I ll us t ra te d P ric e
. . .

TELE P H ONE CONS TRUCTION , IN S TALLATION , WIRIN G , OP E RATI ON

AND M AINTE N AN CE B y W H Ra nc m rr: and H C CU S H IN G . . . . . .

Thi s b ook is i nt e nde d for t h e a ma t e ur t he wire ma n or t he e ng i ne e r wh o de s i re s t o . .

es t a blis h a m e a ns of t e l e ph onic c omm un ic a t ion b e t we e n t he rooms of hi s h om e o ffi c e . .

s lr p I t de als onl y wi t h s uc h t hi ngs as ma y be of use t o hi m rath e r than wi t h

f
r)
;
.

t e ol es .

G i ve s th e pri nci pl es of c ons t ruc t ion and ope rat i on of bot h the B e ll and I nde pe nde n t
i ns t rume n t s ; a pro ve d m e t hods Of ins t al li ng and wiri ng th e m ; t h e m e ans of prot e c t ing
t h e m from l ig t ul ag an d ab normal c urre n ts ; t h e ir c onne c t i on to ge t h e r for operat ion
as se ri es or b ri dgi s t at i ons ; and rul es for t h e ir i ns t ion and mai nte nanc e L ine
fi
.

wi ri ng and t he w ng and operati on of s pe c ia l te l e p one sy s te ms are als o t re at e d .

I n t ric a t e mat he mat ics are avoid e d and all ap t us c irc ui ts and s ys t e ms are t h or . .

ough l y de s c ri be d The a ppe nd i x c on tains de

. t ions Of uni t s and t e rms us e d i n t h e
t e xt Se l e c te d t ab l e s whic h are ve ry h e l pful are al s o inc l ud e d Am ong t he
j
.
. . .

s ub e c t s t re a te d are ons truc ti on O perat ion and I ns t alla t i on of Te l e hone I ns t ru . .

me nts ; I ns pe c ti on and M ain te nanc e of Te l e hone I ns t rume n ts : T e phone L ine

W Tes t i ng Te l e p h on e L ine Wire s a nd Cab e s ; Wiring and O pe rati on of S pe c ia l
Te l e p one S ys t e ms e tc d E di t ion re vis e d and e n large d 223 page s 15 4
m
. . . . .

m tm t im O O 0 Q O O Q
s Q 0 0 O O O O 0 O O 0 O O O

WIRELE SS TE LE GRAPH Y AND TELE PH ONY SI MPL Y EXPLAINED . By

AnrRE n P M O RG AN
. .

Thi s is undoub te d l y one of t h e mos t c om let e and c ompre h e ns ib l e treat ise s on t he

j
s u b e c t e ve r p u b lis h e d . a nd a c l os e s t ud y 0 i t s page s w ill e na bl e one t o mas t e r a ll p t he
de t ails of t he wi re l ess t rans mis si on of m e ss age s The aut h or has fill e d a l o .
-
fe l t
wan t and has s uc c e e de d in furnis hi ng a l uc i d . c ompre h e ns i b le inna t lon in pi e
l anguage of t he t h e ory and prac t ic e Of wire l es s t e l e graph y and ph ony a
g .

A m ong t he c on t e n t s are : I n t roduc t o Wire les s Trans miss ion and Re c e pt ion— Th e
A e ria l S ys t e m E art h Co nnec t i ons 0 Trans mi tt ing A parat us S park Coils and
Trans formers Conde nse rs H e li xes S park G aps Anc h or aps Ae ria l S wi t c h es — Th e
. .

D e t e c t ors e tc — Tuni ng and Co up

. . . . .

Re c e i ving A p t us Tun ing Coils L oos e

b l e Conde ns e rs D ire c ti ve Wave 8 s t e ms
. . .

Coupl ers V ila ne ous A para t us

Te le phone Re c e i ve rs Range of S t at ions S tati c n t e rfere nc e —Wire l ess Te e h one s
. . .

S ound and S ound Wave s Th e V oc al Cords and E ar— Wire les s Te l e ph one H ow ounds
. . .

A re Chang e d i n to E l e c t ric Waves —Wire l es s Te l e phones The A pparat us —S um ma ry

. .

.
.

W H AT IS S AI D OF TH I S B OO K
This b ook s houl d be in b oth th e home and s c hool li b rary The Youths I ns tructor
’
-
. .

WIRING A H OUS E . B y H E RB E RT PRATT .

S hows a hous e al re ad y b uil t ; t e lls us t h ow t o s t art about wi ring i t ; whe re to b e gi n j

wha t wi re t o use : ho w to run i t ac c o rdi ng t o I ns uranc e R ul es : in fac t us t t he i nforma j
q
.

t i on y ou n e e d D ire c t ions apply e uall y t o a s hop

. F ourt h e di t ion 86 c e n t s .

RAD IO TI M E S I G N AL RE CE IVE R . By As a O LE SCARB OU RA. .

This ne w book A Radi o Ti me S ignal Re c e i ve r

. te ll s ou h ow t o b uil d a s i m pl e .

d t he out fi t s in y our own

fiz
ou t fi t d e s i gn e d e xpre s s l y for t h e b nn e r Y ou can b .

works h op an d ins tall t he m for j e w rs e i t h e r on a one pa y me n t or a re n tal b as i s

m
-
.

Th e an t a is of s uc h ai m i s de s ign t ha t i t ma y b e mad e b y t he ave rage ama te ur

me c c pos se ss in g a fe w t ools 42 page s P aper Price 86 ce n ts . . .

I 7
 CATALOG UE OF GOOD , PRACTICAL BO O KS

CON STRUCTI ON OF A TRAN SATLANTI C WI RE LE SS RE CEI VIN G SE T .

B y L G PAGE NT and T S Cum s

. . . . .

A wm k fm t he Radlo st ude nt who dd re s w w m t ruct m e appnn t m ths t

will
pa
mi t of th e re c e pti on of me mages fro m t h e large st at ion s gE urop e wi t h an
fz
e
ae ria f ama te ur pm port i ons 36 pages 23 iIIus trat ions c iot h . . . . P ri c e 86 e e nts
.

ELE CTRIC BELLS . By M B SLE E PE R

. . .

A c om pl e te tre at is e for t he prac t i a l work er i n ins tallirm ope rati . and te s ti ng .

be ll c i rc ui t s b urgl ar alarms t he rmos t a ts and ot her a p

. t us .
wi t h e le c t ric .

be lls .B ot h t he e le c tric ian and th e e xp e rime n te r will in t his b ook ne w ma te rial

whic h i s e s s e n t ial in t hei r work Too ls b e lls ba t te ri e s un us ual c i rc ui ts b urgl ar . . . . .

alarms ann un c i a t ors s y s t e ms t he rmos t a t s c i rc ui t b re ak ers t im e alarms and ot her

. . . , . .

a para t us us e d in he ll c i rc ui t s are de s crib e d fro m t he st and poi n t s Of t h e ir a p pli e s .

r
t on c ons t ruc t i on and The de t ail e d ins t ruc ti ons for b uildi ng t h e a r s t i rs
m
-
. .

will ap pe al to t he te r part ic ularl y T he rac t i c al w ork er will th e

c ha p t e rs on Wi ri ng al c ula ti on of Wire i agne t Wi nd g
w
.

S iz es an d U k e e p of
g
.

S s te ms and t h e b om ti on of F aui t s of th e gre ate s t value i n t he i r w 1 ‘ page s

y mm “ s s s e e s m “
.

PM . 0 o a e a Q o o 0

EXPE RIM E N TAL H I G H FRE QUE N CY APPARATUS H OW TO M AKE

AND USE IT B y Tn ouAs STAN LE Y CU R rrs .
‘
.

This book te ll s how to buil d si m l e h igh ou c y c oil s for e xperlme n t al m pos a -

i n t he home or or t he s mall e c t ure plat form T f g

g
ool la bora he b ook ran
q
. . .

a s upple m e n t to t he s am e au t or s ‘ ‘ F re ue n c y A The
"

fil
’

t us en
c
.

s i de onl y i s c ove re d in t hi s vol um e w c h is in te n de or i hw e wh o wan t to buil d .

s mal l c oils gi vi ng up t o an e igh te e n in c h k The book c on tai ns val ua b le in -

.

forma ti on for t he ph s i cs or t he man ual t te ac her who is on th e loo k ou t for

in te re s t i ng pro e c ts j y
or his b oy s to buil d or e xperi m e n t wi t h T he a ppa ratus is .

s i m le c h e a p and pe rfe c t l y safe an d wi t h i t s om e t rni s t a rt ling e xperi me n t s ma y b e

z
. .

orm e d Am ong t he c on te n ts are :

. I nduc t i on Co O u t fi t s O pe rate d on B a t te ry
t K ic ki ng Coil A ppara t us
. O n e H alf K il owat t Trans form er Ou t fi t P arts .
-
.

and M ate ri als e tc . e tc 69 pages. I ll us t ra te d

. P ric e . 6 0 c e n ts . .

HI G H PRE UE N CY AP P ARATUS , ITS CON STRUCTI ON AND PRACTI CAL

APPLICA ON B y TH OMAS STAN LE Y CU RTI S . .

The mos t c om pre he ns i ve and t h orough work on t his in tere s ti ng s ub e ct e ver produc ed j .

The book is e s s e n t iall y prac t i cal in i ts t re at m s n t and i t c ons t i tu te s

an ac c urate rec ord
of t h e re s e arc h es O f i t s aut hor ove r a pe ri od of se ve ral y e ars . d whic h time doz e ns
of c oil s w e re b uil t an d e xpe rim e n te d wi t h The work has b e e n vi de d i n to s ix b as i c .

The fi rs t t wo c ha te rs te ll t he uni ni ti a te d re ad e r w ha t t he hi gh fre q

part s
u
fl
c

é
.

c urre n t is . w ha t i t is us e d 0 and how i t is rod uc e d The se c ond se c t i on . c om p n .

four c ha te rs de sc ri bes in de t ail t he p ri n pl e a of t h e t rans forme r. c onde ns er . s par

.

gap . an os c i l la t i on t rans former . and c overs t he main poin ts in t he de s ign an d c on

s t ruc t ion of t he s e d e vi c es as a plie d t o t he work in han d T he t hi rd s e c ti on c overs .

t he c ons t ruc t i on of s mal l high ne n c y o u t fi t s ( 1 e d for e n t al work i n t he

home lab o ra to ry or in th e c las sroom The fourt s e c t i on de vote d to e l e c t ro .

t he ra pe ut i c and X Ra y ap t us The fi ft h de s c ri be s apparat us for t he c ul t i vat i on

-
.

of plan ts an d v e t a b l es he si xt h se c t i on is de vote d to a c om pre he n si ve di s c us s ion

.

of appara t us of e s iz e for us e upon t h e s t age in s pe c t ac ul ar roduc t i ons The .

c l os in g c ha p te r. gi t he c urre n t pri c es O f t he parts and ma t re q ui re d for t he

c ons t ruc t i on of t h e a p parat us d es a ib e d . is i nc l ude d wi t h a vi e w to e xpe di t i ng t he
'

purc has e of t he ne c e ssary goods 248 page s F ull y ill us t rate d P ri ce . . .

STORAGE B ATTE RIE S S IM PLIFIE D . B Y VI CTO R W . PAGE,

A c omp l e te t re at is e on s to r e b at Operat i n g princi pl es . re p airs an d ap pli c ati ons .
a
g
Th e gre a t l y in c re as in g app c at i on 0 s t orage b at t e ri e s i n m od e rn e n gine erin g and
m e c hani ca l work has c re ate d a de m and for a b ook t hat wi ll c ons i der t his s u bj e c t
c o m pl e t e i an d e xc l us i ve l This is t he m os t t h orough an d aut h ori ta t i ve tre at is e
e ve r p ub b e d on t his su b c t
lan uage s o t hat any one m a -
as p t he bas i c pri n c i
je
I t is wri t te n i n eas il un de rs tan dab le . non te c h ni c al
.

es of s t orage b a t t e ry ac t i on as
-

g
we l as t h e i r prac t i c al in dus t appli c a ti ons A ll gs
s ot t i e an d gas oli ne aut om obil es . g
us e s torage b a t t e ri e s E ve ry aut omob i l e re pairman . de al er or sa l e s man s houl d ha ve a
.

good k no wl e d ge Of main te n ance and re air of t he s e i m port ant e l e m e nt s of t h e m ot or

c ar me c hanis m This book not onl y t e is h ow to c h arge . c are for an d re b ui l d s t orage
. p
ba t te ri e s b ut als o ou t li nes all t h e i ndus t ri al us e s Le arn how t h e y run s t re e t c ars . .

l oc o mot i ve s and fac tory t ruc k s G e t an un ders t andi n of t h e i m port ant func t i ons t he y
.

pe rform i n s u b mari n e b oat s . i so late d li gh t i ng plan ts . way s wi tc h an d si gnal s

mari ne a pli ca t i ons . e t c Thi s b ook t e l ls how t h e y are us e d i n c e n t ral s t ati on st andb y
.

s e rvi c e . or s t arti ng au to m ob i l e mot o rs and in i t i on s y s te s . E very prac t i ca l us e m

of t he modern st orage bat te ry is out li ne d in tre ati se .

18
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

Chapt e rs
—
B at te ri e s
c o ntai ne d are : Cha p te r

—
Le ad P lat e T n a
Cons t ruc t ion P late s and ri ds
i — S t or
—The E
B at t e
n
a
Ce m
D e ve l op m e n t —Type s of S to rage
Cha t e r 2 S torage B at t e ry
—P lante P l ate s — F aure P te s — N on Le ad P la te s
—
Cha te r 3—Chargi ng M e t h ods — Rec t ifie re —C on
-

Comm e rc ial B at te ry D
ve rte rs — R he os t a ts — Rul es or C Ch ap te r 4— B at te ry I airs an d M ai n
t e nan c e Chap t r 5 — I ndus t rial A p c at i on of S to B at t G l os sary of g
eP—
F
. e e es
S to rage B at te ry Terms 3 20 page s ul l y i ll us t rate d
. os
. .

FACTO RY M AN AG E M E N T E TC , .

M OD E RN M ACH IN E S H OP CONS TRUCTION , E QUIPME NT

M AN AG E M E N T B y 0 E Panama, M E . . . . .

“
The o nl ywork p ub lis h e d t hat des c ri be s t h e modern mac hi ne s h o or mant
p la n t fro m t h e t i me t h e gras s win on th e s i te in t e nde d for t un t il th e finis h
prod uc t is s hi p By a s t ud y Of i ts t hirt y t wo cha pte rs t h e prac ti c al ma n -

ma y e c o no mi cs y b uil d e ffi ci e n t ly e qui p and su y manage th e mode rn mac hi ne

J
. .

s hop or ma n ufac t uri ng es t ab lis h m e nt us t t he book ne e de d b y t h os e c on t e m la t i ng

g
.

t h e ere c ti on of m od e rn s ho b uildi ngs t h e re b ui ldi ng and re organi z a ti on of Oi ones

. .

or t h e i n t rod uc t i on of In e m s h op me t h ods t ime and c os t s t e ms I t is a book . .

wri t te n and ill us t rate d b y a prac t ica l s hop man for prac t ica l op m e n wh o are too
b us y to re ad the ori es and wan t fac ts I t i s t h e m os t c om pl e t e all around book of i t s
.
-

ki nd e ve r pub li s h e d I t is a prac t ic a l b ook for prac ti c al me n fro m t h e appre n t ic e in

. .

t h e s h op t o t h e re s i de n t in t h e ofii c e I t mi n ute l y de sc ri be s and ill us t rate s t h e m os t

.

si mpl e an d y e t e mos t e ffi c i e n t t im e and c os t s y s t e m y e t de vi se d Pric e .

FU E L

COl l B S TI ON OF COAL AND THE PRE VE NTION OF S M OKE By WM

s/i g
. .

ARR .

This b ook has b e e n pre pare d wi t h s pe ci al re fe re nc e to t h e ge nerat ion of he at b y t he

c om b us t i on of t h e c omm on fue ls found i n t h e U ni te d S tate s and d e als c ularl y .

wi t h t he c o ndi t i ons n ec ess ary to t he e c o nom i c a nd s mok e les s c omb us t i on of i t umi nous
c oals in S tat i onary and Loc omot i ve S te am B oil e rs .

The pre s e ntat ion of t his i m port an t su b e c t is sy st e mat ic a nd p vs Th e ar

q
.

range m e n t of t h e b oo k is in a se ri es 0 p rac t ic al ues t i ons to w c h are appe nde d

ac c urate ans we rs whi c h desc ri be in language fre e from t e c h ni c ali t i es t h e se veral
. . .

proc esse s i nvol ve d i n t h e furnac e c om b us t ion of Am s ri c an fue ls ; i t c l e arl y s t at e s t h e

q
es se n t ial re ui s i t e s for pe rfec t c o m b us t ion and i n ts out t h e be s t m e t hods for furnac e
q q
.

c ons t ruc t io n for Ob tai ni the te s t uant t y Of h e a t from any gi ve n uali t y O f

c oal . N e arl y 35 0 pages i us t rate d. P ri ce .

S M OKE P RE VE NTI ON AND FUEL E CON OM Y . B y B OOTH and K E RS H AW .

As t he t i t l e in di c at es t hi s b ook of 1 97 age s an d 7 5 ill us t rati ons de als wi t h t he prob

p
.

le m O f c om p l e t e c om b us t i on whi c h . t t re a ts fro m t h e c he mi c al and m e c h ani c a l

s t and in ts b e s i des poin ti ng out t h e
. e c onomi cal and h umani as pe c ts of t he
q ue s t on P ri ce
. .

G AS E N GI N E S AN D G AS

TH E GAS OLINE E N GINE ON TH E FARM : I TS OPERATI ON, RE PAIR

AND U S E S B y X E N O W P UTN AM
. . .

Th is is a prac t ic al t re a t is e on t he G as oli ne and K e ros e ne E ngi ne inte nde d for t he man

j
wh o want s to k n ow us t ho w to manage his e ngi ne and how to apply it to all kinds of
farm work to t h e be st ad vantage .

This b ook abounds wi t h hi n ts and he l ps for t h e farm and ti ons for the home
and h ous e wife Th e re is s o m uc h Of val ue in t hi s book t hat t is im pos si bl e to ad e
.

q ua t e l y d es c ri be i t i n su c h s mall s pac e S ufii c e to s a t ha t i t is t h e kin d Of a b ook

.

e ve ry fa rm e r wi ll appre c i at e a nd e ve farm h ome oug t to ha ve I nc l udes se l ec t i ng .

t he m os t s ui tab le e ngin e for farm wor i ts m os t c onve ni e nt and e fii c i e nt ins t all a t ion
wi t h c ha pt e rs on t roub l es t he ir re m e die s and h ow t o avoi d t he m
. The care and . .

manage me nt Of t h e farm trac to r in pl owing harrowing harve st ing and road . .

are ful l y c o ve re d : als o plai n dire c t ions are gi ve n for handl i ng t h e t rac t or on t he
S pe c i al at te nt ion is gi ve n to re li e ving farm life of i ts drudge ry b y applyi ng power to

I9
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , P RACTI CAD B OOKS

to t h oroughl y un ders t and how t o prope rl y Ope ra t e , ins t all and care for his own e ngi ne
The inde x re fers to e ac h trou bl e . re m e d y . an d su b e c t al ph abe ti cal l y B e i ng a uic k j . q
.

re fe re nc e to fi n d t h e c ause . re me d y and pre ve n t i on for t roubl e s . and to be c om e an

e xpe rt wi t h hi s own engi ne P oc k e t siz e P ape r b inding Pric e
. 86 c en ts . .

M OD ERN GAS E N GINE S AND PROD U CE R GAS PLANTS . By R . E .

A guide for t h e gas e ngi ne designe r us e r an d e ngi ne e r in t he c ons truc t ion s e l e c tion . . . .

urc h ase ins t al la t io n ope rat i on and mai n t e nanc e of gas e ngi ne s M ore t han one
B
. . . .

ook on gas e ngi n es has be e n wri t t e n b ut not one has t h us far e ve n e nc roac h e d on t he .

fi e l d c o ve re d b y t his book Ab ove all M r M ath ot s work is a prac t ic al gu ide Re c og

'
. . .

niz i ng t h e n e e d of a vol ume t hat woul d ass is t t h e gas 0 use r i n un ders ta nd ing
t h e mo to r upon whi c h h e de pe nds for war
hly
t h oro ug e auth or has di s c uss e d hi s
j
s ub e c t th out t he he l p of any math e ma ti cs an wi t h ou t e laborat e th e ore t i c al e x
,

plana t ions .E ve ry part of t h e gas n o is de s c ri be d in de tail t e rse l y c l e arl y wi t h . . .

a th oro ug h un de rs t andi ng of t h e re q re m e n ts of t h e me chanic H e l pful s ugge s t i ons .

as to t h e purc h as e of an e ngi ne i ts i ns t alla t ion c are and 0 ti on form a mos t

. . . .

val uab l e fe a t ure of t h e work 320 page s 1 7 5 d e t ail e d ill us t ra ons

. P ric e .
.

THE M ODERN GAS TRACTOR . B y Vrc rOR W . PAGE .

A co l e te tre at is e des c ri b ing all t ype s and s i z e s of gas oli ne k erose ne and oil trac to rs
e
. .

Cons i ers de s ign and c ons t ruc ti on e xhaus t i ve l y gi ve s c ompl e t e ins t ruc t i ons for c are . .

ti on and re pair. outlines all prac t i c al a li c a ti ons on t h e road and in t he fi e ld

p
F
0 .

s b e s t and la te s t work on farm t rac t ors an t rac to r power plants A work ne e de d .

b y farme rs s t ude n ts b lac ks mi th s me c h anic s s al e s me n i m le me nt de ale rs d

. . a s . .

P ric e 8 6 0
.

and e ngi neers 5 00 pages

. N e arl y 300 ill us t rat ions and f
.
pla te s . .

CH EM I STRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE . B y H M Rom . . .

This book c ove re poi n ts lik e l y to aris e in t he ord l nary c ourse of the duti e s of the
m gine e r or manage r of a work s n ot e no ugh to
of a se parat e c he mi c al s t a I t t re a t s of t e te s ti ng of
in t he ma n ufac t ure of ill u mina ting c oa l gas and of t he gas prod uc e d The pre parat i on .

of st andard s ol ut i ons is gi ve n as we ll as t he c h e mi c al and hys i cal e xami nati on of

c oal. 5 “
x 89 4 Cl ot h . 328 page s
. 82 ill us t rati ons . 1 c o ore d plate Pri c e . .

GE ARI N G AN D CAM S
BEVE L GE AR TAB LE S . B y D AG E N GsTROM . . .

A b ook t hat wi l l a t onc e and drafts man

c omme nd i ts e lf to m e c han i cs
D oes away .

wi t h all t h e t ri gonome t ry and fanc y on b e ve l ge ars and mak es i t e as y for any .

one to lay t h e m out or mak e th e m us t ri gh t The re are 36 full page t a b l e s t ha t .

-

s h ow e very ne c es sary di me ns i on for s iz e s or c om b i na t i ons ou re ap t t o ne e d No

’
.

puz z li ng . n g or gue s s ing G i ve s plac in g dis t anc e t h e angle s ( i nc l udi ng

.
.

c ut tin ang e s ) and th e c orre c t c ut t e r t o us e A c opy of t his pre pare s y ou for any
g
.
.

t hing n t he be ve l ge ar line 3d E di t ion

-
66 pages . . .

CHANGE G E AR D E VI CE S By OSCAR E PE RRI GO . . .

A prac t i c al book for e ve ry de d gne r drafts man and me c hanic i n tere s te d in t h e in ve n . .

t ion and de ve l op m e n t of t he de vi c e s for fe e d c h ange s on th e differe nt mac hines re q uir

ing s uc h mec ha ni s m A ll t he nec e s s ary in forma t ion on thi s s ub ec t is t ak e n u
. j
anal y z e d cl as s i fi e d s ifte d and c onc e n t rat e d for t h e us e of b me n who ha ve not 9
. . .

t i me t o go t h ro ugh t h e mass es of i rre l e van t ma t te r wi t h whi c s uc h a s u b e c t i s us u j

all y e nc um b ere d and se l ec t s uc h informat i on as w ill b e use ful to t h e m .

I t shows us t wha t has be e n don e how i t has be e n done whe n i t was done and who
t s ave s ti me in h un t ing up p at e n t re c ords and rte in ve n ti ng old ides
. .

a 2
d id i t . 8 -

DRAFTING OF CAM S B y LOU I s B OU I LLI ON . .

Th e laying out of c ams is a serious prob l e m unl es s y ou kn ow how to go at i t righ t .

This puts y ou on t h e righ t road for prac t i c ally an y ki nd of c am you are lik e l t o run
up agains t 3d E dit ion
. . 8 c e n ts g
H YD RAULI CS

HYDRAULI C ENG INE E RIN G . B y G ARD NE R D . H I sc ox .

A tre at is e on t h e prope rt i e s power and re s ourc es of wat e r for all purpos es

.
I .
.

t he me as ure m e n t of st re ams t he fl ow of wat er i n pi pe s or c ondui t s ; t h e horse power

.
-

of falling wate r t urb i ne and i mpac t wat e r whe e ls, wave mot ors . c en t rifugal . re c i pro
.
-

4
21
 CATALOGUE OF GO OD , PRACTI CAL B OO KS

ca 1 and ai r lift pum ps i t h 300 fi gures and d ia ams and 36 prac t i c al t ab lesW
gr
-
. . .

All w o are i n t e re s t e d i n wat er works d e ve l o pme n t w fi nd t his book a us e f ul one.

j
W
-

be c a us e i t is an e nt ire l y prac t ical t re a t is e upo n a sub e c t of pre s e n t . and

c ann ot fail i n ha vi ng a far re ac hi ng i nfl ue nc e . and for t hi s reas on sho h a ve a plac e
j
-

i n t h e work i n A mong t h e su b e c t s t re at e d are : H is t oric al

fig
b of c v e ngi ne e r .

H y drauli c s . r pe rt e s of ate r. M e as ure me n t of t he Fl ow of S tre ams : Flow

fro m S u b s urfac e O ri fi c es and N oz z l e s ; Fl ow of
-
a te r i n P i pes : Si phons of V arious W
K i nds : D ams and G re a t S t orag e Rese rvoirs : Ci and Town at a
'
S up l y ; ells W W
a nd Th e ir Re i n forc e me n t ; A ir L ift M e t h ods 0 Rais ing ate r : Arte s n e lh : W a W
I rrigati on of Ari d D i s t ri c t s ; a te r P owe r : at e r h ee ls : P um ps and W W W
M ac h i ne ; Re c roc a t ing P umps ; H draul ic P ower Trans miss ion :
ip a
'

M ini r l
g z i t c h e s : Cond ui t s and pe Li n e s ; M a rin e H yd raulic s
S e a ‘vave P owe r. e t c 3 20 pages P ric e . .

I CE AN D RE FRI G E RATI O N

PO CKE TB OOK OF RE FRIGE RATION AND I CE M AK ING . By A . J .

WAL LI S TAYLO R -
.

T his is one of t h e la te s t and mos t c om pre h e ns i ve re fere nc e b ooks p ub lis he d on the

j
s u b e c t of re e ra t i on an d c ol d s t orage I t e xp lain s t h e prope rti es and re frige rati ng .

e ffe c t of t h e e re n t fl uids in us e t h e s m e n t of re fr i gera ti ng ac hin e ry an d the . m

c ons t ruc t i on and i ns ul a t i on of c old rooms t h t h e i r re q uire d pipe s urfac e for difi ere nt
'

de gre es o f c ol d : fre e z i n mi xt ure s an d n on fre e b ri nes t e mpe rature s of c ol d rooms -

.

for all k inds Of pro vi ons c old s to rage c harge s o r all c l as s e s of goods i c e maki ng
. .

and s t ora e of i c e d at a an d me m oranda for c ons t an t re fe re nc e b y re frige rati ng e ngi ne ers

’

g
. .

wi t h ne ar y one h undre d t ab l es c on t ain ing va l ua bl e re fe re nc es t o e ve ry fac t an d c on

q
d i t ion re ui re d i n t h e i ns tal l m e n t and ope rat i on of a re frige rati ng
j
e di t i on us t p ublis h e d P ri c e .

I N VE N TI O N S — P ATE N TS

IN VE NTORS M AN UAL , H OW TO MAKE A PATE NT PAY

’
.

2
3 i?p
1h
ggg“ g
t
3? g g ?g
t i Yen t as a 8111
s o o g
t t m
l ei
‘
t n s d t er It Solic i t or l
Circ ul ar nor a P ate n t B ro e r s Ad ve rt is e m e n t N o ad ve rt is e me nt s of any d e s c ri pt ion
’

q
.

appe ar in t h e work I t is a boo k c on t ain ing a uart e r of a c e ntury s e xp e ri e nc e of a

'
.

in ve nto r. t oge t he r wi th not es bas e d upon t h e e xpe rie nc e of many other

In ve n t ors .

A mo t h e s ub e c ts t re at e d in th is work are : H ow to I nve nt H ow to S e c ure a .

G ood at e nt s i ns of G ood I nve n t ion

. H ow t o E xhib i t an I nve n t i on H ow to . .

I n t e res t Capi tal H ow to E s ti ma te t he V al ue of a P at e nt

. V al ue of D e ng n Pate nts . .

V al ue of F 0 P at e nt s V al ue of S mall I n ve n t i ons Ad vic e on S e ll ing P a te n ts

. . .

A d vi c e on t he orma t ion of S t oc k Com pani es Ad vi ce on t h e F ormati on of Li mi te d .

L iab i l i ty Co m pani es Advi c e on D is .of Ol d P at e nts Advic e as to P a te nt .

A t to rne ys Advi c e as to S e lli

. Ag e nt s orms of As s ign m e n t s Lic ens e and Con . .

t rac ts . S t at e L aws Conc e at e nt Righ t s 1 Ce ns us of th e U ni te d S tat e s b y .

Coun t s of O ve r P opula N e w re vi s e d and e nl arge d e di t i on 1 44 aga

s
. .

K N O TS

KN OTS , S PLI CE S AND ROPE WORK . B y A HYATT Vas s a r

. .

This is a prac t ic al b ook i ring c om p l e t e and s i m p l e dire c t i ons for all t he os‘ m
and orname n t al ot s in c omm on use . wi t h c h a t e s on S p
S e i z i ng . S e rvi ng . e tc Thi s book is ill us t rate d
. t h one h a
p
original vinge . whi c h s h ow how e ac h ot . t i e or s pli c e is forme d . and i t s
anc e wh e n sh e d Th e book will b e foun d of t h e te s t val ue to Ca pu s .
pe ar
ac h ts m a
p
m5 ?
.

m e n . Trave l e rs . B oy Sc outs . in fac t . t o anyone oc c asi on to us e or handl e rope

or kn ots for any purpos e Th e book is t h oroughly re liab le and prac t ic al . and is not
j
.

onl y a gui d e . b ut a t e ac her I t is t h e st anda rd work on t he s ub e c t M ha

is
. .

c ont e nts are : 1 Cordage . K in ds of Ro Cons t ruc t i on of RO Part s of pa w

W
. .

Cab l e and B ol t Rope of R ope . e ig ht of Rope i m e K n ots and

fiig
S t re n . 2 . .

B ands . Terms U s e d i n H an g ROpe Se i Rope 3 Ti e s an H itc h e s 4. . . . .

m
N oose . Loops and M ooring K nots 5 S ho G romme t s and Sal vage s . 6.
w W
. .

S e i z ings and S plic e s . 7 . F anc y K nots and B o ork . 1 28 page s . 15 0

m o o o o o o o
.

m . P1100 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 1 000 ‘
22
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

LATI IE WO RK
LATH E DE S I GN, CONSTRUCTI ON , AND OP E RATI ON, WI TH pm c rrc u .

EXAM PLE S or LATHE wor m By 03c m E Ps aars o . . .

A n e w re vis e d e di ti on and t h e onl y c om pl e te Am e rican work on t he sub e c t wri t te n

. j .

b y a man who k nows not onl h ow work ough t to be done but wh o als o kn ows how
h
.

t o do i t and h o w t o c onve y t i s kn owle dge t o oth ers

. I t is s t ri c u to d ate in i t s .
-

d e sc ri t i ons and ill us t rations L at he h is t ory an d t he re l ati ons of

. e t h e t o manu
fac t are gi ve n ; als o a des c ri t i on of t h e various de vic es for fe e ds and t h re ad
c ut t i n g m e c h ani s m fro m e arl y e ort s i n t his di re c t i on to th e pre s e n t t i me L ath e .

d es ign is th oroug hl y di s c uss e d l nc l u bac k g . dri vi ng c on e s th re ad c ut ti ng .

-

and all t h e e ss e n t ial e le me n ts of e modern la The c las s ifi c ati on of lat hes

E t ak e n u gi vi ng t h e e ssen t ial differe nc es of t h e s e ve ral t ype s of la th es inc l udi ng .
as is us ua
l at h e s p ull e
l unde rs t ood e ngine la t h es be nc h l at h es spe e d l a th es . forge la t h e s
. .

la t h es formi ng lat h es m ul ti p . e s pin dl e la th es rapi d re d uc ti on i s

p . .

-
es . -

pre ci s ion la t e s t urre t la t h es s p e c i al la t h e s e l e c t ri c all y d ri ve n lat hes e tc

. . .

. . ,I n addi -
. .

t i on t o t h e c om pl e t e e xpos i t i on on c ons t ruc t i on and de sign . muc h prac ti cal ma t t e r on

l a t h e i ns t all a t i on c are and ope rati on has be e n in c orporate d in t he
. e d 19 15 e di
t i on. A ll ki nds of l at he attac h me n ts for drilling e tc . are es a l be d and . .
'

c om pl e te ins t ruc t i ons are ve n t o e nab le t he novi c e s t t o gras t he art of lat h e

ope ra t i on as we ll as t h e ci pl e s in vol ve d i n d A num be r of c ul t mac
ope rat ions are d e s c ri at le ngt h and ill us t ra The ne w e di t ion has ne arl y 5
m es and 35 0 ill us t rat ions P ri c e .

WH AT I S S AI D OF TH I S B O O K
This is a lat h e book from be ginni ng t o c ud . and is us t th e klnd of a hook whi c h one
—
d e ligh ts to c ons ul t . a mas t e rl y t re a t m e n t of t h e su b e c t in hand
"
E nai nse ri na N e ws f .
— .

This work wil l he of e xc e p t i onal i n te re s t to any one who is i nt e res t ed in lat h e prac t ic e .
as one very se ld om sees s uch a c ompl e te t re ati s e on a s ub e ct as this is on the l athe
"
j .

Canadi an M ach i nery .

TURNIN G AND B ORING TAP E RS . By Fans H Convm . .

Th e re t wo we 8 to t urn ta
are t h e righ t way and one ot h e r Th is tre at ise has
h
. .

t o do wi t h t h e ri g t way ; i t t e y ou h ow to s ta rt t h e work rope rl y . h ow to se t th e

lath e . w ha t tools to use and h ow t o us e t h e m . and fort y an one oth er li t t l e
t h a t y ou sh ould k now F ourt h e di t ion
. P ri c e 86 .

LI Q UI D AI R

LI QUID AIR AND TH E LI QUE FACTI ON OF GASES . By T O CONos Snow

.
’
s .

Thi s b ook gi ve s th e his tory dis c ove ry and manufac ture of L i ui d Air.
of t h e t h e ory . . q
and c o n t ai ns an i ll us t ra te d des c ri p t i on of all t h e e xpe ri me n ts t h a t have e xc i t e d th e
wonde r of aud ie nc es all ove r t h e c oun try I t sh ows h ow li uid air lik e w at e r is . q . .

c a rri e d h undre ds of mil e s and is handl e d in ope n b uc k e ts I t te lls wha t may b e ex .

pos te d from i t in t he ne ar fut ure .

A book t hat re nde rs s i mple one of t he m os t pe rple xi ng c he mic al probl e ms of t he

c e nt ury S tart li ng de ve lopme n ts ill us t rate d b y ac t ual e xpe rim e n ts

wg
. .

I t is not onl y a f c ie n t iil c i nt e r s and au thori but is i l t e nde d for t h e e n er l

Jzfi a popul ar s y e —e asil y un ers tood gt ty g a
.

re ad e r be i ng
. l y e ve ry one ec on‘ .

LO CO M O TI VE E N GI N E E RI N G

AI R BRAKE CATE CH I SM
-
. B y Roas aT H . Bu s hman.

Thi s book is a s t andard t e xt book I t c overs t he e s t in ous e Air-B

.
p ent W m
inc l udi ng t h e N o 5 and t h e N o 6 E T . Loc omot i ve B
. . e E ul p me n t ; t h e
.
( Q uick
S e rvi c e ) Tri pl e V al ve for F re igh t S e rvic e ; and t he C m und P um The
ope rat i on of al l part s of t he a arat us is e xplain e d i n de t ail . an a prac t i c a way of l
p
p
fi ndi n g t h e i r pe c ulia ri t ies and e fe c ts . wi t h a prope r re me dy . is gi ve n I t c o n t ains
q
.

ue s t ions wi t h t he i r ans we rs . whi c h wi ll e n ab l e any rail road man t o pass any

j
e xami na t i on on t h e sub ec t of Ai r B rak es E ndorse d and use d b y ai r b rak e ins t ruo
t ors and e xami ne rs on ne arl y e very rai lroad i n t h e U ni te d S tate s
.
-

27 th E di ti on 411 .

pages . fully ill us t rate d wi th c olore d plat e s and diagra s . P ri ce . m

23
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

ones . t ro ub l es t ha t c ould oc c ur. b ut t hat y ou have ne ver t h ough t about . and on will
fi nd t hat t h are all t re a te d wi th t h e vs
y be s t m e t h ods of re pair W
e
.

L oc omot i ve al ve G e ar Trou b l es . E l e c tric e adl lg h t Trou b l e s . as we ll as Q ue s t i ons

and An s we rs on t h e Air B rak e are all inc l ude d 3 12 page s . s th Re vise d E di ti on
m m c o o o c o o o o o
. .

F ull y us t I a ,
'
o o o e o 0 Q Q Q Q s

LOCOM OTIVE CATE CHI SM By ROB E RT GRm ss Aw

. .

“
The re vis e d e di t ion of Loc omot i ve Cate ch is m by Rob ert G rimshaw b
a N e w B ook
"
. .

nO m Cove r to Co ve r
'
I t c on t ains t wi c e as many pag es and doub le t he num be r of
.

ill us t rat i ons of re vi ous e di t i ons I nc l udes t h e gre a t es t amount of rac t ic al i n forma
.

t ion e ve r ub e d on t h e c ons t ruc t i on and man age m e n t of m c m l oc om ot i ves .

pare d Cha te rs on t h e als c hae rt L oc omot i ve V al ve G e ar. t h e Ai r W
s
S pe c ia l
B rak e q ui pm e n t and 6 E l e c t ric H e adlig h t are gi ve n .

I t c omm e nds i t s e lf at onc e to e ve ry E ngi n e er and Fire man . an d to all who are goi ng in
for e xam i na t ion or p rom ot ion I n plain lan guage . wi th full . c om pl e t e ans wers . not onl y
q
.

all t h e ues t ions as k e d b th e e xami ni ng e ngin e e r are ve n b ut t h os e whic h th e

y ou"ng an d l ess e s ne e d
would as k t h e ve te ran . and w c h o d hands ask as s t i c k
“
l
e rs . I t is a ve t ab l e E n c y c l ope dia of t h e Loc omoti ve . is e n t i re l y fre e from mat he
mat ic s . e as i l y unde rs t ood and t h orough up to d at e Co n t ains ove r E xa mina - -
.

t i on Q ue s t ions wi t h t h e i r A ns we rs 5 page s . 437 ill us t rat ions and th re e fol din

“ m o o o o o o
.

p18 . 28t h R E dItoIOII P [100 o e o c c c 0

.
3 80 6

AP PLI CATI ON OF H I G H L Y SUP E RH EATED S TEAM TO LOCOM OTI VE S .

B y RO B E RT G ARB E .

PRACTI CAL IN S TRU CTOR AND REFE RE N CE B OOK F OR LOCOM OTI VE

FIRE MEN AND EN G INE ERS B y CH AS F LOCKH ART . . . .

An e n t ire l y ne w b ook on t he Loc omot i ve I t appe al s to av rail road man as i t

? ri t t e n b y a man who
. .

te lls hi m how th i ng s are done and t h e rig h t way t o do t h e m .

has had ye ars of rac t ic al e wri - c e in l oc omot i ve s hops and on t h e road and
The orm a t ion ve n in t his book ca nnot be found in any ot h e r
E igh t h undre d and fl t on e
g mi lar
ue s t ions wi t h t h e i r ans we rs are in c l ud e d q
ay
t re a t is e .
-
.

whic h will pro ve s pe cia ll y h e l p l to th os e p re pari for e xa mi nat ion P rac ti c al .

i nforma t ion on : Th e Cons t ruc t ion and O pe ra ti on of om ot i ve s ; B re akdowns and

t he ir Re medi e s : A ir B rak e s a nd V al ve G e ars Rul e s and S als are handl e d i n a .

t h oro ugh mann e r As a book of re fe re nc e i t c ann ot be e xc e ll

. Th e book is di vi d e d
i nto s ix as foll ows : 1 Th e Fi re ma n s D uti es 2 G e ne ral D es c ri pti on of t h e
’
. . .

Loc omo vs 3 B re ak downs and t h e ir Re me di es 4 Air B rak e s 5 E x t rac ts

q
. . . . . .

h e m S ta ndard R ul e s 6 Q ues t i ons for E xamin at i on Th e 85 1 ue s t i ons ha ve b e e n

q
. . .

c are full y se l e c t e d and arrange d Th es e c ove r t h e e xaminat i ons re uire d by t h e .

diffe re n t rail roads 3 68 page s 88 ill us t rat ions

.
°
P ric e . .

PRE VE N TI ON OF RAILROAD ACCID ENTS , OR SAFETY IN RAILROAD IN G .

By G E ORGE B RAD S HA W .

This book is a hea rt to h e art t alk wi th Rail road E mpl oy ee s . de al ing wi th fac ts . n ot

W
- -

t h e ori es . and s h owi ng t h e m e n in t h e rank s . from e ve d ay m . h ow ac c ide n ts -

occ ur and h ow t h e y ma y be a voi de d The b ook is us t re wi t h se ve n origi n al .

ph o phs and drawin gs s h o wi ng t he s afe and uns a fe me t hods of work 0 vis i on

J
.

ary se e m es . no id e al pic t ure s us t la i n fac t s and P rac ti c al S es ti ons are gi ve n

. .

E very rail road e m pl o s e w h o re ads 9 book i s a b e t t e r and e r man to h a ve i n

rail road s e rvi ce lt . j
ves us t t h e i nf orma t i on wh i c h wi ll be th e m e ans of pre ve n ti ng
many i nj uri e s an d de a ths Al l rail road e m p l oy e es s h oul d proc ure a c op ; re ad i t .
'

fi
.

do y our part in pre ve n ti ng ac ci de n ts 1 6 9 pages oc k e t siz e F ull y l u t rate ti

O
. . . .

ce 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 O O 0 0 0 O O O O O O O 0 b a ce n t

TRAIN RULE EXAM INATI ON S M AD E EAS Y . By G E . . COLLIN GWOOD .

T hi s is t h e onl y prac t i c al work on t rain rul es in E ve ry de tail is c ove re d . and

a
t .

puz z li ng i nt s are e xp lai n e d in s i m l e . c om pre h e n vs 0. maki ng i t a prac ti c al

p
.

t re at i s e or th e Trai n D i atc h e r. h ngi n e ma n . Trai nman . an al l oth ers wh o ha ve t o

do wi t h t he move me n t s 0 t rain s Cont ai ns c om pl e t e and re lia b le i nformat i on of th e
.

S t andard Cod e of Train Rul es for si ngl e t rac k S h ows S ignals i n Col ors . as us e d on .

t he di ffe re n t road s E xp la i ns ful l y th e prac t i c a l appli ca t i on of train ord e rs .

. vi ng a
c le ar and d e fin i te un d e rs t and i ng of all ord e rs wh ich may b e us e d The m e a n an d .

ne c e s si t y for c e rt ai n rul es are e xp lai ne d i n s u c h a manne r t ha t th e s t ud e n t may ow

be y ond a doub t th e righ ts c onferre d under any ord e rs h e ay re c e i ve or t h e ac t i on m
25
 CATALOGUE OF GO OD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

q
re ui re d b y c e rt ai n rul e s A s nearly all road s re ui re t ral nm e n t o pass re gular e xa m i q
q
.

na ti ons . a c om pl e te se t of e xam i na t i on ues t i ons . wi t h t h e ir a ns we rs . are inc l ud e d

q
.

Th es e will e na b le t h e s t ude n t to pass t he re ui re d e xa m i na t i ons wi t h c re di t t o hi m s e lf

and t h e road for whi c h he works . 25 6 pages . F ul l y ill us t rat e d wi t h Trai n S i n als
m COIOI S m m '
. 0 o o c o o o a o c c O o a c c 3 g6 00

TH EWAL S CHAE RT AND OTHE R M OD E RN RAD IAL VALVE GEARS FO R

LOCO M OTIVE S By WM W Woo» . . . .

I f y ou woul d t horoug hl y u nde rs tand t h e Wals c hae rt V al ve G e ar you s h oul d poss e s s a

c op of t hi s book as t h e a ut h or t ak e s t h e pla i ne s t form of a s t e am e ngin e —a s t a t i o nn
— a
.

e in th e ro ugh t ha t will only t u rn i t s c rank i n one di re c t i on and from i t b ul l

—
p a mode rn l oc omot i ve e q ui pe d wi t h th e Wal s c h ae rt
.

w d h l
'
u i t h th a
p
e re e r s e
al ve G e a r c o m p l e te Th e poi n t s dis c us s e d are c l e a r ll us t ra te d ; t wo large fo ld i ng

W
. .

p la t e s t h a t s h o w t h e pos i t i ons of t h e val ves of b ot h i ns i e or out si de ad mi s s i on t yp e as .

we ll as t h e li nks and O of t h e e ar wh e n t h e c rank is at m n e di fi ere n t p oi n ts

.
'

i n i ts re vol ut ion are es val ua b le mak i ng t h e move me n t c l e ar Th es e e m pl oy

. .

s lidi ng c ard board mode ls w c h are c ontaine d in a poc k e t in t h e c ove r .

Th e b ook is di vi de d in to fi ve ge n e ral di vis i ons as foll ows : 1 Analy si s of t h e gear . . .

2 D e s igni ng and e rec

. t h e gear 3 Ad vantages of t h e ge ar 4 ue s t i ons an d
t h t h e Wal
. . . .

ans wers re la t to t he als c hae rt V al ve G e ar 5 S e t t i ng val ve s . .

sc h ae rt V al ve e ar ; t h e th re e rim ary t ype s of l oc om ot i ve va l ve m oti on ; m od ern

radial val ve ge ars ot h e r t h an t e Wals c hae rt ; t h e H obart Al l fl e e V al ve and V al ve -

q
G e ar wi t h ues t i ons and ans we rs on b re akdowns : t h e B ak e r Pilli od V al ve G e ar ; t h e -

q
.

I mprove d B ak e a Pil li od V al ve G e ar wi th ue s t ions and ans we rs on b re ak d owns . .

q
The ues t i ons w it h full answe rs vs u will b e es pe c i all y val ua b l e t o fi re me n and e ngi
ne e rs in pre a ri ng for an t ion for p rom ot ion 245 page s g
Thi rd R e vis e d
p o o o o o o o o o o
. .

E d i t ion P r 00 . 3 8 00 a a o o o o a a c .

WE S TIN GH OUS E E T AIR BRAKE I N S TRUCTI ON P OCKE T B OOK -

By -
.

WM W WOOD .
, A i r B r a k e I ns truc tor
.
-
.

H e re is a b ook for t h e ral lre ad mam and t he man who al ms to be one I t is wi th out
e d on t he W
.

do ub t t h e c o mple t e work E T l n c omot l ve B m ke -

E q ui pme nt B rak e i ns t ruc to r who

ri t te n us t what is ne e d e d
by an It
j
. .

c ove rs t he s ub E ve ry t hi ng a bout t he N e w
ec t t e s t l nghom e E and
Te nde r B rak e E q ui p me n t . t he s t anda rd N o 5 and t he No 6 . .

s t le of b rak a is t re a te d in de ta il ri t te n in pla in E rmiis h and pm fm e i y ill us t ra te d .

t h Coiore d P lat es whlc h e n abie one to t rac e th e fi o w of t h rougho ut t b e

q B q
.

e n t i re e ui pme n t Th e be s t b ook e ver publ is he d on t h e Ai r rait e E ual ly for

Will
m
. .

th e be gi nne r and t he ad vanc e d e ngi ne e r any one any t ion . .

I t i n forms and e n llg h te ns y ou on e very point is pmm bl e t o e ve ry e ng i ne man and .

Con tains mi nat i on

and ans we rs on t h e E T
e xa ui pm e n t ques tions
Co vering wha t -

W
.

t h e E T B rak e is H ow i t s h oul d be ope rat e d h a t t o 0 wh e n de fe c t i ve . N ot a

q
. .

ue s t ion c a n be as k e d of t h e e ngi ne ma n up for pro mot ion . on e i t h e r t h e N o 5 or t h e

q
.

N o 6 E T e ui pm e n t . t ha t is n ot as k e d and ans we re d in t he book

-
I f y ou wan t to
q
. .

t h oro ughl un de rs tan d t h e E T e ui p me n t ge t a c opy of t hi s book I t c overs e ve -

.

de t a il L es A ir B rak e t roub le s and e xami na t i ons e as y .

.
-
P ric e

M ACH I N E S H O P PRACTI CE -

AMERI CAN TOOL M AKIN G AND INTERCH AN G E AB LE M ANUEACTUR

ING . By J V . . WOO D WO RTH .

A s hoppy b ook c on t ai ni ng no t h e oriz i ng no rob le mat ical or e xpe rime ntal de vic es ;
P
. .

th e re are n o bad l y rO port i one d and i m pos si b e no c at al ogue c ut s . b u t a

val ua b l e c oll e c t i on 0 drawi ngs an d d es c ri t i ons of d e c es t h e ric h frui ts of t h e au t hor s
'
.

own e xpe ri e nc e I n i t s 5 00 odd as .e one s ub ec t only Tool M -

an d w ha t .

e ve r re lat e s t h e re to . i s de al t wi t h h e work s tan wi t h out a ri val It a c om pl e t e

. .

prac t i c al t re a t is e on th e art of A me ric an Tool M aki ng and s ys te m of i n t erc h ange ab le

man ufac t uri ng as carri e d on t o day in t he U ni te d S tate s I n i t are d es c ri be d and -
.

ill us t rate d all of t h e d i ffere nt t y pes and c lass e s of s mall tools . fixt ure s d e vi c es . and .

s pe c i al ap pl ianc e s whic h are in ge ne ral us e i n all mac hi ne ma nufac t uring and me t al -

worki ng e s t ablis hme n ts wh ere e c onomy c a t y and in e a bili t y in th e pro

d uc t ion of mac hi n e d me t al parts are i m pe rat ve The s ci e nc e of mak ing is e xh aus
. .

j
j
.

t i ve l y dis c us s e d and part i c ul ar a t t e nt i on i s paid to drill boring profili ng and mll ll

e d are loc ate d and fas t en g
.

fi xture s an d ot he r d e vi c es in whi c h t h e parts t o be

wi thi n t h e c on t ri vanc es Al l of t h e t ools fi xt ure s and de vi c es ill us t rate d and de
. . .

sc ri be d h a ve be e n or are us e d fo r th e ac t ual prod uc t i on of work s u c h as parts of dril l .

pre sse s la t hes pa t e n te d mac hi ne ry ty p e wri te rs e l e c t ric al a rparatus m e c hani c al ap

g
. . . . .

lianc es b ras s goods c om pos i t i on parts mould rod uc t s . a e e t me t al art icl es dro
p
. . . .

orgi ngs . j e we l ry . watch es . me dals . c oi ns . etc l pages Pric e 84 . 0 . .

26
 CATALOG UE OF G OOD PRACTICAL B OOKS

MACH INE S H OP ARITHM E TI C

-
. B y CO LVIN CHE NE Y -
.

This is an ari th me ti c of th e th i ng s y ou have to do wi t h da il y . I t te lls y ou plainl y

a bou t : h ow to fi nd ar m
in figure s ; how t o fi nd su rfac e or vol um e of bal ls or s ph e re s ;
h andy wa s for c al c ulati ng ; about c om und gearing ; c ut sc re w t h re ad s on an y
ll
l at h e : d ri i ng for t aps : s of d ri t aps . e mery wh e e grinds to ne s . mil li ng
c ut t e rs . e t c all ab out t h e s t rie sy s t e m wi t h c on vers i on t ab l es ; prope rti es of m e tal s ;
s t re ngt h of b ol ts and n ut s ; de c ima l e ui val e n t of an inc h All sort s of m ac hi ne s h op q .
-

fig uring and ot h e r t hi ngs . any one of whic h 0 t t o be wort h more than

th e
e di on.
ric e of t h is book
13 1 page s . m
u . and i t save s you th e troub e of bot h e ring t he boss 6 th .

M OD E RN MACHINE S H OP CON STRUCTI ON, E UIPME NT AND M AN -

Q
AGE M E N T B y OS CAR E PE RRI GO . . .

Th e onl y work pub lis he d that d esc ri be s t h e M ode rn S hop or M anufac turing P lant
from t h e t i me t he rass is growl on t h e si t e int end e d for i t un t i l t h e fi ni sh e d prod uc t
us t tg e b ook ne e ds
J ? b y th os e c onte mplat ing t he e re c ti on of mode rn sh op
gn
is Si
b ull ] t h e re bui ldi ng and re organi z at i on of old one s or t h e i n t rod uc ti on o f M od ern .

Si e t h ods t i me and c os t s y s t e ms I t is a b ook wri tt e n and i ll us t rat e d b y a rac

n
t ig s h O p ma n for p rac t i c al s h Op me n wh o are t oo bus y t o re ad t h e ori e s and wa n t f
) . .

ac ts

W g 88
.

I t is t he mos t c om pl e te all round book of i ts kind e ver pub li s h e d 400

-
wam .

22 orig inal and s pe c i all y mad e ill us trati ons d Re vi s e d and

E32
8
?on 5 O
i 8 13
-
.

. 1flw
.
0 O O O 0 O O 0 0 O O O O O O O 85 0

”
SH OP KINK S By ROB E RT GRm s HAw
. .

A book of 400 page s and 222 illus t rat i ons be ing e n t ire l y di fl e re n t from any ot he r .

book on ma chi n e S hOp prac t ic e D e part -

from c on ve n t i onal s is th e aut hor . .

avoi ds un i ve rs al or c om mon s h op us age and t s his work t o s h o s pe c i al wa s

of doing t hi ng s b e t te r more c h e a l y an d m ore rapi dly th an us ual . a re s ul t 0 .

ad vanc e d m e t h ods of re s c u t a ve es t ab lis h me n t s of t he w orl d are plac e d at th e

di s of t he re ade r T book s h ows t h e roprie t or whe re large sa vi ngs are poss i bl e
.
.

an how prod uc t s may b e i m ro ve d To e e m loye e i t h ol ds out es t i ons th a t . .

ro e rl ap pli e d will has t e n ad vanc e me n t 0 s hop c an afford to wi t h out i t

Pg y
. . .

t ri s t as wi t h val uab le wri nkl e s and h e l pful s ugge st ions I t wil l be ne fi t al l . from .

E very mac hi nis t at an y age . sh oul d s tudy i ts pages

383
a re n t i c e ttr propri e t or 1
o o a o o o a o
. .
.

t l on . p ri 00 o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 $ 0

THREAD S AND TH READ CUTTING . B y COLVIN and STAB E L .

This c l e ars up many of t h e m as of t h re ad c ut ti ng . s uc h as dou bl e and t ri l a

g
-

t h re ad s . in t e rnal th re ads . c a g th re ads use of hobs . e t c Con t ains a l ot of nae ul .

hi nts an d se veral t ab le s Thi rd e di t i on ric e . s o c e nts . P

EVE R D A Y
E N — Y
G INE RING THE B E S T M E CHANI CAL M AG AZINE ON E
TH E M ARK E T ONL ONE D OLLAR AND FIFT CENTS A E AR . Y Y Y
FOR TWE LVE NUMBE RS SUB S CRIB E To D AY .
-
.

E ve ry prac t i c al man ne e ds a magaz in e whi c h will te ll him how to mak e and do t hings .

A mon t hl y m agaz i n e de vot e d to rac t i c al me c ha ni cs for e ve ry d ay m e n I t s aim is -

.

to o ulariz e e ng ine e ri ng as a e nc e te ac hin g t h e e e n ts of appli e d m e c ha ni c s

P
.

an( e e c t rl c i t y i n a s t rai gh t forward and un ders t an ds l e mann er Th e e .

mai n tains i ts own e x pe ri me n t al la bora t ory wh e re th e de vi c e s de s c ri be d in art i c l e s .

s u b mi t t e d to t he E di to r are fi rs t t ri e d ou t and te s te d b efore th e y are uh lis h e d This .

im port an t inn ovat i on l ac e s t he s t andard of t h e pub l i s he d mate ri ve ry h igh . and

i t i ns ure s ac c urac y an de pe ndab ili t y g
W
.

T he magaz in e is th e onl y on e in t his c ount ry in rac t i c al m od e l b uil d

i ng . A rt i c l es in t iss ue s ha ve gi ve n c om pre ve de s igns or man y mode l b oat s .

i n c l udin g su b ma e s and Chas e rs mod e l s t e am and gas olin e e n gin es e l e c t ri c m otors . .

and e ne rat ors e t c e tc This fe a t ure is a pe rmane n t on e in th e m agaz i ne

. . . . .

A not e r popular de pa rtm e n t is t h at de vo te d to aut omob il e s and airplan e s Care .

.

m ain te n anc e an d O pe ra t i on re c e i ve full an d aut hori t at i ve t re a t m e n t E ve ry art i c l e

wgs
.
.

is o m t he prac t i c al e very d ay man st andpoi nt rat h e r t han from t ha t of t h e

-
i
t
-
. .

pro 0

Th e magaz i n e e n te rt ains ournal of whil e i t ins t ruc t s

rac t i c al . de a dah i o
I t is a . j
i nform at i on ve n in a as s i m i l a
st l e t ha t i t ma y b e re adi l y
and a ii by the
g
p
.

man wi t h li t t e or no te c c al h e ai mj is t o pl ac e be fore e man w h o

l e a ns t o ward prac t ic al m e c hani cs a es f c on c is e . c ris p . re ad a b l e t al k s on w hat
is goin g on an d how i t i s done Th e s e art i c l e s are profus e l y ill us t rate d wi t h' c l e a r.
j
.

sna y ph otogra p hs . s pe c i ali to ill us t rat e t he s u b e c t in t h e magaz i ne s own

st u O b y i t s own s t aff of te c c all y t rai ne d ill us t ra to rs and e di to rs -
.

Th e s ub sc ri pt i o n pri c e of t h e m aga z i ne i s pe r ye ar of twel ve numbers.

S a m pl e co py se n t o n re c e i p t of fi f te e n c e n ts .

b i e r your sub sc ri pti on to t hi s prac t i c al magaz i n e wi t h us.

27
 CATALO GUE OF G OOD , PRACTICAL B OOKS

a val uab l e e di t i on to an y mac hi ni s t 8 li b rary . and s ho ul d b e c ons ul t e d wh e n e ve r a

’

ne w or di ffi c ul t j ob is to be do ne . wh e t h e r i t is bor t urn i ng . or laning .

as t h e y are all t re ate d in a prac t ical mann er
.

F ift h ‘ t ion
.

3 0 pages 25 0 u é
nf p
o o
. . .

a o o 0 0 O O
38 6 0 0

Y Y
HE NL E S E N C CLOPE D IA OF P RACTI CAL EN G INE E RIN G AND ALLIE D
’

TRAD E S Edite d by JOS E F H G H O RN E R, A M I M e s h E

. . . . . . .

This b oo k prac t i ce Of Ci vil and M e c ha nic al E ngi ne e ri ng

c ove rs t he e n t i re The .

b e s t kn o wn i n all b ran c he s o f e ngi ne e ring ha ve c on t ri b ute d to t he s e vol um es

ex .

The C3 y7d o is adm irab l y we ll ada p t e d to t he ne e ds o f t he be gin ne r and t he s e lf

t a ug h t prac t i c al ma n as w e ll as t h e me c hani c al e ngi ne e r de s ig ne r. draft s man . s hop
. .

s upe rin t en de n t fore man and mac hi ni s t . .

I t is a mod ern t re at is e in fi ve vol ume s H an ds ome l y b ound i n half m oroc c o e ac h .

.

vol um e c on t ai ni ng ne arl y 5 00 page s wi t h t hous and s oi ill us t rat i ons in c l udi ng di a

’
. .

t i c and s e c t ional dra wi ng s wi th full e x planato ry de tail s F or t he c om l e t e

ga
.

se t of fi ve vol um es .
o

M OD EL M AKIN G Inc luding Works hop Prac tic e , D e sign and Cons truc tion of
M ode ls Edite d by RAYM O ND F YATE S Edi tor Of E ve ryday E ngi nee ring
. . .

M agaz ine .

Thi s b ook doe s de s c ri be t he c ons truc t i on of to y s

not I ts page s are de vot e d to mode l .

e ngi ne e ri ng an d t h e me c hani c al s c i e nc es ass oc i a te d wi th i t I t c on tai ns de sc ri t ions .

wi t h ill us t rati ons of t he c om le t e mode l s mad e b y s ome of t h e 1 mod e l ee rs

i n this c oun try I t is t he o y book pub lis he d on t hi s i m portant s ub e c t
. .

The fi rs t part of t h e b ook is de vote d to t he me c hanical s ci e n c es and proc emes re late d

t o mode l e ngi ne e r and me c ha ni cs in To t he ine xp e ri e n ce d work ma n wh o
wi s he s to mak e m e is b ut i s u n trai n ? in t he fundam e n tal m e c h ani c s t hi s b ook will .
.

afford all t he i nf orma ti on ne c e s s ary F or t he e x rie nc e d me c hani c t he re are man

e .

me c hani c s no ma t te r how we p
.

hint s and s hort c ut s t ha t will be found he l pful . .

t raine d k now how t o mak e t h e i r own a t t e rns Y e t a c ompl e te t re a ti s e on t his i m

P
.
.

t c raft is gi ve n Th e same holds e in re gard t o t he in t e l li ge n t use of ab rasi ves

.

t h e home s h op This . too is c om pl e t e l y c o vere d in a way t hat wi ll not on l y he l p t h e

rme r b ut t e ac h t h e t rai n
. .

e d m an a fe w t hings t hat h e may not have un d e rs t ood;

fi ore I n s h ort t he fore part Of t h e b ook will pre pare m e n to m ore t horoughl y under
m
. .

s t an d t h e proc e s s es c onn e c te d wi t h odel mak ing no mat te r what t he ir s t andi ng .

Thi s b ook will h e l p y ou to b e c om e a be t t er me c hani c I t is full of our for t h os e .

who lik e t o mak e t hi ngs ama t e ur and p rofe s s i ona l ali k e . I t has .

pe c i al l y for me n wi t h me c hani cal ho b b ies S om e ma y b e e ngi ne e rs jew .

. .

e l e rs pa t t ern mak e rs On c e c l erks or ba nk re s i de nt s M e n from vari ous walks of

g
.
.

life ha ve a in tere s t in m ode l e e r ig M O D E"L M AK“I N G wi ll b e a he l and

g
.

an i ns p i ra on t o s uc h m e n I t t e ll s t e rn how to d o how to mak e

"
and . inge r - - - -

in s im ple unde rs ta nda b le te rms

. N ot onl y t his i t is full of c l e ar work i ng
. .

drawi ngs and pho t o ra phs Of t h e mod e l s an d a parat us des cri E ac h m o de l has
b e e n c ons t ruc te d an ac t uall y works if i t i s g e ac c ordi ng t o di re c t i ons .

300 ill us t rat i ons P ric e .

M ARI N E E N G I N E E RI N G
TH E NAVAL ARCH I TE CT S AND S H I PB UILD E R S P OCKETB O OK Of ’ ’
.

Formulae , Rules and Ta les and M arine E nginee r s and Surve yor s Handy
’
,
’
b
Book of Re fere nce B y CLE ME NT M ACK B OW and LLO YD WOOLL ARD . .

The e l e ve n t h re vis e d and e e di t i on of t his mos t c om re he ns i ve w ork has us t j

be e n imue d I t is a bs ol u te l y in
.
pe ns ab le to all e ngage d e S hi pb uil di ng I n dus t ry .

as i t c onde ns es in t o a c om pac t form all da t a an d form uiml t ha t m are y re ui re d

The book is c om ple t e l y up to da t e inc l udi ng among ot h e r s ub e c ts a m t on on . j g
Au onaut im
'
7 5 0 page s li mp le a t he r bi ndi ng
. P ri c e . 86 00 . .

—
M ARINE E NGINE S AND B OILE RS THE IR D E S I G N AND CON STRUC
TI ON TH E S TAND ARD B OOK
. . B y D R G B AU E R, LE S LI E S RO B E RTS O N
. . .

and S B RYAN D O NK I N
. .

I n t he words Of D r B auer t he res en t work owe s i t s origi n to an oft fe l t want of a

. .

c on de ns e d t re a t is e e m bod yi ng t e t he ore t i cal and prac t i c a l m i s s us e d in de s igni n g

marine e ngi nes an d b oil e rs T he ne e d of su c h a work h as be e n fe l t b y m os t e n .

gine ers e ngage d in t he c on st r uc t i on and w orki n g of mari ne e ngi ne s not on l y t he

i
.

ou ng e r me n b ut als o b y t hos e O f gre a t e r e xpe ri e n c e T he fac t t ha t t he Or gi nal

n work was wri t te n b y t he c hi e f e ngi n eer of t h e fa mous V ul can Work s S te t t i n
. .

is i n i ts e lf a guaran te e t ha t t his book is in all res pe c t s t h oroughl y up to d ate and

.

- -
.

29
 —
f ha

l
s

ay
“
» ou
e r

t
”
“
(

u
m
m
m
i -
-

l v —
t r
.

n
‘
I -

r
i

-
‘

fl
t
‘

x a
lfl

M m s m m fl h flr ‘ fi — fi t n m

”A y m a msn t m r n
Ba u m
t- Ifi h

M fln mar am a m “ m m u e m uw m h m
fm
'
f . z e- a e . . -
l 7 i i u s s -au ra :

M I XI N G
ORE D EPOS ITS , ‘ ITH A CHAPTER ON HI I TS TO PROS PB CTORS .
i t y 1 l Ji nn-m s
’
. . .

l h is tu fi t l vn a a s wi m aa l m km wn l n Sa l th
‘
t d t h e ore de pd u at
A os m i i i- ai m i n tn wi n i as a n nde w t h e pros pe c t or an e i e m e n ta ry k no wi
i n ord e r to w mh
.

M i ra M -
n aod v m mi ni ng e s pe ria we are m
o mi t "to t haw rural i tira t irm i t wi ll ma te riall y ami ss one in hi s a rc h fa mo .

t s tittw mn mi rwral t m rre n m and so fa r as si m p l e ore s .

Mr m ore ide a of t he pd hi ii t iea of any

7 g" '
1
0
0
“ O 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 O 0 O
W ACTICAL COAL MINING . By T H Coc e . . .

An tuumrt tm t work mmt a ini n 428 page s and 213 ill us t rat ions c om ple te wi th prac t i c al
.
. .

t lt l tt l ltl wi t h . wi ll i n t ui t i ve l m part to t he re ad e r not onl y a ge n e ral knowle dge of t he

}
'

y j
.

n i m i pim t mml mi ni ng rut als o c o ns ide ra b le ins igh t i n to allie d s ub e c ts Th e

I
'

ro u l l tm in mu l t i vo l y l l t Lt H l nN i n e ve r
. .

y i ns ta nc e and s hou ld be in t he hands of e ve ry

- '
.

m ille t v mott lmw -

m ult is t mi me ope rator s o
. nte n de n t fore m an . and all ot h e rs
. . .

who on e i nto rm tm i n o r c o nne c t ed wi t h t he in us t ry Thi rd e di ti on .

l l l YNl i fli AND CHE M I STRY OF M ININ G

'
. By T H B Y ROM . . .

A l wo rk fo r t he us e of all pr o rari ng fo r e xami nat ions in mi ni ng or ualif ng

l l l i l l ti
‘ ‘
q
yi
'l i
l t m l l lot v tt ntttt uors t o rt l tl t tt tt vt
o u
' '
l to tri m of t he aut hor i n t hi s e xc e ll e n t b oo
'

is
'
- '

l “I'lt ‘t ' t lmt

.

twoum t ho n o t lor us e ful um i a ut hori t a t i ve dat a whi c h wi ll re nd e r hi m

Y
'

u l u" ti" on l mum i n his s t udie s I T he o n l y wo rk of i t s ki n d p ub li s he d T he in

lt o m o t io n tttm r o ram l i n i t will
p pr ove o f t he gre a t e s t prac t i c al ut i li t y to s t u de n t s
. .

.
to l i ll l o oo ll lory l ontta e rs and all ot he rs who are s pe c i al l y int e res te d i n t he

m
.

! t w o 1 x i ts i nte n t o f min on i l‘i l l l lt‘l l l ll S e c ond e d i ti on re vi s e d 1 88

i
a a s a a
. .
.
.
t . l S”
'
a t a a a o a s a a a o

30
 CATALOG UE OF GO OD , PRACTI CAL B OOK S

P ATTE RN M AK I N G

PRACTI CAL PATTERN M AKIN G . By F . W . Banaows .

T hi s book now in i ts se c ond e di t ion is a c ompre h e ns i ve and e n tire l prac ti cal tre atis e
t t e rn mak i ng . iil us t ra ti 1 3 m work in be ‘ wood and me tal .
m g
.

on t h e s u b e c t of
and wi t h adul t s trac ti ons on the use p t e r of paris in th e t rade It } .

s pe c i fi c and de t aile d de s c ri pt i ons of t h e ma te ri als use d b pa t t e rn mak e rs an de

s c ri bes t h e t ools bot h th os e for t h e b e nc h and t he more
. te re s ti ng machi ne tools ;
ha ving c om pl e te c hap t ers on t h e L at he the Ci rc ular S aw and t he B a nd S a w I t gi ves . . .

M pi c e of pa t te rn work e ac h one full y ill us t rate d and e xplaine d wi t h muc h

y d
Ti M
.

b e e x mpl e s i n th t vari e t y m uc h that will be foun d of

a s
.

te rc e t o pa t e rn mak ers pe c i al l y t e y ounger one s . wll o are s e e ki ng .

i nforma ti on on th e more ad vance d b ranc hes of t he i r trade .

I n t hi s se c on d e di t ion of the work will be found m uc h t hat is ne w e ve n to t h os e who .

have is p rac t is e d t hi s e xac t i ng t rad e I n t he de s c ri ti on of pat t e rns as ad a pte d

p
.

t o th e o M ac hi ne many di ffi c ul ti es whi c h ha ve ong pre ve n te d t h e rapi d and

e c onomi c al p not i on of m t i s are overc om e ; an d t his gre a t ne w b ran c h of t h e
t rad e is gi ve n m uc h
n
t ' p imng pla t e and s t ool pla t e work and t h e l es s e s pe n f
.

p
.

s i ve vi bra tor or rap plate we r ‘ are all e xplai ne d in de tail

. .

Pl ain e ve ry day rul es for l

. t h e c os t of pat te rns wi t h a c om pl e t e of
c os t k e e pi ng a de t ail e d me t h od 0 marki ng ap plic able t o all b ranc hes of
. e t rad e . .

wi th c om ple te i nformation s he what the pa t te rn is i t s s pe c ifi c ti t l e i ts c os t . . .

date of p roduc t i on mate rial of w c h i t is made th e num ber of pie c es and c ore
. .

boxes an d i ts loc ati on in the pat te rn safe all c ondens e d i nto a m os t c om ple t e card .

rec ord wi t h c ross in de x

. .

Th e book c l os es wi t h an original and rac tic al me t hod for the in ve n t ory and valua
ti on of patt erns Containing ne arly . page s and 1 7 0 ill us t rations Pri c e 89 5 0 . .

P E RFU M E RY

pu rs u e s m r c os mm c s m m pas p m u on Aim m u nc
TURE B y G . . W As m s ou, Pe rfumer
. .

A c om pre h e ns i ve tre ati s e . in whi c h t h e re has b e e n ne omi t t e d th at c ould b e of

val ue t o t he
for maki ng e!
d M
or or man ufac t ure r of t oil e t
m
t ons Com pl e te dire c t i ons
ts . sac h e ts . fumi ga
?
“
w .

mE “ d
pre parat i ons for t he care o t h e ski n th e mou th . t h e hair. c os me t i cs . y e s an
ot he r t oil e t art i c l e s are gi ve n . als o a e t ail e d d e s cri p ti on of aroma t i c s u bs ta nc es ; t he i r d
nature . te s t s of purl and whol e s al e ma nufac t ure . in c l uding a c hapt er on n t he ti c
{ s
.

pro duc ts . wi th for t h e i r us e A b ook of ge n e ral . as we ll as pro fe

W
c o al in . .

t eres t . me e t ing t he want s not onl y of th e druggis t and e man ufac t ure r. b ut
als o of the gen e ral public A mong t h e c on te n t s are : L h e H is to ry of P eri um
.
'

2 Ab out Aroma tic S ubs t anc es in G e neral

. 3 Od ors from th e V e ge tab lke, . .

Th e A romati c V e ge t a ble S ubs t anc es E m p lo e d in P erf ume ry S ub

st anc es U s e d in Pe rfum e ry 6 The Ch e mi c a l uc t s U s e d in erf me ry 7 Th e E x
. P u
trac t i on of Odors 8 Th e 8 ai Charac t e ris fi cs of Arom a t ic S ubs t anc es
. . 9 Th e Adul . .

te rati on of E s se n tial Oils an The i r Re c ogni t ion 10 8 th e t ic P roduc ts 1 1 Ta bl e of . . . .

i Pro pe rti es of Aromatic Ch e mi c als 12 Th e c m or E x t rac t s E m ploy e d

Fru
lam
ga
e rfuma y
-
'
13 D ire c t i ons for M
. th e M os t I m portan t E sse n c es and E xt rac t s
.
. .

14 Th e D i vis i on of P e rfumc
. e ry 15 e M anufac t ure of H an dk erc hie f P erfum es . . .

16 F ormulas for H andk erc hie f P erfumes

. 1 7 A mm oni ac al and Ac i d P erfume s . . .

1 8 D ry Perf umes
. 19 F ormulas for D ry P erf um es . The P erfum es U se d for
. .

F umigati on 21 An ti s e ti c and Th erape uti c V al ue of P erf um e s 22 Class i fi c at i on of

f
. . . .

0d ' m 23 So me S pec ia P e rfume ry P roduc ts

O . 24 H y gi e n e and Cosme ti c P erfume ry . .

25 P re ps s a ti ons for t he Care of th e S ki n

.
-
26 M anufac t ure of Cas ei n 27 F orm ulas . . . .

for E mulsi ons 28 F ormulas for Cre am . 29 F ormulas for M e als . P as t e s and V e g9
. .

t able M i lk 30 P re parati ons U se d for t he H air

. . 3 1 F ormulas for H air Toni c s and . .

B a nne rs 32 Pomades and H ai r O ils 33 F orm ulas for t h e M an ufac t ure of

W
. . . .

m
Po ades and H air O ils 34 H air D y e s and D e p ila t orl es 35
. ax P omades . B ande
. . .

line s and B rillia n ti nes 36 Ski n Cos m e ti cs and F ac e L ot i ons 3 7 P re para ti ons for
W
. . . .

th e N ai l s 38 ate r S oft e n e rs and B at h Sal ts

. . P re t i ons for th e Care of t h e .

M ou t h 40 Th e Col ors U se d in P erfum c

. . e ry Th e t ons il s U s e d in th e Toile t . .

F ourth e di ti on m uc h enl a ge d and b rough t up date N e arly pages . ill us t

r o
- -
.

t rat e d P ric e .
86 00
I S SA I D O F T H I S B O K WH AT O
The m os t sa ti s fac t o ry work on t h e s ub e c t of P erf um“
e ryy t hat we ha ve e ver se e n
We fe e l s afe i n sa yi ng t ha t he re i s a book on P erfum e ry th at wi ll not d is ap poin t y ou
j .

for i t has prac t ic al and e xc e ll e n t form ul aa t h a t are wi t hin y our abili t y t o pre pare
re adil y
We re c omm e nd t h e vol um e as worth y of c onfi de nc e and say t h at no purc has e r will be .

dis appoi n te d in se c uring from i ts page s good val ue for i ts c os t . and a large di vi den d

31
 CATAL OG UE OF GOOD , P RACTI CAL BO OKS

use of le ad ; aut oma t ic as e lift ; aut oma t ic su m p t ank : c oun t ry pl um b c ons t ruc
t ion of c es s pools ; se ti e and aut oma ti c s e wag e s i ph on ; c oun t ry pl um ing ; wat e c
of wat er mai ns and se rvi c e b

m
l y for c oun t ry ouse ; tha e l e c t ri c i t y ; dou b le
fi
su
llg
b o rs ; h ot wat e r su ppl y of large aut oma ti c c on t rol of ot wa t er tank
e s t i on for es t i mat i ng
pl um b i ng c ou on 407 oc t avo e s . full y ill us trate d y 58 b
g
.

l hi rd . re vis e d an d e nl arge d e dit i on us t i ss ue d P ric e

‘
ull page e ngravi ngs
-
. .

STAND ARD PRACTI CAL PLUMB ING . By R . M STARB U CK

. .

A c om le ts prac t i c al t re at i s e of 45 0 page s c ove ri ng t h e su b e c t of M odern Plumb

‘

i n al l t s branc h es a large amoun t of s pac e de vo t o a ve ry c om pl e te

t ac t i c al t re at m e n t of t h e su b e c t of H ot Wat e r
.

j
uppl y and Ci rc ula t i on and R ange
ll er Work I t s t hi rt y c hapte rs inc l ud e about e ve ry phas e of t h e su b e c t one c an j
j
.

t hink of making i t an indis pe ns ab le work t o t h e mas t e r pl um be r t h e ourne y man

. .

plu mb e r. and th e appre n ti c e pl umbe r c on taini ng c hapte rs on : t h e pl um b e r s t ool s

'

wi pi ng solde r ; c om t i on and use ; oi nt wi pi ng ; le ad work ; t raps ; s i ph o

.

j of
t r ps ; ve n t i ng ; c on t uous ve n t i ng ; h ouse se we r and se we r c onn e c t i ons ; h ous e
a
s o l pi pi ng rough ing ; main t rap and fre sh air inl e t ; fi oor y ard c e ll ar drains
. rai n , . .

l e ad e rs e t c ; fi xt ure was te s ; wat e r c l os e t s ; ve n tilat ion ; i m prove d

. . l um b c onn e c
ti ons ; re s i de nc e pl um b i ng ; l um b i ng for h ote ls sc h ools . fac t o es . s t ab es e tc
t rati on of s e wage and wa te r s uppl y ; h ot and c old
. .
.

m ode rn c ount r l u m b i ng ;
s uppl y : range o e gg
c i rc ul at ion ; c i rc ul at i ng pi pe s ; range b oil e r prob l e ms ; h ot
wat e r for large b uil dings ; wate r lift and i ts us e ; m ul t i ple c onne c t ions for h ot wa
b oil e rs ; h e a t of radi at i on b ‘ s u l y s y s t e m ; t h e ory for
t he plum b e r ill us trate d b y
. 7 e ngravi ngs P ric e f
g .

RE CI PE B OO K

HENLE Y S TWE NTIETH CENTURY B O OK OF RE CIPE S , FORMULAS AND

’

PRO CE S S E S Edit e d by G ARDN E R D B rac os . . .

val ua b l e Te c hn o c h e mi c al F orm ul a B ook uhlish e d. incl udi ng over

-

se l e c te d s c i e n tifi c . c h e mi c al . t e c h n ol ogi c a l . and prac t c al re c i pes and proc esses .

Th is is t h e m os t c om pl e te B ook of F orm ul as e ve r pub li s h e d . gi vi ng t h ous ands of

re c i pe s for t h e manufac ture of val ua b l e art ic l e s for e ve ryday use H i n ts . H e l ps . .

P rac t i c al I de as . and Se c re t P roc e s s e s are re ve al e d wi th i n i t s page s I t c ove rs e ve ry

j
.

b ranc h of t h e us e ful arts and t e ll s t hous ands of ways of mak ing m one y . and i s t he
b ook e ve ry on e sh oul d have at hi s c ommand .

M ode rn i n j
i t s t re at me nt of m a y sub e c t th at pro e rl y fall s wi t hi n i ts sc ope th e book
p
.

may trut b e s aid t o pre se n t t h e ve ry la te s t 0rm ulas t o b e found i n t h e arts and

i ndus t ri e s t o re t ai n t h ose proc ess es whi c h l e xpe ri e nc e h as pro ve n wort h of a
o
gs j
.

pe rman e n t re c ord To pre se nt h e re e ve n a limi

. n um b e r of t h e su b e c t s whio fi nd
a plac e i n t his val ua b le work woul d b e diffi c ul t S uffic e t o s ay t ha t i n i t s pa ge s will .

b e foun d ma t te r of i n te nse in te re s t and i mm e as urabl y prac t ic al val ue t o th e sc i e n t ifi c

amat e u r and t o hi m who wis he s t o ob t ain a k n owl e of t h e man y roce sses use d in
th e arts t rade s and manufac t ure a k nowl e dge whi
. wil l re nde r . purs ui t s more
i nst ruc t i ve and re m une rat i ve S e rvi ng as a re fe re n c e book t o t h e s mall and large
.

manufac t urer and s uppl yi ng i nt e l lige n t se e k e rs wi t h t h e in forma t i on n ec ess ary t o

c onduc t a roos es t h e work wil l b e found of i nes t i mab l e wort h t o t h e M e t all urgi s t t h e
. .

Pho t h e P e rfume r t h e P ain te r t h e M anufac t ure r of G l ues Pas t as Ce m e n t s .

B
. . . .

and uc age s t h e Com pounde r of A ll oy s t h e Cook t h e P

. c l an t h e D ruggi s t t h e . . . .

E l e c t ric ian . th e B re we r th e E r ine e r t h e F oundryman th e ac hi ni s t t h e Pot te r th e

g
. . . . .

Tann er. t h e Confe c t i one r t h e hiropodis t t h e M ani c ure t h e M anufac t ure r of Ch e m

. . .

i c al N ove l ti e s and Toil e t P re t i ons t h e D ye r t h e E l e c t ro plat e r t h e E nam e l e r t h e

E ngrave r th e P rovis i on e r t e G lass Work e r th e G ol dbe ate r t h e Wat c h mak e r t h e
. . . .

. . . . .

Je we le r t h e H at M ak e r t h e I nk M anufac t ure r t h e O pt ic i an th e F armer th e D ai ry

man t h e Pape r M ak e r th e Wood and M e tal Work e r t h e Chandl e r and Soap M ak er.
. . . . .

. . .

t h e V e te ri nary S urge on and t h e Te c hn ologi s t i n ge n e ral. .

A mine i nforma t ion and u h to d at e i n e ve ry res pe c t

of . A b ook wh ic h will prove of
- -
.

val ue t o E V E R Y O N E as i t c ove rs e ve ry b ranc h of th e U se ful Arts

. E ve ry h ome .

ne e ds t hi s b ook ; e ve offi c e . e ve ry fac t ory e ve ry s t ore e ve ry pub li c and pri vat e e n

te rprise —E V E R Y W E RE ? — .

s h oul d h ave a c opy 800 page s P ric e . .

WH A T I S SAI D OF TH I S B OO K :

Y our Twe n t ie th Ce n t ury B ook of Rec i F orm ul as and P m es d . re ce i ve d .

I am glad t o ha ve a c opy of i t and if I c o d n ot r lac e i t mon e y c oul dn t ’

u it It
g
s Wis
. . .

is t h e be s t t hi ng of t h e sort I e ve r sa w M E TRU X S parta

"

( Sign . . . .
~
. .

Th e re are fe w pe rs ons wh o woul d not b e a bl e t o fi nd i n t h e book so me i s fo

tl r t woul d re pay se veral t i me s t h e c os t of t h e book — M e rchants Recor and S how
’

a
.

v ' ndow
r
.
 CATALOGUE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOK S

I purc has e d y our b ook H e nl e y s Twe n t i e t h Ce n t ury B ook of Re e l F orm ul as and

’

P roc e s s e s about a y e ar ago and i t is wort h i ts we igh t in oold M H Men u .

’ "
. . .

B e nni ngt on . V t .

WO RTH
TH R E E H U N D RE D D OLL A R S
TH E B OO K
O n c l ose e xami nat ion of y our Twe n t ie t h Ce nt ury Re c ei pt B ook I fi n d i t t o be a
’
.

ve ry val ua b l e and us e ful book wi th t h e very be s t of prac t i c al in format i on o bt ai nab le .

Th e ric e of th e book is ve ry s mall i n c om . n t o t he be ne fi ts whi c h o n e c an

ob n from i t I c ons i de r t he book worth y t hre e h undre d dollars t o any on e
"

—D a A C S rs rrs N e w Y ork
. .

'
. . . . .

ON E OF TH E WO RL D S M O S T U S E F UL B OO K S
“ ’

Som e t im e ago I got one of your Twe n ti e t h Ce n t ury B ooks of F ormul as

'
. and have
mad e m li vi ng fro m i t e ver si nc e I am al one s i nc e m y h us band s de at h wi t h t wo
'
.

s mall dre n t o c are for and am s o hard t o s upport t h e m I h ave c us to m ers .

wh o t ake from m e Toil e t Arti c l e s p ut up foll owing di re c t i ons gi ve n i n t h e b ook.

and I have found e ve ry one of t h e m t o b e fi ne —M as J H M c M axnx . We s t Tol e do. .

.
"
. . .

O hi o .

RU BB E R

RUB BER HAND STAMPS AND THE M ANIPULATI ON OF IND IA RUBBE R .

By T O Cox oa Sw ans
’
. .

This book ves full d e ta ils on all oints . tre ati ng in a c onc is e and si mpl e manne r th e
e l e me n ts 0 ne arl y e ve ry t h i ng t g
n e c e ss ary t o und ers t and for a c om me nc e m e n t in
any b ra nc h of th e I nd i a R u b b r M a n u fa c t ur e T h e m a ki gng o f all ki nds of R u b ba '
.

H and S ta mps . S mall Art ic l es of I nd ia Rubb er. U 8 G o ve rn me n t Com t i on D at i ng . . .

H and S t amps . t h e M ani pula ti on of S hee t Rubb er. Toy B all oons . I n R u b be r S ol u
ti ons . Ce me n ts . B lac ki ngs . Re nova V arnis h . and Tre at me n t for I ndia R ub b e r
S hoes . e tc ; th e H e kt o gra h S ta mp n ks . and M is c el lan e ous N ot es . wi t h a S hort
ll e c ti on and M anufac t ure of I n dia Rub be r . are se t forth

m
A c c oun t of t h e D is c ove ry .
i n a ma nner de signe d t o be m e es c -
. th e e
p l ana t i on m
s b e i ng pl ain and s im ple
g
.

I nc l uding a c hapte r on R ub be r M and tru nk i n ; als o a c l t t e r on t he

us es of rub be r i n S urgery and D en tis t ry hird re vis e d an e nl arge d . ti on 17 5 g a
g .

HE NLE S TWE NTIETH CENTUR

Y ’
B OOK OF RE CIPE S , FORM ULAS Y
AND P ROCES SE S Edite d by GARD NE R D H rsc ox . . .

Con tai ns u ward of prac t i cal re c ei pts in c l udi ng among the m formul as on .

art ifi c ial ru ber . Pri c e

S AWS

SAW FILING S AND MANAGE ME NT OF SAWS . By ROB E RT Gam s naw .

A prac t i c al hand book on fil ing gumming -

hamme ri ng and th e b raz i ng of .

band sa ws t h e a re e d work and

.

war t o run s aws e tc A hand y book for

g
. . . .

th ose wh o have c arge of sa ws or or t h ose mec hani cs wh o do t h e i r own fili ng as i t deals

. .

wi t h t h e prope r aha and pi tc h es of sa w te e t h of all ki nds and ves many us e ful hints
and rul es for se t ti ng and fil ing and is a prac ti c al ai t o th ose who us e sa ws
. .

for any urpos e Com ple te ta b l es of prope r 8118 0 pi tc h and s aw t eeth as we ll as

5
.

si z e s an num be r of te e t h of various s aws are 111 u5 1e d Fourt h e di ti on .

S TE AM E N G I N EE RI N G

AMERICAN S TATI ONARY EN GINEE RING . By W . E .

This book a t t he b oil er roo and t ak es in t h e wh ol e m

rower i laniz A
talk on e very y work about es b oil e rs . and t h e i r ac ce ss ol e s ! i lil nt 5 g . { h
t o b e s c i e n tifi c or ma t h e a t i m
A l formul as are i n s i mpl e for l
s o t h at any one m
und ers t and ing lain ari t h me t i c c an re adil y unde rs t and an of t h e m Th e author .

has mad e t his e mos t prac t i c al b ook i n prin t ; has gi ve n e re s ul ts of hi s y e ars of

e xpe ri e nce . and has i nc l ud e d ab out all t h at has t o do wi t h an e ngi ne room or a wer
plant .Y ou are not l e ft t o guess at a s i ngl e poin t Y ou are s hown c l e arl y w at t o .

e xpe c t under t h e vari ous c ondi t i ons : h ow t o se c ure th e b e s t res ul ts : way s of re ve n t

“
m
”
l g r t d owns
n fis
and pa rs : i n sh t . all t h at gc es t , ak e up t h e re q
e i
e n ts
o a g e ngin e er. c apat e o taki ng c rge of a p n r s plai n e nough ‘ gz or prac ti c al fiz fi
m en and ye t of val ue t o th ose high in th e profe ss ion.

34
 CATALOG UE OF GO OD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

A part ial lis t of c on te n ts is : Th e boil er room c l boil e rs fi ring fe e di ng : um

g
. . .

i ns pe c t ion and re pa ir ; c h i mne y s s iz e s and c os t ; lp mas on work ; foun d o ;

K
.

t es ti ng c e me n t ; pil e dri vi ng ; e ng in es sl ow and igh spe e d ; val ve s ; val ve se t t i ng ; .

Corli ss e ngine s se t ti ng val ve s s ingl e and doub l e ec c e n t ri c ; air pum ps and c onde nse rs
, .

di ffere nt t y pe s of c onde nse rs : wate r n e e de d ; lin ing up ; pounds ; pins not uare in
c ros s h e ad or c ra nk ; e ngi n ee rs t ools ; me
'
is t ons and pis t on be ari h ard
e ne d c op e r : d ri p pi pe s from
t e s t i ng p
ub ri ca nt s ; rul es
linde r ac k e t s ; b e l t s h ow e c are ; oil s ; gre as e s
ta b les inc l uding st e am t a bl e s ; are as of se gm e n ts
p . . 2
5
q
.

uare s and s uare root s ; c ube s and c ub e root ; are as and c irc umfere nc e s of c ircl e s
fi ot e s on : B ri c k work ; e xp l os i ons ; pum ; p ump val ve s : h e ate rs . e c ono mi z e rs
safe t y val ves ; l a p l e ad and c l e aranc e. as a c om l e ts e xaminat ion for a l i c e ns e .
. . g
e t c . e tc
. S e c ond e di t ion 285 pages
. I ll us t rate d. . 00 .

EN GINE RUN NE R S CATE CH I S M ’

B y ROB E RT GRI MS H AW
j
. .

A prac t ic al t re a t is e for t h e s t a t io e ngi ne e r t e lling h ow t o e re c t ad us t

t h e pri nc i s te a m e ngi nes i n us e n t h e U nite d S ta t e s D e s c ri b ing th e rin c i i al
g l
.

fe at ure s 0 va ri ous s pe c ial and we ll k nown ma k es of es : Te m pe r Cut o fi -

hi p ng -
.

and R ec e i vi F ounda t ions E re c t i ng and S tart i ng al ve S e t ti ng Care and '

, se . . .

E me rge nc i e s . re s t i ng and A dj us t i ng S pe c i al E ngi n es .

q
The ue s t i ons as k e d t h roughout t h e ca t e c his m are plain and t o t h e poin t and t he .

ans we rs are gi ve n in s uc h si m pl e language as t o b e re adi l y und ers t ood b y an y one A ll .

t h e ins t ruc t i ons gi ve n are c om l e t e and up t o da t c and t he y are wri t te n in a popular

p
- -

s t y l e wi t hou t an y t e c hni c ali t es or math e mat ica l form ul a The work is of a h and
d
. .

s iz e for th e poc k e t c l e arly and we ll pri n t e d nic e l y b oun d and profus e l y il l us t rate
. . . .

To young e ngine e rs t hi s ca t e c his m will b e of gre at val ue e s pe c i all y t o t h ose wh o may .

be re pM ng t o 0 forward t o b e e xami ne d for c ert i fic at e s of c om te ne y ; a nd to

fi
c ompass
e s t a ge ne

. 387 pages
y i t will b e of no l i t t l e s e rvi c e as t h e y will fi nd i n t

S e ve nth e di t i on. P ric e

volum e more
prac t ica l and us e ful informa t ion t han is t o b e found an y wh ere al s o wi t h i n a l i k e
.
.

HORS E POWE R CHART

-
.

Sh ows t he h orse powe r of any sta ti onary e ngin e wi t hout c al c ula ti on N o mat te r what
-
.

th e c y l inder d ia me te r of s t rok e t h e st e am pre ss ure of c ut o il t h e re vol ut i ons or

. .
-
. .

whe t he r c ond e ns i ng or n on c onde nsi ng i t s all t h ere E as y t o us e ac c urat e and

'
-
.
. . . .

saves t i me and cal c ulati ons E s pe c i ally us ef ul t o e ngine ers and designers
. 5 0 ce n ts .

M ODERN S TE AM EN GINEE RING IN THE OR Y AND PRACTI CE . By

G ARD N E R D H rsc ox . .

This is a c om l ot s and rac t ic al work is sue d for S t at ionary E ngine ers and Fire me n .
de ali ng wi t h t e care an g
manage m e nt of boil e rs . e ngines . pum ps . s upe rh e ate d s t e a m .
re frige ra t mac hi ne ry . dynamos . mot ors . e l e va t ors . air c ompre ss ors . and all ot h e r
b ranc h es in
g
t h whi c h t he modern e ngi ne e r m us t b e familiar N e arl y 200 ue s t i ons wi t h . q
th e i r ans wers on s te am and e l ec t rical e ngi ne e ri ng . lik e l y t o b e ask e d b y t h e E xa mi n
i ng B oard . are i nc l ude d .

A mong t he are : H is to ric al : ste a m and i ts prOpe rti es ; applianc es for t he

c h a pt e rs
e n erat i on of s t e a m ; t ype s of b oil e rs ; c hi mne y and i t s work : h e at ec ono my of t h e
gee d wa t e r : s te a m p um ps and t he ir work ; i nc rus ta t i on and i t s work ; st e am ab ove
at mos phe ric p re ss ure ; fi owz of s t e a m from noz z l es ; s upe rh e a t e d s t e am and i ts work ;
adi aba t ic e xp ans i on of s t e am ; i ndi c a t or and i t s work : s t e a m e ngi ne proport ions : s l id e
val ve e ngi ne s and val ve m ot ion ; Corliss e ngine and i ts val ve ge ar ; c ompoun d e i ns
and i t s t h e o ry : t ri pl e and m ul t i p l e e xpans i on e ngi ne ; s t e a m t urb i ne : re frige ra on ;
e l evat ors and t h e ir m anagleme nt ; c os t of po we r ; s te am e i ne t roubl es ; e l e c t ric
power and e lec t ri c plan ts 487 pages 405 e ngravi ngs . ad E tion . . .

S TE AM E N GIN E CATE CH I S M . B y ROB E RT G RI M S H AW .

This uni quevol um e of 41 3 pa ge s is not onl y a ca t e c his m on t h e ues t i on and ans wer q
l nc i pl e . b ut i t c on tains form ulas and work e d out ans we rs for all t h e S te a m prob le ms
g
-

at a pe rt ai n t o t h e O pe rat i on a nd ma nage m e nt o f t h e S t e a m E ngine I ll us t ra t ions .

of ous val ve s and val ve ge ar wi t h t h e i r pri nc i pl es of e rat i on are gi ve n Thi rt y

o
p
.

four Ta b l es t hat are i ndis pe ns a b l e t o e ve ry e ne e r an fi re ma n t hat wi s h e s t o be

progre s s i ve and is a m b i t i ous to be c o me mas t e r 0 hi s c a l li ng are wi t hi n i t s page s I t is .

a mos t val ua b l e ins t ruc t or i n t h e se rvi c e of S t e a m E ng i ne e ri ng L e ad i ng e ng i ne e rs .

have re c omme nde d i t as a val ua b l e e d uc at or for t h e nn e r as we ll as a re fe re nc e book

for t he e nginee r I t is t h oro ughl y i nde xe d for e ve ry e t a l i
. E ve ry e ss e nt ial us at ion .

on t h e S t e a m E ngi n e wi t h i ts ans we r is c on tai ne d i n t his val ua b l e work 8 nt h .

S TM M E N GINEE R S ARITHME TI C ’
. By C O LW N -
CHE NE Y .

A prac t i c al poc k e t book for t he s te a m e

-
ne e r S h ows h ow t o work t he probl e ms of .

t he e ngin e room and sh ows wh y Te h ow to figure horse power of ne s a nd

"

b oile rs ; are a of b oi le rs ; has t ab le s of a re “ and c irc um fe re nc es ; s t e a m ta b es ; has a

.

dic t i onary o f e nee ri ng t e rms P u ts y ou on t o all of t h e li t t l e k i nk s i n figurin hat

g
.

e ve r t he re is t o around a po we r plan t Te l ls y ou about t he h e a t uni t ; a l ut e .

z e ro : adia bat i c e xpans i on : dut y of e ng in es ; fac t or of sa fe t y : and a t hous an d an d one

ot he r t hings ; an d c v hing is plain and s i mpl e not t he hard es t way t o b ut —
O c e n tl
 CATAL OG UE OF GOOD , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

S TE E L
STE E L : ITS S E LE CTI ON, ANNEAL IN G , H ARD E NIN G, AND TE M PERING .

B E R M aximu m
K
' . .

T ls work was forme rl y k nown as Th e A m e ri c an S t e e l W ork e r b ut on t h e pu b

lic ati on of t h e ne w re vis e d e di t ion t h e pu blis h e rs de e m e d i t ad visa b l e t o c hange i ts .

t i t l e t o a m ore s uit a b l e one I t is t h e s ta nda rd work on H ard e ni ng Tam pe ring .

.
.

and A nne ali ng S t e al of all ki nds .

This book t e l ls h ow t o s e l e c t and how t o work te mpe r harde n an d ann e al st ee l for . . . .

I t doe s n t t e ll h ow t o t e m pe r one c lass of t ools and th e n l e a ve

'
e very t hi ng on e art h
j
.

th e t re at me n t of anot h e r kind of t ool to y o ur i magi na t i on and udgm e n t b ut i t give s

c are ful i ns truc t i ons for e ve ry d e t ail of e ve ry too l whe t h e r i t b e a ta p a re a m e r or us t . .
.

j
a scre w dri ver -
I t te lls ab out t h e t e m pe ring o f s mall watc h 8 ri ngs t h e b ard oni
. of .

m
I n fac t t h e re is n t a t ng th at a s t e e l wo r er
'

c ut l e ry and th e an of di e s
I t ii he
. .

vv uld wan t t o k no
‘

g
t hat t i nc l ude b ook on se l e c ng h l d e
g : t gr g ag
-

z :
i . .

ll l and t e m pe rl n ngrades of ste el mong t a s p ings mi gtl t ’ m e n l on

g
. .

t he foll owi ng s u ec t s : I n troduc t i on ; t h e work man ; s te e l ; me t hods of h e a t i ng ;

h e at ing tool s te e l ; ors i ns : anne ali harde ni ng bat hs : bat hs for hard en i h ard e n
ing s t ee l ; drawi ng t h e te m pe r aft e r ard e ni ng ; e xa m pl es of b ard oni pac harde n
i ng : c as e harde ni ng ; s pri ng t e m pe ring : maki n t ools o f mac hi ne s t e e s pe c i al s te e ls
s t e e l for various t ools : c aus es of t roub l e ; hig s pe e d s te el s e tc 400 pages V g . . .

full y ill us t rat e d F ourth E di ti on P ric e

. .

H ARD E NIN G TE M PE RING, ANNEALI NG, AND FORGIN G OF STEE L .

By J V oonw oa m
'
. . .

A ne w work t re a t i ng i n a cl e ar c onc ise ma nn e r all modern proc esses for t he he a t i ng. .

we lding harde n and t e m pe ri ng of s t e e l making i t a boo k of

anne aling . fo
re at prac
z .

us t o t h e m e ta l w i i ng mec h ani c i n ge ne ral wi t h s pec i al di re c t i ons gi .

g
-
.

or t he s ucc es s ful hard e ni ng and t e m pe ri ng of all s t e e l to ols us e d in t h e arts i n c l ud ing .

c ut te rs t a t h re ad di es re ame rs bot h soli d and s h e ll holl ow mills p unc h e s

. . . . .

nds of sh e e t m e ta l worki

m
and e s . and all tools sh e ar b lad es s aws fi ne c u t l ery and . . . .

me tal c ut t i t ools of all de e m om as we as for all i m pl e me n t s of s te e l b o t h l arge

g
-

and s mall n t his work t h e

.
pl e s t and mos t s at is fac to ry hard e ni ng and t e m per
i ng pre s en c e are gi ven .

The uses to whi ch t he l e adi ng brands of st e e l may be adapte d are c onc is e l y pre s e nt e d
and th e i r t rea t me n t for worki ng unde r di ife re n t c ondi t i ons e xp lai ne d als o t he s pe c i al .

me th ods for th e harde n ing and t e m pe ring of spe ci al b rands .

A c ha t er de vote d t o t he differe n t proc esses for c as e hard e n ing is als o inc l ude d . and
?
-

rad s re fe re nc e mad e t o t h e ad apt at i on of mac hi n e ry st e e l for t ools of vari ous ki nd s

g
.

E di t ion 288 pages 201 ill us t rati ons

. P ric e . .

TRACTO RS
THE M OD E RN GAS TRACTOR . By M a jo r Vi e ron W . PAOs .

A c om e t e t re a t is e d e s c ri b in g all t yp e s and s i z e s of gas olin e . k e rose n e . and oil t rac t ors .

Cons i e rs de s ig n and c ons t ruc t i on e xh aus ti ve l y . gi ves c om pl e te i ns t ruc t i ons for c are .
t i on and re pa i r. out li ne s all prac t ic al ap li c at i ons on t h e road and i n t h e fi e l d .

0 b es t and la t e s t work on farm t rac t o rs a n t rac t o r powe r pl an ts A work n e ed e d .

m m
by far ers . s t ude n ts . blac k s i t hs . m e c hani c s . sa le s me n . i m le m e n t de al ers . de si gn e rs .
and e ngi ne ers . 5 00 page s . N e arl y 300 ill us t rat i ons and fo ng pla te s . P ri c e

TURB I N E S
MARINE S TE AM TURB INE S B D e G B AU E R and O LAS CHE
} Ass is ted
;
. . . . .

b E Lunw m and H VOG E L

. late d from t he Ge rman and . . e dite d by
G S SW ALLOW
. . .

Th e b ook is prac t i c al and di sc us s e s t urb i nes in whi c h t h e full e xpan s i on of

e s se n t i all y
E pas s e s t hrough a n um b e r of se pa rate t urb i n es arrang e d for dri vi n g t wo or m ore
E as i n t h e P ars ons s ys t e m . an d t ur bin es in whi c h t h e c om p le te e x on of
E from i nl e t t o e xhaus t pre s s ure oc c urs i n a t urbi ne on one sh a ft as t he c ase .

E Curtis mac hi nes I t wi ll e na b l e a d e s i gn e r to c arry ou t all t he ordi n ary c al c ula

“
.

s e c essa ry for t he c ons t ruc t i on of s t e a m t ur bine s h e n c e i t fills a wan t whi c h .

ma
E y m e t b y large r and m ore t h e ore t i c al works N um e rous t ab l es . c urves and .

th s wi ll be fou nd wh i c h e xp lai n wi t h re markab l e l uci di t y th e reas on wh y

.

e b lades are ( 1 e d as t h e y are t h e c ourse whi c h s t e am t ak e s t hrough t ur .

bi ne s of vari ous t ype s . t e t he rm od yn ami cs of st e a m t urb in e c al c ul at i on . t h e i nfl u e n ce

( 1 vac uum on ste am c ons umpti on of s te am t urbin es e tc I n a word . t h e ve ry l n
q
. .

ta mat ion whi c h a d and b uil da of s t e am t urb in e s mos t re uire s L arge '
.

oct avo . 21 4 pages y ill us tra te d an d c ont ai ni ng 18 t ab l es . i nc l udi n g an e n t ro

a a s a e “gg
.

M Pri m . ne t 0 a a 0 e e
TH E MO S T V A L U A B L E T E CH N O CH E M I CA L -
RE CE I P T B OO K P U B L IS H

Tw e n tie th Ce n tury Book of

Re c i p e s , Fo r m u l a
an d Pr o c e s s e s
E di t e d b y G A RD N E R n H I S CO X M E . . .

P ric e Cl ot h

1
800 l a rge o c t a vo ( 6x 9 / 2) p g
a e s

Con ta ins o ve r s e l e c t e d s c i e n ti fi c , c h e m i c al , t e c h n ol og
an d pra c ti c a l Re c i pe s and P ro c e s s e s , i n c l u di n g h u n dre ds of
c al l e d t ra de s e c re ts fo r e v e ry b u s i n e s s .

0 prese nt h e re e ve n a li mi te d numb e r of t h e subj ec ts whi c h find a pl ac e i n t hi s val uab l e w

woul d b e di ffi c ul t S udic e t o s ay t h at i n i t s
. age s wi ll b e foun d m at te r of i n t e ns e l a t e
and i mm e as urab l e prac t i c al val ue t o t he s c i e n t c am ate ur an d t o hi m wh o wi s he s t o ob t a
k nowl e dge of t he m an y proc e ss e s us e d i n t h e arts t rades and manufac t ure s a k nowl e wl . ,

will re nde r hi s purs ui ts m ore i ns t ruc t i ve an d re m unerati ve S e rvi ng as a re fe re nc e b oo to .

s mal l and l arge m anuf ac t ure r and s uppl ying in te n t se e k e rs wi t h t h e i nforma t ion ne c es s ar;
c on d uc t a p roc e m t h e work will b e foun d of i n e s t i ma l e wort h t o t he M e t all t ' t he P h otogra
g
.

t he P e rfume r t h e P ai n t e r t h e M anufac t ure r of G l ue s P as te s Ce m e nt s an M uc il age s t h e a .

gis t t h e El e c t ri c i an t he B re wer t he E ngi n

. . . .

p oun de r of A ll oy s t h e Cook t h e P h s i c i an t h e D
g
. . . . . .

t h e E oun m an t he M ac hi n i s t t e P ot t e r t he
. ann e r t he Confe c t i one r t he Chiropodis t
. . . . .

M anic ure t e M anufac t ure r of Ch e mi c al N ove l t ies and Toil e t P re t ions t h e D yer t h e E
is i one r t h e G l ass W or e r t h e G ol dbe ate r t h e Wat
. . .

t ro late r t h e E name l e r t h e E ve r t he P rov

J
. . . . . .

m e r and e we l er t he H at M a e r t h e I nk M an ufac t ure r t h e O pti c i an t he F armer t h e D airy n

t he P ape r M ak e r t h e Wood and M e t al Work e r t h e Ch an dl er and S oap M ak e r t he V e te rin
. . . . .

. . .

S urge on an d the Te chnol ogis t in ge neral

. .

A mi ne of i nformati on and up to dat e in eve ry re spect . A b ook whi c h wi ll prove or vai w .

s um/one . as i t covers e very branch of t h e us e ful Arts .

AM ONG TH E RECI PE S G I V E N ARE

B l e ac hi ng Re ci pe s : E t c hi ng and E vi ng Re c i pe s ; Re c i pe s for G l ass M aki ng ; P a M ali
Re ci pe s ; Re c i for O i n t m e n ts ; M irror ak ing F orm ul as ; P ai n t M aki ng F orm ul as ; G il Re c i l
G al vani z i ng e c i pe s ; B ronz i ng Re c i pe s ; Ti nni ng Re c i pe s ; S il ve Re c i pe s ; Re c i pe s for dh e s i i
Re c i pe s for P l at i ng an d E n ame Cie P roc e ss e s ; S oap M Le at he r an d i t s P re parat i
Re c i
B l acm for Alloy s : Re c i
g Re c i pe s ; Rus t
for ol de rs ; P ot ograp hi c F ormul as ;
ve nt i ve Re c i pe s : Re c i
h oe D re ss i ng Re c i
for L u b ric an t s : Re c i pe s for Oils ;
D yes Colors an d Pigme n t s ; Re c i pe s for D ry e rs ; nk Re c i pe s ; Re c i pe s for Art i fi c i al G e m
e ci
St

aki
Je we l e rs and W at c hm ak e rs Re c i pe s ; H ouse h ol d F orm ul as ; Wat e roofi ng Re c i pe s ; Fire prom
. .
’ '

Re c i pe s ; Re c i pe s for Ce me n t s G l ue s . M u c il age ; Fire work s R e c i pe s : e c i e s for E c at ors ; A

hol and i t s U se s ; Re c ipe s for Esse nce s an d E x t rac t s ; D e n t ifri c e Re c i pe s ; os m e t ic Rec i pes ; P e rft
Rec i pe s ; T anni ng Re c i pe s ; M e t all urgi c al F ormul as ; H air Res t ore rs ; D e pil at ori e s .

A nd m any t h ous an ds —
m ore E qual l y i m porta n t i n t h e A rts a nd Manufact ure s .

WH AT I S S AI D OF THI S B O OK
Y our T we n t ie t h Ce nt ur B ook of R e c i pe s F ormul as an d P roc e me s dul y re c e i ve d I am g
. .

t o h ave a c op y of i t an d if c oul d n ot re l ac e i t m one y c oul dn t b uy i t I t is t h e be s t t hins

'

—
. .

the sort I e ver s a w M E Trux S part a. is

. . . . .

We c an mos t t h oroughl y re c omme nd t h at y ou ob t ain a c opy of t his b ook as y ou will fi nd i

work of t he m os t use ful c h arac t e r and on e t h at will re p ay i t s pos se ss or if k e pt c ons t ant l y at
si de — Trade M ark Re cord .
.

M any s m all fortune s and not a fe w l arge ones have be e n made by t he ai d of a b ook of 1
W “ —
. ,

sin s uc ce ss full y us e d and are own b S outh

2
0 c e h i
t e re c e i pt s h ave d b e e n k n t o e c orr e c t
3 ac m eru .

L ac k of s pac e pre ve n ts the pu b li s h e r fro m i n c l udi ng oth e r re vi e w s of t his b ook.

 or I II re III 111

By JO S E P H v w oonw 0 R n r
.
'
-

” “
A ut h o r of D i e s : Th e i r Co n s t ru c t i on a n d U se , A m e ric a n Tool
”
M a k i n g a n d i n t e rc h a n ge a b l e M a n u fa c t u ri n g. e t c .

320 P age s ( 61 9 ) 300 I l l u s t rati on s

P ri c e
This is a prac t ic al tre at is e on the hot and c ol d m ac hin e form in g of s t e
and iron into fi nis he d s hape s ; toge the r w ith t ool s , die s an d m ac hin e :
invol ve d in the m anufac t ure of du pl ic at e forgin gs and in t e rc han ge abl e hr
and c ol d pre s s e d part s from bar an d s h e e t m e tal .

COM P RE HE N S IV E and modern book

D re p F orging . Die Si nki ng . e tc . has l ong b e
on .

de sire d and th e pub lis hers now offe r s uc h a vol ume wri t t en b y an e xpe rt
. The t e xt of i .

t reat is e is c onc ise ; te c hni c al and ambiguous t erms have b e en re plac e d b y prac ti c al a
familiar shop words ; and all t he illus t rations and des a l pti ons are pl ai n and simpl e to and
-

s t and .

“
j
The des cri pt i on of e very s ub ect and me t hod in vol ve d has b e en b oil e d down t o t
simpl u t and fe wes t words pos si bl e ; s o t h at t h e me at of all may he arri ve d at and diges te d in i
"

aha t
'
time b y t he bus y me n of me t als who will c ons ul t l ts page s whi c h c on tain a val uab l e mi .

of information on modern sh op prac t i ce . proce s s es . me t h ods mac hine s . t ools and de t ails . Thi s t .

useful book of reference and one wort h readl ng fmm c over to c over.

THI S EXCELLE NT TREATI E I S POLL OI FACTS O H

S "

Die mnk ing and—D rop Forgi ng Prac t i ce and D es ign for M odern F orgi ng Pre s si ng and S t ampi
a D uplic at e Part s D i e S inking M e th ods Proc emes M ac hines and Tools D rop F orgi ng D i
.

—
—
. .

Thei r D u g i n C o n s tr uc t i on an d U i n D o H am m and F i n M hi Pre ss Formi ng

—
. se r p er org g ac ne
H e avy H ot and Col d S t oc k in D ies D rop F orgi ng and H arde ni ng P lan ts ; The i r D e signs E unt
me nt al Condi ti ons and E ui pme n t I nvol ve d in The ir A t t ai nme n t —S te e l and I ron The i r Tre at me
.

q
fi r Twi sd ng Re duci ng F orging and Worki ng in D rop D i es —
.

H ot Pre ss e d S t ee l and I ron Par

Thd r M anufac t ure and Ass emb ling in t o Finis he d Produc ts —D rop H am ma s Thei r D e ve l opmer
. .

—
.

d h t F und t i d D i F orgi ng M ac hi ne S te am H amme r B ull doz er and S wagi ng M ac h!

—
s o a on s a n es
m
. . .

M ethods and Proc e s s Machine Forc ing wi th E xampl es of M odern Prac ti c e and Tools 111 m

WHAT I S S AI D OF TH I S B O OK
The aut hor i s
to b e c omm e n d e d fo r t his m uc h ne e de d work — E ngi ne eri ng Re cord .

A book wort h re adi ng from c o ver to c o v a n— A meri c an Cutl er .

This book is m itt en from prac t i c al poi nt of vi e w and wi ll prove mel y

‘

a t horough iy
M —S d enti flc A me ri can
e atr e
'
OI
.

M
t hc
h a
e has g us far be e n lit tle lit erat ure —m
ac tic al t re at is e b y a prac t i c al m an and c ovm m an
A eri can etal M arke t M ? ph ases of a s ub e c t upon whi
 Op 00 s an

op ra c tic e

By w H v m n s Rvoo m as a
'
. . . .
.

5 5 5 P age s ( 61 9 54 ) 67 3 Il l u s t ra ti ons

P ri c e

( An e n t ire l y ne w an d ful l y ill u s t rat e d w ork de s cribing in e ve ry de ta il the

c on s t ruc t ion , ope rat ion an d m anipulat ion of both han d and m ac hin e t ools :
be ing a w ork of prac t ic al ins t ruc t ion in all c las s e s of mac hin e s hop prac t ic e .

B OO K t hat s houl d he found l n e ve ry rnac hine s hop S pos e i t is de sire d t o know ho w t o cut

g
.

III V G I xc ars to c alc u l ate mi ll i ng mac hi ne

‘ ' -
. lrals or to e c ount a s h aft c al c ul ati ons ; or t o ge t
i nfo rm a t io n abo ut t ap dril l si z e s t he c c ati on of fi le s : c hange ge ar c al c ul ati ons ; de e p hole
q
.

d ril li ng ; t urni n t apers ; te s t i ng la t h es e t c : or an y one of the numer ous ue s ti ons t hat a li ttle
informat io n mig h t be s aire d upon oc c as ion s il — t he s e page s will be found to c ontai n th e s ati s f
. .

an we r
s The boo k has n um ero us t ab le s . and
. ad di t ion t o t h e c hapt u s s t ri c t ly on tool s are
'

on fas te ni ngs ge ari ng be l ti ng s haft i ng and t he t re at me nt of s t e el

W
. .

m
. . .

The work is logi c al i arrange d : t he various hand and mac hi ne t ools Int o c l an s .

and ri m s i nt io n of e ac h s gi ve n i n proport io n t o t h e i r re l at i ve i m
-
ce ho ill us tr at i ons re pre .

s e nt t he var l ate s t to ols and me t hods all of whi c h are c l e u l y e s c ribe d E ac h t ool i s c on s idu e d '

from t he fo owi ng poi n ts : F i rs t— I t s c ons t ruc t ion wi t h hi n ts as t o i t s manufac ture

.

S ec on d — I ts
.

—
.

ope ration proper mani pul at ion and c are

. Thi rd N umerous e xamples of work performe d . .

S PECIAL CHAPTERS OH
I I The H ammer
. I I The Fil e and Fil ing
and Cold Chi se l
I I I Scrapers and Surfac e Pl ates
. . . . .

IV S tandards of M e as ures V Cali pe rs V I G auges and I ndi c a tors V I I Rule s Sq uare s an d ot he r

. . . .

X
. . . .

S mall Tools V I I I D ri l ls I X Re amers

. S c re w Thre ads Tap and D ie s
. . X I D rill and Tap
. . . . .

X
.

H olders X I I M andre ls
. I I I The L athe
. X I V The L ath e in M odi fi e d Forms X V La .

X
. . . .

V I I L ath e Work B e t wee n Cen t a s

.

Tools X V I Chuc ks and D ri ve rs for L at he Work

. . X VI
Lathe Work on F ac e Pl ate Chuc k and Carri age
. .

XX
.

X I X B oring and Turni ng M ill s P l ani ng and . .

XX
. .

S haping M ac hi ne s : t he ir Tools and A t tachme nt s X X I P l aner and S hape r Work II The . .

XX
. .

Blot ti ng M ac hine and K e y Se at cr I I I M i lli ng M ac hi ne s XX IV M illi ng M ac hi ne Cut te rs .

XX V M illi ng M ac hi ne Work XX
. . . .

. V I G e ar Cut te rs and G e ar Cut ti ng X XV I I D ri lli ng M ac hine s

and D ri ll ing Work
. .

XX XX
. .

V I I I G ri ndi ng M ac hi nes
.
X I H ard e ni ng and Te mpering
.
-
.

XXX XXX
. .

F as te ning I G e aring
. I I B e l ting and Trans m iss i on M ac hi ne ry
. . XX X I I I . . .

l es s ons S hon E q ui pme nt and Conve n ie nc es X XX I V Us eful D ata and Tabl es . . .

WHAT A CUS TOM ER S AI D OF THI S BOOK

muc h le as e d wi t h i t
j
am us t i n re c e i p t of t he hoo k
.
M ode rn M ac hine S h op Tools
i t is a mas te rp ie c e on t he mac hi ne s hop
“
b y V ande rvoort I am vu y .
'

Com e he ns i ve . t horo ug h and c an

r
p
.
.

t is a dec i de d i mpro ve e n t o n th e an m
works on t he s ame s u m y j e ct .

( S igne d ) E H . . Wru u ar a .

I ns t ruc t or in S hop Work S to ut M anual Training S c hool

M e nomoni e Wis
.
.

.
.

This book is s t ri c t ! u to date i n all re s pe c t s and is t he mos t c om le te c onc ise and us e ful work
‘
1 publis he d on t he su i i c l g t N o mac hi nis t c an afl ord to be wi t hout t h book a qci c nfl j l c A me ri c an
.
l:
.

-
.
 SI
‘‘
P U B L IS H E D F OU RTH E D I TIO N , RE V I S E D A N D E N L A R
IE

Its Se le c t ion An ne al in g, Harde n ,

a n d Te m p e r i n g

By E . R . M A RK H A M

400 P age s ( 5 3 7 36) Cl ot h B i l

168 S pe c ia l l y P re pa re d Ill us t rat io n s

P ri c e
Thi s work was forme rl y known as TH E A M E RI CA N S TE E L WORK E R . bu t on the
li cati on of the prese n t e di ti on the p ubl is he rs de eme d i t advi sable to change the ti tle to a more
. compreh
“
one si s:
. S usi I ts S e lect ion . A nneal i ng H arde ni ng and Tamperi ng
. . .

H I S book t e lis how to se le c t and to k now th e ste e l be s t s ui t e d to various purpos e s z gi ves rt

I for the di l u e nt s t e el s ; how to he at in t he mak i ng of e ve ry t hi ng i n t he way of tools made

st eel : how to proc ee d in t h e maki ng of t ape re ame rs dri ll s an d mil li ng c ut t e rs ; how t o h
. ,

dim and punc he s fro m t he largest t o t he s mall e st ; ab out t he te mpe ring of sp ri ngs from .

s wing up : about s aws c his el s and ot h e r w ood worki ng too ls ; ab out p ac k and c as e hardi
. .
-

how t o anneal ; about he ati ng apparat us th e ki nds to us e for t h e be s t res ul t s and h ow t o main
. .

he ati ng apparatus righ t at home if i t b e c omes nec ess ary : El ve s formul as for mi xt ure s for bat
di l u e nt purpos u and gi ves good re as ons wh y e ac h is be s t ad ap te d t o its s pe c i al work
. It .

t h e isn t a thi ng that a s t e el worker woul d want to k now t h at is n t inc l ude d wi t hi n i ts page
' '

M r M arkh am has b e e n sel e ct ing anne ali ng h arde ni ng t e mpe ring and s t udying s te e l for ,
—
. . . .

t hirty ye ars and 3 s t ill at i t There s a re as on for e very fai l ure you have and a re me dy
'
. .

M d t he m both in t his book : and i t will be m igh t y hand y to have a c opy to look ove r whe n s amt
n o wrong and you want to ge t i t goi ng righ t wi t hout any de l ay .

The e are ne w
Se c t i ons on H igh S pe e d S t e e ls H igh Carbon S tee l E le c t ric and S al t B ath
. ,

am and Ove ns This m ak es t he book more val uab l e t han e ver A c opy ought t o be i n t he h a
—
. .

cm wi de awake me chanic and in e ve ry s hop li brary in t he c ountry and i t wi ll be whe n i ts

h fully re alimd I t s page s are full of prac ti c al informati on that you c annot find e ls e wh e re
. .

AH O NO S OM E OF TH E S UBJ ECTS TRE ATED ARE

The Work man— S t l —M e t hods of B e ati ng— H e ati ng Tool S h e i— F orging— Annu ll us
—B
e e

n i ng B ath ath s —
for H arde ni ng H ard e ni ng S te e l— D rawi ng t he Te mpe r afte r H ard e r
E n mpl s of H arde ni ng— P ac k H ard e ning—Case H arde ni ng— S pri ng Te mpe ri ng— M aki ng Ti
— —
M achi ne S te e l S pe c ial S t e e ls S te e l for V arious Tools —Case s of Trouble We ldi ng— H igh —
Su fi — —
H igh Carbon S t e e l E le ct ric and S al t B at h F urnac es and Ove ns .

WHAT I S S AI D OF THI S B OOK

We
are glad t o not e t he appe aranc e of this e xc e ll e n t b ook N o tool m ak er or s t e e l work
m —
.

an ! » a ist ake in buyi ng a c op y of t hi s pub li c at i on A me ric an M achi n i s t .

Cont ains 400 pages of s oli d ini ormat i on — A me ri can

B l ac ks mi th
. .

E mac hine shop s upe rinte nde nt an d to ol room fore m an o h t t o

lig l
a co t
g
-

val uable and e ngi ne e rs i n c harge c an s ave t he ir ti rma m one y c i rc u at i ng i t i n t it

s hops where ti ne s t e e l t ools are made — The Canadi an E ngi n e er .

t hat is to be known re gard ing s te e l and i t s us e

j
All who are in t e re s te d in t he s ub e c t s h oul d se c ure a c op y of t his work and from i t l e a
.

This is among t he be s t te c hnic al b ook s p ubl is he d and wi l l prove a val ua b l e aid t o e ve r

—
.

win has anythi ng to do with t he maki ng of s te el for any purpose whate ver N ational B ui l t .