Ship Construction (Notes – 1 , Term 2) / Aug-2013

1) Who are the assigning authorities for assignments of freeboards and issue "Load line
Certificate in Singapore?

In Singapore, MPA approved assigning authorities for assignments of freeboards and issue "Load line
Certificate are as follows.
1) ABS (American Bureau of Shipping
2) LR (Lloyds Register of Shipping
3) BV (Bureau Veritas)
4) DNV (Det Norske Veritas)
5) GL (Germanischer Lloyd)
6) NK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai)
7) KRS (Korean Classification Society) Korean Register of Shipping
8) CSS (China Classification Society) CCRS (China Corporation Register of Shipping)
9) Registro Italiano Navale.

1) Every ship of 24 m or more in length, after surveyed/marked as per the regulation "International
Load line certificate" is issued by the certifying authority.
2) Every new ship of less than 24m in length or "existing ship" of less than 150t, after
surveyed/marked as per the regulation "Singapore Load line certificate" is issued by the certifying
authority.
3) Any ship which is granted under regulation 6 (eg, ships engaged on international voyages between
near neighboring ports of 2 or more countries), exemption of above two certificates is issued by the
certifying authority.

2) List the content of the international load line certificate?

Contents of load line certificate

1) Name of ship
2) Official number & call sign
3) IMO number
4) Port of registry
5) Length of ship
6) Freeboard assigned as "New ship" or "Existing ship"
7) Type of vessel "A, B, B-60, B-100"
8) Drawing of load line marks
9) Freeboard in mm from deck line to marks 1) Tropical, Summer, Winter, Winter North Atlantic
2) Timber Tropical, Timber Summer, Timber Winter
Timber Winter North Atlantic
Distance in mm from summer load line to 1) Tropical, Summer, Winter, Winter North Atlantic
2) Timber Tropical, Timber Summer, Timber Winter
Timber Winter North Atlantic
FWA 10) Allowances for fresh water in mm for all freeboard other than timber
FWA 11) Allowances for fresh water in mm for timber freeboard.
12) Date of issue
13) Place of issue
14) Date of expiry
15) Surveyor signature and seal.

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3) What is the duration for which an International Load Line Certificate is issued?

1) International Load Line Certificate is issued for 5 years subjected to annual inspections.
2) Window period of 6 months is allowed, that is within 3 months before/after each
anniversary date of the certificate.

4) How can you as a Master obtain an international load line certificate? Under what
circumstances such as extension may be granted?

Obtaining Certificate
1) For obtaining the international load line certificate
The calculation and assignment of freeboard of a ship may be carried out by
1) the competent authority or
2) an approved classification society on behalf of authority.
2) The initials of the assigning authority may be cut in and painted in way of the load line
Mark, alongside the disc or ring.
3) In the case of a classed ship the freeboard is almost invariably assigned by a classification
society.

Extension certificate
1) Extension of the certificate should be made through the owner.
2) Owner should applies for such an extension from the assigning authority, before the current
certificate expires.
3) After application, ship will be surveyed to check that the compliance with the load line
convention requirements.
4) When satisfied with the surveyor's report and after notifying the Director of Marine that
vessel complies with the requirements, extension will be given as a period of not exceeding 3
months. Provided that it is not practicable to issue the new certificates before the expiry of the
present one.

5) State the conditions under which an International Load Line Certificate may be cancelled?

Cancellation of the international load line Certificate

1) Change of registry to another authority.
2) A new certificate is issued
3) The existing certificate is not endorsed (by periodical inspections)
4) The ship does not comply with the condition of load line assignment.
5) The structural strength of the vessel is reduced such that it is unsafe.
6) The information on the basis of which the freeboard were assigned are incorrect.

6) What is an exemption certificate? When is it required to obtained and sate its duration?

Exemption certificate
An exemption certificate is issued under the provisions of the load line convention
under the authority of Minister
certifying that the vessel is exempted from the provisions of the convention.

It is issued to the following vessels

1) For ship engaged on International voyages
- complying with the provisions of the Convention may impede research into the.
development of such features and their incorporation
research
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 - provided such ship shall comply with safety requirements adequate for the intended
service.

2) For ship not normally engaged on International voyages

- a vessel which is in some exceptional circumstances required to undertake a single
International voyage.
- provided such ship shall comply with safety requirements adequate for the intended voyage.

Duration
1) For (1), Duration is not exceeding 5 years.
Subject to renewal endorsement and cancellation procedure
3) For (2) , Duration is limited to single voyage for which it is issued.

7) Define the following

1) Load line length
2) Enclosed superstructure
3) Freeboard deck
4) superstructure deck
5) Position 1
6) Position 2

1) Load line length

1) this is taken as 96% of total length on a waterline at 85% of the least "moulded depth" OR
2) the length from fore side of stem to axis of the rudder stock to that water line.
3) which ever is greater.

2) Enclosed superstructure
1) it is a superstructure with enclosing bulkheads of efficient constructions
2) any access openings in these bulkheads comply with regulation 12, which are
1) steel water tight doors sealed by gaskets and clamps operable from both the sides
with sill of at least 380 mm.
2) all other openings in them are watertight.

3) Freeboard deck
1) normally the uppermost continuous deck exposed to weather & sea.
2) which has permanent means of closing on all openings in the weather part.
3) below which all openings in the sides of the ship are fitted with permanent means of watertight
closing.
4) at owner option, lower deck may be permitted as the Freeboard deck
provided it is a complete and permanent deck continuous fore & aft
between machinery space and peak bulkheads.
The part that extends above is considered as superstructure.

4) Superstructure deck
1) Decked structure on the freeboard deck extending from side to side of the ship OR
2) side plating not being inboard from the ship's shell plating by more than 4% of the breadth.
3) a raised quarter deck is considered as superstructure.

5) Position 1 (with reference hatchways, doorways, ventilators)

1) the hatchways, doorways or ventilators are positioned upon
1) exposed freeboard & raised quarter deck OR
2) exposed superstructure decks
situated forward of a point located 0.25L from the Forward Perpendicular.

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 6) Position 2 (with reference hatchways, doorways, ventilators)
1) the hatchways, doorways or ventilators are positioned upon
exposed superstructure decks
situated abaft of a point located 0.25L from the Forward Perpendicular.

8) Draw the load line marking of a vessel issued with a Timber load line Certificate, including
the various dimensions.
1) The timber load lines are only applicable when the ship is loaded with a timber deck cargo in
accordance with the Merchant Shipping Load Line Regulations.
2) For timber load line assigned vessel, special timber freeboards can be assigned in addition
to the ordinary freeboards.
3) these timber freeboards are generally, less than the corresponding ordinary freeboards.
4) they are identified by the letter L and are marked abaft the Load line mark or ring.
5) on the starboard side they would appear as below.

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 6) LT = Tropical Timber Load Line
LS = Summer Timber load line
LW = Winter timber load line.
Distance between LS and LW is (LS draught/36)
LWNA = Winter North Atlantic Timber Loadline.
For ship more than 100 m , it is same as the draught at W. LWNA = W
For ship less than 100 m, LWNA is equal to WNA. LWNA = WNA
The freeboard is the same as the ship's ordinary WNA freeboard.
LF = Summer Timber Load Line in fresh water.
LTF = Tropical Timber Load Line in fresh water.
7) Timber FWA = Displacement (tones)/4 x TPC, unit "mm".

9) State the various types of freeboards assignable to ship.

1) the freeboard extracted from the table against with the ship length is called tabulated freeboard.
2) Correction are applied to that freeboard such as
1) Length to Depth ratio (L/D ratio)
2) block coefficient 0.68 (if more increase, less no change)
3) sheer curve
4) no superstructure
5) minimum bow height above the load water line.
3) the result is the summer (SW) freeboard from which summer draft is established.
4) the freeboard and draughts for other seasonal zones and fresh water are determined from the
calculated summer freeboard as follows.

1) Tropical freeboard
The tropical freeboard = summer freeboard – 1/48summer freeboard.
2) Winter freeboard
Winter freeboard = summer freeboard + 1/48summer freeboard.
3) WNA freeboard
1) Ship not more than 100 m in length
WNA freeboard = Winter freeboard + 50mm
2) Ships more than 100 m in length
WNA freeboard = Winter freeboard
4) Tropical Fresh Water & Summer Fresh Water = Corresponding SW freeboard – FWA
FWA = Disp (tones)/4xTPC

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10) Where are the details found for verification of Load Line markings?

The details found for verification of Load Line markings can be found in
1) Annexes to the International Convention on Load Lines (1966) contain various regulations for
determining the details for verification of Load Line markings.
2) Can also be found on Load Line Certificate.

11) Outline the requirements relevant to the Conditions of assignment of freeboards under the
International load line regulations.

The condition of assignment of freeboard.

1) 1) structural strength of the ship in relation to the assigned draft.
3) 2) Preservation of reserve buoyancy
4) 3) Means of preventing entry of water into hull
6) 4) Safety of crew on weather deck.
5) 5) Potential wetness of weather deck.
2) 6) Stability in normal loaded condition (i.e intact stability)
7) 7) Degree of subdivision and stability in prescribed damaged condition.

12) Under the loadline regulation define the following

1) Type "A" ship
2) Type "B" ship

1) Type "A" ship

1) ship designed to carry only liquid cargoes in bulk.
2) has high integrity of exposed deck with only small openings to cargo compartment.
closed by watertight steel covers.
3) a low permeability of loaded cargo compartments.

2) Type "B" ship

1) ship does not meet the provisions for a type "A" ship.

13) Explain how freeboard is assigned for a type "A" ship?

Type A ship is the one designed to carry only liquid cargoes in bulk having less freeboard
which demands a number of special requirements as follows.
1) has high integrity of exposed deck with only small openings to cargo compartment.
closed by watertight steel covers.
2) high degree of safety against flooding due to
1) low permeability of the loaded cargo compartments.
2) degree of subdivision within the hull.

3) Requirements for type "A"

Float/Flooded condition
In ship more than 150 m in length and is designed to have empty compartments when
loaded to the summer load waterline.
1) ship must be remain afloat after the flooding of any one of these compartments.
(at assumed permeability of 0.95)
If ship exceed 225 m in length, flooding of machinery space (separately at an
assumed permeability of 0.85).

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 2) In damaged condition the final waterline must be below the top of any
1) ventilator coaming OR
2) air pipe opening OR
3) top of the weather tight door's sill OR
4) edge of any other opening through which progressive flooding could take place.

4) Stability criteria
1) GM= at least 50 mm.
2) List = not exceed 15 degrees.
3) Range of stability = not less than 20 degrees.

5) Supplementary condition of assignments

1) Guard rails should be provided.
2) Walkways should be provided.
3) Engine room should be protected by super structure.

14) Explain how freeboard is assigned for a type "B" ship?

Type "B" ship can be assigned a freeboard less than that ordinarily applicable to type "B".
There are two types 1) B-60
2) B-100
1) B-60
1) in B-60 freeboard can be reduced by up to 60% of the difference between type 'A' & 'B'
2) this reduced freeboard is only allowed if the ship has
1) a number of structural characteristics and
2) sufficient stability to minimize the dangers of being assigned a reduced freeboard.
3) Requirements for B-60
Ship length more than 100m.
The hatchways in positions 1 and 2 closed by gasketed, clamped and steel weathertight
covers.
4) Float/Flooded condition
1) ship must be remain afloat in the loaded condition, after flooding any single damaged
compartment, other than machinery space. (at assumed permeability of 0.95)
If ship exceed 225 m in length, flooding of machinery space (separately at an
assumed permeability of 0.85).
2) In damaged condition the final waterline must be below the top of any
1) ventilator coaming OR
2) air pipe opening OR
3) top of the weather tight door's sill OR
4) edge of any other opening through which progressive flooding could take
place.
3) Damage caused by flooding is assumed as follows.
1) Vertically – from keel to freeboard deck (full depth of ship)
2) transversely – a distance of 1/5 of the moulded breadth. (measured inboard at
right angles to the centerline.)

5) Stability criteria
1) GM= at least 50 mm.
2) List = not exceed 15 degrees.
3) Range of stability = not less than 20 degrees.
6) Supplementary condition of assignments
1) Break water should be fitted.
2) Walkways should be provided both ondeck and under deck.

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 1) B-100
1) in B-100 freeboard can be reduced by up to 100% of the difference between type 'A' & 'B'
2) this reduced freeboard is only allowed if the ship has
1) a number of structural characteristics and
2) sufficient stability to minimize the dangers of being assigned a reduced freeboard.
3) Requirements for B-100
Ship length more than 100m.
The hatchways in positions 1 and 2 closed by gasketed, clamped and steel weathertight
covers.
4) Float/Flooded condition
1) ship must be remain afloat in the loaded condition, after flooding any two compartments
adjacent fore and aft other than machinery space.
(at assumed permeability of 0.95)
If ship exceed 225 m in length, flooding of machinery space (separately at an
assumed permeability of 0.85).
2) In damaged condition the final waterline must be below the top of any
1) ventilator coaming OR
2) air pipe opening OR
3) top of the weather tight door's sill OR
4) edge of any other opening through which progressive flooding could take
place.
3) Damage caused by flooding is assumed as follows.
1) Vertically – no limitation.
2) transversely – a distance of 1/5 of the moulded breadth. (measured inboard at
right angles to the centerline.)
5) Stability criteria
1) GM= at least 50 mm.
2) List = not exceed 15 degrees.
3) Range of stability = not less than 20 degrees.

6) Supplementary condition of assignments

1) Guard rails should be provided.
2) Walkways should be provided.
3) Engine room should be protected by super structure.

15) Distinguish between Tabular, Calculated, Basic and Assigned freeboards?

Tabular freeboard
1) It is as per regulation 28, for so called "standard ship" and corresponds only on ship
length.
2) It is the freeboard value determined directly from the freeboard table.
(given separately for type 'A' and type 'B' ship.

Basic freeboard
1) it is the value obtained after applying corrections (obtained from the regulations) to
the appropriate tabular freeboard for a type 'B' ship only for the following.
1) Any reduction applicable if type 'B 60' or 'B 100' ship.
2) Any increased freeboard applicable for having wooden hatch covers.
3) Any increased freeboard applicable to ships under 100 m length.

Calculated freeboard
1) it is the value obtained after applying "corrections" to the Tabular Freeboard for a type
'A' ships or 'Basic Freeboard for a type B ship.

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 2) it depends on how the characteristics of the ship in question differs from the
characteristics of the 'Standard ship'.
3) Corrections are as follows.
1) Length to Depth ratio (L/D ratio)
2) block coefficient 0.68 (if more increase, less no change)
3) sheer curve
4) no superstructure
5) minimum bow height above the load water line.

Assigned freeboard
It is the term for the final summer and other freeboards as calculated, marked and entered
in the Loadline certificate bed Certifying Authority.

17) What are the conditions that a ship must fulfill before being issued with an international
Load line certificate?
Before calculated freeboards can be assigned to any type of ship, i.e. before the various load line
are marked on the ship's side and load line certificate is issued.
Following conditions of assignment should be met.
1) the structural strength
2) the provision of stability information
4) 3) the need for satisfactory stability in all possible loaded conditions.
3) 4) ship must be provided with sufficient stability information.
5) 5) the requirement necessary to safeguard the ship's buoyancy.
7) 6) the means of protection for crew going on weather deck.
8) 7) the freeing ports
6) 8) The requirements relating to the means of closing all openings.

18) Describe how the calculated freeboard is obtained from tabulated freeboard?

1) the freeboard extracted from the table against with the ship length is called tabulated freeboard.
2) Correction are applied to that freeboard such as
1) Length to Depth ratio (L/D ratio)
2) block coefficient 0.68 (if more increase, less no change)
3) sheer curve
4) no superstructure
5) minimum bow height above the load water line.
3) the result is the summer (SW) freeboard from which summer draft is established.
4) the freeboard and draughts for other seasonal zones and fresh water are determined from the
calculated summer freeboard as follows.
1) Tropical freeboard
The tropical freeboard = summer freeboard – 1/48summer freeboard.
2) Winter freeboard
Winter freeboard = summer freeboard + 1/48summer freeboard.
3) WNA freeboard
1) Ship not more than 100 m in length
WNA freeboard = Winter freeboard + 50mm
2) Ships more than 100 m in length
WNA freeboard = Winter freeboard
4) Tropical Fresh Water & Summer Fresh Water = Corresponding SW freeboard – FWA
FWA = Disp (tones)/4xTPC

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19) Describe the purpose of dry docking survey?

Docking survey

1) To be held in dry dock interval not more than 2.5 years.

2) Vessels less than 15 years old = at least twice in five years.
Interval between two successive survey not more than 36 months.
One of these two docking surveys can be substituted by "in water survey" provided that ship is
assigned with IWS notation.
Vessels more than 15 years old = at least every two years.
3) Docking survey's interval can be extended by follows.
1) if high resistance paint is used for the underwater hull, extension period could be up to 2/2.5
years.
2) if ships operating in salt water for less than 6 months a year, extension could be up to 3
years.
3) if ships operating only in fresh water, extension could be from 2 to 5 years.
4) extension could be given if underwater inspections are carried out by a diver. (in water
survey)
4) the surveyor will examine
1) the condition of under hull
1) welding seams and butts.
2) deformation
3) coating/cathodic protection
4) appendices (Bilge keels, fins (used as stabilizer or propulsion enhancing fins), ducts etc.)
2) the integrity of hull openings
3) the condition of rudders/stabilizers
4) the condition of anchors and chains.

20) What are the parts of ship that is examined by a surveyor during an annual survey?

Annual survey
1) to be held annually
2) the surveyor is to examine
2) 1) the conditions of all closing appliances covered by the conditions of assignment of freeboard.
8) 2) main and auxiliary steering arrangements.
3) 3) the freeboard mark
4) 4) the anchoring and mooring equipment
7) 5) the structural fire protection of the vessel
5) 6) watertight doors and other penetrations in watertight bulkheads.
1) 7) the general condition of the vessel is assessed.
6) 8) satisfactory operation of the emergency equipments (for oil tankers and chemical)
9) 9) for bulk carrier, a forward and aft cargo holds are inspected.

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21) List some of the different class notations and their significance. Give an example
combining at least five different class notations (Hull) and explain the meaning
(use Lloyd's register of shipping notations)?

Character symbols & Class notations

Classed ship is denoted by hull & machinery known as "class notation"
1) it is to indicate the seaworthiness/features of a vessel.
2) in past (1764) hull is classed as A, E, I, O, U.
Equipments are classed with G,M,B (Good, Middling, Bad)
3) Above is replaced in 1775 by A1 system and it is still effective till now.
4) Lloyd class character symbol
+ 100A1 Double Hull Oil Tanker, ESP, *IWS, LI

+ = maltese cross
1) is assigned to new ships
2) constructed under the class's special survey,
It means a surveyors has been in attendance during the construction period to inspect
the Workmanship and materials.
100 = suitable for sea going
A = ship is build in accordance with class's rules and regulations or accepted into class.
1 = carrying onboard anchor and/or mooring equipment as per class's rules and regulations.
It may be assigned by letter "N" in lieu of the character "1"
Double Hull Oil Tanker = "a ship type and cargo notation"
structure designed/constructed in accordance with LR rules for
double hull oil tankers.
ESP = subject to an enhanced survey programmes.
*IWS = applicable for in water survey.
LI = approved loading instrument installed as per LR requirement.

22) Explain, the meaning of the following (LRS) notations?

+100A1
+100A1 Oil Tanker Baltic Service FP 60'C and above in No 4 tanks Ice Class 2.
+LMC
UMS
IGS
Lloyd's RMC
Class 1*

+100A1
+ = maltese cross
1) is assigned to new ships
2) constructed under the class's special survey,
It means a surveyors has been in attendance during the construction period to inspect
the Workmanship and materials.
100 = suitable for sea going
A = ship is build in accordance with class's rules and regulations or accepted into class.
1 = carrying onboard anchor and/or mooring equipment as per class's rules and regulations.
It may be assigned by letter "N" in lieu of the character "1"

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 +100A1 Oil Tanker Baltic Service FP 60'C and above in No 4 tanks Ice Class 2.
+ = maltese cross
1) is assigned to new ships
2) constructed under the class's special survey,
It means a surveyors has been in attendance during the construction period to inspect
the Workmanship and materials.
100 = suitable for sea going
A = ship is build in accordance with class's rules and regulations or accepted into class.
1 = carrying onboard anchor and/or mooring equipment as per class's rules and regulations.
It may be assigned by letter "N" in lieu of the character "1"
Oil Tanker = "a ship type and cargo notation"
structure designed/constructed in accordance with LR rules for single hull oil
tankers.
Baltic service = the vessel can be operated only within Baltic Sea.
FP 60'C = the vessel is constructed for the carriage of oil having a flash point not
exceeding 60'C (closed cup test)
Above in No 4 tanks Ice Class 2 = the vessel complies with ice class 2 as specified in the LR
regulation up No. 4 tanks from forward and can be operated
within first year ice up to 0.6 m thickness.

+LMC
+ = maltese cross
1) is assigned to new ships
2) constructed under the class's special survey,
It means a surveyors has been in attendance during the construction period to inspect
the propelling & essential auxiliary machinery.

UMS
When ship can be operated with machinery space attended & control engineering
equipment is arranged, installed & tested as per LR rules.

ICC
1) control/supervision of ship's operational functions are computer-based
2) control engineering equipment is arranged, installed & tested as per LR rules.

IGS
Inert gas system installed & tested under LR rules and regulation.

Lloyd's RMC
Vessel with a refrigerated cargo installation constructed, installed and tested under LR
special survey in accordance with its rules and regulations.

23) When could be a certificate of class issued?

Class Certificate
1) Certificate of class is issued to New and Existing vessels.
2) Upon completion of special survey and reports to that have been submitted by surveyors.
3) When these reports approved by class committee, first entry certificate is issued.

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24) What is the provisional certificate? / Interim certificates

Provisional or interim certificates

1) issued by class surveyor.
2) To enable the vessel to proceed on her voyage provided in their opinion it is fit and in
efficient condition.

25) What does "Date of Build" signify in the register book of the Lloyd's register of shipping?
date of
It is the 1st entry into class for new ship building and existing ship.

26) Enumeration the different occasions when a ship may be subjected to a classification
survey.

Classification survey include;

1) New construction surveys
2) Periodical surveys governed by time.
It includes 1) 1) annual surveys
5) 2) special surveys
6) 3) continuous surveys
2) 4) intermediate surveys
3) 5) dry docking surveys.
7) 6) till shaft surveys
8) 7) boiler surveys
4) 8) in water survey
9) 9) damage survey

27) Write short notes on the following periodical classification surveys, outline the frequency
for such surveys
1) Annual surveys
2) Docking surveys
3) in water surveys
4) intermediate surveys
5) special surveys
6) continuous survey.

1) Annual surveys
1) to be carried out within 3 months, before or after, of each anniversary date of the ship's
commissioning or last special survey (6 months window with range dates)
2) inspection is carried out on all the items related to the particular certificates
3) to make sure that they have been maintained and remain satisfactory for the service.
4) the surveyor is to examine
1) condition of hull and openings.
2) equipments.
3) anchor and moorings.
4) loading instruments
5) annual load line inspection.
5) No extension of range date is allowed.

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2) Docking surveys
1) two docking surveys are required to be completed within any 5 years survey circle.
2) maxi period between two successive dockings not to exceed 36 months.
3) one much coincide with special survey.
4) intermediate docking survey may be replaced with an "in water survey" if the ships meets the in
water survey and IWR notation. (IWS is not permitted for ESP ships over 15 years)

3) In water survey
1) a bottom survey permitted to carry out by qualified divers and equipments under supervisions
of the surveyor.
2) it is in-lieu of the intermediate docking survey.
3) ship must meet IWS requirements and have *IWS notation.
4) survey is carried out in ship light draft in sheltered clear waters.
5) if any damaged, deterioration is detected, a docking survey may be required for more details
examination.

4) Intermediate survey
1) carried out instead of 2nd and 3rd annual survey.
2) To include internal examination of SW ballast tanks as follows,
1) representative tanks for vessel more than 5 years.
2) all tanks for vessel over 10 years.
3) in dry cargo ships over 15 years, to examine forward and after cargo holds.
3) for ESP (Enhanced Special Program) ships, there are enhanced intermediate survey
Requirements.

5) Special survey
1) to be held at five years interval.
The first five years from the date of built or Date of special survey
There after five years from the date of previous survey.
2) hull requirement for special survey are divided in four ship age groups.
3) the amount of inspection during special survey increases as the age of the ship increases.
4) the more and more material is removed so that the condition of the bare steel can be assessed.
5) additional survey requirements are prescribed for tankers, chemical carrier and gas carrier.

6) Continuous survey
It is a Special surveys carried out on a "Continuous" basis known as "Continuous Survey"
1) it is carried out in vessel parts.
2) Ship is divided in five parts and each part covers the 20% of the special survey.
3) So that the whole ship will cover in five years period.
4) This is however not applicable to
1) tankers
2) bulk carrier
3) ore and combination carrier.

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28) State the functions of classification societies.

Functions of classification Societies

1) setting technical standard for ship
2) survey and classification of ship
3) survey and issue statutory certificates on the behalf of flag state.
4) Verification of Safety Management on behalf of flag state
5) Survey and certify cargo handling and securing equipment
6) survey and measurement of tonnage
7) survey of refrigerating machinery
8) supervision of testing of equipment and materials
9) Preloading survey
10) assignment of freeboard

29) Enumerate some of the interests involved in shipping, which necessitate the need for
classification of ship.

1) Commercial reason.
2) to ensure vessel is maintained to international standards throughout its working life.
3) Thereby owner is getting favorable charter arrangements and insurance rates for the ship.

30) Name at least five classification Societies presently approved in Singapore.

1) ABS (American Bureau of Shipping

2) LR (Lloyds Register of Shipping
3) BV (Bureau Veritas)
4) DNV (Det Norske Veritas)
5) GL (Germanischer Lloyd)
6) NK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai)
7) Registro Italiano Navale.

31) Describe the new measures adapted by the IMO to improved bulk carrier safety.

New regulations relation to bulk carrier safety

1) Bulk carriers constructed before july 1999, cannot carry heavy density cargoes unless it has
Undergone an enhanced survey programme. (ESP)
2) bulk carrier of 150 m or more in length constructed before 1999, that carry heavy density cargo
Fore most two cargo holds' bulkheads and double bottoms shall be strengthened to withstand
the flooding damage of the foremost cargo hold.
3) for single hull bulk carrier more than 150 m in length constructed after 1st July 1999
Shall have sufficient strength to withstand flooding of any one cargo hold in any condition.
4) for single hull bulk carrier more than 150 m in length constructed after 1st July 1999 and double
hull bulk carrier constructed after 1st July 2006.
Does not apply to bulk carrier with assigned reduced freeboard.
Shall have additional damage stability requirements = ability to remain afloat when
1) there is flooding of the foremost cargo hold for high density cargoes.
2) Any one cargo hold for low density cargoes
5) All bulk carriers must have an information booklet to indicate the regulations listed above are
Complied with.
If bulk carrier cannot carry heavy density cargo
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 1) it must be recorded in this booklet
2) this ship must be mark with solid equilateral triangle, midships on the hull.
6) if bulk carrier cannot comply with No (4) listed above, she shall undergo intermediate surveys
Provided with
1) high level bilge alarms in all cargo holds and
2) scenarios of information on specifics cargo hold flooding.
7) shippers must now declare the density of high density cargoes.
8) All bulk carrier of 150 m or more in length must be provided with a loading instrument.

32) Describe the key aspects of the Enhanced Survey Programme used for tankers and bulk
carriers. State your understanding of the terms "ESP" and executive hull system.

Enhanced Special Survey

1) as per SOLAS ch XI,
1) tankers
2) bulk carrier
3) ore and combination carriers
are required to under go ESS. Usually done at renewal survey.
2) ship under this programme has a class notation "ESP"
3) ESP does not currently apply to gas carrier.
Conditions for Enhanced special survey
1) a specific survey program in written format must be worked out in advance
2) dry docking is required.
3) all tanks conditions are to be evaluated periodically with tanks having poor coating conditions
to be evaluated more frequently.
4) close up survey is required to check the condition of
1) critical members of the ship's structure
2) transverse web frame ring
3) deck and bottom transverses
4) transverse bulkhead
5) girders and stiffener systems
6) adjacent structural members of cargo tanks and forward cargo hold frames.
7) plating in ballast tanks
8) hatch cover coaming in bulk carrier.
2) "Substantial corrosion" is checked
Checking allowable wastage of 75%.
Documents associated with ESP
1) a "survey programmed file" containing
1) ship's info
2) structural plans
3) cargo/ballast history
4) inspection by ship's staff
2) Executive Hull Summary (EHS) containing
1) hull survey reports
2) thickness measurement reports.
3) repair history
4) conditions of coating
5) corrosion and survey planning document.
3) EHS is to be kept on the ship for the life of the ship.
4) ESP ships stringency of intermediate surveys increase with age of ships
1) increases with over 5, 10 and 15 years.
2) for over 15 years no in water survey is permitted.

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33) State your understanding of the following terms.
Enhanced structural protection
Self polishing antifouling
TBT's
Mill scale
Galvanic series

Enhanced structural protection

1) name given to painting system for use in tankers and bulk carrier to prolong their life at sea.
2) Painting system which can last for 20 years at the key areas of ship without paint coating being
damaged.
3) The key areas includes
1) underwater hull
2) topsides
3) water ballast tanks
4) cargo tanks
5) decks
4) the paint are applied when the ship is build. Following conditions must be satisfied,
1) the paint must be applied in controlled conditions.
2) The coatings are developed with advanced technology.
3) They are applied in the presence of experienced supervisors.

Self polishing anti fouling

1) it is anti fouling system it become smoother with age.
2) Life time is depended on the thickness of paint.
3) They can last for upto 5 years.
4) They contains tributylen or TBTs. TBTs are very effective for protection of various organisms.
5) TBTs are prohibited for ship less than 25 m in length due to harmful effect to certain marine
organisms in coastal waters.
6) For larger ships, it should be applied as per "Harmful Antifouling Systems Convention 2001"
7) There are TBTs free self polishing anti fouling paint available , but they are not so effective.
8) There are two types of TBTs free paints
1) Biocidal :
2) Foul release

TBTs
1) Self polishing anti fouling paint contains tributylen or TBTs. TBTs are very effective for
protection of various organisms.
2) TBTs are prohibited for ship less than 25 m in length due to harmful effect to certain marine
organisms in coastal waters.
3) For larger ships, it should be applied as per "Harmful Antifouling Systems Convention 2001"
4) There are TBTs free self polishing anti fouling paint available , but they are not so effective.
5) There are two types of TBTs free paints
1) Biocidal :
2) Foul release

Mill Scale
1) it is a resistant iron oxide scale formed on steel during working process in air such as
1) hot rolling
2) heat treatment
3) hot fabrication etc.
2) it may appear as a shinny bluish film on the surface.
3) It can be removed by 1) weathering
2) use of mild acid.
3) sand blasting etc.

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Galvanic series
1) metals of the world are arranged in series
2) those on topes are considered "cathodic (noble)" and the bottom are "anodic (ignoble)
3) if two metals are connected externally in an electrolyte, the metal at the lower end of the series
will waste.
4) To protect the ship hull (steel), sacrificial anode system is used.
5) In this system, Mg or Zn is used as anodic to allow for wastage.

34) Describe the impressed current system?

Impressed current system

1) the appropriate voltage difference is maintained between the steel hull & fitted non-consumable
anodes (DC current is supplied to them)
3) reference cells (sliver electrodes) detects the potential difference between the steel hull and itself.
4) The controller compares this current against a pre set current value.
5) If there is a different in value, the controller activates the 'reactor' to suitably provide the DC
current to the 'anodes'

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35) Describe with the aid of a diagram a typical ship painting scheme?

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36) Explain your understanding of following, 'corrosion by erosion', 'stress corrosion',
'galvanic corrosion'?

Erosion (Gradual Breaking down)

1) it is the loss of metal due to mechanical action.
2) It may become associated with electro-chemical corrosion under certain circumstances
namely,
1) Impingement attack
1) air bubble in the following water 'erode' the protective film on the hull metal causing
Corrosion cell at that places.
2) this effect is greater if the water is warm. Eg. Location near the sea water discharge.
2) Cavitations
(1) the formation and bursting of vapour filled bubbles in the rapid moving water stream
Pitting the nearby metal causing corrosion cell at that places.

Stress corrosion
1) it is the accelerated corrosion where the metal is stressed leading to fatigue and minute crack.
2) Either inherent or due to working in the seaway.
3) Corrosion cells forming at these cracks.
4) The places liable to effect with this are
1) cold flanged brackets
2) welded joints
3) aluminum/magnesium alloy rivets.

Galvanic corrosion (bi metallic corrosion)

1) it the corrosion formed by the parts of the two different metals.
2) All metals are tabulated in the table called the galvanic series.
3) A metal at the higher end of the table is called 'noble'.
4) It will not be corroded when placed together with the metal at the lower end of this series.
5) The metal at the higher end of series will be cathode and the lower end will be anode.
6) The anode will be wasted when the cathode is protected.
7) Eg. In seawater, steel and copper are part of the galvanic cell, the steel will waste as it is lower
than copper in galvanic series.

37) Describe the features of harmonized system of survey?

Harmonized Survey System

1) To Harmonize periods between surveys of all statutory certificates issued to cargo ships.
2) Certificates to have a uniform period of validity of five years for cargo ship and one year for
passenger ships.
Three months extension for cargo ship certificates.
One month for passenger ship certificates.
If a certificate is extended, the period of validity of new certificate starts from the expiry date
of last certificate.
3) At least two inspections of ship's bottom in a five year period for cargo ship,
maximum interval between the inspections should not be greater than thirty six months.
4) A combined cargo ship safety certificate that will replace existing safety equipment, safety
construction and safety radio certificate.
5) Intervals between surveys of cargo ship's safety equipment will be changed to interval of two
and three years in stead of two years.
6) Intermediate surveys are required for all ships under the cargo ship safety construction
certificate.
Intermediate surveys for the cargo ship safety construction certificate can be held within three
months of either the second or third anniversary date.
7) Renewal survey may be completed within three months before the expiry of

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 the certificate with no loss of its period of validity.
time window of six months, ie not earlier than 3 months before expiry date and not later than 3
months after expiry date.
One or more of the following surveys require for maintenance of certification.
1) Initial survey.
2) Annual survey.
3) Intermediate survey.
4) Periodical survey.
5) Renewal survey.
6) Additional survey.

38) Describe the sacrificial anode system used on vessels for corrosion protection?

The Sacrificial anode system

1) metals or alloys that are less 'noble' than ship's steel are used as anodes (usually aluminum,
Magnesium or zinc alloys)
2) the anode is welded to the hull by their steel cores to give a good electrical connection.
3) the anode is supplies with a protection current of about 12-20 mA/sq. meter and is wasted
(sacrificed) in the process.
4) the life-span of sacrificial anodes is around 2 to 4 years depending on the paint conditions.
5) Ballast or cargo/ballast tanks are also protected by 'sacrificial anodes'.
6) in tankers only zinc anodes are used for protection of possible sparks in case of anode falls in
the tanks.

39) Describe your understanding of the CAS and CAP programmes for tankers?

CAS (Condition Assessment Scheme)

1) As per MARPOL 73/78 Reg 13G
2) applicable to all single hull tankers of 5000 DWT and over and above 15 years or more.
Also to some oil tankers under current MARPOL Reg 13G & 13H.
3) Under this scheme tankers require more stringent and transparent verification of the reported
structural condition of the ship.
4) Compliance with CAS is assessed during ESP inspections at 1) intermediate and
2) renewal surveys.
CAP (Condition Assessment Programme)
1) it is not a statutory requirement.
2) CAP is offered by class
3) voluntary for tanker of 15 years or more.
4) "CAP rating" will be given to participants.
Rating 1 is (high), 4 is (low)
Rating 1 & 2 are favorable and show well-maintained ships.
5) CAP survey covers
1) hull structure assessment
2) machinery assessment
3) cargo systems assessment

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40) Describe the preparations you will take as a master when preparing for load line survey?

Followings should be checked before load line survey

1) check stability booklet for whether it is endorsed and in order.
2) Check hatch way and hatch opening weather tightness.
3) Check 1) all openings on the weather deck
2) all ventilators on deck and their coamings.
3) all air pipes and their coamings.
4) all cargo ports and similar openings.
5) all scuppers inlet and discharge from enclosed spaces.
6) side scuttles
7) freeing ports
8) machinery space openings.
4) Check construction of 1) deckhouse and superstructures
2) bulwarks and railings
3) walkway if fitted.
5) Check there is no structural alterations that could effect the strength of the ship.
6) The record of particulars that is issued with a load line certificate.

41) Describe Anti-fouling convention?

1) it is to prevent antifouling paints containing organotins being coating on ships.

2) Convention is adopted in 2001.
3) New ships , ship build after 2001, are to be coated by anti fouling paint that do not contain
organitons.
4) Existing ships 1) to have sealer coat (that has no organiton) on top of an existing
antifouling system.
2) existing antifouling system is to remove completely and reapply with no
organiton paint.
5) the convention is forced through " International Antifouling system Certificate"
6) to ensure compliance for certificates, the owner of the vessel must request for a survey of the
antifouling system
7) owner must declare followings for the survey
1) type of antifouling system
2) name of manufacturer
3) name and color of the antifouling system
4) its active ingredients and their chemical abstract service registry number (CAS)
8) the surveyor will check the followings,
1) Product identity
2) Painting sampling
3) Testing the antifouling system.
4) if the sealer coat is painted over an existing system, the compliance with the requirements
or the removal of an existing system.

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