BASICS OF Civil ENGINEERING-

CV0121

UNIT 1

Indus Institute of Technology Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering
BASIC NECCESITIES OF LIFE

Roti Kapda

Civil
ENGINEERING

Makan
 UNIT – 1

INTRODUCTION TO Civil
ENGINEERING
What is Civil Engineering?
• Civil ENGINEERING is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and
maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams,
and buildings.
Branches of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential buildings, public buildings ,
industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal, and canal structures etc.
Surveying and Levelling

Building, planning & Construction

Advance Construction

Structural Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering

Water resources Engineering

Transportation Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Town Planning
SURVEYING AND LEVELLING
BUILDING PLANNING AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENT
ENGINEERING
 WATER
RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
TOWN PLANNING
Role of Civil Engineer in society
• Main role of Civil engineers is in surveying, planning, designing, estimation and execution of structures.

• To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience, laboratory techniques, numerical
methods, mathematical models, using computer and information technology.

• To implement management techniques for better management of man, material, machine and money.

• To carry out soil investigation for design of foundations of structures.

• To invite tenders and to select contractor for the work.

• To carry out surveying and levelling and fixing the alignments (center-line) of roads, railways, canals,
tunnels, pipes etc.

• To carry out planning of buildings as per its functional needs and also has role in town and regional
planning.

• To carry out the design of structures as per the principles of structural analysis and design. Civil engineer
should ensure that design is safe, durable and economic.

• To supervise the work during execution and to ensure progress of work.

• To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its sale or purchase price or taxation.
• Civil engineers has to maintain public health by providing pure water for drinking, treating waste water
before disposing in to water course and to collect the solid waste of town and disposing it.

• Civil engineer has to provide basic infrastructure of the structures for projects of many other engineering
disciplines, like to design machine foundations and to provide steel frame structure and sheds for industries
for the mechanical engineering project. To construct tunnels for hydropower station, to construction
cooling tower for thermal power stations and to erect transmission towers for electrical lines for electrical
engineering.
Scope of Civil Engineering
• The main scope of Civil engineering or the task of Civil engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising
construction, managing construction, execution and maintenance of structures.

• The scope of Civil engineering is two fold :

 According to the field of work, area of services and type of structures

 Functions of Civil engineering

Scope according to the field of work, area of services and type of
structures
o Building Construction

o Construction of Heavy Structures

o Geotechnical Engineering

o Transportation Engineering

o Water Resources Engineering

o Environmental Engineering

o Town Planning
Building Construction:

• Constructing Residential buildings like apartments, tenements, flats, raw houses, bungalows, villas, quarters etc.
• Constructing Public buildings like schools, colleges, government offices, post offices, hospitals, shopping
complexes, hostels etc.
• Constructing Industrial buildings like workshops, ware houses, stores and industrial sheds.

Construction of Heavy Structure:

• Constructing bridges, dams, ports, airports, underwater construction, tunnels, cofferdams, caissons, pile
foundations etc. with Advanced Construction Techniques.
• It also includes study of several advanced techniques, modern equipment and materials.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF
HEAVY STRUCTURE

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Geotechnical Engineering:

• Constructing several types of foundations like simple footing, well foundation, pile foundation, cofferdams and
foundations of machines subjected to vibrations is the main scope of geotechnical engineering.
• It further includes constructing tunnels, earthen dams, earth work for highways and railways. It also includes soil
investigation and soil testing.

Transportation Engineering:

• Constructing structures related to the transportation engineering like roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, ports,
harbors, runways and airports.
• It also includes traffic engineering and study of highway materials.

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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
TRANSPORATION ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

Water Resource Engineering:

• Constructing structures relating to water resources engineering like dams, barrages, canals, canal structures and
hydropower station.
• It also includes irrigation methods, water shed management, rain water harvesting, soil conservation, open
channel hydraulics, flow measurement, hydrology, flood control and water power engineering.

Town Planning:

• Planning of the town by zoning of the land, planning road network, planning other services like water supply and
drainage.

• Preparing master plan of town planning schemes and regulating construction by building byelaws.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
(Water treatment
Plant)

TOWN PLANNING
Environmental Engineering:

• Constructing structures relating to public health engineering like units of water treatment plant (like intake,
Clariflocculator, rapid sand filter etc.), water distribution network, underground sump, overhead tank, units of
wastewater treatment plant (like pumping well, screen chamber, grit chamber, primary settling tank, trickling
filter, activated sludge unit, sludge unit, sludge digester, sludge drying beds etc. ) sewerage and drainage system
and pumping stations.
• It also includes pollution control and solid waste collection from the town and its disposal.

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Scope according to the Functions of Civil engineering
o Surveying

o Planning

o Structural analysis and design

o Professional Practice

(a)Estimating (b) Costing and accounts (c) Valuation (d) Contracts

o Construction management

(a)Planning and scheduling (b) Construction execution and supervision

o Quality control and research

o Maintenance of structure
Surveying:
• To carry out surveying for setting out of works and for preparing map of land. Leveling is carried out to measure
levels and to prepare contour map. Measurements of distances and angles are taken with the help of surveying
instruments. Maps are useful for planning of the construction project.

Planning:
• To carry out planning of the different units according to their functional needs. Say for example buildings are
constructed to create living space and roads are constructed for transportation of vehicles over them. Technical
feasibility study, economic viability study, environmental impact analysis, surveying and soil investigations are the
different planning activities. On the bases of the data collected and map prepared by surveying, planning of the
project is made.

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Structural Analysis and design:
• To carry out structural design of the structure by selecting the type of material like concrete or steel and fixing the
size and shape of various structural components like slab, beam column etc. Structural analysis is required prior to
the designing of the structure.

Quality control and research:

• To have a quality check by testing of material and checking workmanship. During the actual construction, quality
of the materials can be checked by testing the various properties of the materials.Materials should comply the
needs of specifications.

• Workmanship like dimensions, lines and levels, finishing etc. is also required to be checked. To carry out research
for improvement in the quality, strength, durability and look of the structure through innovative practices.

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Professional Practice:
• Estimating : To prepare estimate of work. Estimates are prepared from data of drawings, specifications, rates etc.
The procedure for preparing estimate is known as estimating.

• Costing and accounts : To carry out costing to know the actual expenditure in the payment of bills to the
contractor, and many other expenditure, during construction of the work.

• Valuation : To carry out valuation of the property like land or land with building. Valuation is carried out for the
purpose of knowing the fair and just price or market value of the property for the purpose of sales, purchases,
insurance, taking loans and other purposes.

• Contracts: To carry out the construction of work through contractor according to the conditions of the contract.
On the bases of the contractor’s qualification, past performance and rates filled in the tender papers, work is
allocated to the contractor.

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Construction Management:
• Planning and Scheduling : To carry out project planning and prepare different schedules. Scheduling is the
procedure of fixing the order of execution of different activities during construction. For preparing schedules
methods like bar chart and critical path methods are generally used. Economic analysis is also carried out to know
the economic viability and to select one alterative among several other options.

• Construction execution and Supervision : To carry out the actual execution of the construction of the structure
and to supervise the progress of the work as per plan, design and specification and condition of the contract.
During the actual construction engineer has to provide technical guidance to the contractor and monitor the
progress. Management practices during construction also includes handling of the equipment and storing of
material. It also includes observing labor laws and safety precautions.

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Maintenance of Structure:
• To carry out the maintenance of the structure after the construction is over. Structures needs maintenance and
proper care. Due to continuous utilization of structure, wear and tear occur hence maintenance of the structure is
required. Repair works are required to protect the structures to make them free from the effects of damage or
deterioration. Some maintenance works are carried out annually like white washing and painting. Different types
of the repair works are current repairs, special repairs and major according to the type of the repair.

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Impact of Infrastructural Development on the Economic
of country
• The infrastructural facilities mainly such as transport, power, communication, water resources, banking, science
and technology create environment in which industries and business can grow.

• Industrial growth is accelerated as basic facilities required for them is provided by Infrastructure.

• Per capita income and GDP are the economic measures for assessment of development.

DUBAI
o Per Capita Income
 Per capita income is the average income of normal resident of a country in a particular year.
 It is obtained by dividing national income of a country by its population.
..

o Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

 GDP at market prices is the value of all fixed goods and services at prices prevailing in the market produced in
the domestic territory of country during a given year.

Details of Per Capita Income and GDP

Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Per capita Income 71593 80388 88533
in Rs. (12.3%) (11.5%) (10.1%)
GDP in Rs. Crore 93.9 99.21 106.57

• Due to the acceleration of progress of Infrastructural projects overall development and up liftment of common
people can be done.