Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission

New Pattern

UPPCS (Mains)
General Hindi, Essay &

General Studies
Paper- I, II, III, IV, V, VI

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 CONTENT
Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPCS) Mains Examination Syllabus ..................... 3-4
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, General Hindi ........................................................................................ 5-8
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, Essay ..................................................................................................... 9-18
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, General Studies-I ............................................................................... 19-28
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, General Studies-II ............................................................................. 29-42
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, General Studies-III ............................................................................ 43-54
UPPCS Mains Exam 2018, General Studies-IV ............................................................................ 55-66
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, General Hindi .................................................................................... 67-71
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, Essay ................................................................................................... 72-79
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, General Studies-I ............................................................................... 80-87
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, General Studies-II ............................................................................. 88-95
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, General Studies-III .......................................................................... 96-104
UPPCS Mains Exam 2019, General Studies-IV ........................................................................ 105-111
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, General Hindi ................................................................................ 112-116
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, Essay ............................................................................................... 117-125
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, General Studies-I ........................................................................... 126-135
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, General Studies-II ......................................................................... 136-145
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, General Studies-III ........................................................................ 146-152
UPPCS Mains Exam 2020, General Studies-IV ........................................................................ 153-160
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, General Hindi ................................................................................ 161-165
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, Essay ............................................................................................... 166-175
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, General Studies-I ........................................................................... 176-187
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, General Studies-II ......................................................................... 188-198
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, General Studies-III ........................................................................ 199-211
UPPCS Mains Exam 2021, General Studies-IV ........................................................................ 212-224
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, General Hindi ................................................................................ 225-229
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, Essay ............................................................................................... 230-239
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, General Studies-I ........................................................................... 240-247
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, General Studies-II ......................................................................... 248-256
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, General Studies-III ........................................................................ 257-264
UPPCS Mains Exam 2022, General Studies-IV ........................................................................ 265-272
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Hindi ................................................................................ 273-276
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, Essay ............................................................................................... 277-289
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-I ........................................................................... 290-298
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-II ......................................................................... 299-310
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-III ........................................................................ 311-323
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-IV ........................................................................ 324-335
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-V.......................................................................... 336-343
UPPCS Mains Exam 2023, General Studies-VI ........................................................................ 344-352
2
 SYLLABUS for the Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services (General
Recruitment/Special Recruitment) MAINS (Written) EXAMINATION
meeceevÙe efnvoer 1.
GENERAL STUDIES-II
Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution,
(1) efoÙes ngS ieÅe KeC[ keâe DeJeyeesOe SJeb ØeMveesòej~ features, amendments, significant provisions and basis
(2) meb#esheCe structure, Role of Supreme Court in evolution of basic
provisions of Constitution.
(3) mejkeâejer SJeb Deæ&mejkeâejer he$e uesKeve, leej uesKeve, keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe, 2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States:
DeefOemetÛevee, heefjhe$e~ issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure,
devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and
(4) Meyo-%eeve SJeb ØeÙeesie~ challenges therein .
(De) Ghemeie& SJeb ØelÙeÙe ØeÙeesie (ye) efJeueesce Meyo 3. Role of Finance Commission in Centre- State financial
relations.
(me) JeekeäÙeebMe kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo (o) Jele&veer SJeb JeekeäÙe Megefæ 4. Separation of powers, dispute redressal mechanisms and
institutions. Emergence and use of alternative dispute
(5) ueeskeâesefòeâ SJeb cegneJejs~ redressal mechanisms.
ESSAY 5. Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of
other major democratic countries.
There will be three sections in the question paper of Essay. 6. Parliament and State legislatures- structure, functioning,
Candidates will have to select one topic from each section and they conduct of business, powers and privileges and concerned
are required to write essay in 700 words on each topic. In the three issues.
sections, topics of essay will be based on following sphere : 7. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and
Section A : the Judiciary: Ministries and Departments of the Government,
(1) Literature and Culture. Pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their
(2) Social sphere. role in the Polity. Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
(3) Political sphere. 8. Salient features of the Reperesentation of People's Act.
Section B : 9. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, Powers,
(1) Science, Environment and Technology. functions and their responsibilities.
(2) Economic Sphere 10. Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
(3) Agriculture, Industry and Trade. including NITI Aayog, their features and functioning.
Section C : 11. Government policies and interventions for development in
(1) National and International Events. various sectors and issues arising out of their design,
(2) Natural Calamities, Land slide, Earthquake, implementation and Information Communication Technology
Deluge, Drought etc. (ICT).
(3) National Development programmes and 12. Development processes- the role of Non Governmental
projects. Organizations (NGOs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), various
groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and
GENERAL STUDIES-I other stakeholders.
1. History of Indian Culture will cover the salient aspects of Art 13. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by
Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes,
times. mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the
2. Modern Indian history (from A.D.1757 to A.D. 1947): protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Significant events, personalities and issues, etc. 14. Issues relating to development and management of Social
3. The Freedom Struggle- its various stages and important Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
contributors/contributions from different parts of the country. Resources.
4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within 15. Issues relating to poverty and hunger, their implication on
the country (till 1965A.D.). body politic.
5. History of the world will include events from 18th century to 16. Important aspects of governance. Transparency and
middle of the 20th century such as French revolution of 1789, accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes,
industrial revolution, World Wars, redraw of national limitations, and potential, citizens, charters and institutional
boundaries, Socialism, Nazism, Fascism etc-their forms and measures.
effect on the society. 17. Role of Civil Services in a democracy in the context of
6. Salient features of Indian Society and culture. emerging trends.
7. Role of Women in society and women's organization, 18. India and its relationship with neighbouring Countries.
population and associated issues, poverty and developmental 19. Bilateral, Regional and Global groupings and agreements
issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies. involving India and/ or affecting India's interest.
8. Meaning of liberalization, privatization and globalization and 20. Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing
their effects on economy, polity and social structure. countries on India's interests- Indian diaspora.
9. Social empowernment, communalism, regionalism & 21. Important International Institutions, Agencies their structure,
secularism. mandate and functioning.
10. Distribution of major natural resources of World- Water, 22. Specific knowledge of Uttar Pradesh regarding Political,
Soils, Forests in reference to South and South-East Asia with Administrative, Revenue and Judicial System.
special reference to India. Factors responsible for the location 23. Current affairs and events of Regional, State, National and
of industries (with special reference to India). International importance.
11. Salient features of Physical Geography- Earthquake, GENERAL STUDIES-III
Tsunami, Volcanic activity, Cyclone, Ocean Currents, winds 1. Economic planning in India, objectives and achievements. Role
and glaciers. of NITI Aayog, Pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals
12. Oceanic resources of India and their potential. (SDG's).
13. Human migration-refugee problem of the World with focus 2. Issues of Poverty, Unemployment, Social justice and
on India. inclusive growth.
14. Frontiers and boundaries with reference to Indian sub- 3. Components of Government Budgets and Financial System.
continent. 4. Major Crops, Different types of irrigation and irrigation
15. Population and Settlements- Types and Patterns, systems, storage, transport and marketing of agricultural
Urbanization, Smart Cities and Smart Villages. produce, e-technology in the aid of farmers.
16. Specific knowledge of Uttar Pradesh – History, Culture, Art, 5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and
Architecture, Festival, Folk-Dance, Literature, Regional minimum support prices, Public Distribution System-
Languages, Heritage, Social Customs and Tourism. objectives, functioning, Limitations, revamping, issues of
17. Specific knowledge of U.P.- Geography- Human and Natural buffer stocks and food security, Technology missions in
Resources, Climate, Soils, Forest, Wild-Life, Mines and agriculture.
Minerals, Sources of Irrigation.

3
6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and Political System of UP: Governance, Governor, Chief
significance, location, upstream and downstream Minister, Council of Ministers, State Assembly and State
requirements, supply chain management. Council, Center-State Relation.
7. Land reforms in India since independence. Public Service, Public Service Commission, Auditing,
8. Effects of liberalization and globalization on the economy, Advocate General, High Court and its jurisdiction in UP.
changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial Special State Selection Criteria, Official Language,
growth. Consolidated Fund and Contingency fund, Political Parties and
9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. State Election Commission of UP.
10. Science and Technology-developments and applications in Local Self Government: Urban and Panchayati Raj, Public
everyday life and in National Security, India's Science and
Technology policy. Policy, Right related issues in U P.
11. Achievements of Indians in science & technology, Good Governance, Eradication of Corruption, Lokayukta,
indigenization of technology. Developments of New Citizen Charters, E-Governance, Right to Information,
technologies, transfer of technology, dual and critical use Redressal Policy.
technologies. Land Reforms and its impact in UP.
12. Awareness in the fields of Information and Communication Issues Related to Security in UP.
Technology (ICT) and Space Technology, Computers, Energy Linkage between development and spread of extremism.
resources, nano- technology, microbiology, biotechnology. Role of External, State and Interstate actors in creating
Issues relating to intellectual property rights (IPR), and digital challenges to internal security through communication
rights. networks, media and social networking sites.
13. Environmental security and Ecosystems, Conservation of Basic rules of cyber security, money- laundering and its
Wild life, Biodiversity, Environmental pollution and prevention.
degradation, environmental impact assessment, Various security forces and agencies and their mandate.
14. Disaster as a Non-traditional security and safety challenge,
disaster mitigation and management. Security challenges and their management in border areas,
15. Challenges of International Security: Issues of Nuclear linkage of organized crimes with terrorism.
proliferation, Causes and spread of extremism, Law and Order and Civil Defense in UP.
Communication networks, role of media and social Medical and Health issues in UP
networking, Basics of cyber security, money laundering and State Education System of UP.
human trafficking. Contribution of U Pin development of India.
16. India's internal security challenges: Terrorism, corruption, Current Affairs of UP.
insurgency and organized crimes. Implementation of Jal Shakti Mission and other central welfare
17. Role, kind and mandate of security forces, Higher defense scheme in UP.
organizations in India
18. Specific knowledge of Uttar Pradesh Economy:- Overview of NGOs in UP: Issues, Contribution and Impact.
UP Economy: State Budgets. Importance of Agriculture, Tourism in U P: Issues and prospects.
Industry, Infrastructure and physical resources. Human Emphasis on Innovation in various fields in UP: Issues and it's
Resources and Skill development. Government Programmes impact on employement and socio-economic development of
and Welfare Schemes. the society.
19. Issues in Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Animal GENERAL STUDIES-VI
Husbandry. Overview of Economy of UP: Main features of economy and
20. Law and Order and Civil Defence with special reference to U.P. State Budgets, Infrastructure and importance of Physical
GENERAL STUDIES-IV Resources.
• Ethics and Human Interface : Essence, determinants and Trade, Commerce, and industries of UP.
consequences of Ethics in human action, dimensions of ethics, UP Government Schemes, Projects, and Planned Development
ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values-lessons for welfare of People, Human Resources and Skill
from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and Development.
administrators, role of family, society and educational Investment in U P: Issues and Impact
institutions in inculcating values.
• Attitude : Content, structure, function, its influence and relation Public Finance and Fiscal Policy, Tax and Economic Reforms,
with thought and behavior, moral and political attitudes, social One District One Product Policy of UP Government.
influence and persuasion. Planning and management of renewable and non-renewable
• Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, energy resources of UP.
impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to Demography, Population and Censuses of UP.
public services, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the Commercialization of agriculture and production of
weaker-sections. agricultural crops in UP.
• Emotional Intelligence- concept and dimensions, its utility and UP New Forest Policy.
application in administration and governance. Argo and Social Forestry in U.P
• Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and Agricultural Diversity, Problems of agriculture and their
world. solutions in UP.
• Public/Civil Service values and ethics in Public Administration: Developmental Indices of U Pin various fields.
status and problems, ethical concerns and dilemmas in
government and private institutions, laws, rules, regulations and Geography of UP: Geographical Location, Relief and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance, accountability and Structure, Climate, Irrigation, Minerals, Drainage System and
ethical governance, strengthening of moral values in Vegetation.
governance, ethical issues in international relations and funding, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in UP.
corporate governance. Transport Network in UP.
• Probity in Governance : concept of public service, Power Resources, Infrastructure, and Industrial Development
philosophical basis of governance and probity, information of UP.
sharing and transparency in government. Right to Information, Pollution and Environmental Issues in U P, Pollution Control
codes of ethics, codes of conduct, citizen's charter, work culture, Board and its functions.
quality of service delivery, utilization of public funds, Natural Resources of UP- Soil, Water, Air, Forests,
challenges of corruption.
• Case studies on above issues. Grasslands, Wetlands.
Climate Change and Weather Forecasting issues in UP.
GENERAL STUDIES-V Habitat and Ecosystem, structure and function, adjustment;
History, Civilization, Culture and Ancient Cities of UP. Flora and Fauna with reference to UP.
Architecture, their significance and maintainability, museum, Science and Technology: Its issues, advancements, and efforts
archive and archaeology of UP. in U P.
Contributions of UP in Pre and post 1857 freedom struggles of Aquaculture, Viticulture, Sericulture, Floriculture,
India. Horticulture, Arboric culture in up and its impact on
Eminent freedom fighters and personalities of UP. development of UP.
Rural, Urban and Tribal issues: social structure, festivals, Evolvement of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for
fairs, music, folk dances, literature and languages/dialects, development of UP.
social customs of UP.

4
 Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie cegKÙe hejer#ee 2018
meeceevÙe efnvoer
efveOee&efjle meceÙe : leerve Iebšs DeefOekeâlece Debkeâ : 150
Time Allowed : Thee Hours Maximum Marks : 150

veesš : (i) meYeer ØeMve DeefveJeeÙe& nQ~

(ii) ØelÙeskeâ ØeMve kesâ Debkeâ ØeMve kesâ Deble ceW Debefkeâle nQ~
(iii) he$e, ØeeLe&vee–he$e Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe ØeMve kesâ Gòej kesâ meeLe DeLeJee DevÙe keâe veece, helee SJeb Deveg›eâceebkeâ ve efueKeW~
DeeJeMÙekeâ nesves hej keâ, Ke, ie efueKe mekeâles nQ~
1. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{Ùes Deewj veerÛes (Ke) ‘meeefnlÙe’ keâe Meeefyokeâ DeLe& neslee nw - efnle meefnle~ Ssmes mecemle
efueKes ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS: efJeÛeej Ùee meb«en pees ceeveJe cee$e kesâ keâuÙeeCe kesâ efueS nes
ceQ meeefnlÙe keâes cegve<Ùe keâer Âef° mes osKeves keâe he#eheeleer ntB pees ‘meeefnlÙe’ keânueeles nQ~ meeefnlÙe ceveg<Ùe ceW ceeveJeerÙe iegCeeW keâe
Jeeipeeue ceveg<Ùe keâes ogie&efle, nervelee Deewj hejcegKeehesef#elee mes yeÛee heefj<keâej keâjkesâ Gmes mJeeJeuecyeer yeveelee nw, Gmekesâ ùoÙe keâes
ve mekesâ, pees Gmekeâer Deelcee keâes lespeesöerhle ve yevee mekesâ, pees mebJesoveMeerue SJeb Goej yeveelee nw leLee Gmekesâ Deeeflcekeâ iegCeeW keâe
Gmekesâ ùoÙe keâes hejog:Kekeâelej Deewj mebJesoveMeerue ve yevee mekesâ, efJekeâeme keâjlee nw~ meeefnlÙe ceveg<Ùe keâes mebkeâerCe& mJeeLeeX mes Gyeej
Gmes meeefnlÙe keânves ceW cegPes mebkeâesÛe neslee nw~ ceQ DevegYeJe keâjlee
keâj GmeceW ‘JemegOewJe kegâšgcyekeâced’ keâer YeeJevee keâe efJekeâeme keâjlee
ntB efkeâ nce ueesie Skeâ keâef"ve meceÙe kesâ Yeerlej mes iegpej jns nQ~
nw~ meÛÛes DeLeeX cebs meeefnlÙe ner ceveg<Ùe keâes cegve<Ùe yeveelee nw~
Deepe veevee YeeBefle kesâ mebkeâerCe& mJeeLeeX ves ceveg<Ùe keâes kegâÚ Ssmee
DevOee yevee efoÙee nw efkeâ peeefle Oece& efveefJe&Mes<e cegve<Ùe kesâ efnle keâer (ie) jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee–
yeele meesÛevee DemecYeJe nes ieÙee nw~ Ssmee ueie jne nw efkeâ efkeâmeer (i) ceQ meeefnlÙe ---------------- mebkeâesÛe neslee nw~
efJekeâš ogYee&iÙe kesâ Fbefiele hej oueiele mJeeLe&–hesÇce ves cegve<Ùelee keâes JÙeeKÙee– uesKekeâ kesâ Devegmeej meeefnlÙe keâe hejce GösMÙe ceeveJe
oyeesÛe efueÙee nw~ ogefveÙee Úesšs-Úesšs mebkeâerCe& mJeeLeeX kesâ DeeOeej cebs ceeveJeerÙe iegCeeW keâe efJekeâeme keâjvee nw~ meeefnlÙe mes ceveg<Ùe
hej Deveskeâ oueeW ceW efJeYeòeâ nes ieF& nw~ Deheves oue kesâ yeenj keâe meodieefle keâes Øeehle keâjlee nw, Jen kegâC"e SJeb nervelee mes cegòeâ
Deeoceer mevosn keâer Âef° mes osKee peelee nw~ Gmekesâ jesves ieeves lekeâ neskeâj mJeeJeuecyeer yevelee nw~ meeefnlÙe mes ceveg<Ùe keâer Deelcee keâe
hej DemeogösMÙe keâe Deejeshe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gmekesâ lehe Deewj efJekeâeme neslee nw~ meeefnlÙe mes ceveg<Ùe ceW menveMeeruelee, mebJesovee,
melÙeefve‰e keâe cepeekeâ GÌ[eÙee peelee nw~ hejmhej megKe-og:Ke kesâ YeeJeeW kesâ mecePe keâe efJekeâeme neslee nw~
(keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe YeeJeeLe& Deheves MeyoeW ceW efueefKeS~ Ùeefo keâesF& meeefnlÙe Deheves Gòeâ GösMÙeeW keâer Øeeefhle ceW efJeheâue nw
(Ke) meeefnlÙe kesâ ue#Ùe kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe kesâ lees Jen meeefnlÙe veneR nes mekeâlee Ssmeer oMee cebs Gmes ‘Jeeipeeue’
DeeOeej hej efJeÛeej keâerefpeS~ keânvee ner yesnlej nw~
(ie) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâer jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee (ii) Deepe veevee ---------- DemecYeJe nes ieÙee nw~
keâerefpeS~ JÙeeKÙee– ieÅeebMe kesâ Devegmeej Deepe meceepe ceW meJe&Lee mJeeLe&
Gòej- ieÅeebMe keâe YeeJeeLe& JÙeehle nw~ mJeeLe& ves ceveg<Ùe kesâ efJeJeskeâ keâes ve° keâj efoÙee nw Deewj
(keâ) uesKekeâ kesâ Devegmeej meÛÛes DeLeeX ceW meeefnlÙe Jen neslee nw pees Fmeer efJeJeskeânervelee ves meceepe keâes efYeVe–efYeVe mecegoeÙeeW SJeb oueeW
ceveg<Ùe ceW ceeveJeerÙe iegCeeW keâe efJekeâeme keâjves ceW meceLe& nes~ Ssmee cebs efJeYeòeâ keâj efoÙee nw~ Fmeer mJeeLe& kesâ DeOeerve neskeâj ceveg<Ùe
meeefnlÙe pees ceveg<Ùe keâes Øesefjle ve keâj mekesâ Ùee Gmes kegâC"e SJeb cee$e Deheves ner peeefle Oece& kesâ efnle ceW meesÛelee nw, Jen ceeveJe cee$e
nervelee mes yeenj ve efvekeâeue mekesâ, Gmes meeefnlÙe veneR cee$e kesâ keâuÙeeCe kesâ efueS meesÛe ner veneR heelee~
Jeeipeeue keânvee ÛeeefnS~ uesKekeâ kesâ Devegmeej Ùen Skeâ keâef"ve (iii) ogefveÙee Úesšs-Úesšs -------------- nes ieF& nw~
meceÙe nw peyeefkeâ meceepe mebkeâerCe& ceeveefmekeâlee SJeb meecØeoeefÙekeâ JÙeeKÙee– DeelcecegiOelee mJeeLe& keâes pevce osleer nw, mJeeLe&
Yeso-YeeJe keâe efMekeâej nw~ oueiele mJeeLe& ves ceeveJelee keâes KeefC[le mebkeâerCe&lee keâes Deewj mebkeâerCe& mJeeLe& meceepe keâes KeefC[le keâjlee nw
efkeâÙee nw~ Deepe cenpe cegve<Ùe keâer oueiele efYeVelee ner Gmes cepeekeâ leLee ceveg<Ùe- ceveg<Ùe ceW Yeso hewoe keâjlee nw~ Yeso ner meceepe keâes
keâe hee$e yeveeleer nw~ efYeVe-efYeVe oueeW cebs efJeYeòeâ keâjlee nw~
UPPCS Mains 2018 General Hindi 5 YCT
2. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{keâj efveoxMeevegmeej Gòej 3. efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS:
efueefKeS~ (keâ) ‘DeefOemetÛevee’ keâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjles ngS cegKÙe meefÛeJe,
heefjJele&ve mes nce yeÛe veneR mekeâles~ heefjJele&ve mes yeÛevee Deieefle Gòej ØeosMe mejkeâej keâer Deesj mes efMe#ekeâeW keâer mesJeeefveJe=efòe
Deewj ogie&efle keâes Deeceefv$ele keâjvee nw~ ÙeÅeefhe efmLejlee ceW efkeâmeer JeÙe yeÌ{eves kesâ mevoYe& ceW Skeâ DeefOemetÛevee keâe Øee™he
DebMe mes megj#ee nw, leLeeefhe efyevee peesefKece efueS Deeies veneR yeÌ{e lewÙeej keâerefpeS~
(Ke) mJeemLÙe efJeYeeie, Gòej ØeosMe, ueKeveT keâer Deesj mes
peelee nw~ efveÙeceeW keâer efmLejlee pees efJe%eeve ceW nw Deewj mhetâefle&ceÙe
peerJeve keâer ieefleMeeruelee pees meeefnlÙe ceW nw, oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe meefÛeJe, mJeemLÙe ceb$eeueÙe, Yeejle mejkeâej, veF& efouueer
keâes Yespeves kesâ efueS Skeâ DeOe& mejkeâejer he$e keâe Øee™he
nceW meblegefuele ceeie& Keespevee nw~ peerJeve kesâ meblegueveeW ceW veS Deewj
lewÙeej keâerefpeS efpemeceW Gòej ØeosMe ceW kegâhees<eCe mes petPeles
hegjeves keâe meblegueve Yeer efJeMes<e cenlJe jKelee nw~ mebmeej keâer
yeÛÛeeW kesâ Fueepe kesâ efueS Yeejle mejkeâej kesâ mJeemLÙe
ieefleMeeruelee kesâ meeLe ncekeâeW Yeer ieefleMeerue nesvee heÌ[siee, efkeâvleg ceb$eeueÙe mes hetJe& cebs ceeBieer ieF& meneÙelee keâes ÙeLeeMeerIeÇ
DeeBKeW ceBtokeâj DebOekeâej keâer KeeF& cebs ketâovee Metjlee veneR nw~ mJeerke=âle keâjves kesâ efueS Dee«en efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~
ncekeâes Deeies keâoce yeÌ{evee nw efkeâvleg DeeBKeW Keesuekeâj~ veJeerve kesâ Gòej-
efueS nce Deheves cevecebefoj keâe Éej meoe Keguee jKeW, hetJee&«eneW mes (keâ) DeefOemetÛevee keâer heefjYee<ee–ØeLece Je efÉleerÙe ßesCeer kesâ
keâece ve ueWs~ Gmekesâ he#e Deewj efJehe#e keâer ÙegefòeâÙeeW keâes vÙeeÙe keâer jepeheef$ele DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW keâer efveÙegefòeâ, heoesVeefle, ØeefleefveÙegefòeâ,
leguee hej leewueW~ Skeâ meercee kesâ Yeerlej veS ØeÙeesieeW keâes Yeer Deheves mLeeÙeerkeâjCe, mesJeeefveJe=efòe, lewveeleer leLee DeJekeâeMe mJeerke=âefle Deeefo
peerJeve cebs mLeeve oW, efkeâvleg kesâJeue veJeervelee kesâ ØeceeCe–he$e cee$e mes mebyebefOele mejkeâejer metÛevee keâes DeefOemetÛevee keânles nQ~
mes mevleg° ve nes peeSb~ efpeme leke&âyegefæ keâes nce ØeeÛeerve ØeLeeDeeW DeefOemetÛevee je°^heefle DeLeJee jepÙeheeue kesâ mlej mes peejer keâer
kesâ Gvcetueve ceW ueieeles nQ Gmeer efvece&ce leke&â keâes veJeerve kesâ hejer#eCe peeleer nw~ Dele; Fmes mejkeâejer iepeš ceW ØekeâeefMele keâjvee DeefveJeeÙe&
ceW Yeer ueieeJeW efkeâvleg veJeerve keâes Yetle keâer YeeBefle YeÙe keâe keâejCe ve neslee nw~
yeveeJeW~ DeefOemetÛevee keâer efJeMes<eleeSB–
(keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâes GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS~ • DeefOemetÛevee keâe efJeefOekeâ cenòJe nw~ Ùen Gve efJe<eÙeeW kesâ efueS
(Ke) ØeeÛeerve Deewj veJeerve ceW mevlegueve keäÙeeW DeeJeMÙekeâ nw? ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw efpemeceW Meemeve veerefleiele cegöe meefcceefuele neslee
nw~ DeefOemetÛevee MeemekeâerÙe efJe<eÙeeW keâe meyemes ØeYeeefJele omleeJespe
efJeÛeej keâerefpeS~
ceevee peelee nw~
(ie) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe keâerefpeS~
• DeefOemetÛevee je°^heefle DeLeJee jepÙeheeue Éeje peejer efkeâÙee peelee
Gòej- nw~ FmeefueS Fmekeâe ØekeâeMeve mejkeâejer iepeš ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(keâ) ieÅeebMe keâe Meer<e&keâ– ‘meblegueve keâe cenlJe’ • Ùen efkeâmeer efJeYeeie kesâ mebyebOe ceW mejkeâejer metÛevee nesleer nw~ keâYeer–
(Ke) melele heefjJele&veMeeruelee ner MeeÕele melÙe nw~ heefjJele&ve veJeervelee keâYeer Ùen Deece pevelee mes mebyebefOele nesleer nw~
keâes pevce oslee nw~ Ùen veJeervelee keâeue kesâ iele& ceW meceeefnle neskeâj • DeefOemetÛevee ceW he=‰ebkeâve DeefveJeeÙe& neslee nw~ metÛevee Øeehle keâjves
Jeeues DeefOekeâejer keâes he=‰ebkeâve keâer Skeâ Øeefle Yespe oer peeleer nw~
ØeeÛeervelee ceW heefjJeefle&le nesleer jnleer nw~ ØeeÛeervelee nceW nceejs cetue
• DeefOemetÛevee keâe cegKÙe GösMÙe Ùen neslee nw efkeâ mejkeâej kesâ
SJeb DeeOeej mes peesÌ[s jKeleer nw Deewj JeneR veJeervelee YeefJe<Ùe keâer efveCe&Ùe keâer peevekeâejer mebyebefOele DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW Deewj keâce&ÛeeefjÙeeW kesâ
Deesj osKeves keâes yeeOÙe keâjleer nw~ YeefJe<ÙeesvcegKe Âef° Øeieefle keâe meeLe–meeLe pevemeeOeejCe keâes Yeer nes peeÙe~
heefjÛeeÙekeâ nw~ Fme lejn oesveeW kesâ ceOÙe meblegueve nceW Deheves cetue DeefOemetÛevee keâe GoenjCe–
mes pegÌ[s ngS Yeer Øeieefle keâjves kesâ DeJemej Øeoeve keâjlee nw~ hejvleg (keâeefce&keâ ceb$eeueÙe, G0Øe0 Meemeve DevegYeeie-1)
hetJee&«en SJeb DebOeefJeÕeeme pees ›eâceMe: ØeeÛeervelee SJeb veJeervelee mes meb0.–125/F&/-1/2020
Ghepeles Fme meblegueve kesâ GösMÙe keâes ve° ve keâj oW, ncebs Fmekeâe efo0– 20 ceF&, 2020, ueKeveT
Yeer OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS~
(ie) ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe– ‘heefjJele&ve SJeb meblegueve’ heefjJele&ve mes DeefOemetÛevee
yeÛeves kesâ ØeÙelve ceW nce ogie&efle keâes Deeceefv$ele keâjles nQ~ efmLejlee
cebs megj#ee SJeb peesefKece oesveeW efveefnle nw~ efmLejlee SJeb ieefleMeeruelee Gòej ØeosMe mejkeâej, ueKeveT ves jepÙe kesâ mecemle
mesJeeefveJe=efòe efMe#ekeâeW keâer, mesJeeefveJe=efòe JeÙe yeÌ{eves keâe efveCe&Ùe
ceW meblegueve yeveeves kesâ efueS nceW efJe%eeve kesâ efveÙeceeW leLee meeefnlÙe
efueÙee nw~ Ùen Jele&ceeve ceW mesJeeefveJe=efòe keâer DeeÙeg 60 Je<e& keâes
kesâ mhetâefle&ceÙe peerJeve ceW meblegueve yeveevee heÌ[siee~ efJe®æeW keâe efJemleej osles ngS 62 Je<e& keâjves keâe efveCe&Ùe efueÙee ieÙee nw~ Ùen
meblegueve ner peerJeve nw~ ØeeÛeerve Je veJeerve kesâ ceOÙe meblegueve Yeer Je=efæ efoveebkeâ 1 peveJejer 2020 ceW ueeiet ceeveer peeSieer~
Fmekeâe Skeâ GoenjCe nw, hejvleg Fme mecyevOe ceW nceW hetJee&«en SJeb Dee%ee mes
DebOeefJeÕeeme keâe heefjlÙeeie keâjvee ÛeeefnS ØeeÛeerve ØeLeeDeeW kesâ nmlee#ej
Gvcettueve keâer ner YeeBefle veJeerve ØeÙeesie ceW Yeer leke&âMeeruelee keâe (De. ye. me.)
heefjÛeÙe osvee ÛeeefnS~ cegKÙe meefÛeJe~
UPPCS Mains 2018 General Hindi 6 YCT
mebKÙee– 125/F&/-1/2020 leoefoveebefkeâle 4. efvecveefueefKele GhemeieeX/ØelÙeÙeeW mes Skeâ-Skeâ Meyo keâer
Øeefleefueefhe efvecveefueefKele keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg jÛevee keâerefpeS:
Øesef<ele~ DeefOe, heefj, Yej, De", efve, KegMe, Fkeâ, DeeFve, DeeF&,
1. DevegmeefÛeJe efMe#ee efJeYeeie, Gòej ØeosMe~ DekeäkeâÌ[
Gòej-
2. keâes<eeefOekeâejer, efMe#ee efJeYeeie, Gòej ØeosMe~
Ghemeie&/ØelÙeÙe efveefce&le Meyo
DeefOe DeefOekeâej, DeefOeMeemeer, DeOÙeelce,
Dee%ee mes
DeOÙe#e
nmlee#ej heefj heefj›eâcee, heefjYeüceCe, heefjCeece, heefjefOe,
(De. ye. me.) heefjmeerceve
cegKÙe meefÛeJe~ Yej Yejhesš, Yejhetj, Yejmekeâ, Yejkeâesme
(Ke) DeOe&–mejkeâejer he$e– meceeve mlej kesâ DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW kesâ ceOÙe De" De"Veer, De"KesefueÙeeB, De"Jeeje,
De"ceemee
mejkeâejer keâecekeâepe mes efueKes ieÙes he$e keâes DeOe&–mejkeâejer he$e
efve efve<esOe, efvekeâccee, efve"uuee, efveOeÌ[keâ
keâne peelee nw~ Fme he$e keâe mJe™he DeveewheÛeeefjkeâ neslee nw~ Ùen KegMe KegMeefoue, KegMeefkeâmcele, KegMeefcepeepe,
JÙeefòeâiele Mewueer ceW efueKee peelee nw~ KegMeKeyejer
DeOe&–mejkeâejer he$e keâe Øee™he– Fkeâ Meeefyokeâ, DeeefLe&keâ, JÙeeJeneefjkeâ,
keâ. Ke. ie. De.Mee. he$e meb.-210 F&-1/2020 DeewhevÙeeefmekeâ
meefÛeJe mJeemLÙe efJeYeeie, G0Øe0 DeeFve "keg âjeFve, heefC[leeFve, ueueeFve,
DevegYeeie-1 yeefveÙeeFve
DeeF efce"eF&, "kegâjeF&, efueKeeF&, yegDeeF&,
ueKeveT, efoveebkeâ -10 ceF&, 2020
ÛeÌ{eF&
DekeäkeâÌ[ efheÙekeäkeâÌ[, yegPekeäkeâÌ[, kegâokeäkeâÌ[,
efØeÙe ßeer cenesoÙe, IegcekeäkeâÌ[
cegPes Deehemes Ùen keânves keâer Dehes#ee keâer ieF& nw efkeâ Gòej ØeosMe 5. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce Meyo efueefKeS:DeeJejCe,
efheÚues heeBÛe ceen mes yeÛÛeeW kesâ kegâhees<eCe mes petPe jne nw efpeme keâejCe mes ke=âle%e, De%e, vewmeefie&keâ, DeOece, Deentle, mekeâce&keâ, ceeve,
npeejeW yeÛÛeeW ves Deheveer peeve ieJeeB oer~ efheÚues ceen Gòej ØeosMe mejkeâej Ieele, Jewleefvekeâ
ves mJeemLÙe ceb$eeueÙe, Yeejle mejkeâej keâes Skeâ he$e efueKekeâj DeeefLe&keâ Gòej-
meneÙelee keâer ceeBie keâer Leer, efpeme hej DeYeer lekeâ keâesF& peJeeye veneR efceuee~ Meyo efJeueesce
Fmemes efmLeefle Deewj iecYeerj nesleer pee jner nw~ DeeJejCe DeveeJejCe
ke=âle%e ke=âleIve
Dele: cesje Deehemes Dee«en nw efkeâ Deehe Fme cegös hej JÙeefòeâiele OÙeeve
De%e efJe%e
oskeâj meneÙelee jeefMe mJeerke=âefle keâjeves keâer ke=âhee keâjW leeefkeâ meceÙe jnles vewmeefie&keâ ke=âef$ece
yeÛÛeeW keâes Fme mecemÙee mes efvepeele efoueeÙee pee mekesâ~ DeOece Gòece
memecceeve! Deentle Deveentle
mekeâce&keâ Dekeâce&keâ
ceeve Deheceeve
YeJeefve‰ Ieele Øeef leIeele
n0 ....... Jewleefvekeâ DeJewleefvekeâ
(keâ. Ke. ie.)
6. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS:
ßeer De. ye. me.
(i) Ùen DeeBKeeW mes osKeer Iešvee nw~
meefÛeJe,
(ii) meew ™heÙee meOevÙeJeeo Øeehle ngDee~
mJeemLÙe ceb$eeueÙe, (iii) ieerlee ves meerlee mes hetÚe efkeâ meerlee keâneB Ûeueer ieF& Leer?
Yeejle mejkeâej, (iv) oef#eCe keâe DeefOekeâebMe Yeeie he"ej nw~
veF& efouueer~ (v) ceQves yeesuee efkeâ keâue cele Deevee~

UPPCS Mains 2018 General Hindi 7 YCT

 (Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer keâe mebMeesOeve Gòej-(i) vekeäkeâejKeeves ceW letleer keâer DeeJeepe- yeÌ[s ueesieeW kesâ yeerÛe
keâerefpeS: ÚesšeW keâer yeeleeW keâes keâewve megvelee nw~
efMe#eCesòej, Ghejesòeâ, meewneõ&, hetpÙeveerÙe, meewpevÙelee ØeÙeesie – Gve yeÌ[s yegpegieeX SJeb yegefæpeerefJeÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe MÙeece ueeue
Gòej- (keâ) Megæ JeekeäÙe Fme Øekeâej nQ– keâe megPeeJe vekeäkeâejKeeves ceW letleer keâer DeeJeepe keâer YeeBefle Devemegveer
(i) Ùen DeeBKeeW osKeer Iešvee nw~ keâj oer ieF&~
(ii) meew ®heÙes Øeehle ngS, OevÙeJeeo~ (ii) cekeäKeer ceejvee – Heâeuelet yew"s Ùee yeskeâej kesâ keâece keâjles
(iii) ieerlee ves meerlee mes hetÚe efkeâ legce keâneB Ûeueer ieF& Leer? jnvee~
(iv) oef#eCe keâe DeefOekeâebMe he"ej nw~ ØeÙeesie – mejkeâejer keâevetve kesâ keâejCe yesÛeejs keâe keâece-OevOee
(v) ceQves keâne efkeâ keâue cele Deevee~ Ûeewheš nes ieÙee, Deye yew"e cekeäKeer ceej jne nw~
(Ke) Megæ Jele&veer mes mecyeefvOele efJeJejCe Fme Øekeâej nw– (iii) efleue keâe leeÌ[ yeveevee- yengle yeÌ{e ÛeÌ{e keâj keânvee~
DeMegæ Megæ ØeÙeesie – Jele&ceeve ceW mejkeâej kesâ Éeje mebÛeeefuele ueieYeie meYeer
efMe#eCesòej : efMe#eCeslej
ÙeespeveeDeeW keâes ØeMeemekeâerÙe DeefOekeâejer Gmekeâer meheâuelee keâes pevelee
Ghejesòeâ : GheÙeg&òeâ
kesâ meeceves efleue keâe leeÌ[ yeveekeâj ØeoefMe&le keâjles nQ~
meesneõ& : meewneo&
(iv) efmej DeeBKeeW hej yew"evee – yengle Deeoj melkeâej keâjvee~
hegpÙeveerÙe : hetpeveerÙe
ØeÙeesie – ieeBOeer peer peye oef#eCe Deøeâerkeâe mes ueewšs leye YeejleerÙe
meewpevÙelee : meewpevÙe
pevelee ves GvnW efmej DeeBKeeW hej yew"e efueÙee~
7. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeebMeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ–Skeâ Meyo
(iv) nJee keâe jbie osKevee – efmLeefle osKekeâj keâece keâjvee~
efueefKeS :
ØeÙeesie – Gmekeâer meHeâuelee keâe jepe Ùen nw efkeâ Jen keâesF& Yeer
(i) DeekeâeMe keâes Ûetceves Jeeuee~
keâece nJee keâe jbie osKekeâj keâjlee nw~
(ii) mevOÙee Deewj jele kesâ yeerÛe keâe meceÙe~
(v) {ekeâ kesâ leerve heele – meoe Skeâ meer oMee ceW jnvee
(iii) ncesMee jnves Jeeuee~
(iv) meew ceW meew~ ØeÙeesie – Gmekesâ keâce& ner Ssmes nQ efpemekesâ keâejCe Gmekeâer efmLeefle
(v) pees yeele JeCe& mes hejs nes~ meoe {ekeâ kesâ leerve heele keâer lejn jnleer nw~
Gòej- efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙeebMeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo Fme Øekeâej nw– (vii) ieg™ keâerpes peeves kesâ , heeveer heerpes Úeve kesâ – efyevee
JeekeäÙeebMe Skeâ Meyo peeBÛes hejKes efkeâmeer Yeer Jemleg keâe «enCe veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
DeekeâeMe keâes Ûetceves Jeeuee : ieieveÛegcyeer
ØeÙeesie – ceesnve kesâ peerJeve keâe Skeâ ner efmeæevle nQ ieg® keâerpes
peeves kesâ, heeveer heerpes Úeve kesâ~
mevOÙee Deewj jele kesâ yeerÛe keâe : ieesOetefue
(viii) keâj Kesleer hejosme keâes peeS, Jeekeâes pevece DekeâejLe
meceÙe
peeS- pees JÙeefòeâ Kesleer jnves hej Yeer hewmeeW kesâ efueS hejosMe peelee
ncesMee jnves Jeeuee : MeeÕele
nw Gmekeâe pevce yeskeâej Ùee efvejLe&keâ nw~
meew ceW meew : MeleØeefleMele
ØeÙeesie – jcesMe kesâ heeme heeBÛe yeerIes peceerve nesles ngS Yeer Jen
pees yeele JeCe&ve mes hejs nes : DeJeCe&veerÙe
heQmees kesâ efueS hejosMe pee keâj keâhe-huesš Oees jne nw Gmekeâe
8. efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW/ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& mhe° keâerefpeS peerJeve efvejLe&keâ Ùee yeskeâej nw~ melÙe ner keâne ieÙee nw ‘keâj Kesleer
Deewj Deheves JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS: hejosMe keâes peeS, Jeekeâes pevece DekeâejLe peeS’~
(i) vekeäkeâejKeeves ceW letleer keâer DeeJeepe~ (ix) hetânÌ[ ÛeeueW, veew Iej neueW – ieBJeejes keâe ke=âlÙe mJeÙeb kesâ
(ii) cekeäKeer ceejvee~
meeLe-meeLe otmejes keâes Yeer #eefle hengBÛeelee nw~
(iii) efleue keâe leeÌ[ yeveevee~
ØeÙeesie – jlvesMe keâer efmeiejsš heerves keâer yegjer uele Gmes lees jesieer
(iv) efmej DeeBKeeW hej yew"evee~
yevee ner jner nw meeLe ner Gmekesâ heeme-heÌ[esme kesâ ueesieeW keâes Yeer
(v) nJee keâe jbie osKevee~
yeerceej keâj jner nw~ Fmes ner keânles nQ HetânÌ[ Ûeeuew, veew Iej neuew~
(vi) {ekeâ kesâ leerve heele~
(x) Deheveer keâjveer heej Glejveer- Dehevee efkeâÙee keâece ner
(vii) ieg™ keâerpes peeves kesâ , heeveer heerpes Úeve kesâ~
(viii) keâj Kesleer hejosme keâes peeS, Jeekeâes pevece DekeâejLe peeS~ heâueoeÙekeâ neslee nw~
(ix) hetânÌ[ ÛeeueW, veew Iej neueW~ ØeÙeesie – peerJeve ceW meHeâue nesves kesâ efueS mJeÙeb heefjßece keâjes,
(x) Deheveer keâjveer heej Glejveer~ keäÙeeWefkeâ Deheveer keâjveer heej Glejveer~
UPPCS Mains 2018 General Hindi 8 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION-2018
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Note: (i) The Question paper is divided into three Sections. Write three essays in Hindi or English or
Urdu language, selecting one topic from each section.
(ii) Words limit each essay is 700 words.
(iii) Each essay carries 50 marks.

SECTION-A humanity, simplicity, universal brotherhood and other

humanitarian values.
Q.1 : The Social Responsibilities of Literature.
Literature imbibes and propagates only those great
Ans. : The Social Responsibilities of Literature :
humanitarian values which visualizes an enriched and
Literature is the mirror/reflection of society, whatever
comfortable life of human beings.
incidents that happens in the society the same are seen in
Tulsidas has recited many such doctrinal rhymes in
the literature.
Ramcharitmanas which provides directives to human
The first role of literature is entertainment. After that society in a simplistic manner for instance. Varsha jab
only we harness, sensitivity and knowledge. krishi Sukhane–Karma pradhan Vishwa Kari Rakha
Literature not only makes human beings sensitive etc.–Literature inculcates only such ethical and
but also makes the relation between the person and humanitarian values which tends to motivate humans to
society much more noble (accented) and strong. work in a manner free from greed and cupidity. Many
Literature is a beacon of human sentiments and lecturers like Bharatendu Harishchandra, Munshi
provides direction to a human's emotional and social Premchand, Nirala, Muktibodh etc. who has established
temptations. Literature acts to lift the malicious and great social values of simplicity, dignity of labour, tenets
parochial instincts of a human being. of propriety, nationality, social work and universal
The cultural level of any nation or society can be brotherhood.
predicted through the level of literature. Literature acts as Literature is a source of inspiration to society–
a torch bearer which diverts the attention of society Literature has an onus of giving right directions to
towards its evils. Scholars have called a nation as a dead society. There are many evidences found in history
concerning that literature has brought charismatic
nation which is devoid of literature. It is rightly said–
changes in society by its enlightened reactions. The
There is darkness where there is no sun.
source of inspiration of French revolution was the
Dead is a nation which does not have literature
literatures of Rousseau and Voltaires.
wealth.
It was Majini's views that provided life and strength
It is considered that in order to learn/know about a
to Italy. Indian litterateurs instilled the youth to sacrifice
country's civilization and culture, just reading literature
their lives for the sake of nation to overthrow the foreign
of that nation is enough.
yoke, literature has not only played a stellar role in
Owing to the great tradition of Indian literature only, brining political transformation but has also landed
the majesty of this nation is still intact. directions to herald religious and cultural revolutions.
Literature is that field which teaches a human being Hindi Literature and Society–On glancing over the
to perform philanthropic activities, social work, pity, history of Hindi literature, we get a direct evidence about

UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 9 YCT

a strong and candid relation between society and therefore calling Hindi (an official language) as one is
literature. not only against the law but is also against the interests
A clear cut evidence is found regarding effect of of the regions where the language is not spoken.
contemporary literature on evolvement of an martyr At the outset, a brief discussion on the difference
inspired society. In every line of Prithviraj Raso, there is between a national language and an official language
reflection of rattle sound of swords and chivalrous would be beneficial. A national language is
slogans. representative of the country. It gives the impression that
In the same way the Bhakti period literature has citizens of the country know and speak that language. An
instilled a lease of life into the listless, vanquished and official language on the contrary is used for the official
demoralised society. purposes of the Union and the State governments i.e.
In the final analysis we can surely claim that governments, parliamentary/state debates etc. A country
literature has a unquestioned noble and definite can have more than one official language, however
national language is one.
responsibility to augment not only humanitarian values
in people of a nation but it also enlighten, transform and Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom struggle had
described Hindi as the national language and called for
nurtures the spirit of sacrifice, propriety, universal
its adoption. He understood Hindi as Hindustani i.e. a
brotherhood, scientific temper and tenets of moral
blend of both Sanskritised Hindi and Persianised Urdu
integrity in society which can lead to development of an
written either in Devanagari or the Persian script. His
egalitarian society.
opinion resonated with the Constitution Assembly as
Q.2 : Hindi Language is the symbol of National
well.
Integrity.
However, with the partition of India, the cause of
Ans. : Hindi Language is the symbol of National
Hindustani was lost, though Mahatma Gandhi believed
Integrity : Hindi is the official language of India. India
that a language which was spoken by the largest group of
is a land of diversity comprising of individuals from
people should be adopted. Hindi although spoken by the
different communities, backgrounds, religions etc. What
largest single group of people was not spoken in all parts
one eats, how one speaks, differs from region to region. of the country. Therefore, adopting the same would have
In this diversity, we Indians often look for symbols and seemed like an imposition on the others.
objects that unite us. The national Anthem, national Constitution of India and Hindi–The Munshi-
animal, national song, national flower are pertinent Ayyanagar formula was incorporated in the Constitution
examples. It is famously said that in India, language under Part XVII, Chapter I. It provided for Hindi in
change every few kilometers just like the water. Devanagari script as the official language of the Union
Therefore, unlike the other national symbols the choice (Central government). However, the use of English for
of a national language for India has been difficult and the first 15 years was allowed (with an option of a further
has witnessed violence and heated debates. extension) for a smooth transition.
The governments in power have time and again In 1965, as the period of 15 years drew closer,
reiterated that Hindi is the national language of India. proposals to substitute Hindi in place of English were
For instance, in 2017 Vice-President Venkaih Naidu raised and met with threats of violent disturbance in the
called Hindi the national language of India in a public Southern States of India. In response, Prime Minister.
address. Same year the government made an attempt to Jawaharlal Nehru gave an assurance that English would
institute Hindi as a language of the United Nations. In not be substituted by Hindi until the non-Hindi speaking
2018, the Ministry of Human Resource Development people desire a change. To that effect, the government
issued directives to all the central universities to passed the Official Languages Act, 1963, which
implement hindi as a compulsory course in the bachelor authorised the continuance of English as an official
programs. India does not have a national language and language, in addition to Hindi. Therefore, both Hindi and
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 10 YCT
English became official languages of India. It should be extent. Considering the majority of people accepting the
noted that despite the Constitution stressing on the same as the national language in comparison to English.
progressive use of Hindi for all official purposes (Art. Q.3 : Education and Moral Values.
344), the language of the Constitutional courts (i.e. High Ans. : Education and Moral Values : The
Court and the Supreme Court). The language of any responsibility of educating a child falls/rests on both the
legislative document in the Union/state (Art. 348) and parents and the teachers. In most instances, teachers are
the language for communication between two states or a always trying to get the parents to be part of their
state and the union is provided to be English (Article children's education. On the other hand, parents tend to
345). handle any communication from their children's teachers
Since the Constitution is silent on a national delicately. For instance, notes and phone calls from
language, the task to determine the same has fallen on teachers are a cause of serious concern for parents.
the courts. In this controversy, two competing arguments Furthermore, whenever parents do not hear from teachers
are raised i.e. the argument of unity and the argument of they often assume that all is well with their children.
disadvantage to minorities. Therefore, it is likely that students will be at a
If Hindi is declared as the national language, every disadvantage because of the lack of communication
citizen of the country would be required to learn the between parents and teachers. Consequently, it is only
same. Such a situation would definitely benefit a North natural for schools to teach moral values to students.
Indian (as Hindi is the most prominent language in the Schools are relied upon by the community and parents to
region) over citizens from the other regions as the latter instill and reinforce moral values among students.
would have to learn the same right from scratch. In Teaching moral values to students eliminate the bias
effect, members of Northern India would be placed at an that is common with children from different
advantage over others. backgrounds. Some students could be major beneficiaries
Advantages of Choosing Hindi as the National of a school system that teaches moral values as they lack
Language–The need for a national language is this foundation at home. Therefore, schools should teach
essentially political and administrative. In the first place, moral values so as to contribute to social and educational
since centralised administration, must use same one harmony.
language in order to transact its business with the states,Schools are mostly public or private owned
a common language simplifies the problem
of institutions that are expected to pass knowledge to
intercommunication between the states as also between students. Consequently, when schools are given the role
the states and the centre. Secondly, India must have one of teaching moral values, this job is passed onto either
language of her own in which to address the rest of the the government or a few individuals. Most people feel
world. National prestige demands this - A free Indian that when schools teach moral values, the government is
cannot use a foreign language for all times. Thirdly, there the organ that dictates, what should be taught to students.
must be one language to carry on inter state cultural Teaching moral values that are setup through
conferences and transactions of other business. Finally, government institutions elicits sharp-emotions among
there should be a language in which people of one state various individuals.
may address the people of another. Obviously, the On the other hand, most people are aware of the fact
language which is most likely to serve all these purposes that parents teach their children moral values at a very
of our national life is best fitted to be chosen as the tender age. Therefore, there is a possibility of moralities
national language. The question is which is to be that clashing when schools start introducing contrary points
language? National integration would be much more of view as part of the students curriculum.
cemented by accepting Hindi as the national language The dominance of personal opinions among various
which promote national prestige and honour to a greater teachers presents a challenge to the validity of teaching

UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 11 YCT

moral values because this creates several dimensions of of development of indigenous technology to build up
conflict that involve teachers, students the government satellite and launch vehicles on its own.
and parents. After 'Aryabhatta', we have 'Bhaskara I' developed
Those people who support the argument that schools and sent with the help of USSR.
should teach morality are of the view that it is fertile for But India's self efficiency in this field was proved
students to gain all other skills in life and end up lacking with development of 'Rohini' series of satellites. 'Rohini
in moral values. Consequently, students will go to school IB' sent in space on 16th July 1980 from Sriharikota which
and learn scientific applications, events in history, how was boarded on SLV-III, the first indigenously built
to calculate, among other skills. However, this launch vehicle. It was followed by Rohini II on 31st
knowledge can be highly improved by a students ability May, 1981 and Rohini III on 17th April, 1983. This
to express honor, kindness, empathy and integrity series served a lot with the information of weather,
towards others. telecommunication and geographical features of our
Therefore when schools teach moral values, they country and its surroundings. In the meanwhile 'Bhaskara II'
create a worthwhile balance in the students lives. was set in the Geo-stationary orbit on 28th November, 1981.
Furthermore, when too much value is attached to But the greatest success is certainly the launching of
end results and achievements, moral transgressions are INSAT series satellites. The first one of it was sent from
likely to occur. Teaching moral values in schools do not Kouru, French Guyana boarded on Euro. Launch Vehicle
involve a tyrannical activity that is engineered by the system followed by 'INSAT-IB' on 30th August, 1983,
government and other force. INSAT-IC on 22nd July 1988. The effortless launching
Moral curriculums can be developed jointly by the of latter one by PSLV has given the status as same as
staff, parents, sociologists, religious, leader and other USA and Russia alongwith European Union and we can
stakeholders. proudly declare that we can compete with two best
Consequently, a moral curriculum does not only countries USA and Russia as we are able to sent and land
consist of controversial biases, as most people believe. safely on the land with ease on the moon. Chandrayan-I
The fears that moral education can be easily highjacked which was announced by ex-prime minister Atal Bihar
by third parties and individuals with self-interests are Vajpayee on Independence Day 2003 was finally taken
unfounded. For instance, in schools where moral place with success on 22nd October, 2008.
education is instituted through a joint effort, positive ISRO's Status on the Global Platform–ISRO is
results are achieved. now one of the six largest space agencies in the world
with one of the largest fleet of communication satellite
SECTION-B
(INSAT) and Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites, that cater
Q.4 : Progress of India in the space World. to the ever growing demand for fast and reliable
Ans. : Progress of India in the space World : The communication and earth observation respectively.
process of Indian space journey has its origin lying with ISRO's Contribution in India's Space Research–
the establishment of Department of Atomic Energy long India is striving towards self-reliant space applications
back in 1950. and ISRO has developed a cost effective and reliable
But we have our true stepping stone with the satellites launching system of the Polar Satellite Launch
foundation of ISRO (Indian Space Research Vehicle (PSLV). It is now used by several countries and
Organization) under the chairmanship of Dr. Vikram promotes international collaboration in space research.
Sarabhai in 1969 with an objective to provide guideline, The Geo-synchronous satellite launch vehicle
formulate policies and monitor the implementation of (GSLV) was also developed with the aim of launching
National policies. It has gained lively place with the heavier and more demanding Geo-synchronous
organisation 'Space commission'. It provides inspiration communication satellites thanks to ISRO, India now has

UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 12 YCT

several space research centres and autonomous Today Gandhi is remembered in India, mostly on his
institutions for remote sensing, astronomy, astrophysics, birthday which is celebrated as a national holiday rather
atmospheric sciences and space sciences in general as a ritual.
which are functioning under the Department of space. As a matter of fact, India is not following any of
ISRO's lunar and interplanetary missions and other Gandhi's teachings which are mostly confined to text
projects continue to generate scientific data which also books.
extremely valuable for the scientific community. ISRO is Infact, since independence, the country has
moving into the future of space research in India with the witnessed many violent communal riots in this multi
development of heavy lift launches, human space of light communal country. Gandhi's message of 'Swavalamban',
projects, reusable launch vehicles, semi-cryogenic self-sufficiency with home spun 'Khadi' cloth is not used
engines, single and two stage to orbit (SSTO and TSTO) now a days even as a social slogan. Statistics shows that
vehicles, development and use of composite materials for the country is definitely not following 'Sarvodaya' a
space applications etc. broad Gandhian term meaning 'universal upliftment' or
Private Space Players in India–Space based 'progress of all' reaching the masses and the down
applications and demands for the same have been trodden. On the contrary, India today has the unique
growing rapidly in India. Various sectors such as distinction of being the only country in the world boast
agriculture, transport, urban development and weather of highest GDP rate while at the same time more than 30
department now want space technology and data to grow percent of its population lives in abject poverty.
their business and develop, future strategy. Thus in 2020, The above scenario shows that today, Gandhism is a
India allowed–private companies to venture into the very confused "ism" in India today. Many politicians in
space industry. India use the term merely as a slogan and the common
The Indian National Space Promotion and make Gandhi almost out of reach of the younger
Authorization Centre (IN-SPACE) which would act as an generation by making Gandhi an unwilling 'avatara'.
arm of ISRO, was formed to provide level playing field That may be one of the reasons why the image of
for the private players and guide and promote them. It Gandhi we see is always that of an old man which brings
will be both facilitator and regulator. the image of a very simple and pious man who was meek
Currently, all satellite launches in India are and mild like Jesus Christ.
conducted through ISRO rockets variations of PSLV or In real world, Gandhi was a politician, a shrewd
GSLV. The influx of private companies will allow ISRO politician, who was trying to bring peace and harmony to
to concentrate on scientific space missions instead of India on one hand while trying to achieve independence
being engaged in routine activities like launching of country at the same time. For Gandhi, the process of
weather and communication satellites. change was very important which must be ethical, non-
Q.5 : Mahatma Gandhi is Still Relevant Today. violent and democratic giving rights to all minorities. In
Ans. : Mahatma Gandhi is Still Relevant Today : this respect, the (Gandhi) resembles the Buddha for
Looking at the present state of affairs in India, the birth whom the noble eight fold path (of right wisdom, right
place of Gandhi, one would probably surmise that conduct and right effort), itself is the goal and essence of
Gandhism, whatever the term may mean, cannot have life.
any relevance in this twenty first century. Gandhi is Once we realize this, we realize the essence of
rightly called, the Father of the Nation, because he single Gandhism and realize that it would be wrong to premise
handedly stood up against the mighty British Europe, that Gandhism is dead in the world. Like Buddhism,
without any arms and heralded independence of our which is mostly prevalent now-a-days. Outside India, the
country. However today, Gandhi is almost forgotten and country of its birth, Gandhism today, is alive and active
his relevance questioned even by his ardent devotees. outside India. Infact, today there is hardly any country in
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 13 YCT
the world where some activities are not going on along varieties of wheat. The Green Revolution is
Gandhian lines. In short, there is a global non-violent revolutionary in character due to the introduction of new
awakening and awareness after Gandhi. The name of technology, new ideas, the new application of inputs like
Mahatma Gandhi transcends the bounds of race, religion HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides etc.
and nation states and has emerged as the prophetic voice As all these were brought suddenly and spread
of the 21st century. quickly to attain dramatic results, thus it is termed as a
Today Gandhi is remembered as an apostle of peace, revolution in green agriculture.
passionate adherence to the practice of non-violence and Statistical Results–A record grain output in 1978-
his supreme humanism, all over the world. 79 around 131 million tonners occurred due to the Green
One would wonder, what may be the relevance of Revolution. Hence, it made India as one of the World's
Gandhi in this all-prevading materialistic, agonistic and biggest agricultural producer.
consumerist culture? What is the significance of Gandhi In India Green Revolution recorded a high level of
to the modern world and what is the secret of this success. India also became an exporter of food grains
success? around that time.
Gandhi has been a great light for the Tibetan leader Economic Results–Crop areas under this project
Dalai lama who puts Gandhi's success in right needed more water, more fertilizers, more pesticides and
perspective. In the past century many places in the world certain other chemicals. This increased the growth of the
have been drastically changed through the use of brute local manufacturing sector. Increased industrial growth
force, by the power of guns–the Soviet Union, China, created new jobs and contributed to the country's GDP.
Tibet, Burma, many communist countries in Africa and The increase in irrigation created the need for new
South America. But eventually the power of guns will dams to harness monsoon water. The stored water was
have to be changed by the will of the ordinary people. As used to create hydroelectric power. All of this resulted in
Dalai Lama said, "We have big war going on today Industrial growth, created jobs and improved the quality
between world peace and world war, between the force of life of the people in villages.
of mind and force of materialism, between democracy Sociological Results–This new technology used
and totalitarism". To fight big wars the common ordinary frequent application of water, fertilizers, insecticides,
man in this modern age needs Gandhism. larger volumes of transportation, electricity etc. Not only
Q.6 : Green Revolution is Essence for Life. the agricultural workers but also industrial workers got
Ans. : Green Revolution is Essence for Life : plenty of jobs because of the creation of facilities such as
Green Revolution is actually the process of increasing factories, hydropower stations etc. to back up the
agricultural production by using modern machines and revolution.
techniques. It was a scientific research based technology
SECTION-C
initiative performed/brought between 1950 and the late
1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide Q.7 : The Problem of Global Terrorism : Causes
particularly in the developing world beginning most and Remedies.
markedly in the late 1960s. It used HYV seeds, increased Ans. : The Problem of Global Terrorism : Causes
the use of fertilizers and more technical methods of and Remedies : The challenges of countering terrorism
irrigation to increase the production of food grains. are not new and indeed have a long history. The term
Green Revolution in India–In India Green 'terrorism' was initially coined to describe the Reign of
Revolution commenced in the early 1960s, that led to an Terror, the period of the French Revolution from 5th
increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, September, 1793 to 27th July, 1794, during which the
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this Revolutionary Government directed violence and harsh
undertaking were the development of high-yielding measures, against citizens suspected of being enemies of
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 14 YCT
the revolution. In turn, popular resistance to Napolean's distributing political pamphlet and leaflets urging
invasion of the Spanish Peninsula led to a new form of uprisings and riots to put government under pressure
fighter–"the guirella" which derives from the spanish they turned instead to violence in the hope of forcing
word–guerra, meaning "little war". As a weapon of political reform and of undermining the state. In this
politics and warfare, however the use of terrorism is as way, "propaganda by the deed", as a strategy for political
old as government and armed struggle and as pervasive. action became central to the polities of European
Notwithstanding the absence of a globally agreed, legal anarchism.
definition of terrorism, an effective and prevention- Causes of Terrorism–The causes of terrorism
focused international response to terrorism is highly appear to be varied. These causes can be categorised into
desirable, particularly one guided by a normative legal 3 groups–(1) psychological, (2) ideological and (3)
framework and embedded in the core principles of the Strategic.
rule of law, due process and respect for human rights. Psychological Perspective–Those who engage in
Many international and regional legal instruments terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons based on
already exist which are dedicated to countering and their own psychological state of mind. Their motivation
deterring, terrorism primarily through the investigation may be nothing more than hate or desire for power. For
and prosecution of those suspected of committing related example in 1893 Auguste Vaillant bombed the French
crimes by means of State Criminal Justice processes Chamber of Deputies. Prior to his conviction and
while such international and regional instruments subsequent execution Vaillant explained his motivation
provide for effective prevention mechanisms, including in terms of hate for the middle classes. Vaillant wanted
interventions targeting specific types of criminal acts to spoil the sense of economic and social success, by
(e.g. hostage taking, the hijacking of planes or ships, tainting it with his violence. In many respects, this
terrorist bombings and the funding of terrorism), States terrorist was interested in getting attention for his act,
implement their treaty obligations differently. As a rather than some grand ideological or strategic goal.
result, criminal justice responses and outcomes in Ideological Perspective–Ideology is defined as the
investigating and prosecuting terrorism related crimes beliefs, values and for principles by which a group
may vary between states. Modern Terrorism can be identifies its particular aims and goals. Ideology may
traced back to nineteenth century
revolutionary encompass religion or political philosophies and
radicalism and in particular, the emergence of programs. Examples of terrorist groups motivated by
"anarchist", "collectivist anarchist" and "anarcho- ideology include the Irish Republican Army (IRA), in Sri
communist" groups. For example, from the mid- Lanka the liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) and
nineteenth century onwards groups led or influenced by the Bader Meinhoff in Germany. The IRA is motivated
the French man Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, author of 'What by a political program to oust the United Kingdom from
is property? the German Karl Marx and the Russian Ireland and unite Ireland under one flag. Similarly the
Mikhail Bakunin were promoting one or another anti- LTTE seek to establish a separate state for their people,
establishment model. i.e. Tamils in Sri Lanka. Similarly the Bader Meinhoff
The German revolutionary Karl Heinzen was the was a terrorist group made up of middle class adults who
first to articulate the use of violence, even mass murder opposed Capitalism and fought to destroy capitalist
by individuals to effect Political change in his influential infrastructure in Germany.
1853 pamphlet, Mord und Freiheit, coining the term Strategic Perspective–Terrorism is sometimes seen
Freiheit's Kampfer or "freedom fighter" in the process. as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When
However as these early radicals became disillusioned by people seek redressal of their grievances through
their failure to provoke widespread social revolution government, but fail to win government's attention to
among the peasantry through traditional means such as their flight, they may resort to violence.
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 15 YCT
 From this view point terrorism is the result of a because the main aim of policy is promotion of national
logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a group interests.
and their estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If The principles of India's foreign policy and its
victory seems unlikely using more traditional means of objectives are closely interlinked with each other.
opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a (6) Constitutional Factors–The Constitution of
better option. For example, in South Africa, the African India lays down certain principles in Article 51 under the
National Congress only turned to the use of terrorism Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles
after political avenues were explored and failed. States focus on the promotion of international peace and
may use terrorists in the pursuit of their own strategic security.
interests. States may sponsor terrorist groups especially
As per the principles laid down in Article 51, the
when the objectives of the state and the terrorist group
state shall endeavor to–
are similar. For example, Libya used terrorist to explode
(1) Promote international peace and security.
a bomb aboard Pan Am. 103 flying from London to New
(2) Maintain just and honorable relations between
York in 1988, allegedly in response to US and British
nations.
bombing of Libya.
(3) Foster respect for international law and treaty
Q.8 : Foreign Policy of India is based upon the
obligations in the dealings of organized people with one
principle of Peace and Equality.
another.
Ans. : India's Foreign Policy is based on
Encourage settlement of International disputes by
maintaining good relations with countries and respecting
arbitration.
international laws. It is based on five principles. These
five principles are–(1) Mutual respect for each other's Basic Principles Governing India's Foreign
territorial integrity and sovereignty. Policy–The principles have stood the test of time and are
(2) Mutual Non-Aggression ingrained in International law and India's Foreign Policy

(3) Mutual Non-Interference Practice. The principle of Indian Foreign Policy are as
follows–
(4) Equality and Mutual Benefit
(5) Peaceful co-existence. (1) Panchsheel

Determinants of Indian Foreign Policy (2) The policy of Non-alignment

(1) Geographical Factors–It includes the size, (3) The policy of Anti-colonialism and anti-racism.
location, natural resources, population etc. of the (4) Peaceful settlement of International disputes.
country. (5) Foreign Economic Aid–Support to UN,
(2) Historical Factors–The historical background of International law and a just and equal world order.
India and its traditional background has also shaped (A) Panchsheel–Indian policy makers understood
India's foreign policy. the linkage between peace and development and the
(3) Economic Factors–There was a great deficiency survival of mankind. Without global peace, social and
of food-stuff in the country and the prices were soaring economic development is likely to be pushed to back
rapidly. Unemployment and poverty reigned supreme in burner. In view of the destruction caused by the two
the country so there was the necessity of assistance to World Wars, they realised that for the progress of
solve these problems. Nation, a durable world peace is imperative. Thus the
(4) Ideological Factors–The impact of western founder of India's Foreign Policy, Nehru gave utmost
liberalism, socialism and Gandhism is clearly evident on importance to world peace in his policy planning.
India's foreign policy. India desired peaceful and friendly relations with all
(5) National Interests–Every nation keeps in view countries, particularly the big powers and the
its national interests while framing its foreign policy neighbouring nations. While signing a peace agreement
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 16 YCT
with China; he advocated adherence to five guiding principle continues to be the cornerstone of India's
principles known as Panchsheel which are– foreign policy.
(1) Mutual respect for each other's terrorist integrity (E) Foreign Economic Aid-Support to UN,
and sovereignty. International Law and a just and Equal World
(2) Non-aggression against each other. order–(1) India has a deep respect for the International
(3) Non-interference in each other's internal affairs. law and/or the principles of sovereign equality of
(4) Equality and mutual benefit. nations and non-interference in the Internal affair of
(5) Peaceful co-existence. other nations as espoused by the UN.

These principles of Panchsheel were later (2) India has played a keyrole in preserving world
incorporated in the Bandung Declaration, signed in the peace by helping in the decolonization process and
Afro-Asian Conference held in 1955 in Indonesia. They through active participation in UN peacekeeping
are the core-principles of Non-Aligned Movement and activities.
still guide the conduct of India's foreign policy. India has supported the cause of disarmament
(B) Policy of non-alignment–(1) Non-alignment is pursued by the UN in 1988.
the most important feature of India's foreign policy. Its (3) India proposed a very ambitious program of
core element is to maintain independence in foreign nuclear disarmament before the UN.
affairs by not joining any military alliance formed by the Q.9 : The Border Security Forces are the main
USA and the Soviet Union, which emerged as an factor of our National Sovereignty.
important aspect of Cold War. Ans. : BSF is an important security organisation
(C) The Policy of Anti-colonialism, Racism and which works in varied terrains ranging from the Thar
Imperialism–The foundations of India's foreign policy desert to the Jammu and Kashmir and in the swamps of
were laid during independence struggle when our leaders eastern India. Since independence, India has been
fought the evils of colonialism and racism. fighting for its sensitive areas such as poverty, national
India has been a victim of colonialism and unity and nations security. But the nation's security is the
imperialism and considers these as a threat to most critical of all because the growth in all the sector
international peace and security. It firmly believes in the can be brought only if the nation's security remains
equality of all human beings. Its policy is aimed at intact.
opposition to all forms of racial discrimination. In ensuring the security of India, the paramilitary
(D) Peaceful Settlement of International forces have played a vital role in almost all the critical
Disputes–(1) The unflinching faith in the peaceful matters of internal security and border security since
settlement of International disputes is one of the core 1947. CRPF alongwith CISF and RAPID ACTION
elements of India's foreign policy. This principle has Force have successfully assumed the responsibilities of
been included in the Constitution of India, under the maintaining peace and internal security during farmer's
Directive Principles of State Policy as well as in the protest.
charter of the UN. What are the roles of the Armed Forces in good
(2) India has played a leading role in the resolution Security Sector Governance
of the Korean conflict and supported negotiated The armed forces are institutions established by the
settlement of Palestine issue, border problems with state for the primary purpose of national defence against
neighbouring countries, and other such disputes and external threats and internal conflicts. Under conditions
problems. of good security sector governance (SSG), the armed
(3) India is always against foreign military forces perform their legitimate constitutional roles
intervention for resolving international problems. This effectively and accountably within a framework of
UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 17 YCT
democratic civilian control, rule of law and respect for • Development mandates for example infrastructure and
human rights. Good SSG means that the armed forces engineering projects, harvest assistance and
have the professional skills, equipment, training and educational programs.
management capacity to fulfil their missions without An effective system of democratic civilian control of
becoming a danger to the population of the state. the armed forces is a mainstay of good SSG for the
The primary purpose of the armed forces is national following reasons.
defence and to safeguard country's integrity and (a) Effectiveness in security provision–A system
sovereignty. In the past, the armed forces played a of democratic civilian control provides the clearly
broader role not only protecting a national territory from defined and professional chain of command, the armed
invasion but also potentially conducting offensive forces require to fulfil their responsibilities effectively,
warfare has become increasingly rare and acts of
thus can enforce strict discipline and internal control
aggression are illegal under international law. As a result
mechanisms avoiding personal or corporatist decision
of these trends, as well as changes in the relationship
making.
between the armed forces and society, the armed forces
(b) Political Neutrality–A system of democratic
usually now focus their efforts or national security and
civilian control provides the operational independence
sovereignty.
that the armed forces require in order to be effective
Armed forces also perform secondary mission of
while guaranteeing the political authority of democratic
providing Internal Security and Stability–In the past
civilian government.
this role was often limited to responding to violent
(c) Human Rights Protection–A system of
internal threats to the state or public that exceeded the
democratic civilian control can provide the institutional
capacity of internal security providers for example
resources, discipline, training and oversight necessary to
threats from insurgencies or separatist movements,
deter and discipline human rights abuses against the
among others.
population or the men and women of the armed forces.
Contemporary threats to internal security as well as
the professionalization of the military and its changing (d) Legitimacy–A system of democratic civilian

role in society now mean that armed forces are control assures a high level of credibility in the
increasingly called upon in situations where the performance of the armed forces and thus increases
organization, size, equipment or capabilities of the armed public confidence, trust and legitimacy.
forces are well suited to supplement a primarily civlian • Responsiveness–A system of democratic, civilian
operation. Secondary missions in internal security may control allows for more representative and
include for example following tasks– participatory processes of national security policy
• Assisting in law enforcement such as public order making, which make security provision more
operations, border control, drug control, crime responsive to the distinctive security needs of all men,
investigation, cyber operations, intelligence gathering. women, girls and boys.
• Civil defence, including responding to national • Efficiency–A system of democratic civilian control
emergencies and natural disasters. provides for control over defence budgets and
• Protection tasks for example critical infrastructure, oversight of how public resources are used.
important personnel or large scale public events. • Rule of Law–A system of democratic rule of law is
• Non security assistance tasks such as search and based on a legitimate constitutional legal framework
rescue, training and monitoring, equipment facility that mandates, controls and overseas the special rights
provision, scientific research and environmental and obligations of the armed forces according to
protections. democratic civilian authority under the rule of law.

UPPCS Mains 2018 Essay 18 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2018
General Studies : Paper-I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION–A Q.2 : Describe the role of Buddhist Literature in

the creation of world peace. (Marks-8)
Q.1 : Explain the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Ans. : The teachings of Buddhism, the words of the
Patel in the Integration of Princely States of India. Buddha and the basis for the teachings of the monks, can
(Marks-8) be found in the sacred texts which are known collectively
Ans. : That there is today an India to think and talk as the Tripitaka. Buddhist Literature emphasizes peace,
about' wrote by President Rajendra Prasad in his diary 'is non-violence, and friendship.The Role ofBuddhist
very largely due to Sardar Patel's statesmanship and firm literature in enhancing world peace can be seen in the
administration.' following cases-
Sardar Patel handled the integration of the princely • The Pillar inscriptions and rock inscriptions of
states with his diplomatic skills and foresightedness Ashoka extol virtues of Dhammavijaya (victory of
effectively. The amalgamation problem of 565 Dhamma) in place of Ghoshvijaya (Victory of
independent states with democratic India was difficult military means). It created peace in the Indian sub-
and delicate. But, it was essential to save India from continent and neighbourhood for a few decades. It
balkanization. also influenced the pacifist anti-colonial foreign
Patel appealed to the patriotic and national policy of India after independence.
sentiments of the princes and invited them to join India. • In the modern world, Panchsheel conceptwas
Furthermore, he persuaded them to surrender defence, experimented between India and China for foreign
foreign affairs, and communication to the government of relations based on equality, peace and non-
India. By 15thAugust, 1947, all except Hyderabad, interference. If big countries adopt this policy, many
Junagarh, and Kashmir acceded to India. conflicts would inevitably end.
Nawab of Junagarh wanted to accede to Pakistan. Buddhist literature focuses on :
But the people revolted, Patel intervened and the Indian – Inquiry of the self.
Government took over the administration. He merged it – Application leads to a non-materialistic approach to
with India by holding a plebiscite. life, thereby reducing conflicts.
Nizam boasted anti–India feeling and let loose a Buddha’s teaching of overcoming evil helped
blood both by the Razakars, Patel decided upon police humanity in achieving peace. It had tremendous impact
action(Operation POLO). The Nizam surrendered, and on the general and social being of the society thereby
Hyderabad was acceded to India. contributing to amity and social harmony. It revived the
On 26thOctober 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh fled spirit of social solidarity by putting an end to social
from Srinagar and arrived in Jammu, where he conflict.
signed,‘Instrument of Accession’ of J&K state. The noble mission of the Buddha helped, not only
Thus, Sardar Patel ensured, by his calculated India but also other countries (like Japan, Thailand, and
methods, the absorption of a multitude ofprincely states Myanmar etc.) to create conditions for justice, political
into the Indian Union and without a civil war, he secured and socio-economic stability, fraternity, peace and social
the solidarity of the nation. harmony.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 19 YCT
 The message of Buddhism and the principles on Politicians have played a villainous role in creating
which it rests have assumed a new significance in serious communal situations in India. It is manifested in
today’s world. Even the peace of which U.N.O. speaks, the form of
is an indication that the world is gradually veering 1. Members of political parties involved in riots.
around the beliefs embodied in the religion of the 2. Tickets distribution on religious lines.
Buddha. 3. Asking for votes and conducting rallies for
Q.3 : Mahatma Gandhi represents the middle particular religious groups.
path approach in Indian politics. Give a logical Conclusion :
explanation. (Marks-8) Communal violence has increased quantitatively and
Ans. : Mahatma Gandhi led the freedom struggle qualitatively ever since politics came to be
during 1919- 1947. He was a Middle Way thinker in very communalised. Gandhi was its first victim followed by
striking practical respects. Counted as such not because the murder of many persons in the 1970s and 1980s.
of his obviously metaphysical beliefs about God, Truth, Anti-Sikh riots in 1984 followed by bomb blasts in
and the ultimate unity of religions, nor because of his Bombay in early 1993, communal riots in Maharashtra,
commitment to Pacifism, but because of his courage and Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala have considerably in-
innovation when it came to dealing practically with creased. External elements having vested interest in
conflict and providing us with tools for non-violent India’s instability (including in non-state actors) also
political change. His approach borrowed practices from have a role in worsening the problem of communalism
all shades of political opinion, religions, and regions: and making it serious. Example: Pakistan, China in
• In Politics : North East.
He used the method of Satyagraha and Non-violence Q.5 : Evaluate the changing status of women in
but also worked with communists and socialists. India. (Marks-8)
• In Economics: Ans. : The status of women in India has been
He took donations from capitalists, and advocated the subjected to great changes over the past years;the status
‘Trusteeship model’. of women has been raised in the eye of the law. But they
Fought for the labourers (Ahmedabad Satyagraha and are still much far from equality with males. Women’s are
Textile Union), and wanted development through still exploited and humiliated in modern Indian society.
cottage industries. Positive changes :
• In the Social sphere: • In politics, women like Indira Gandhi, Mayawati,
He advocated the end of Untouchability but also MamtaBanarjee, etc., have proved themselves and
supported Varnashrama dharma. made Indian women feel proud.
He was not bound by constitutional methods but • Women actively participated in the democratic
abhorred violence. Thus, Gandhi took a middle path process and elections, which is impressive in
and took the national movement to highest level. During enhancing their status.
those years, congress worked as a movement to include • From a time when there was no women writer in
leaders and empathizers of different ideologies into its India, today names like Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai,
fold. Jhumpa Lahiri, etc., have made name of themselves at
Q.4. : “Communal violence is instigated by the national and international levels.
religious fanatics initiated by Anti–Social elements, Now the darker side :
supported by political activists, financed by vested • In India, Acid attacks on women have considerably
interests”. Comment. (Marks-8) increased over the years.
Ans. : The word ‘sect’ signifies a religious group. • Demand of dowry in marriages.
Therefore, when a religious group commits violent • Increased rape cases.
activities against another religious group, considering it Government initiatives for women :
as its adversary, it is communal violence. Measures taken by the Government to uplift the
Religious fanatics fervour religious tensions. It may status of women in India. Some are as follows:-
include : - The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (Amended in 1995)
1. Distorting facts and sermons that demonize the - Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
other communities. - The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
2. Religious conversion - The protection of Women from Domestic Violence
3. Mob lynching Act, 2005.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 20 YCT
Conclusion : Q.7 : Give an account of the minerals found in
Gandhiji once said, “Womenare the noblest of God’s Uttar Pradesh. (Marks-8)
creation, supreme in her own sphere of activity”. Ans. : Uttar Pradesh is endowed with natural wealth
Increased awareness and education have inspired women in abundance. This rich wealth lies hidden below a
to come out of the walls of the home. variety of rocks of different ages found in lofty mountain
The modern woman has started caring for her social- ranges of the Vindhyan Ranges in the South and
emotional, cultural, religious, and economic needs. She Bundelkhand region. It is characterized by rock
has now become a tool for social change in India. The formations ranging in age from the Archean (the
status of today’s modern women in India is Bundelkhand & Granitic gneisses) to the recent the
high;nevertheless the overall picture of women’s position Ganga alluvium. It is filled with recent alluvial sediments
in India is not satisfactory. whichare at places more than 1,000 m thick & an
Q.6 : Discuss the solutions to urban problems. amalgam of sand, silt, clay in varying proportions. For
(Marks-8) exploration and development of minerals the Directorate
Ans. : “Urbanisation refers to the population shift of Surface and Minerals Works was established in 1995
from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the proportion and Uttar Pradesh State Mineral Development
Corporation in 1974.
of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which
According to the First Mineral Policy 1998 of Uttar
societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the
Pradesh, major minerals found in UP are coal, limestone,
process by which towns and cities are formed and
bauxite, gypsum, diamond, gold, copper, uranium, silica
become larger as more people start living and working in
sand, etc..
central areas.”
Area of distribution of some important minerals:-
As per official statistics, more than 32% of
Coal-Singrauli region of Sonbhadra.
population live in urban areas todayand this figure likely
Limestone – Babuhari, Kanach region of Mirzapur
to be at 50% by 2040. Rapid urbanisation has led to Kajrahat regionof Sonbhadra.
many problems like Overcrowding, Settlements,
Gypsum- Jhansi, Hamirpur.
Transportation, Health, Sanitation, Education, Un-
Bauxite- Banda, Lalitpur.
employment, Environmental problems, Waste
Diamond- Banda, Mirzapur.
management, Inadequate finances, Inefficiency at Urban
Gold-In the clay of the Sharda and Ramganga
Local Bodies, Planning of cities, etc..
rivers.
The solution could be :
1. Over-Population: The increasing level of education Uranium– Lalitpur.
Silica sand – Ganga and Yamuna river region.
and need of employment are drawing youth towards
Non-plastic fireclay- Bansi and Makri-Khoh area of
cities. To overcome this, the boundaries of cities
Mirzapur
geographical area should be increased. Along with
Marble- Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
Smart Cities Mission, projects to make Smart
Q.8 : Enumerate the core infrastructure elements
Villages should also be developed.
for smart city development. (Marks-8)
2. Transportation: Lack of availability of transportation
Ans. : A smart city uses Information and
facilities and connectivity is a major issue. The
Communication Technologies (ICT) to increase
Metro Rail Project, public transport availability andoperational efficiency, share information with the public,
frequency enhancement, better traffic rules and and improve government services and citizen welfare.
implementation, improvement in the quality of roads Core Infrastructure Elements are :
be done to improve the scenario. • 24/7 electricity supply.
3. Making cities accessible and affordable for the
• Sufficient water supply.
poorand provide basic facilities like food, health and
• Hygienic sanitation facility, including solid waste
education. Development of the slum areas should be
management.
the top priority. One Nation – One Ration card, is
• Efficient urban mobility and public transport
a move in the right direction.
• Affordable housing, especially for the poor.
4. Building sustainable, environmentally friendly cities
that include mass rapid transport system, water • Robust IT connectivity and digitalization.
cycling, and green building (GRIHA). • Good governance, especially e-Governance and
citizen participation.
As per the WHO’s report, Indian cities are one of • Sustainable environment safety and security of
the most polluted globally. So the need of the hour is to citizens, particularly women, children, and the elderly.
expedite the smart city mission and AMRUT. • Health and education.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 21 YCT
 Conclusion: The India Government has come up Hamirpur, Banda, and Mahoba districts and some
with a smart city mission that aims to develop 100 smart districts of Madhya Pradesh. Bundeli is the main dialect
cities in India in the coming years. of this region. Despite the geographical and cultural
Q.9 : Write a note on Global warming. (Marks-8) diversities the unity and harmony exists in Bundelkhand,
Ans. : Global warming is the long-term heating of this region is unique in itself.
Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial
period (between 1850 and 1900) thanks to human
activities, primarily fuel burning, which increases heat-
trapping greenhouse emission levels in Earth’s
atmosphere.

Depletion of coral
Rise in sea level reefs

Effects of
Global Warming

Melting of Bundelkhand has its own special importance in the

Spread of diseases
glaciers field of Architecture. Among the temples of Gupta era
the stone-built temple of Deogarh (Lalitpur), was the best
temple of its time. This temple wasan example of the
panchayatana style of architecture. It is also known as
Global warming occurs when CO2 and other air
the Dashavatar temple of Deogarh. The Parvati temple of
pollutants and greenhouse gases collect within the
Nachna Kuthara was built in the Panna district of the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and radiation that have
bounced off the earth’s surface. Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh region.
Normally, this radiation would escape into space — Bundelkhand has a rich tradition of folk songs.
but these pollutants, which may last for years to centuries ‘Alha’ usually goes to the whole state, especially in
within the atmosphere, trap the warmth and cause the Bundelkhand. ‘Isuri Phag’ is also related to this area.
earth to urge hotter. The impact of Global warming is Various folk dances are performed in the
widespread and unspecific. Some areas experience a Bundelkhand region, some are:
sudden rise in the temperature while others witness a - Khyal dance is performed in Bundelkhand on the
sudden fall in it.It has been noted that the average birth anniversary of the son.
temperature on the earth has increased by 1.5 degrees - Saira dance is performed in this region to express
Celsius in the past decade. This is a reason for worry as it joy at the time of harvesting.
can damage ecosystems and might result in disruption to - Dhuria danceis performed by the Prajapatis of
the environment. Global warming can be checked if we Bundelkhand in female disguise.
take concrete steps towards restoring the last vegetation - Devidance is performed in the entire
in our forest. We can also use clean energy sources like Bundelkhand region.
wind energy, solar energy, and tidal energy to check the Conclusion :
rise in global warming. It can besaid that the Bundelkhand region is
Q.10 : Give a geographical account of Bundelkhand culturally rich. In this area, there are unique
as a cultural region. (Marks-8) architectures, and its folk songs especially Alha is
Ans. : Bundelkhand is an ancient region of Central famous. Moreover, various types of dances are also
India. Its ancient name is “Jejak Bhukti”. Its expansion is performed here, which indicates the richness of its
in Uttar Pradesh is Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, culture.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 22 YCT

 SECTION-B goods and exporters of raw materials, thus at a lower
level in the value chain.
Q.11 : “The spine of Indian Economy was badly • India’s wealth was drained into Britain by various
injured during the 200 years of British rule.”Explain. devices like home charges, investments, etc..
(Marks-12) Conclusion :
Ans. : British ruled parts of India from 1757 to Britishersdestroyed the Indian economy during
1947. According to Angus Maddison, from 1700 to British rule. Due to this, the condition of farmers,
1950, India’s share in world GDP went from around 25% weavers, and old landlords became pathetic. Moreover,
to less than 5%. due to the decline of agriculture, people became victims
Impacts of British rule:- of starvation.
• Deindustrialisation-It ruined artisans and Q.12 : Discusss the role of Hitler in bringing
handicraftsmen. Everything (raw materials) that was about the Second World War. (Marks-12)
made of wool or silk, relating either to dress of the Ans. : Hitler became the Chancellor in 1933. He
women or the furniture of houses, was supplied by desired to make Germany a great power and to restore its
Indian artisans. glory.
• Impoverishment of peasantry- Aims of Hitler :
- Government, only interested in maximisation of - Destroying the Treaty of Versailles.
rents. - Building up a strong army.
- Transferability of land caused great insecurity to - Bring all Germans inside the third Reich by annexing
tenants, and they lost all their traditional rights of Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia & Poland, both
land. of which had significant German minority population.
- Illegal demands to maximise their share in produce
- Recovery of Saar, Danzig and the Polish Corridor.
by zamindars.
Most of these aims were achieved by 1938 without
• Emergence of New land relations, ruined old
war. It can be said that Hitler made World War II
Zamindars:
inevitable, but it would be wrong to say that Hitler was
- New zamindars resorted to land grabbing & sub-
the sole responsible for this war. If France and Britain
infeudation.
had controlled Hitler’s actions by not adopting the policy
- Rise in absentee landlordism.
of appeasement, they could have prevented World War II.
• Stagnation &deterioration of agriculture.
World War II started in 1939 due to following
- Cultivators had neither the means nor any incentives
reasons:
to invest in agriculture.
• It is argued that Hitler wanted to destroy communism
- Zamindars had no roots in the villages, and paid
and control USSR permanently, which could not be
little interest in agriculture.
done without a major war. He had written about this
- Government spent little on agriculture
in his book: Mein Kempf.
• Commercialisation of Indian agriculture.
Some scholars argue that Hitler may have wanted
- Specialised crops began to be grown not for
just a limited war with Poland and Russiarather than a
consumption in the village but for sale in the
World War. Initially, he got his claims in
national and international market i.e. cotton, jute,
Czechoslovakia by thecooperation of allies and may have
groundnut, oilseeds, sugarcane and tobacco etc..
believed that similar tactics could be used in Poland and
• Famine and Poverty:-
expected a short war with Russia.
- Famines in British India were not caused by the lack
of food in a particular geographical area. They were The power structure in Europe after World War-I
instead caused by inadequate transportation of food, had many issues:
which in turn was caused due to the absence of a - Treaty of Versailles had blamed Germans for the
political and social structure. war, and this was due to hefty reparations
The results were : imposed on,was due onthem, making Germans
• Widespread poverty in India as documented by Dada bitter and Ultra-nationalist.
Bhai Naoroji (Poverty and Un-British Rule in India) - Failure of the League of Nations encouraged
and explained by economic nationalists like R.C Dutt, Germans.
Gokhale etc.. - The Economic Crisis of the 1920s and 1930s
• The trade structure of India changed with the bulk of ensured that a populist like Hitler’s rise to the
trade with Britain. India became importers of British top.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 23 YCT
Conclusion : V.D. Savarkar, a firebrand revolutionary, published
While it can be said that conflict of ideologies was his book "The Indian War of Independence" in 1909
no doubt an important factor, but the incentive to join a which the British authorities banned immediately.
particular ideological alignment was furthering of Savarkar glorified the heroism of Indian rebels, who had
national interests and not commitment to ideology alone. died fighting for the love of their country. Savarkar’s
To attribute the Second World War to either of these two object in writing his book was to arouse a spirit of
patriotism among the rising Indian youth.
factors exclusively would be a gross over-simplification.
Jawaharlal Nehru in his writings and speeches
Thus, Hitler was just a product of his times, and the war
maintained that the revolt of 1857 was a feudal
also had some deeper reasons. outburst headed by feudal chiefs, and their followers
Q.13 : “Revolt of 1857 was a turning point in and aided by others. He did not deny the popular
Indian History”. Analyse. (Marks-12) character of the revolt, though he did not call it
Ans. : The revolt of 1857 marked a turning point in national, the expression which Karl Marx and the
the history of India. It was the heralding of a new age. It British conservative leader Benjamin Disraeli used.
crowned the dawn of India’s independence from the Surendra Nath Sen, a reputed historian, was
fetters of foreign rule that had bound her. It was, in fact, commissioned by the Government of India to write
the first essay in India’s advent to freedom. It laid the a book on the 1857 revolt. His book entitled
foundation of Indian nationalism. It acted as a great “Eighteen Fifty Seven" was released in 1957 to
inspiration to our countrymen, who felt inspired by the mark the centenary celebrations of the revolt. Sen came
example set by the rebels who had laid down their to the conclusion that originally the army revolted but
later in Oudh, the revolt assumed some form of a
life fighting the British despite the heavy odds against
national dimension in a restricted manner.
them.
Conclusion :
The revolt brought many changes in the British Despite the sepoy’s limitations and weaknesses,
system of governance in the country. The immediate their efforts to emancipate the country from foreign rule
results of the revolt were the extinction of Mughal were a patriotic act and a progressive step. Even in
rule; and the end of the East India Company as the failure it served a grand purpose, a source of inspiration
ruling power. The East India Company was replaced for the national liberation movement which later
by the British Crown with Queen Victoria as the achieved what the Revolt could not.
Empress of India. The Indian army was organised on Q.14 : “Secularism as an orientation and a set of
communal lines; and the artillery came under the practices is indispensable to India’s future as liberal
British control. The Bengal army that had been involved democracy.” (Mark 12)
in the mutiny disappeared, and the army was unified Ans. : "Secularism is the bedrock of our nationhood,
under a single Commander-in-Chief. The revolt brought secularism as defined not in the English dictionaries,
where it is defined as ‘non-religious’ or ‘anti-religious’,
an end to the progress of social and material
but secularism the way Nehru defined it as Sarva
advancement, which Lord William Bentinck and Lord
Dharma Samabhava which allows every religion to
Dalhousie had initiated. flourish in our country. Every community, every caste,
The mutiny proved calamitous in the sense that it led every linguistic group must be allowed freedom to
to racial and religious chauvinism. The bitter memories flourish, prosper and develop, yet they must be woven
of 1857 sowed the seeds of mutual distrust and into one India, to a unified India.
resentment among the British and Indians, and estranged
their relations. The age of Sir William Jones and Article (25-28)
Thomas Munro, the admirers of the antiquity of
Indianculture, was over, and that of the aggressive It is the foundation
Imperial-minded Curzon and Michael O’ Dwyer had Article (14-15)
of secularism in India
come.
The revolt exposed to Indians the oppressive Right to equality Constitutional
and exploitative nature of British rule, and warned to all citizens provisions
the British of the precariousness of their dominion.
The British showered immense benefits on the princes
and the landed gentry for their loyalty and support
Article (29-30)
during the 1857 crisis. The princes began to play the
British game, and acted as a bulwark against the rising Cultural and
tide of Indian nationalism. educational Rights
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 24 YCT
 Secularism is important for India for the following • Development for EntrepreneurialAttitude- Self-
reasons : Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in India is
• It enables people of different religions to live a union of women labourers willing to work hard and
incivility with respect for all faith. seize any work opportunities they might get.
• It is a part of democracy that grants equal rights. • Spread of Feminist Movement- Recently, the wave
• It safeguards democracy by limiting the power of of feminism that seeks equality and prevention of
discrimination at the workplace manifested in the
the majority.
“Mee too” campaign across the world and in India.
• It protects the equal rights of minorities to
• Improvement in education and healthcare facility.
citizens.
• Cultural change- Change in attitude of women, more
Secularism and liberal democracy :
acceptances of western clothes, dating has become
Secularism is invaluable for a society like India; common in urban areas, increased use of
characterized by religious diversity, secularism regulates contraception in rural and urban areas.
the relationship between the state and various religious • Augmentation of women’s movements through
groups. In a secular state, all groups are treated equally, exposures at the international level will help bring
and the state is not aligned to any religion. No person about major changes in the economic, social and
shall be discriminated against on the ground that they political lives of women.
belong to a particular religion. Secularism becomes Negative impact :
meaningful only when it refers to democratic equality. Women work two full time jobs. They go out to
No society is secular unless it is committed to democratic work place and at the same time they have to finish their
principles of freedom and equality. household responsibilities when they return for which
Conclusion : they paid not paid.
Secularism allows us to live in some civility Although some women enjoys the freedom of
measures; it is the best chance we have to create a delaying marriage, they soon realize that this form of
society in which people of all religions can live together independence might actually be a burden because finding
fairly and peacefully and therefore, secularism is a husband later in life is not as easy as in their youth.
desirable for a plural society like India. Moreover women are exploited by paying lower
Q.15 : Discuss the impact of Globalisation on the wages than men,they are facing sexual harassment at
status of women in Indian society by citing suitable work place for which many women resist to work.
examples. (Marks-12) Due to illiteracy and unawareness, women of rural
Ans. : Globalisation is a process of increasing area are more exploited as compared to women in the
urban area.
interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of
economies and societies to such an extent that an event Globalisation has given more avenues to women to
improve. It has promoted equality among the sexes,
in one part of the globe affects people in the other parts
something that Indian women have been struggling for a
of world.
long time.
Globalisation affects different groups of women in
Conclusion :
various places in different ways. On the one hand, it may
It can be said that Globalisationhaslifted Indian
create new opportunities by providing cheaper avenues
women economically, socially, politically to a great
in the form of Assembly Line Production or Outsourcing.
extent, due to which there has been a qualitative
Positive Impact : improvement in the status of women.
• Increased opportunities for women- Opened up Q.16 : What is globalisation? Discuss its impact
border communication lines has brought more on the social structure of India. (Mark 12)
companies and a different world comprehensive Ans. : The World Bank defines “Globalisation - the
organization into India. This provides more growing integration of economies and societies around
opportunities for women who are becoming more the world.”
significant part of the workforce. Globalisation is nothing new to India. For centuries,
• Independence and Self-Confidence- With new jobs people have migrated here, bringing their own cultures,
for women, there are opportunities for higher wages, social norms, value systems, and ways of life. However,
which raises self-confidence and brings out the latest wave of Globalisation began in India post-1990
independence. after LPG reforms.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 25 YCT

 Globalisation in India is generally taken as State a major tourist attraction. Tourism policy lays
integration of economy of the country with the world down a strategy to implement the vision of the
economy. Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh,
• Increasing competition. for a targeted growth of the sector. The State government
• Technological development. envisions a new tourism policy, with a sharp focus on
• Knowledge/Information transfer. establishing Brand Uttar Pradesh as the most preferred
• Portfolio investment (fund transfer between tourist destination not only in the country, but also on the
developed countries and emerging markets). global map.
• Regulation/deregulation of International standards. The Targets of U.P. Tourism Policy 2018 are :
• Market integration. • To become the most preferred tourist destination in
the country by 2023.
• Intellectual capital mobility.
• To achieve an annual increase of 15% domestic
Impacts of Globalisation on the social structure
tourist arrival and 10% foreign tourist
of India :
arrival,consistently over the next five years.
1. Decrease in family values : Increasing mobility
• To attract investments with a target of INR 5,000
of younger generation in search of new employment and
Crore per year.
education opportunities allegedly weakened the family
• To provide employment to approximately 5,00,000
relations. The traditional Joint Family is being replaced
people per year.
by nuclear families.
• To impart training to 10,000 tourism service
2. Individualism is increasing while collective
providers, over the next five years.
social life is declining : The traditional neighbourhood
• To convert 10 heritage buildings (Buildings with
feeling is being replaced by isolation and anonymity.
heritage value) to heritage hotels per year.
3. Social hierarchy : The traditional form of social
• To attract 1,00,000 tourists to national parks and
structure marked by the caste system is getting diluted in
wildlife sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh per year.
various spheres of life.Class as a social hierarchy is
• To promote city-wise events and festivals with a
gaining prominence.
predefined calendar, and promoting the same
4. Social mobility : With Globalisation, Social nationally and internationally.
mobility and Geographical mobility have increased. The
• To improve local entrepreneurship avenues, through
social system has become more open.
execution of tourism events and festivals like
5. Patriarchy : Patriarchy as a Social System Deepotsav, International Literature Festival,
wheremen dominate over females is being challenged. International Ramayana Conclave, Geeta Mahotsav,
This is due to increased opportunities for women outside Lucknow Mahotsav and other city based mahotsavs.
the home and better education. • To improve regional connectivity of all religious and
6. Complicated married life : Married men and cultural attractions within the State, through road, rail
women are staying separately at far off places on account and air.
of their jobs which are providing lucrative pay packets • To elevate the standards of public service facilities
and financial security. Apart from this, single living, across the State and provide high quality visitor
single parents (person who had children beyond experience.
wedlock), and living together without any formal Conclusion :
marriage are also found in the society. This policy will help Uttar Pradesh in creating a
Conclusion : sustainable, pro-growth, and pro-poor ecosystem. The
The Indian social system is being transformed under policy envisages a dynamic and long term approach to
the influence of modernity brought about by the forces of achieve the true growth potential of the tourism sector in
Globalisation where the traditional structure is being the State. The policy proposes aggressive and attractive
challenged and emancipating many persecuted social incentives and requisite regulatory reforms, that will help
groups eg.Dalits, women, etc.. ensure large scale investment support, through efficient
Q.17 : Give an account of the primary targets of management and private participation. This policy will
UP’s Tourism Policy (2018). (Mark 12) help Uttar Pradesh to establish a perfect synergy and a
Ans. : The Government of Uttar Pradesh supporting strategy for establishing valuable partnerships
understands the importance of the tourism sector and has between the public and the private sector and among
already identified tourism as a priority sector. In order to various sectors for an improved environment necessary
tap the infinite possibilities offered by the sector, for achieving viable and tangible growth in the tourism
strategic and organized initiatives are needed to make the sector.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 26 YCT
 Q.18 : What is an air mass? Describe its chief Q.19 : How are volcano, earthquake and tsunami
characteristics. (Mark 12) related to each other? Highlight all the possible
Ans. : When the air remains over a homogenous causes for volcanic eruptions. (Marks-12)
area for a sufficiently longer time, it acquires the Ans. : Relationship between the volcano, tsunami
characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can and earthquake:
be the vast ocean surface or vast plains. The air with • Earthquake is considered to be the reason behind all
distinctive characteristics in terms of temperature and major tsunamis of the world;earthquakes possessa
humidity is called an air mass. It is defined as a large large amount of energy in waves, which displaces
body of air having little horizontal variation in ahuge amount of water resulting in the big tsunamis.
temperature and moisture. The homogenous surfaces, • Volcanic eruption causes earthquakes that may also
over which air masses form, are called the source generate tsunami in addition, the debris and
regions. pyroclastic material avalanche, when moving with
The air masses are classified according to the source very high speed crashes in the sea, may result in huge
regions. There are five major source regions. These are: Tsunami waves.
(i) Warm tropical and subtropical oceans. • Most earthquakes directly beneath a volcano are
(ii) The subtropical hot deserts. caused by the movement of magma. The magma
(iii) The relatively cold high latitude oceans. exerts pressure on the rocks, it cracks the rock. Then
(iv) The very cold snow covered continents in high the magma squirts into the crack and starts building
latitudes. pressure again. Every time the rock cracks it makes a
(v) Permanently ice covered continents in the small earthquake.
Arctic and Antarctica.
Accordingly, following types of airmasses are
recognised:
(i) Maritime tropical (mT);
(ii) Continental tropical (cT);
(iii) Maritime polar (mP);
(iv) Continental polar (cP);
(v) Continental arctic (cA).
Tropical air masses are warm and polar air masses
are cold.

Characteristic of Air mass :

• Air masses have fairly uniform temperature and
moisture content in horizontal direction (but not
uniform in vertical)
• Air masses are characterized by their temperature and
humidity properties. Causes of Volcanic eruptions :
• The properties of air masses are determined by the • The first and foremost reason is the crustal
underlying surface properties where they originate. disturbance in the zone of weakness due to deep
• Once formed, air masses migrate within the general faulting mountain folding.
circulation. • Heat generated by degeneration of radioactive
• Upon movement, air masses displace residual air over elements inside the earth which causes in increase in
locations thus changing temperature and humidity temperature inside the earth, thus causing eruptions of
characteristics. the inside materials.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 27 YCT
• Reduction in pressure of rock due to formation of cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This
fractures causing the formation of magma. causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow
• Formation of gases due to high temperature. down the slope. Wind blowing on the surface of the
• Sometimes the earthquakes may expose the fault ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the
zones in the rock strata through which the magma can wind and the water surface affects the movement of the
escape to the earth’s surface leading to volcanic water body in its course. Gravity tends to pull the water
eruptions. down the pile and create gradient variation.
Q.20 : Mention the factors responsible for the The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to
origin of ocean currents and name the currents of the move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the
Atlantic Ocean. (Marks-12) left in the southern hemisphere. These large
Ans. : Ocean currents are like river flow in oceans. accumulations of water and the flow around them are
They represent a regular volume of water in a definite called Gyres. These produce large circular currents in all
path and direction. Ocean currents are influenced by two the ocean basins.
types of forces namely: (i) primary forces that initiate the Differences in water density affect vertical mobility
movement of water; (ii) secondary forces that influence of ocean currents. Water with high salinity is denser than
the currents to flow. water with low salinity and in the same way cold water is
The primary forces that influence the currents are : denser than warm water. Denser water tends to sink,
(i) Heating by solar energy while relatively lighter water tends to rise. Cold-water
(ii) Wind ocean currents occur when the cold water at the poles
(iii) Gravity sinks and slowly moves towards the equator. Warm-
(iv) Coriolis force water currents travel out from the equator along the
Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. surface, flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking
That is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cold water

Cold currents of the Atlantic Ocean are :

The currents of Atlantic Ocean are: • Benguela current
Warm currents of Atlantic Ocean are: • Falkland current
• South equatorial current
• Canary current
• North equatorial current
• Labrador current
• Gulf stream
• South Atlantic drifts.
• Brazil current

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-I 28 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2018
General Studies : Paper-II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A • Creating international pressure on Pakistan to curb

state sponsored terror.
Q.1 : Why is India opposed to mediation on
Kashmir? (125) • India needs to establish a national security doctrine in
order to deal with all security issues.
Ans. : Kashmir issue refers to the illegal occupation
of parts of the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir by Conclusion :
Pakistan and China. In August 2019, the Government of Principles of state sovereignty and non-interference
India repealed the Article 370 of the Constitution. dictate that mediation need not be imposing. It can be
beneficed, non-coercive and compatible with the
Following are the reasons, why India has opposed
structures of the international system. We already have a
mediation on Kashmir :
historical precedent to it.
• India sees itself as a regional leader and does not
Q.2 : Critically examine the Jurisdiction of
require any assistance in sorting out its issue with other
International Court of Justice.
regional Countries.
Ans. : The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the
• Mediation favours the weaker party and India with its principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It
stronger military powers has seen no significant gain was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the
from bringing a third-party into its 70 years old United Nations and began its work in April 1946.The
conflict with Pakistan. seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in Hague
• From India’s standpoint Kashmir remains an Internal (Netherlands).
Problem. The Court, which is composed of 15 judges, has a
• According to the Shimla Agreements of 1972, both two-fold role: first to settle in accordance with
countries agreed to resolve or settle their differences international law, legal disputes between States
by peaceful means through bilateral negotiation. submitted to it by them, and second, to give advisory
• Such concerns are not entirely without basis. The UN opinions on legal matters referred to it by duly authorised
resolutions on Kashmir have historically been a United Nations organs and specialised agencies.
diplomatic imbroglio for India, emphasising Jurisdiction :
bilateralism. • Only States are eligible to appear before the Court in
• Apprehension of the country’s policy works mainly contentious cases.
stems from the fact that America could use it might as • The Court has no jurisdiction to deal with applications
the world’s superpower to impose a solution on from individuals, non-governmental organisations,
Kashmir that might go country to India in the event of corporations or any other private entity. It cannot
a third party mediation’s stated position. provide them with legal advice or help them in their
Way Forward : dealings with national authorities.
• As the dominant power in South Asia and one of the • However, a State may take up the case of one of its
world’s leading Democracies, India must find a proper nationals and invoke against another State the wrongs
answer to what could otherwise become a serious which its national claims to have suffered at the hands
existential crisis. of the latter; the dispute then becomes between States.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 29 YCT
Limitation : The policy options and strategies to revitalise the
• It has no jurisdiction to try individuals accused of war agricultural sector of Uttar Pradesh :
crimes or crimes against humanity. As it is not a • Consolidation of village lands and co-operative
criminal court, it does not have a prosecutor able to farming.
initiate proceedings. • PMFBY provide insurance coverage and financial
• The Court is not a supreme court to which national support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of
courts can turn; it does not act as a court of last resort the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests
for individuals. Nor is it an appeal court for any & diseases.
international tribunal. It can, however, rule on the • To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their
validity of arbitral awards. continuance in farming.
• To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern
• The Court can only hear a dispute when requested to
agricultural practices.
do so by one or more States. It cannot deal with a
dispute on its own initiative. Neither is it permitted, • To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.
under its Statute, to investigate and rule on acts of • Neem Coated Urea, Improvement in soil health;
sovereign States as it chooses. Reduction in costs with respect to plant protection
India and ICJ : chemicals; Reduction in pest and disease attack; an
increase in yield of paddy, sugarcane, maize, soybean
• An Indian Justice Dalveer Bhandari was re-elected as a
and tur/red gram.
judge to the ICJ.
• PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in
• India recently won the plea against Pakistan to grant irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area
counsellor access to Indian national, Kulbhushan under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use
Jadhav and ICJ has directed to Pakistan to stop efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the
carrying out the execution of Jadhav. adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving
Recent Development : technologies (More crop per drop), enhance recharge
• ICJ has made a ruling on the military excesses against of aquifers and introduce sustainable water
Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and pinned legal conservation practices.
responsibility on the Myanmar’s Government. • National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is a pan-India
• In another case of its advisory opinion on Chagos electronic trading portal which networks the existing
Islands issue, it stated that the UK Government is APMC mandis to create a unified national market for
under an obligation to end its administration of the agricultural commodities. To promote uniformity in
Chagos Archipelago “as rapidly as possible”. agriculture marketing by streamlining of procedures
Q.3 : Throw light on the challenges and problems across the integrated markets, removing information
of farmers and the agriculture sector in Uttar asymmetry between buyers and sellers and promoting
Pradesh, suggest measures for improvement? real time price discovery based on actual demand and
Ans. : Agriculture sector is the prime mover of supply.
economic growth in Uttar Pradesh. A vast majority of the • The Scheme of Mega Food Park aims at providing a
population in the State virtually relies on agriculture for mechanism to link agricultural production to the
its livelihood. As high as 65 per cent of the total market by bringing together farmers, processors and
workforce in the State depends on agriculture, most of retailers so as to ensure maximising value addition,
whom are below poverty line. The State has significant minimising wastage, increasing farmers income and
bearing on the agricultural performance at the national creating employment opportunities particularly in rural
level. sector. The Mega Food Park Scheme is based on
The Uttar Pradesh Agriculture today faces some of “Cluster” approach and envisages creation of state of
the biggest challenges in the form of : art support infrastructure in a well-defined agri /
horticultural zone for setting up of modern food
processing units in the industrial plots provided in the
park with well-established supply chain. Mega food
park typically consist of supply chain infrastructure
including collection centres, primary processing
centres, central processing centres, cold chain and
around 25-30 fully developed plots for entrepreneurs
to set up food processing units, etc..
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 30 YCT
 Q.4 : What are electoral bonds? Are they capable attack by the opposition parties. Third and most
of bringing transparency in the political funding importantly it will take India towards digital and cashless
system? economy. Fourth, it will be a step towards bringing
Ans. : Electoral bonds will allow donors to pay reforms in political funding.
political parties using banks as an intermediary. Way Forward :
Although called a bond, the banking instrument Electoral Bonds raise concerns, but are better than
resembling promissory notes will not carry any interest. cash and introduce more transparency in electoral
The electoral bond, which will be a bearer instrument, finance. The need is to pair them with other reforms
will not carry the name of the payee and can be bought needed in the electoral system.
for any value, in multiples of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 Q.5. : What has been the impact of self-help
lakh, Rs 10 lakh or Rs 1 crore. groups (SHG’s) on India’s rural life?
Need : Ans. : A Self-help group (SHG) is a voluntary
The electoral bonds are aimed at rooting out the association of men or women in similar economic
current system of largely anonymous cash donations conditions. Self-help group is a method of organising the
made to political parties which lead to the generation of poor people and the marginalised to come together to
black money in the economy. solve their individual problem. The SHG method is used
Steps towards Transparency : by the government, NGOs and others worldwide. The
This is the first time the government has poor collect their savings and save it in banks. In return
acknowledged that there is no transparency of political they receive easy access to loans with a small rate of
funding. Transparent method of political funding is vital interest to start their micro unit enterprise. Thousands of
for the system of free and fair elections and even after 70 poor and the marginalised population in India are
years of independence the country has not been able to building their lives, their families and their society
evolve transparent funding to political parties. Like we through Self Help Groups. The 9th Five Year Plan of the
expect the vegetable vendor and the auto driver to accept Government of India had given due recognition on the
payments digitally the same should be followed by importance and the relevance of the Self-Help Group
political parties. The corruption in political funding is method to implement developmental schemes at the
against the moral and ethical principles. grassroots level.
In order to make our whole election process more Impact of SHG’s on India’s rural life
transparent, the next step could be that every rupee
donated to political parties should be accounted through
digital transactions. State funding of elections have been
discussed several times and several committees have
recommended and the most talked about committee is
the Indrajit Gupta Committee of 1999. It said, the state
funding to elections will be feasible when there is
internal democracy with the political parties. The report
pitched for the need to devise appropriate framework for Role of Transformation:
regulation of political parties before state funding of • Women suffer a vast range of socio-economic
elections is attempted. disadvantages in India.
Benefits :
The stated objective of electoral bonds is to reduce • However, the access to credit through the SHG
opaqueness in political funding in the country. The channel helps women to break through these barriers.
information on how much a political party gets funding • SHGs act as a powerful institution of participation and
and how does it spend it – has never been in public can contribute to India’s growth trajectory.
domain. Some efforts like making donations via cheques
• SHGs enhance the equality of status of women as
have not resulted into desired outcomes and the share of
participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the
anonymous funding of political parties is still in vogue.
democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of
The electoral bonds scheme is meant to change this.
life.
First, it will bring transparency in political funding as
the names of the donors will be maintained by the banks. • SHGs have the potential to address multitude of issues
Second, secrecy of the donors will help more people to such as menstrual hygiene, sanitation, domestic
take this route which otherwise make them wary of violence and higher education.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 31 YCT
Conclusion : India, giving it the much-needed strength and global
Thus, SHG’s have been instrumental in bringing visibility.
about structural change in the rural society and its • Changing perceptions: After the 1991 LPG reforms,
economy. They have brought positive changes in rural the outflow of the Indian Diaspora has contributed a
India, but there is a need for capacity building specially lot in changing the perception of the world towards the
in accounting, record keeping and skill training to Indian employees. The leadership position of many
improve the socio-economic impacts. Indians in the tech companies of Silicon Valley has
SHGs are a realistic, viable and sustainable option strengthened the image of India as a technology
for achieving rural development objectives. This will powerhouse and a source of quality human resources.
help reduce the dependence of women borrowers on Indian executives have often been credited with being
informal sources of credit and help work towards their the harbingers of innovation as a part of the top
continual inclusion into the formal financial system. technology companies around the world. For e.g.,
Q.6 : Write a short note on the contribution of executives like Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella etc. have
the Indian Diaspora towards economic structure in reached the highest echelons in their respective
India? sectors.
Ans. : Indian Diaspora refers to persons of Indian Way forward :
origin and non-resident Indians, living outside India. • Indian Diaspora can provide the requisite strategic
They are concentrated in Gulf countries, UK, USA, etc. impulse, making it all the more important to unlock
and have migrated in various waves starting from 19th India’s potential.
century.
• Being competitive: Indian Diaspora can be expected to
Indian Diaspora has contributed immensely to open the doors of foreign markets to India. Therefore,
India’s cause by way of investments, remittances, it is important for Indian manufacturing to be
lobbying, tourism, promoting Indian culture and soft technologically advanced and invest in achieving
power. However, India’s engagement with its Diaspora economies of scale.
has not been uniform throughout the history.
• Providing opportunities for investment: It has to be
Contribution in Indian Economy :
understood that the investments in the country are
• Financial Contribution: The Diaspora is a strong majorly a factor of profit-generation for the investors.
community, which is approximately 18 million. They Therefore, there is a need to create a favourable policy
are one of the highest contributors to the country’s environment for capital creation and flow of profits
GDP, measured in terms of global remittances. back to the origin country without any impediments.
• Focus on ‘Make in India’: Indians are counted • Communicating with the Diaspora: It is important to
amongst the most affluent communities around the make the Diaspora feel respected if we expect them to
world. This source of capital can be tapped by contribute to the development of the country.
encouraging them to invest in India. Also, taking Therefore, it is critical to have two-way
advantage of their corporate leadership positions in the communication to understand their problems and
Silicon Valley and other technological sectors, Indian design the policies accordingly. It is important to note
Diaspora can be facilitated to contribute to the Indian that the Indian Diaspora is an extremely affluent
development story by investing in the Greenfield and community and they are in no need to make efforts to
Brownfield projects, as well as, portfolio investments woo the Indian government. Instead, it is the Indian
in India. government that needs to create an outreach strategy to
leverage them as a source of investment and capital for
• India’s inherent strengths: Indians are also well the domestic industry.
integrated into the healthcare sector around the world
Conclusion :
in the form of doctors and healthcare workers. This
• There is a need to leverage the knowledge, wisdom
can be combined with the inherent strength of India in and links of the Indian Diaspora, if India wants to
the pharmaceutical sector to create an efficient achieve the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy,
partnership. For e.g. Serum Institute of India is as outlined by the Prime Minister.
manufacturing the Oxford-Astra Zeneca vaccine, • The dire need for capital in the Indian industry can be
which is a symbiotic relationship between the UK’s fulfilled by the Indian Diaspora, provided the issues
research and development industry and the Indian being faced by the Indian Diaspora are resolved on a
Parma sector. Similarly, the engine of Light Combat priority basis. This would encourage them to boost
Aircraft Tejas will be co-developed by Rolls Royce in ‘Brand India’ around the world.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 32 YCT
 Q.7 : In what ways does the Indian federal system members, totaling 100 members in all in the US.
differ from the federal system in USA, explain? While the Lok Sabha or the Lower House is more
Ans. : Federalism is a system of government in powerful in India, the House of Senate or the Upper
which the power is divided between a central authority House is more powerful in the US. While a Senate
and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a member in the US is directly elected, a Rajya Sabha
federation has two levels of government. One is the member in India is indirectly elected by a system of
government for the entire country that is usually proportional and transferable voting system.
responsible for a few subjects of common national 4. Differences in the judicial system between US and
interest. The others are governments at the level of India:
provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day While the US has an advanced judicial system, India
administering of their state. Both these levels of has a rapidly developing judicial system. India has
governments enjoy their power independent of the other. integrated judiciary with-
Features of Federalism : • Supreme Court is given very wide powers, including
1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of appellate (Civil and Criminal) jurisdiction.
government. • The Supreme Court of American has not been given
2. Different tiers of government govern the same such type of appellate jurisdiction.
citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in • In India, Center have residuary powers while in USA,
specific matters of legislation, taxation and States have residuary powers.
administration. 5. USA is a Legislative Federation. This means that
3. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of States have dominance in law- making. Whereas, India
government are specified in the Constitution. is an Executive Federation. This means that States are
4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution important at the executive level only.
cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of Q.8 : Describe those special powers of the
government. Such changes require the consent of Council of State’s (Rajya Sabha) which are not
both the levels of government. enjoyed by the Lok Sabha, under the Indian
5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution constitution?
and the powers of different levels of government. Ans. : The makers of our Constitution envisaged the
The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise role of the Rajya Sabha as an institution where interests
between different levels of government in the of the States of the Indian Union could be projected and
exercise of their respective powers. safeguarded at the central level. It provides necessary
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are checks and balance against the dominance of unicameral
clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. legislature. In majority of the cases the Lok Sabha enjoys
more powers than the Rajya Sabha. However, in certain
7. The federal system thus has dual objectives to
cases the Constitution gives special powers to the Rajya
safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at
Sabha that are not enjoyed by Lok Sabha.
the same time accommodate regional diversity.
• It can authorise Parliament to make a law on a subject
Differences between the federalisms of US and India:
enumerated in the State List (Article 249).
1. The Constitution of US is more rigid than the Indian
Constitution. • If a proclamation is issued by the President for
2. While the US has the Presidential form of imposing national emergency or President’s Rule or
Government, India has the Parliamentary form of Financial Emergency at a time when the Lok Sabha
Government. has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha
3. Differences between the legislatures of US and takes place within the period allowed for its approval,
India: In India, the Lower House or the Lok Sabha is then the proclamation can remain effective even if it is
more powerful and its members are directly elected approved by the Rajya Sabha alone (Article 352, 356
by the people and the members of the Upper House and 360).
or Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected in every two • It can authorise the Parliament to create new All-India
years. The Lok Sabha members represent their Services common to both the Centre and States
constituencies on the basis of their population (Article 312).
strength. In the US, the House of Representatives are • A resolution to remove the Vice-President can be
elected on the basis of the population strength of a introduced only in the Rajya Sabha. It alone can
state, but irrespective of the size of the state or its initiate a move for the removal of the Vice- President
population, each state in the US has only two senate (Article – 67).
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 33 YCT
Conclusion: The EVMs with VVPAT system ensure the accuracy
Even though the Rajya Sabha has been given less of the voting system with fullest transparency and restore
powers as compared with the Lok Sabha, its utility is the confidence of the voters.
supported on the following grounds: EVMs and VVPATs also speed up the election
It checks hasty, defective, careless and ill-considered process as counting of votes on EVMs takes much lesser
time than counting paper ballots.
legislation made by the Lok Sabha by making
Evaluation of the use of VVPAT :
provision of revision and thought.
• Will ensure greater transparency in the voting process.
It facilitates in giving representation to eminent
professionals and experts who cannot face the direct • Enables to verify vote: Instant feedback to the voter
that his/her votes polled has been allocated to the
election. The President nominates 12 such persons to
intended candidate.
the Rajya Sabha.
• Operates under a Direct Recording Election system
It maintains the federal equilibrium by protecting the
(DRE) which detects fraud and existent malfunction.
interests of the State against the undue interference of
• Given both the voters and political parties an
the Centre.
assurance.
Q.9 : Evaluate the use of VVPAT in the General
• Enables authorities to count the votes manually if there
Election of India?
is a dispute in the electronically polled votes.
Ans. The Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail
Way Forward :
(VVPAT) is a method that provides feedback to voters.
The Election Commission needs to regain the trust
It is an independent verification printer machine and is and confidence of all stakeholders (Voter’s, Political
attached to electronic voting machines. It allows voters Parties) in the election system in India.
to verify if their vote has gone to the intended candidate. Q.10 : Examine the constitutional position of the
Key Features : Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
• In VVPATs, a paper is generated bearing name and Ans. : Comptroller and Auditor General of India is
symbol of the candidate along with recording of vote the apex authority responsible for external and internal
in CU. The printed slip is visible (for 7 seconds) in a audits of the expenses of the National and State
viewing window attached to BU in voting governments. It is popularly known as the CAG of India.
compartment. Part V of the Indian Constitution describes the role and
• In Subramaniam Swamy vs ECI (2014), SC said responsibilities of this office.
VVPAT is necessary for transparency in voting and The following are the major powers of the CAG
must be implemented by ECI. In General Elections of India :
2019, VVPATs will be used in all the constituencies. • The Comptroller and Auditor General or his staff can
• The Supreme Court recently increased VVPAT inspect any office of the organisations which are
verification to five random EVMs in each Assembly subject to his audit. He and his staff can scrutinise the
segment/constituency ‘to ensure the greatest degree of transactions of the government and question the
accuracy, satisfaction in election process.’ administration regarding the various aspects of these
• Earlier, under the ECI guidelines, only the VVPAT transactions. After scrutinising the transactions, the
slips form one EVM in every Assembly CAG may withdraw his objections or, if he finds them
serious, he can incorporate them in his report which is
segment/constituency was subjected to physical
submitted to the Parliament.
verification.
• To enable the office to perform this function smoothly,
• The Conduct of Election Rules say that a voter who
he is endowed with full access to all the financial
has complained his vote went to wrong party can be
records including books, papers, and documents.
allowed a test vote. However, if the VVPAT shows no Moreover, the CAG has the freedom to ask for
error, the voter can be penalised with imprisonment up relevant information from any person or organisation.
to six months and a fine. His right to call for information and accounts is
• VVPAT slip counting takes place in specially erected statutory, as was affirmed by the order made by the
VVPAT counting booths under the close monitoring of Government of India in 1936 in order to enforce the
the returning officer and direct oversights of the Act of 1935.
observer. Article 148-Comptroller and Auditor-General of India :
Significance and the need for VVPATs : • There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor-General of
The VVPAT helps to detect potential election fraud India who shall be appointed by the President by
or malfunction in the EVM. warrant under his hand and seal and shall only be
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 34 YCT
 removed from office in like manner and on like SECTION–B
grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
• Every person appointed to be the Comptroller and Q.11 : How will the withdrawal of U.S. troops
Auditor-General of India shall, before he enters upon from Afghanistan affect India? Comment.
his office, make and subscribe before the President or Ans. : President Donald Trump’s decision to reduce
some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath US forces in Afghanistan from 14,000 to 7,000 would
or affirmation according to the form set out for the have far reaching consequences for Afghanistan.
purpose in the Third Schedule. However, India as the development partner and a
• The salary and other conditions of service of the neighbour of Afghanistan also faces probable challenges,
Comptroller and Auditor-General shall be such as may such as;
be determined by Parliament by law and, until they are
so determined, shall be as specified in the Second ● Security: US withdrawing troops from Afghanistan
Schedule: Provided that neither the salary of a would strengthen negotiating leverage of groups such as
Comptroller and Auditor-General nor his rights in the Taliban. This may impact India’s security as terrorist
respect of leave of absence, pension or age of outfits such as the Al-Qaeda and Haqqani network, which
retirement shall be varied to his disadvantage after his may feel empowered. Specifically the situation in Jammu
appointment. and Kashmir might be affected adversely.
• The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall not be ● Humanitarian issues: The civil unrest might lead to a
eligible for further office either under the Government mass exodus of Afghans trying to flee the country
of India or under the Government of any State after he which could trigger another refugee crisis that may
has ceased to hold his office. have repercussions for India.
• Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of
● Economic impact :
any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service
of persons serving in the Indian Audit and Accounts • India’s investments in Afghanistan such as Salma
Department and the administrative powers of the dam, Afghan Parliament building may turn futile if
Comptroller and Auditor-General shall be such as may Taliban comes back to power.
be prescribed by rules made by the President after • The resulting instability in Afghanistan may hamper
consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor- regional projects such as TAPI pipeline.
General.
● Regional instability: An Islamist regime in
• The administrative expenses of the office of the
Afghanistan may make Pakistan a central player in the
Comptroller and Auditor-General including all
country. It might further exacerbate regional
salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in
instability.
respect of persons serving in that office, shall be
Following are the various options available for India
charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India.
to safeguard its interests in the context of the changing
Duties of CAG :
Articles 149, 150 and 151 of the Constitution of situation
India describe the functions and powers of this office. ● Diplomatic efforts: India needs to cooperate with
• Article 149: Duties and Powers of the Comptroller other like-minded countries to push forward peace
and Auditor General: To perform such duties and process and achieve its strategic objectives. It also
exercise such powers in relation to accounts of the needs to engage USA in understanding the future
Union of India and the States and of any other bodies course of events and taking steps to stabilise
or authority, as may be prescribed by any law made by Afghanistan.
the Parliament. ● Strengthening Afghanistan’s security capabilities:
• Article 150: Form of Accounts of the Union of India India must step up its efforts beyond development
and the States: To prescribe, with the approval of the
assistance to provide monetary and material assistance
President, the form in which the account of the Union
to strengthen security capabilities of the Afghan
and of the States are to be kept.
government.
• Article 151: CAG Reports to the President or to the
Governors on the accounts of the Union or State. The ● Strengthening ties with Afghanistan: India needs to
Constitution has also provided in Article 279(i) that use the goodwill it has earned and the links it has
the CAG has to ascertain and certify the net proceeds established to cement the anti-Taliban forces, without
of any tax or duty mentioned in Chapter I of Part XII interfering in Afghanistan's internal affairs. India
of the Constitution. needs to further strengthen its cooperation with
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 35 YCT
 Afghanistan in the sphere of economic, social and India-China Relations in the Light of OBOR
human resource development. • India’s concerns with OBOR :
● Formulation of a clear-cut roadmap: A more nuanced India argues that the OBOR and China-Pakistan
Pakistan policy has to be adopted in order to fight the Economic Corridor Project (CPEC) violates its
better positioned Pakistan in the region. sovereignty because it passes through the Pakistan-
● Strengthen Border Security: Domestically, India occupied Kashmir that belongs to India.
needs to increase its military preparedness in the • Debt trap: OBOR projects are pushing recipient
border areas, develop cooperation among the countries into indebtedness, it does not transfer skills
intelligence and military organisation and modernise or technology and are environmentally unsustainable.
the armed forces and the border security, in case of • China plans to extend the CPEC to Afghanistan;
civil unrest in Afghanistan and the resulting regional meanwhile, Maldives, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka
instability post troops-withdrawal. are eagerly pursuing potential OBOR projects.
This will not only ensure that Afghanistan remains
• Through OBOR, China is countering the strategies of
friendly towards India and not a haven for hostile
India in the North East region and is promoting its
elements but will set India ready to tackle the above
greater presence in Northeast India.
challenges in a holistic and effective manner.
• These bilateral relations with China and India is
Q.12 : Discuss the nature of India China relation
growing concerns over China hegemonic intention in
in the light of OBOR.
South Asia and Indo-Pacific Region.
Ans. : OBOR is a development strategy proposed by
Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. • Military Deployment:
• It focuses on connectivity and cooperation between The fact that the Chinese have begun to deploy 30,000
Eurasian countries, primarily the People's Republic of security personnel to the project along the CPEC route
China, the land-based "Silk Road Economic Belt" makes it an active player in the politics of the Indian
(SREB) and the oceangoing "Maritime Silk Road" sub-continent. Clearly, this is a case of double
(MSR). standards.
• OBOR covers over 60 countries that form almost 30 Conclusion :
per cent of world GDP and 60 per cent of the world’s India’s future strategy thrust on CPEC must be
population. based on a careful reassessment of the potential benefits
as well as disadvantages of the project.
Q.13 : The action of Indian Government on
Article 370 has changed the status quo in Jammu and
Kashmir. How will it affect the development in the
region? Discuss.
Ans. : Article 370 was included in the Indian
constitution on October 17, 1949, as a temporary
provision which exempts Jammu and Kashmir from the
Indian constitution. In short, it accorded special status to
the State, giving the J&K legislature free rein to draft its
own laws, except in the areas of communication,
defence, finance, and foreign affairs. As a result, Jammu
and Kashmir had its own Constitution, Flag and Penal
Code. Indian Parliament on August 5 passed amendment
OBOR project has two important components-
bill to abrogate Article 370 which gave special status in
(i) Silk Road Economic Belt
the federal structure of India. It was argued by the
It is land-based and is expected to connect China
government that it would positively affect the
with Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Western
Europe. development of India:
st
(ii) 21 Century Maritime Silk Road • Article 370 was a hurdle in developmental initiative of
It is sea-based and is expected to connect China’s government of India as it required additional
southern coast to the Mediterranean, African, legislation on part of State government to implement
Southeast Asia and Central Asia. those initiatives. This includes RTI, RTE etc.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 36 YCT
• Jammu and Kashmir also did not have all the The objective of NITI Aayog :
fundamental rights available to citizen of India, which • Fostering co-operative federalism, active involvement
will now be available to them thereby ensuring socio- of States.
economic development. • Formulation of plans at village-level aggregation at
• The women of Jammu and Kashmir also did not have higher levels.
equal property rights which will now be available to • Economic policy that incorporates national security
them after abrogation of Article 370. interests.
• Now that it has been divided into two UTs (from 31st
• Feedback for constant innovative improvement.
of October 2019). Its administration would come under
• Partnership with national and international think tanks.
central government leading to efficient administration
and law & order situation as seen in Delhi and • Focus on technology up-gradation and capacity
Chandigarh. building.
• Investment from outside and inside India would also NITI Aayog Re-organised :
flow to Kashmir, if the land acquisition/lease On 18th September 2021, the Hon'ble Prime Minister
requirement are relaxed, leading to economic approved the reconstitution of NITI Aayog, as under:
development and employment. 1. Chairperson: Hon'ble Shri Narendra Modi, Prime
• Due to application of RTI etc., there would be less Minister of India
corruption and more money would reach its targeted 2. Vice Chairperson: Dr Rajiv Kumar
destination. 3. Full-Time Members:
Separatism grows when people feel disconnected • Shri VK Saraswat
from the structure of power and the process of policy • Prof. Ramesh Chand
formulation. Devolution ensures population participation • Dr VK Paul
in the running of the polity. Meanwhile it is important to 4. Ex-Officio Members:
address genuine grievances and concerns of people of • Shri Rajnath Singh,
J&K to address unrest and alienation. However, some • Shri Amit Shah,
political and scholar have also cautioned that a prolonged • Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman,
insurgency might start in J&K and it may impact • Shri Narendra Singh Tomar,
negatively in the development of the State. 5. Special Invitees:
Q.14 : Discuss the reasons, objectives and • Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari,
functions of NITI Aayog and describe the recently re- • Shri Piyush Goyal,
organised NITI Aayog? • Dr Virendra Kumar,
Ans. : The Government of India constituted NITI • Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw,
Aayog to replace the Planning Commission, which was • Shri Rao Inderjit Singh
instituted in 1950. This step was taken to better serve the Q.15 : What are the main issues related to
needs and aspirations of the people. An important poverty and hunger?
evolutionary change, NITI Aayog acts as the Ans. : Poverty refers to a situation when people are
quintessential platform of the Government of India to deprived of basic necessities of life food, shelter and
bring the States to act together in the national interest, clothes. Hunger is a conditions in which a person, for a
and thereby foster cooperative federalism. sustained period, is unable to eat sufficient food to meet
The Function of NITI Aayog: basic nutritional needs and it goes beyond the common
desire for food that all human experience. Mal-nutrition
refers to deficiencies, excess or imbalances in a person’s
intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term mal-nutrition
covers two broad groups of conditions. One is ‘under
nutrition’-which includes stunting, wasting, underweight
and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies. The
other is overweight, obesity and die-related non-
communicable diseases.
India has slipped from 94th position from the
previous year to 101 in the GHI 2021, with hunger level
in the country categories as “serious”.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 37 YCT

 Hunger and malnutrition as manifestations of same access to resource as men, the number of hungry
poverty in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
Poverty, hunger and malnutrition are inextricably − Patriarchal mindset among the members of society is
linked. Poverty causes hunger. Not every poor person is differentially impacting the malnutrition and hunger of
hungry, but almost all hungry people are poor. women in terms of accessibility to quality food as said
• Affordable of food- Millions live with hunger and in Economic Survey (2017-18). Every third women in
malnourishment because they simply cannot afford to India was under-nourished (35.5% with low Body
buy enough nutritious foods. Mass Index) and every second woman (15-49 years) is
• Hunger a dimension of extreme poverty- It is often anaemic (55.3%) NFHS-4.
called the most severe and critical manifestation of − Climate Change: Extreme weather events, land
poverty as it limits the individual’s/community’s degradation and desertification, water scarcity and
ability to invest in its own development. rising sea levels, are among the leading causes of
• Even the lowest out-of-pocket healthcare service can rising global hunger according to UN’s Food and
severely diminish the remaining income to be used for Agricultural Organisation (FAO).
food supply, further perpetuating the issue of food − Hidden hunger: Infants and young children
insecurity. (especially during the 1,000-day window between
• Income poverty can lead to household food insecurity, pregnancy and age 2) are most vulnerable to harmful
inadequate care, unhealthy household environment and effects of hidden hunger.
lack of health services. − Corruption, leakages and exclusion errors are
Poverty as a consequence of Malnutrition and hunger : further intensifying the problems of malnutrition and
Malnutrition can cause a spiraling effect that hunger.
deepens the influence of poverty and entraps individual − War and Conflict: Hunger is both a cause and effect
and societies in what is known as the “cycle of poverty”. of war and conflict. Wide-scale poverty and hunger
• Damage from under nutrition in early life is a lead to frustration and resentment with governments
contributing factor to this cycle and disadvantaged that appear to ignore hungry people’s plight. The
individuals in their adult years. poorest members of society suffer the worst during
• Under nutrition affects cognitive development and war and conflict.
intellectual capacity, factors that contribute to poor There is a need to implement and scale up
educational performance and productivity of the interventions aimed at guaranteeing access to nutritious
individual. foods and breaking the inter-generational cycle of
malnutrition. National Nutrition Mission, POSHAN
• Reduced lean body mass and symptoms of fatigue can
Abhiyan, Food Security Act, Janani Suraksha Yojana,
lead to poor work performance and limited
Swachh Bharat including Sanitation and the National
productivity.
Rural Drinking Water Programme are some of the state
Food shortages and food insecurity :
interventions to eliminate hunger, poverty and
Poor access to food and particularly healthy food,
malnutrition.
contributes to undernutrition as well as overweight and
Some related initiatives by the Indian Government
obesity.
I. Zero Hunger Programme was launched on
• Lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and
October 16, 2017 with the aim to make farm
hygiene.
inventions, organizing the farming system for
• Policy- Systemic problems, like poor infrastructure or nutrition, setting up genetic gardens for bio-fortified
a lack of investment in agriculture, often make it hard plants and initiating zero hunger training.
for food and water to reach. II. Poshan Abiyaan was launched by the Ministry of
• Discrimination- Disadvantaged groups tend to be left Women and Child Development in 2018. Its target
the furthest behind. The racial, ethnic, or religious was to reduce stunting, under nutrition, anaemia.
minorities get socio-economically deprived of their III. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana: A
basic rights. centrally sponsored scheme executed by the
• Gender Inequality : Ministry of Women and Child Development, is a
− Feminisation of poverty which breads hunger and maternity benefit programme being implemented in
malnutrition. In its outline of Sustainable Development all districts of the country with effect from
Goal 2, the UN reveals, if women farmers had the 1st January, 2017.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 38 YCT

IV. Food fortification is the addition of key vitamins Advantage of e-Governance :
and minerals such as iron, iodine, rice vitamin A/D Speed : Technology makes communication speedier.
to staple foods such as rice, milk and salt to improve Internet, Phones, Cell Phones have reduced the time
their nutritional content. taken in normal communication.
V. National Food Security Act -2013 Cost Reduction : Most of the Government
VI. Missions Indradhanush: It targets children less expenditure is appropriated towards the cost of
than 2 years of age and pregnant women for stationary. Paper-based communication needs lots of
immunisation against 12 vaccine-preventable stationary, printers, computers, etc. which calls for
diseases. continuous heavy expenditure. Internet and Phones
VII. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) makes communication cheaper saving valuable money
scheme. for the Government.
VIII.Eat Right India Movement: An outreach activity Transparency : Use of ICT makes governing
organised by the Food Safety and Standards process transparent. All the information of the
Authority of India (FSSAI) for citizens to nudge Government would be made available on the internet.
them towards eating right. The citizens can see the information whenever they want
IX. Saansad Aadarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) – to see. But this is only possible when every piece of
Ministry of Rural Development initiated the scheme information of the Government is uploaded on the
in 2014. The scheme aims to develop five ‘Adarsh internet and is available for the public to peruse. Current
Villages’ or ‘Model Villages’ by 2024. governing process leaves many ways to conceal the
X. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) – the information from all the people. ICT helps make the
Ministry of Finance in 2014 initiated PMJDY that information available online eliminating all the
aimed at direct benefit transfer of subsidy, pension, possibilities of concealing of information.
insurance, etc., and attained the target of opening 1.5 Accountability : Once the governing process is
crore bank accounts. The scheme particularly targets made transparent the Government is automatically made
the unbanked poor. accountable. Accountability is answerability of the
Q.16 : Clarify E-Governance. Explain the Government to the people. It is the answerability for the
features and advantages of E- governance, what are deeds of the Government. An accountable Government is
the main challenges before it? a responsible Government.
Ans. : The “e” in e-governance stands for electronic. Convenience : e-Government brings public services
Thus e-Governance is basically associated with carrying to citizens on their schedule and their venue.
out the functions and achieving the results of governance
Improved Customer Service: e-Government allows
through the utilisation of ICT (Information and re-deploying resources from back-end processing to the
Communications Technology).
front line of customer service.
Features of e-Governance : Increased access to information: e-Government
• Improves delivery and efficiency of Government improves the accessibility of government information to
services. citizens allowing it become an important resource in the
• Improved Government interactions with business and making the decisions that affect daily life and so it helps
industry. in empowerment of citizens
• Citizen empowerment through access to information. Challenges to e-Governance :
• More efficient government management. Infrastructure
• Less corruption in the administration. Lack of basic infrastructural facilities like electricity,
• Increased transparency in administration. internet, etc.
• Greater convenience to citizens and business. Initiatives like BharatNet and Saubhagya are steps
taken in this regard.
• GST reduction and revenue growth.
Cost
• Increased legitimacy of Government.
e-Governance measures are costly affairs and require
• Flatter organisational structure less bureaucracy.
huge public expenditure.
• Improved relations between the public authorities and
In developing countries like India, the cost of
civil society.
projects is one of the major impediments in the
• Restructuring of the administrative process. implementation of e-Governance initiatives.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 39 YCT
 Privacy and Security ● The NIA officers will now have the power to
Recent spark in data leak cases has threatened the investigate offences committed outside India. The
peoples’ faith in e-governance. Therefore, the Centre may direct the NIA to investigate such cases as
implementation of e-governance projects must have if they had been committed in India. This holds
security standards and protocols for safeguarding the significance in matters related to escape of
interest of all classes of masses. perpetrators of terror attacks to other countries.
Digital Divide
● It enables the Central government to designate
Huge gap between users and non-users of e-govt.
sessions courts as special courts for such trials. It
services.
would facilitate speedy investigation and prosecution.
The digital divide takes form in rich-poor, male-
female, urban-rural etc. segments of the population. ● The Amendment Bill puts section 66F of the
Information Technology Act into the Schedule listing
The gap needs to be narrowed down, then only the
offences. Section 66F deals with cyber terrorism.
benefits of e-governance would be utilised equally.
Conclusion : ● NIA investigates terror related cases and makes
The success of e-Governance measures largely strategy to combat terrorism. The conviction rate of
depends on the availability of high-speed internet, and NIA is very high so it is expected that these
the nation-wide roll-out of 5G technology in the near amendments would further increase the efficiency of
future which will strengthen our resolve. the NIA in tackling terrorism in India.
We have seen how the concept of e-Governance has Amendments made to the UAPA Act and its
evolved in the Indian scenario and how much is required significance in combating terrorism:
for transparency and accountability on the part of the ● It seeks to empower the Central government to
government and at the same time it is also a toll to designate an individual a ‘terrorist’ if he is found
increase the participation of people in policy making by committing, preparing for, promoting, or involved in
empowering them with the right information at right an act of terror. This is seen necessary because banned
time. The penetration of internet, telecommunication groups tend to change their names and continue to
services in India has increased in the last decade and this operate. Also, designating an individual as terrorist is
gives a ray of hope to the citizens of India to fight with an international practice and is of prime importance to
the long persisting problems of poverty, corruption, nip terrorism in bud.
regional disparity and unemployment. But at the same
● The amendment to the Act empowers the officers of
time, due to slow pace of project completion, red-tape
the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to
and resistance from the side of government employees
investigate cases. This would remove the unnecessary
and citizens too has not given the desired result.
delays and provide more responsibility on the officer
Q.17 : In the monsoon session of the Indian
lower down in the hierarchy.
Parliament in 2019, amendment was made in the anti-
terror law and the Right to Information Act. What ● The amendment to the Act also removes issues of
are the significant changes as a result of these conflict with the State governments in case of seizure
Amendments? Analyse. of property related to terror organisations. Now if
Ans. : The Parliament passed amendments to the investigation is conducted by an officer of the
NIA and the UAPA Act to strengthen the legal and National Investigation Agency (NIA), the approval of
institutional system to tackle terrorism in India. the Director General of NIA would be required and
Amendments made to the NIA Act and its not the DGP of the State, for seizure of such property.
significance in combating terrorism: ● The schedule of Act defining terrorist activities is
● Broaden the scope of investigation and prosecution: extended to nuclear terrorism as well.
The latest amendments will enable the NIA to Amendments in RTI Act:
additionally investigate offences related to human ● The Bill primarily amends Section 13 and 16 of the
trafficking, counterfeit currency, manufacture or sale Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
of prohibited arms, cyber-terrorism, and offences
● Term - Section 13 of the original Act sets the term of
under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908. This would
the central Chief Information Commissioner (CIC)
provide more teeth to the organisation as the terror
and Information Commissioners (ICs) at 5 years (or
organisations are now utilising organised crime
until the age of 65, whichever is earlier).
networks to boost their resources.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 40 YCT
● Likewise, Section 16 sets the term for state level CICs • No citizen can be discriminated against or be ineligible
and ICs at 5 year (or 65 years of age, whichever is for any office or employment under the state on the
earlier). grounds of only religion, race, caste, sex, descent,
place of birth, or residence.
● The amendment now proposes that the appointment
for both will be "for such term as may be prescribed • Exceptions to this can be made for providing special
by the Central Government". provisions for the backward classes.
Article17 Abolition of untouchability.
● Salary. Etc. - Under Section 13, salaries, allowances
• It abolishes untouchability, and practice in any form is
and other terms of service of the CIC shall be the
made an offence punishable under the law. It is an
same as that of the Chief Election Commissioner.
absolute right which means there is no exception
● Those of information Commission shall be the same attached to this article.
as that of an Election Commissioner. Article18 Abolition of titles:
● Similarly, under Sec 16, the original Act prescribes • No title (except a military or academic distinction)
salaries, allowances and other terms of service of the shall be conferred by the State.
state CIC and state ICs as the same as that of the an • No citizen of India shall be accepting title from any
Election Commissioner and Chief Secretary to the foreign state.
State respectively. • No citizen or foreigner holding any office of profit or
The amendment proposes that the salaries, trust under the State is to accept any present,
allowances and other terms of services of both CIC and emolument or office from or under any foreign State
ICs at both Central and State levels shall be such as may without the consent of the President.
be prescribed by the Central Government. Q.19 : Write a short note on the emergence and
Q.18 : Examine the right of equality as a use of Alternative Dispute Redressal mechanisms in
fundamental right in the Constitution of India? India?
Ans. : The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to
Ans. : ADR is a mechanism of dispute resolution
protect the basic human rights of all citizens of India and
that is non adversarial, i.e. working together co-
are put into effect by the courts, subject to some
operatively to reach the best resolution for everyone.
limitations. One of such Fundamental Rights is the Right
ADR can be instrumental in reducing the burden of
to Equality. Right to Equality refers to the equality in the
litigation on courts, while delivering a well-rounded
eyes of law, discarding unfairness on grounds of caste,
and satisfying experience for the parties involved.
race religion, place of birth and sex. It also includes
It provides the opportunity to ‘expand the pie’ through
equality of prospects in matters of employment, abolition
creative, collaborative bargaining, and fulfill the
of untouchability and abolition of titles.
interests driving their demands.
Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18)
Article 14 Equality before the Law or the equal
perception of law.
This provision states that all citizens will be treated
equally before the law.
The law of the country protects everybody equally.
Under the same circumstances, the law will treat
people in the same manner.
Article 15 Prohibition of discrimination on the
ground of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• They say that the state shall not discriminate against
only religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of Emergence Of ADR- In 1899, the Indian
them. Arbitration Act 1899 was enacted to give effect to
Article 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of alternate dispute mechanism. In India, the Act was based
public employment. on English legislation. In 1908, CPC was again amended,
• It provides equality of opportunity for all citizens in and section 89 of the Second Schedule gave wide powers
employment matters for appointment to any office to the court to refer the disputes to ADR mechanism in
under the state. 1999 the Civil Procedure Code of Civil procedure 1908.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 41 YCT
Recently in 2005, the amendment to the Arbitration and Composition of CBI :
Conciliation Act was affected to bring Indian arbitration The CBI is headed by a Director. He is assisted by a
closer to international standards such as the Model Law Special Director or an Additional Director.
on International Commercial Arbitration Additionally, it has a number of joint directors, deputy
Significance of ADR’s inspector generals, superintendents of police and all
• Reduce workload. On the courts, given that today other usual ranks of police personnel.
about 3.3 crore cases are pending in Indian Justice The Director of CBI as Inspector-General of Police,
Courts. (according to national judicial data grid data) Delhi Special Police Establishment, is responsible for
• Speedy disposal of cases, thus timely justice by the administration of the organisation. With the
avoiding procedural delays associated with the court enactment of CVC Act, 2003, the superintendence of
system and thus fulfill the fundamental right of speedy Delhi Special Police Establishment vests with the
trial, part of Article 21. Central Government. The investigations of offences
• Access to Justice is improved as the cost and time of under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, in
litigation comes down; thus, the duty of providing free which, the superintendence vests with the Central
legal aid to the poor is met (39A) saves the common Vigilance Commission.
person from complex and adverse judicial processes. The Director of CBI has been provided security of
• To promote Governance e.g. administrative tribunals two-year tenure in office by the CVC Act, 2003
national com. Pay law tribunal National green tribunal (Vineet Narain Case). The CVC Act also provides the
and others. mechanism for the selection of the Director of CBI and
Conclusion : other officers of the rank of SP and above in the CBI.
Today, it has become an international phenomenon The Director of the CBI is appointed by the Central
to resolve commercial disputes through arbitration and Government on the recommendation of a committee
not through a normal judicial system. Majority of the consisting of the Central Vigilance Commissioner as
persons do not want to become involved in lawsuits due Chairperson, the Vigilance Commissioners, the
to delays and high costs. ADR’s provide the best solution Secretary to the Government of India in-charge of the
to these concerns. Hence there is a strong case to further Ministry of Home Affairs and the Secretary
strengthen ADR mechanisms in India (B.M Srikrishna (Coordination and Public Grievances) in the Cabinet
Committee recommendations). Secretariat.
Q.20 : Describes the composition and function of Functions of CBI :
the Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I) in India? Investigating cases of corruption, bribery and
Ans. : The CBI owes its origin to the Delhi Special misconduct of Central government employees.
Police Establishment, established in 1941, to enquire into Investigating cases relating to infringement of fiscal
cases of corruption in the procurement during the Second and economic laws, that is, breach of laws concerning
World War. Later, based on the recommendations of the export and import control, customs and central excise,
Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption, CBI income tax, foreign exchange regulations and so on.
was established by a resolution of the Ministry of Home However, such cases are taken up either in
Affairs. Later, it was transferred to the Ministry of consultation with or at the request of the department
Personnel and now it enjoys the status of an attached concerned.
office. The CBI is not a statutory body. It derives its Investigating serious crimes, having national and
powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, international ramifications, committed by organised
1946.The CBI is the main investigating agency of the gangs of professional criminals.
Central Government. It plays an important role in the Coordinating the activities of the anti-corruption
prevention of corruption and maintaining integrity in agencies and the various state police forces.
administration. It works under the overall Taking up, on the request of a state government, any
superintendence of Central Vigilance Commission in case of public importance for investigation.
matters related to the Prevention of Corruption Act, Maintaining crime statistics and disseminating
1988. criminal information.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-II 42 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2018
General Studies : Paper-III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A (iii) It wanted to achieve economic stability and remove

all unnecessary restriction and state control from the
Q.1 : Evaluate the effects of globalisation on market.
industrial development in India? (iv) It also permitted international flow of goods,
Ans. : The term globalisation refers to the services, capital, human resources and technology
integration of the economy of the nation with the world without any restrictions.
economy. It is a multifaceted. It results from the (v) By reducing the reserved number of sectors to 3, it
collection of multiple strategies directed at transforming incentivised the private sector to thrive in the
the world towards greater interdependence and
economy.
integration.
Evaluation :
The 1991 reforms in India have led to greater
(i) Reforms brought about expansion of the services
economic liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation,
sector helped largely by a liberalised investment and
which affects India’s industrial development.
trade regime. They also increased consumer choices
Effect of Globalisation in India
and reduced poverty significantly.
(ii) The share of services in GDP had increased by 20
percentage points since 1991 reflecting a decisive
change in the nature of India’s economic output.
Except agriculture, average growth rate has been
consistently high since 1991.
(iii) Entrepreneurship has surged, so has infrastructural
development. India has been one of the most
attractive destinations for FDI and one of the fastest
growing countries. Foreign exchange reserves,
which plummeted in 1991, burgeoned year on year
since then.
(iv) However, India has not fared well in the
manufacturing and agricultural sectors- the two
largest employers. It is high time for India to reset
economic agenda and initiate reforms 2.0.
Reforms of 1991 were not merely a one-time event.
Economic reforms have to be accompanied by
Objectives :
administrative and governance reforms in order to
(i) The primary objective was to open Indian Economy
to global practices and thrust on market orientation. achieve the objectives of inclusive growth and
(ii) It intended to make free Indian economy from sustainable development. The reforms trigged India to
sluggish single digit growth and build strong pave its own unique path to development, which still
foreign reserves. continues to be a work in progress.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 43 YCT
 Q.2 : Describe the targets of energy generation SDGs-6 - Clear water and sanitation
through renewable sources under National Energy SDGs-7 - Affordable and clean energy
Policy-2017 drafted by NITI Aayog. SDGs-8 - Decent work and economic
Ans. : The NITI Aayog on 27th June 2017 released growth
the Draft National Energy Policy. The Policy seeks to SDGs-9 - Industry innovation and
replace the integrated Energy Policy of 2006 by infrastructure
considering the present and future availability of SDGs-10 - Reduced inequalities
resources and energy demand. SDGs-11 - Sustainable cities and
The key objectives of the Draft National Energy communities
Policy (NEP) 2017 are- SDGs-12 - Responsible consumption and
(i) Access at affordable prices production
(ii) Improved security and independence SDGs-13 - Climate Action
(iii) Greater sustainability SDGs-14 - Life below water
(iv) Economic growth SDGs-15 - Life on land
Targets of NEP: SDGs-16 - Peace, Justice and Strong
• The intention of the National Energy Policy is to institutions
present a broad framework for the overall energy SDGs-17 - Partnership for the goals.
sector. India’s effort in implementing Sustainable
Development Goal’s :
• INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution)
• MNREGA is being implemented to provide jobs to
to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to
unskilled labourers and improve their living standards.
35 per cent by 2030 from the 2005 level.
• National Food Security Act is being enforced to
• To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric provide subsidised food grains.
power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based • The Government of India aims to make India open
energy resources by 2030, with the help of transfer of defecation free under its flagship scheme Swachh
technology and low cost international finance, Bharat Abhiyan.
including from Green Climate Fund.
• Renewable energy generation targets have been set at
• To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion 175 GW by 2022. AMRUT, HRIDAY, Schemes have
tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and been launched for improving the infrastructure aspects.
tree cover by 2030. • India has expressed its intent to combat climate change
Conclusion: by ratifying the Paris Agreement.
• The NEP aims at supporting the Indian ambition to Conclusion :
emerge as a well-developed and resilient economy The SDGs are multi - dimensional and
with high level of human development. Additionally, it interconnected. It requires deep commitments by
helps prepare the nation to anticipate the technological countries in achieving them. India is making progress
and market related changes in the energy sector. towards achieving the goals and efforts shall be
• The Policy focuses on clean energy resources such as continued by every State and UTs in this regard.
Solar and Natural Gas etc.. Q.4 : What is Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada
(SAMPADA) Yojana? Mention its objective and
• Coal Imports are envisaged to come down 10% by provisions?
2022 and 50% by 2030. Ans. : The Central Sector Scheme - SAMPADA
Q.3 : Throw light on the pursuit of Sustainable (Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development
Development Goals (SDGs) in India. of Agro-Processing Clusters) was approved by the
Ans. : In 2015, UN General Assembly adopted the cabinet in May 2017 for the period of 2016-20
2030Agenda for sustainable development. The member coterminous with the 14th Finance Commission cycle.
countries, including India, committed to the 17 The scheme has now been renamed as the "Pradhan
Sustainable Development Goals. Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)".
Sustainable Development Goal’s Under PMKSY the following schemes are to be
SDGs-1 - No poverty implemented.
SDGs-2 - Zero Hunger • Mega Food Parks,
SDGs-3 - Good health and well-being • Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure, etc.,
SDGs-4 - Quality Education • Integrated Cold Chain, Value Addition and
SDGs-5 - Gender Equality Preservation infrastructure,
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 44 YCT
• Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters, • National mission on cotton – it focused on reducing
• Schemes for Creation of Backward and Forward the diseases associated with cotton balls. It has shown
Linkages, positive results in Madhya Pradesh.
• Creation/Expansion of Food Processing & • National mission on sugarcane, bamboo and jute,
Preservation Capacities, respectively.
• Human Resources and Institutions. • National mission on sustainable agriculture, National
It is an umbrella scheme incorporating ongoing mission for integrated development of horticulture
schemes of the Ministry.
promoted holistic development of the sector with the
Objectives of SAMPADA : active involvement of PRIs, NGOs and SDGs. It has
• To supplement agriculture. been a booster for northeast India especially.
• To create processing and preserving capacities. Hence, these mission mode approaches and integrate
• To modernise and expand existing food processing picture of the development of stakeholders at all levels
units with a view to increase the level of processing. and usage of technologies make it more efficient and
• To add value, leading to the reduction of Agri-waste. provide us with a path of much needed inclusive
Conclusion : development.
Implementation of PMKSY will result in creation of Q.6 : What is cyber security science? Mention its
modern infrastructure with efficient supply chain importance?
management from farm gate to retail outlet. It will Ans. : Cyber security science is an important aspect
provide a big boost to the growth of food processing of the understanding, development, and practice of cyber
sector in the country. It will help in providing better
security. It is a broad category covering the technology
prices to farmers and is a big step towards doubling the
and practices used to protect computer networks,
farmers’ income. It will create huge employment
computers and data from harm.
opportunities especially in the rural areas. It will also
help in reducing wastage of agricultural produce, Cyber is no more limited to security only; it is now
increasing the processing level, availability of safe and linked with socio-economic, including politics, industry,
convenient processed foods at affordable price to health, education, and critical infrastructure.
consumers and enhancing the export of the processed Importance :
foods. • Security becomes a challenge as now Privacy is a
Q.5 : What is meant by the Technology mission in fundamental right as per Supreme Court’s verdict and
Indian agriculture? Discuss objectives. the rise in cyber crimes can lead to violation of private
Ans. : Technology missions have clear goals, space and liberty of expression.
objectives and visions. They are targeted to work within • Raid innovations in technologies caused a boom in
a fixed time frame with adequate monitoring cyber attacks.
mechanisms to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. In
• Damage to business and loss of jobs.
the case of agriculture, they are associated with benefits
like vote. • Cyber-space remains a key area for innovation.
• Demonetisation and the government’s push for Digital
India have pushed demand for cyber security talent.
Laws related to cyber security in India :
• Information Technology Act-2000-
- The act regulates the use of computers, computer
systems, computer networks, and data and
information in electronic format.
• Strategies under National Cyber Policy-2013
- Creating a secure cyber ecosystem
• Focuses on increasing the productivity.
Way Forward :
• Involvement of available high tech methods.
• Real-time intelligence is required for preventing and
• Efforts to minimise the effects of pests, promotion of
R&D. containing cyber attacks.
• Reducing the waste, ensuring an efficient supply chain • Periodical Backup of Data is a solution to ransomware.
by proper forward and backward linkage in place, • Using AI for predictive and accurately identifying
citing these benefits. India came up with multiple attacks.
technical missions in its 11th and 12th five-year plans. • Increased awareness about cyber threats for which
Some prominent ones are- digital literacy is required first.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 45 YCT

 Q.7. : Discuss the fields in which the application (ii) Department of Biotechnology is committed to
of biotechnology are being done? the spending of 30 per cent on public-private
Ans. : Biotechnology is the study and manipulation partnerships (PPP).
of living things or their component molecules, cells, (iii) More focus on research and development.
tissues, or organs for the benefit of humans and animals. (iv) Promotion of public investment in this sector.
Application of biotechnology : (v) Opening of higher education institutes in
(i) Agriculture- Diseases resistance crop and increase Biotechnology.
in productivity and enhanced nutritional profiles that (vi) Recently, the Government has launched the
solve vitamin and nutrient deficiencies of Agro-food ‘MANAV- Human Atlas Initiative’ to create a
crops. Few example are GM crops, BT cotton etc. database network.
(ii) Medicine-The recombinant DNA technological Q.8 : Discuss the corrective strategies needed to
processes have made immense impact in the area of win the left-wing extremism (LWE) doctrine that
healthcare by enabling mass production of safe and affected citizens back into the mainstream of social
more effective therapeutic drugs. and economic growth?
(iii) Transgenic Animals Ans. : Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) organisation
are groups that try to bring change through violent
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to
revolution. They are against democratic institution and
possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are
use violence to subvert the democratic processes at
known as transgenic animals.
ground level. LWE has spread across 17 States in India,
• Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to they are Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya
allow the study of how genes are regulated, and Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and West
how they affect the normal functions of the body Bengal to name the few main ones.
and its development, e.g., study of complex Maoist doctrine professes a ‘Protracted People’s
factors involved in growth such as insulin-like War’ which is a capture of State Power through a
growth factor. combination of an armed insurgency, mass mobilisation
• Many transgenic animals are designed to increase and strategic alliances. It considers industrial-rural divide
our understanding of how genes contribute to the fundamental to capitalist exploitation and hopes to
development of disease. These are specially made overcome it by a violent mass struggle.
to serve as models for human diseases so that Issues :
investigation of new treatments for diseases is • The chief reason behind the rise of the movement was
made possible. the severe lack of development of these regions despite
(iv) Gene Therapy-If a person is born with hereditary being mineral-rich.
disease, a corrective therapy should be taken for • They were largely tribal belts that were neglected by
such a disease. Gene therapy is an attempt to do this. the government and also by the mainstream media.
Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows • There was gross ineffectiveness and mismanagement
correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in the administrative machinery.
in a child/embryo. Here genes are inserted into a • Corruption was also rampant leading to misery for the
person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease. people.
Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a Suggestions :
normal gene into the individual or embryo to take
• To deal with Left Wing Extremism in a holistic
over the function of and compensate for the non-
manner, such as in the areas of security, development,
functional gene. ensuring the rights and entitlements of local
(v) Environment- The aim of environmental communities, improvement in governance and public
biotechnology is to prevent, arrest and reverse perception management is needed. In dealing with this
environmental degradation through the appropriate decades-old problem, high-level deliberations and
use of biotechnology in combination with other interactions with the concerned State Governments
technologies, while supporting safety procedures as that an integrated approach aimed at the relatively
a primary component of the programme. more affected areas would deliver results.
Initiative taken by Government in Biotechnology • Innovative measures should be employed in preventing
(i) Indian Government has set up GEAC (Genetic IED (Improvised Explosive Device) related incidents
Engineering Approval Committee) for which have caused significant casualties in recent
regulation. years.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 46 YCT

• States should rationalise their surrender policy in order The Mission of NSC is to-
to bring innocent individuals caught in the trap of 1. Advise the President on National security-related
LWE in the mainstream. matters.
• States play a vital role in maintaining law and order. 2. Provide supervision and guidance over the National
So, emphasis should be laid on the capacity-building Intelligence Co-ordinating Agency (NICA) and
and modernisation of the local police forces. general supervision over the intelligence
• States also need to adopt a focused time-bound community, and
approach to completely eliminate LWE groups and 3. Co-ordinate the national government efforts in the
ensure all-round development of the affected regions. pursuit of the national security goals and strategic
• For the holistic last-mile development of “New India”, objectives.
it is necessary to get rid of the menace of such Q.10 : What is the Public, Private Partnership
radicalised groups. (PPP) model in defence?
• To make a detailed analysis of the spread and trends in Ans. : Public-private partnerships involve
respect of Left Wing Extremist violence, take up collaboration between a government agency and a
special attention with regard to planning, private-sector company that can be used to finance,
implementation and monitoring various interventions. build, and operate projects, such as public transportation
• Their needs are to be recognised by the civil society networks, parks, and convention centres. Financing a
and the media to build pressure on the Left Wing project through a public-private partnership can allow a
Extremists to eschew violence, join the mainstream project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in
and recognise the fact that the socio-economic and the first place. Public-private partnerships often involve
political dynamics and aspirations of 21st Century. concessions of tax or other operating revenue, protection
Q.9 : Elaborate on the ‘National Defence Council' from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally
of India? public services and property to private sector, for-profit
entities.
Ans. : The National Security Council (NSC) in India
is the executive agency responsible for advising the Ministry of Defence has released a new Draft Defence
Production Policy (DProP), 2018.
Prime Minister’s Office on issues of National Security
and Strategic Interest. The NSC is an important body in Aims of DProP, 2018 :
India with a powerful responsibility. • The DProP 2018 has embarked on an ambitious
journey to mark India’s position among the top
The NSC was established in 1998 by the
defence production countries in the world.
government of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Brajesh
Mishra served as the country’s first National Security • The DProP 2018 is focused on self-reliance.
Advisor. Before the NSC was formed, these functions • It seeks to change India's position from being the
were carried out by the principal security to the Prime largest importer of arms in the world.
Minister. Plan Under DProP, 2018:
• Indigenous Defence production - The policy targets
The NSC is the apex agency in the country handing
2025 for becoming self-reliant in 13 weapons platform
internal and external security, conventional and non-
conventional defence, military affairs, • It includes fighter aircraft, warships, tanks, missiles
counterinsurgency, space and high technology, economy and artillery, which constitute the bulk of India’s
imports.
counter-terrorism, and environment.
• PPP Model -The policy attempts for increased
The Prime Minister heads the National Security
productivity and innovation.
Council, and the NSA is its secretary.
• It thus calls for increased participation of MSMEs,
The headquarters of NSC is in New Delhi, and the
start-ups and other players from the private sector in
current NSA is Ajit Doval
the defence industry.
National Security Council • Skill Development - It aims at advancing and boosting
the existing public sector defence production units.
• This is particularly aimed to be achieved through skill
development and overall program management.
Joint Intelligence Strategic Policy National • Liberal Policies- The policy would liberalise licences
Committee Groups Security that will be provided to defence industries.
Advisory • Also, the requirements for renewal of licences will be
Board pruned.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 47 YCT
• The companies with a good track record will be given Mission- To integrate efforts of various departments
favourable consideration. of the State and Central Government organisations
• The policy also liberalises the FDI regime in the engaged in providing skill development training and
defence sector. make available employment oriented and placement
• Overseas Production - The recent policy aims at linked training in vocational skills to 45 lakh youth in the
fusing together technologies from Ordnance Factory age group of 14 to 35 years by 2016-17, and even at a
Board, Defence Public Sector Undertaking and private greater pace thereafter, by partnering with government
players. and private training providers, while ensuring equitable
• For this, the policy plans on setting up Defence Export access to the most disadvantaged, including women; and
Organisation in partnership with the industry. strive for placement of preferably at least 70% of the
• This will facilitate for overseas marketing of trained youth in gainful wage and self-employment to
domestically produced goods. enable them to contribute to the economic development
Expected Outcomes of the Policy : of the State.
• It could increase the export earnings up to Rs 1,70,000 Conclusion :
crore by creating employment for more than 3 million • Promote commitment by all stakeholders to own Skill
people. Development Initiatives.
• This will make India a top destination for Research & • Develop a high quality skilled workforce/entrepreneur
Development (R&D) in the world. relevant to current and emerging employment market
• It can promote India as a hub for defence related needs.
Intellectual Property (IP).
• Enable the establishment of flexible delivery
• If properly implemented the policy it will reduce the
mechanisms that respond to the characteristics of a
import bill.
wide range of needs of stakeholders.
• Indigenous defence production will attract more
investors which eventually will lead to massive market Q.12 : Write a note on problems of equilibrium
creation. between economic development and Carbon
• The broad policy will accelerate domestic defence Emission?
production and thereby makes it feasible to have a Ans. : Economic Development may be defined as a
market of our own. progressive increase in a nation’s wealth and standard of
living over a period of time. Development process is a
SECTION-B complex interplay of a large scale projects, urbanisation,
industrialisation and transformation of people’s lives and
Q.11 : Examine the major provisions of the U.P.
their surroundings. When such transformation excludes
Skill Development Mission. Mention the status of its
implementation? those most in need of development, the poorest and
Ans. : A National Skill Development Policy was weakest section of the society, these projects often get
launched in 2009 with the aim of skilling 500 million labeled as ‘anti-development and anti-people’.
persons by 2022. Under the National Plan, the State of Economic Development and Carbon emission :
Uttar Pradesh aims to skill over 4 million youth by the India’s development objectives have consistently
end of the 12th Five Year Plan. In order to achieve this emphasised promoting policies and programs for
target and provide employable skills to the youth of the economic growth and social welfare. At the same time,
State, the Uttar Pradesh Skill Development Mission because of the growing population and high degree of
(UPSDM) has been instituted. Based on the learnings mechanisation, mindless and ruthless carbon emission,
and experiences of other states, the Government of Uttar have degraded our physical environments such as air,
Pradesh has developed a unique structure for water, soil and biotic factors on which all subsist and on
UPSDM.UPSDM acts as an integrated mission which which our entire agricultural and industrial development
combines the efforts of various State Departments in depends. According to International Energy Agency
achieving the skill development targets for the State. (IEA), which releases, global energy and carbon
UPSDM is the implementing agency for skill emission reports.
development, targeted at enhancing employability in
• India emitted 21299 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
Uttar Pradesh, subsuming the targets of various State
in 2018, an 8 per cent rise from the previous year.
Departments such as Rural Development, Urban
Development, Labour, Minority Welfare, Social Welfare, • China, the United States, and India together accounted
etc.. for nearly 70 per cent of the rise in energy demand.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 48 YCT
• India’s per capita emissions were about 40 per cent of It marks a paradigm shift in approach to food
the global average and contributed 7 per cent to the security from welfare to rights based approach.
global carbon dioxide burden. Salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013:
• The United States, the largest emitter, was responsible • Coverage and entitlement under targeted Public
for 14 per cent. Distribution System (TPDS) : Up to 75% of the rural
population and 50% of the urban population will be
covered under TPDS, with uniform entitlement of 5 kg
per person per month. However, since Antyodaya
Anna Yojana (AAY) households constitute poorest of
the poor, and are presently entitled to 35 kg per
household per month, entitlement of existing AAY
households will be protected at 35 kg per household
per month.
• Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision:
Way Forward : Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at
On the other hand, to eradicate poverty and increase subsidised prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per kg for rice, wheat
economic development, a nation cannot come out of the and coarse grains for a period of three years from the
vicious circle of Carbon Emission. As our population date of commencement of the Act. Thereafter prices
grows, finding a balance between economic will be suitably linked to Minimum Support Price
advancement and consumption of natural resources is a (MSP).
vital question that we should address. In case, any State’s allocation under the Act is lower
• Green growth strategies are needed, to promote than their current allocation, it will be protected up to the
level of average offtake during last three years, at prices
sustainable growth and to break the pattern of carbon
to be determined by the Central Government. Existing
emission.
prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat
• Policy interventions such as environmental taxes could and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue
potentially yield positive environmental and health prices for the additional allocation to protect the average
benefits with minimal economic costs for India. offtake during last three years.
• Good environmental governance limits the exploitation • Identification of Households: Within the coverage
of natural resources to sustainable levels. under TPDS determined for each State, the work of
• Reduce multiplicity of authorities for environment identification of eligible households is to be done by
management and improve coordination among them. States/UTs.
• Nutritional support to women and children:
Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in
the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled
to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and
Mid-Day Meal (MDM) schemes. Higher nutritional
norms have been prescribed for malnourished children
up to 6 years of age.
• Maternity Benefit: Pregnant women and lactating
mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity
Q.13 : Discuss the provision of the National Food benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000.
Security Act 2013. What reforms are required to • Women Empowerment: Eldest woman of the
strengthen food security, Explain? household of age 18 years or above to be the head of
Ans. : As passed by the Parliament, Government has the household for the purpose of issuing of ration
notified the National Food Security Act, 2013 on 10th cards.
September, 2013 with the objective to provide for food • Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Grievance
and nutritional security in human life cycle approach, by redressal mechanism at the District and State levels
ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery
affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. or set up separate mechanism.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 49 YCT

• Transparency and Accountability: Provisions have
been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS,
social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees
in order to ensure transparency and accountability.
• Food Security Allowance: Provision for food security
allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-
supply of entitled foodgrains or meals.
• Penalty: Provision for penalty on public servant or
authority, to be imposed by the State Food
Commission, in case of failure to comply with the MSME is the backbone of the Indian economy and
relief recommended by the District Grievance plays an important role.
Redressal Officer. The classification of MSMEs as per Ministry of
• Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, India (2020):
foodgrains and FPS Dealers' margin: Central Importance of MSME in economic growth and
Government will provide assistance to States in employment proliferation.
meeting the expenditure incurred by them on • Major contribution in the manufacturing sector in the
transportation of foodgrains within the State, its Indian economy.
handling and FPS dealers’ margin as per norms to be • Employment- It is the second-largest employment
devised for this purpose. generating sector after agriculture. It provides
Way forward : employment to around 120 million persons in India.
• Genetic enhancement of plants/animals / fish is • Contribution of GDP- With around 36.2 million units
considered to be a major option to sustain food through the geographical expanse of the country,
security by increasing productivity. MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing
GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities.
• Bio technological advances in agriculture may
• MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution
improve soil productivity and may provide a safety net
to GDP to 50 percent by 2025 for India to become a 5
to food production through employment of
trillion dollar economy.
environment friendly total dissolved solid (TDS) for
insect and pest management. • Export- It contributes around 45 percent of the overall
exports from India.
• Mechanisation of agriculture and food production
• Inclusive growth: MSMEs promote inclusive growth
systems may enhance the overall productivity to save
by providing employment opportunities in rural areas
labour and cut production cost.
especially to people belonging to weaker sections of
• To sustain food security, a substantial increase in food the society.
processing sector is suggested by increasing
• Financial inclusion: Small industries and retail
investment infrastructure and facilities. businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create
• The issue of energy development and management in opportunities for people to use banking services and
agriculture sector requires urgent attention as it is products.
crucial to both food production and processing. • Promote innovation: It provides opportunity for
• Government policies regarding agricultural pricing, budding entrepreneurs to build creative products
agricultural marketing, land use and investment in boosting business competition and fuelling growth.
subsidies in agriculture need to be reoriented and
Issues faced by MSMEs
repositioned to meet the food demand in future.
Q.14 : Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME) are the drivers of economic growth and
employment proliferation in India. Examine this
statement?
Ans. : Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) play a major role in the Indian economy.
MSME’s contribute significantly to the Indian economy
in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exports, and
employment generation.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 50 YCT

Conclusion : Q.16 : What is TIFAC (Technology Information
MSMEs are the backbone of the Indian economy, for Casting and Assessment Council) mandate to
prioritising their development is critical to the future of realise the upcoming technologies in India by 2020 in
the country. The government has come out with a variety the IT sector.
of enabling mechanisms over the last few years. Ans. : TIFAC is an autonomous organisation set up
Q.15 : Explain the inter-regional disparities in in 1988 under the Department of Science & Technology
economic development of Uttar Pradesh and discuss to look ahead in the technology domain, assess the
the factors acting as obstacles in the development of technology trajectories and support innovation by
backward region? networked actions in select areas of national importance.
Ans. : Regional development disparity is a
The Mandate of TIFAC-
continuous development challenge for Uttar Pradesh
policymakers. • To obtain from appropriate sources and projects the
Recently, NITI Aayog published three-year Action estimates of the nature and quantum of the likely
Agenda to recommend policy challenges and programs demands of goods and services in various sectors of
for action from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. This document the economy against 10 and 25 years time-frame based
highlighted regional development disparity as a critical on normative and exploratory approaches and to
development issue. suggest the direction and extend of technology changes
Regional development disparity : that might be considered necessary to fulfill these
• It refers to differences in economic development and demands in the light of the existing or anticipated
even economic achievement in different geographical resource base of the country.
regions. • To prepare a technology impact assessment to uncover
• It is reflected by the indicators like per capita income, the likely implications and consequences, both
proportion of the population living below the poverty desirable and undesirable.
line, percentage of the urban population, percentage of • Ensuring timely availability of requisite technologies
the population engaged in agriculture vis-a-vis relevant to the country's needs on a futuristic basis and
infrastructure development industries in Uttar Pradesh.
minimising the time gap between the development of
Regional imbalance of development : new technologies and their utilisation.
• To fulfill the above objectives, suitable information
collection, analysis, and programming groups should
be set up.
TIFAC embarked upon the major task of
formulating a technology vision for the country in
various emerging technology areas under the leadership
of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the then Chairman of TIFAC.
Technology vision 2020 exercise is a set of 17
documents including sixteen technology areas and an
aeon services in more than 25 years of its service to the
nation. It has delivered several technologies and
foresight reports.
The upcoming technologies in India by 2020.
Regional Disparities : • Hyper automatic
- Region-specific development activities as one size fits • Autonomous driving
all failed in Uttar Pradesh. eg. in Bundelkhand voter • Human augmentation
crises and eastern UP flood’s.
• Data policing
- Encouraging vocational skill development that raises
employments. • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Measures to bring behavioural changes in people to • Machine Learning (ML)
prevent discrimination. • Big data
Way forward : • Blockchain Technology
Elimination of regional inequalities cannot be a one
• Robotic process automation
day show, but a programmatic step-by-step approach is
necessary to reduce inter-regional disparities in Uttar • Voice search
Pradesh. • Analytics
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 51 YCT
 So what is needed for better policy formation along • Safe and speedy mobility.
with good governance? First, it should be citizen-centric • Public safety and national security.
so that the benefits of technology can trickle down
• Culture diversity and vibrancy, transparent and
further for the common masses.
effective governance.
Q.17 : Mention the earmarked fields, aim and
special power provided to Indian citizens in • Disaster and climate resilience.
Technology Vision Document 2035? • Co-friendly conservation of natural resources.
Ans. : ‘Technology Vision Document 2035’ has Challenges :
been unveiled by the Indian Prime Minister at the 103rd • Bottlenecks in policy implementation.
Indian Science Congress. The document presents a • Vision is too optimistic.
vision of the requirements of Indian citizens in 2035, and
• Certain technologies like nuclear and big dams,
now technology should bring the vision to fruition.
GM crops, etc., act as a barrier because their
The document has identified 12 sectors for the
hazards can cause havoc for a generation.
development of technologies. They are :
Issues related to ethical and social challenge whether
the technology like 3 parents baby though come with
many benefits, but there is the question of ethics involve.
• How to generate huge funds required for R & D.
Q.18 : Discuss the challenges of National Security
in the age of globalisation?
Ans. : India continues to face many complex threats
and challenges to its national security, a few of which are
predictable and well-defined. Over the years, we have
entered into an era of complex and uncertain threats and
challenges, due to dynamic changes in the geo-politico-
economic landscape and revolutionary changes in
technology.
Following representations are some of the New
Aims of this Technology Vision Document 2035 is Security Challenge’s India faces today in the age of
to ensure the security-enhancing of prosperity and to Globalisation-
enhance the identity of every Indian, which is stated in
the document as ‘Our Aspiration’ or ‘Vision Statement’
in all languages of the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The vision documents also identify twelve prerogatives-
• Six for meeting individual needs.
• Six for the collective needs.
According to the vision document, assurance of
these prerogatives for the technology vision of India for
assuring these prerogatives, technology is mapped as-.
(i) Those readily deployable.
(ii) Those that need to be moved from lab to field.
(iii) Those that require targeted research.
(iv) Those that are still in imagination.
Some important measures taken in the last two
Individual Prerogatives :
decades are:
• Clean air and potable water.
• The national Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) was
• Food and nutritional security.
strengthened to improve the coordination between
• Universal healthcare and public hygiene 24×7 various federal and state-security agencies.
energy.
• Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) was
• Decent habitat.
amended to give more powers to the security agencies.
• Quality education, livelihood, and creative • National Investigation Agency (NIA) was created to
opportunities.
improve investigation capabilities etc.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 52 YCT
The institutional architecture still faces a lot of Institutional Arrangements :
challenges : • The country with its federal system of Government has
(i) A separate department of Internal Security can be specific roles for the Central and State Governments.
considered under Home Ministry which will However, the subject of disaster management does not
directly oversee NCTC with the involvement of specifically find mention in any of the three lists in the
States. 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution, where
(ii) Weaknesses in State Policing: Many of the subjects under the Central and State Governments as
intelligence inputs into the Multi Agency Centre
also subjects that come under both are specified. On
(MAC) come from only a handful of States
the legal front, there is no enactment either of the
reflecting the fundamental weaknesses of many
Central or of any State Government to deal with the
state-police services of the country. Moreover,
management of disasters of various types in a
under Constitutional provisions, intelligence sharing
comprehensive manner.
depends on the willingness of the states to
cooperate. • The country has integrated administrative machinery
(iii) Modernisation of police forces (MPF), training and for management of disasters at the National, State,
police reforms should be given top most priority. District and Sub-District levels. The basic
(iv) A comprehensive and effective legal framework to responsibility of undertaking rescue, relief and
deal with all aspect of terrorism needs to be enacted rehabilitation measures in the event of natural
as recommended by 2nd ARC. disasters, as at present, is that of the State
(v) Leverage India’s strength in Information Governments concerned. The Central Government
Technology to develop a formidable ‘offensive’ and supplements the efforts of the States by providing
‘defensive’ cyber warfare capability. financial and logistic support.
(vi) Intelligence flows generated through the state-police Central Level :
apparatus must be coordinated in real time with The dimensions of response at the level of the
national databases. Central Government are determined in accordance with
(vii) Critical ‘gaps’ persist, particularly at Indian ports, the existing policy of financing relief expenditure and
where authorities are yet to install fool-proof keeping in view the factors like:
security measures. Further, systemic inadequacies in • the gravity of a natural disaster;
border management make India’s internal security
architecture more vulnerable. • the scale of the relief operation necessary; and
Further, there is no political consensus or coherent • the requirements of Central assistance for
strategy across the political spectrum on fight against augmenting financial resources and logistic
terrorism and extremism. Thus, there is a need of support at the disposal of the State Government.
comprehensive and coordinated approach amidst The Contingency Action Plan (CAP) identifies
growing and evolving threats to its security. initiatives required to be taken by various Central
Q.19 : Discuss disaster management in India at Ministries and Public Departments in the wake of natural
the centre, state and district levels? calamities.
Ans. : A disaster is defined as a disruption on a The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry
massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in for coordination of relief and response and overall
short or long periods. Disaster can lead to human, natural disaster management, and the Department of
material, economic or environmental hardships, which Agriculture & Cooperation is the nodal Ministry for
can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected drought management. Other Ministries are assigned the
society. responsibility of providing emergency support in case of
Disaster, will affect the economic, social and human disasters that fall in their purview as indicated in Table:
development potential to such an extent that, it will have Ministries Responsible for Various Categories of
long-term effects on productivity and macroeconomic Disasters :
performance. State Government :
Disaster can be classified into the following categories : The responsibility to cope with natural disasters is
• Water and climate disaster essentially that of the State Government. The role of the
• Geological disaster Central Government is supportive in terms of
• Biological disaster supplementation of physical and financial resources. The
• Industrial disaster Chief Secretary of the State heads a state level committee
• Nuclear disaster who is in overall charge of the relief operations in the
• Man-made disaster State.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 53 YCT

 • The State also recorded over 60,000 crimes against
women, which is a surge from the previous year.
• Cities like Lucknow topped in crime against women.
• Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest number of dowry
death in 2018.
• Crimes against senior citizens also recorded an
increase.
Challenges in law and order
• Problems related to general administrations poor
enforcement of laws and general failure of
State Governments usually have relief manuals and
administration.
the districts have their contingency plan that is updated
- Lack of coordination between various government
from time to time.
agencies.
District and Local Level
• Problems related to Police
The district administration is the focal point for
- Problems of organisation, infrastructure and
implementation of all governmental plans and activities.
development.
The actual day-to-day function of administering relief is
- Unwarranted political interference.
the responsibility of the Collector/ District Magistrate/
• Lack of empowerment of the cutting edge
Deputy Commissioner who exercises coordinating and
functionaries.
supervising powers over all departments at the district
level. Though it may not be a common phenomenon, • Lack of modern technology/methods of investigation.
there exists by and large in districts also a district level • Separation of authority from accountability.
relief committee consisting of officials and non- - Problems of organisational behaviour.
officials. - Problems of stress due to overburdening.
Other than the national, state, district and local - Problems related to ethical function.
levels, there are various institutional stake- holders who - Problems related to prosecution.
- Problems related to the judicial process criminal
are involved in disaster management at various levels in
justice administration.
the country. These include the police and para-military
Reforms :
forces, civil defence and home-guards, fire services, ex-
(i) Subsidiarity: The police are highly centralised at
servicemen, non-government organisations (NGOs),
the state level yet need both centralisation
public and private sector enterprises, media and HAM
(empowering the union investigative agencies for
operators, all of whom have important roles to play.
such issues as terrorism) as well as decentralisation
Q.20 : Write a note on the challenges and their
(at the local government level such as traffic police).
solution for law and order in Uttar Pradesh at the
(ii) Autonomy: The police require greater autonomy
present time?
from pernicious political control.
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh, with over 24 crore people, is
(iii) Accountability: Greater autonomy needs to be
India's largest state in terms of population. However, the
complemented by investments in accountability,
law and order situation remains a potential challenge for
such as the creation of independent supervisory
Uttar Pradesh government. boards.
High population, extreme level of poverty and (iv) Personnel : Recruitment of more staffs and training
rampant illiteracy, and soaring unemployment posses system needs to be improved especially at lower
major challenges to the law and order situation in the level.
State. Besides the Caste factors and inequalities in the (v) Resources : Changes will not be possible without
social step has also emerged a factor. increasing the resources available for police,
The present government claims that organised crime especially at the station house, or thana, level.
has been eliminated through tough actions of police. (vi) Direction of Supreme Court in Prakash Singh case
However, the law and order situation in the State has need to be implemented in letter and spirit.
improved in comparison to last 20 years, however; data (vii) Reforms in Criminal Justice System are required.
of the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) show a Problems in Police (law and order) are intrinsically
different picture. For example, the NCRB report claims related to judiciary. Without reforms the judiciary
that over 4000 rape cases were reported in 2018, with the reforms in police would have little impact at the
almost 12 rapes daily. ground level.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-III 54 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2018
General Studies : Paper-IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

Q.1 : What are the values? Throw light over Some of the main central elements of values are
there' central elements. described below:–
Ans. : ‘Values are the beliefs of a person or a social Integrity–Integrity means “Soundness of Moral
group in which they have emotional investment’. Values Principles”. A person with integrity does the right thing
can be defined as broad preferences concerning for the right reason. Integrity refers to person’s inner
appropriate course of actions or outcomes. sense of wholeness driving from honesty and consisted
Values are abstract ideals, positive or negative, not uprightness of character.
tied to any specific object or situation and representing Empathy–Leaders with empathy have the ability to
the person’s beliefs about the mode of conduct. put themselves in someone’s situation. They help
Values are broad preferences, are abstract in nature, develop the people on their team, challenge others who
they serve as an internal guide and they have an are acting unfairly, give constructive feedback; listen to
evaluative element. They are strongly entrenched in our those who need it.
personality and by applying our values as benchmarks; Intelligence–Intelligence is that central element of
we make subjective judgment about the things that we value which provides the ability to make wise and
encounter in world around us. rational decisions by a person.
Values thus act as guiding principles to move Peace–The value of peace is universal. Peaceful life
forward. It has a significant impact on a person’s is the desire of every human being. Peace is a stress-free
behaviour and attitude. state of security and calmness that comes when there’s
no fighting or war, everything co-existing in perfect
harmony and freedom.
Spirit of sevice Honesty–Honesty is a component of moral character
that connotes positive and virtuous attributes, such as
Justice Honesty integrity, truthfulness, and openness— including clarity
of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating,
theft, etc.. Honesty also involves being reliable,
Love Central elements Integrity trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.
of Values Justice–Justice is an eternal and universal concept.
It is required not only by the rational society but also by
Peace the intellectually crude society.
Empathy
Spirit of Service–The most important responsibility
Intelligence of civil servants should be service spirit, under which
there should be a sense of dedication and service towards
the poor, deprived and helpless sections.

UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 55 YCT

 Other positive values required for civil servants are On the whole, it can be said that both government
as follows–selflessness, objectivity, accountability, and private institutions are related to moral concerns
openness, leadership etc.. because the goal of both is to promote service and public
Q.2 : Define the ethical concerns in government interest.
and private institutions. Q.3 : What is the philosophical basis of probity in
Ans. : The social and moral concerns of the governance? Discuss critically?
government and private institutionsrefer to its duties Ans. : Probity means having or being strong moral
towards different parts of the society. principle values in actions. Probity in governance means
Ethical Concerns in Government Institutions : having strong moral values such as honesty, integrity,
In the draft Public Services Bill 2007, public service impartiality in governance.
and public servants are mentioned to be guided by the The philosophical basis of probity in governance:
following concerns: • Probity in governance is the key for good Governance
1. Upholding patriotism and national pride. such as accountability & transparency.
2. Allegiance to the Constitution and the law of the
• It ensures the equality of Law in governance.
Nation.
• Probity in governance prevents unethical practices
3. Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence,
such as nepotism, frauds, criminalization, and
courtesy and transparency.
corruption.
4. Maintaining Integrity etc..
Ethical Concerns in Private Sector Institutions : • It ensures public interest that leads to effective
Ethics in private institutions refer to the ethical principles implementation of the policy.
which should govern business activities. • It will ensure to cater the needs of all sections of the
1. Concerns with respect to Employees : society.
- Working for multiple organisations: An employee Some Minor Drawbacks of probity in governance–
cannot work in more than one place simultaneously. Probity in its fullest sense is very delicate attribute,
- Fails to maintain the privacy policy of the company: it demands care of highest degree. Any compromise with
Not to share company’s data to another company/ probity in governance directly affects the common
competitor. people and snatches away their share in prosperity and
2. Concerns with respect to Employers : equity.
- Favouritism : Employer shouldn’t favour a No law is perfect and correct in all perspectives.
particular person with regard to promotions and Each has some loopholes. Some person uses these
bonuses. loopholes for corruption, sticking solely with Laws are
- Sexual harassment. sometimes not good for the individuals and the society.
- Terminating an employee without any notice. Q.4 : Examine the ethical and social thought of
- Unnecessary delay in paying employee’s provident the Gandhi?
fund and gratuity. Ans. : “Gandhi holds the key to human progress”.
3. Taking Credit of Others’ Work –Nelson Mandela
If all employees given equal praise even only a few did The above statement shows the importance of
the real work is wrong. Team members should insist Gandhi’s moral and social ideas to the world, basically
that all employees perform specific tasks to help Gandhian ethical system is inimical to western
complete a project. materialistic values and utilitarianism, he emphasizes
4. Harassing Behavior social justice and well-being of all (Sarvodaya), giving
Employees often don’t know what to do if they see one priority to the disadvantaged sections and the poorest of
of their co-workers harassing another employee either the poor (Antyodaya). Gandhi meant by Sarvodaya, the
mentally, sexually or physically. Employees worry for raise or awaking of all.
their jobs if they attempt to report a superior for Gandhi is more relevant today than even before. The
harassment. ethical values which he advocated are universal in the
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 56 YCT
sense that they are in conformity with the universal According to Butler, two types of conscience are
norms and particularly more relevant to the values and awakened in a man:
ethics of social work practice.
Constructive programmes which Gandhiji
propounded, comprises: Cognitive Possessive
(1) Communal unity It tells the difference It tells which decision
between a decision to make
(2) Removal of Untouchability being right or wrong.
(3) Labour
(4) Khadi In the administration, conscience plays an important
(5) Village industries role. It is often recognized that rule and regulations alone
(6) Village sanitation are insufficient for public administrators, without a
(7) New or basic education conscience to apply those laws and rules to particular
(8) Adult education actions, public administrators may miss a critical
(9) Women element. Conscience helps in applying the laws, rules
(10) Education health and hygiene and other criteria of morality to specific actions.
(11) Provisional languages All public administrations have to make
(12) National language discretionary decisions where conscience plays a
significant role.
(13) Economic equality
(b) Sprit of Service:
(14) Kisan
Spirit of service refers to the commitment towards
These programmes provide a picture of the
public service without any expectations of praise or
Gandhian concept of social order. Gandhi attempted to
rewards. In India, civil servants have to maintain high
establish certain moral and spiritual values like truth,
standards of professionalism and morals at par with their
non-violence, non-discrimination, social justice and self
corporate counterparts. Some civil servants even cite
reliance through constructive programme. The
lack of recognition for theirefficiency. Spirit of service
professional social workers also aim at such a society
thus becomes important because:
which is free from conflict, poverty, discrimination,
1. It would help civil servants to work even in the most
inequality, exploitation, and disparities of income,
adverse situation.
wealth, and opportunities.
2. It would help civil servants to indulge in their duties
Gandhi wanted to bring about a social order in
with keen interest and not seemingly boring or
which, there is greatest good of all, the last and the
monotonous.
lowliest. The society which he contemplated is free from 3. It would help to maintain high standards of
moral degeneration, social injustice and economic professionalism and integrity.
exploitation. Though he has not spelt out a social order 4. It would act as a driving force to work selflessly,
of his conception, he had a definite concept of casteless neutrally and anonymously in public interest.
and stateless society based on truth, non-violence, However in recent time civil servants are constantly
equality, moral and spiritual values. engaging into populist measures like publicizing their
Q.5 : Evaluate the relevance of the following in work, making fan pages on social media. This practice
the context of civil service often creates conflict between permanent and political
(a) Conscience executive. Hence to uphold the basic values of civil
(b) Spirit of Service service i.e. anonymity and neutrality these activities must
(c) Discipline be discouraged.
Ans. : (a) Conscience: Following steps can be taken to imbibe spirit of service :
Conscienceis a person’s moral sense of right and 1. Sensitivity training.
wrong, thatacts asguide to one’s behavior.It is not a 2. Inculcating values like empathy by enabling them to
feeling or an emotion, rather, an intellectual decision. work in poorest enclave of nation.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 57 YCT
3. Reforming the examination, interview and training Democratic governments tolerate broad spectrum of
pattern to gauge the candidate’s commitment for behaviours and self determination from its citizen and
service. therefore, promotes in them greater tolerance rather
4. Learning from role models like TN Sheshan, E. than the totalitarian states.
Shreedharan etc. (c) Compassion :-
In the increasingly challenging environment of Compassion is the feeling of empathy for others. It is
public administration it is necessary that civil servants the emotion that we feel in response to suffering of
maintain high moral without temptation or fear. others that motivates the desire to help. More involved
(c) Discipline: in simple empathy, compassion commonly gives rise
Civil servants are bound to work as per the codes of to an active desire to alleviate the suffering of others.
conduct. They must act fair and equitable manner based It destroys the pain of others and shelters and
on the codes of conduct and natural justice. If the act is embraces the distressed. It is the key component in
not as per codes of conduct, disciplinary action may be what manifests in social contexts as altruism. It not
taken in the form of warning, minor punishment, or only includes a sensitivity to the distressed of self and
major punishment. others but also a commitment to try to do something
The relevance of Discipline in civil service : about it and prevent it.
(1) The action of civil servants will be accountable for
Compassion requires :
the code of conduct.
(a) Attentiveness to the needs of others
(2) Discipline will help to effective implementation of
(b) Willingness to exert self control
the policy
(c) Self awareness
(3) The discipline of the civil servants will give more
(d) Skillful action
importance to system rather than the person.
(e) Patience and tolerance
Q.6 : “Public service is recognized on the basis of
(f) Non-judgmental acceptance of others
tolerance and compassion towards the weaker section
Compassion is desired and its positive effects are :
of the society”. Explain the value of tolerance and
Optimism of individual
compassion in this context.
Wellbeing of individual
Ans. : Tolerance:
It adds to wisdom
It comes from the Latin word ‘Tolerantia’ – to bear
It adds to curiosity
and it implies prudent long suffering silence.
Tolerance is the capacity or the practice of It promotes agreeableness.
recognizing and respecting beliefs and practices of Q.7 : “Discuss the functions of the attitude”-
others. It is a fair objective and permissive attitude Ans. : “It is your Attitude, not your Aptitude that
towards those whose opinions, practices, race, religion determines your altitude” - Zig Ziglar
and nationality differs from our own. The two Attitude refers to psychological tendency that is
common denominators of tolerance are: expressed by evaluating a particular object with some
(a) Need for a respectful and fair attitude toward degree of favour or disfavour. “Object” includes people,
others. things, events and issues. Attitudes are the feelings and
(b) The attitude is directed towards those whose beliefs that determine the behaviour of the persons. They
beliefs and opinions are different from ours. provide framework for responding in a particular
Tolerance therefore, is having respect for another's fashion.
right to express their beliefs while maintaining this Functions of Attitude :
respect for the person even when we reject their Katz takes the view that attitudes are determined by
beliefs. True tolerance encourages an open debate. It the functions they serve for us. People hold given
expects the people to defend their view. Each person attitudes because these attitudes help them achieve their
is encouraged to defend his beliefs about what is good basic goals. The main functions of attitude are as
for humanity using rational arguments. following:
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 58 YCT
 Utilitarian/Instrumental Function: This function (iv) Emotional side prevails in values as compared to
is very close to the concept of instrumental conditioning. Attitude.
Katz says we develop positive attitudes towards those (v) Attitude can be of three types-positive, negative and
objects that are associated with rewards and develop neutral, while there are many types of values like-
negative attitudes towards those that are associated with social, economic, religious, communal etc..
punishment. (b) Attitude and Opinion:
Knowledge Function: We all have a need to attain Attitude : An ‘Attitude’ refers to psychological
some degree of meaningful, stable, clear, and organised tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular
view of the world. Attitudes satisfy this knowledge object with some degree of favour or disfavour. “Object”
function by providing a frame of reference for organising
includes people, things, events and issues. Attitudes are
our world so that it makes sense. Using such a cognitive
the feelings and beliefs that determine the behaviour of a
perspective, attitudes serve as schemas that help us in
person. They provide framework for responding in a
organising and interpreting social information.
particular fashion.
Ego-Defensive Function: Some attitudes serve to
Opinion: An ‘Opinion’ is a belief or attitude about
protect us from acknowledging basic truths about
something that isn't necessarily based on facts. For
ourselves or the harsh realities of life. These can help a
person cope with emotional conflicts and protect self- example: It's your opinion that dogs make better pets
esteem. than cats, but your sister thinks that cats are superior.
Value Expressive Function: Value-expressive Attitude is the pre-disposition to act in a particular
attitudes show who we are, and what we stand for. Hence way towards an object or situation, Opinion is the
they serve to demonstrate one’s self-image to others and expression of the judgment of an individual about a
to express our basic values. particular set of facts. It is an evaluation of the
Social Identity Function: Social identify function circumstances presented to an individual.
refers to the informativeness of attitudes for person Q.9 : “Effective administration requires dedication
impressions, or how much attitudes appear to convey towards forward public service”. Explain-
about the people who hold them. For example, the Ans. : In a general sense, dedication is the quality
purchase of an Indian flag on the Republic Day may be of being able to give or apply one’s time, resources,
driven primarily by social identity goals. attention or self-entirely to a particular activity, cause or
Q.8 : Differentiate between the following. objective. It reflects a sense of deep-rooted commitment
(a) Attitude and Value to devote oneself towards such a cause.
(b) Attitude and Opinion Dedication is inspired by a sense of duty and
Ans. : (a) Attitude and Value: responsibility; this implies that even if there is no formal
‘Values’ indicate preference for good or bad. Values
agreement, the individual will remain devoted towards
are literally important and enduring beliefs or ideas
the task. This produces significant motivation within an
within a person regarding good or bad and desirable or
individual towards achieving his goals and magnifies the
undesirable while ‘Attitude’ refers to a positive or
extent of measures he would take to achieve them.
negative feeling related to an event.
Why is it needed?
Difference between these two concepts:
(i) Without this it would be difficult for the civil
(i) Values are more stable than attitudes; as a result,
values are relatively difficult to change. servants to discharge their duties in complex
(ii) On attitude formation, value has a definite effect. situations.
Whereas attitudes has no definite effect on the (ii) To make civil servants effective in their work and
development of values. sympathetic towards the people.
(iii) The primacy of intimacy is found in values whereas (iii) To achieve the ideals mentioned in the constitution,
attitude does not. such as justice, equality etc.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 59 YCT
How to develop it? (i) Firstly, I will be punctual and wait to see the
(i) The method of examination should be so designed effects of my punctuality on staff behaviour. In
that the attitude of the members who are likely to be the meantime, I will motivate and reward those
employed can be assessed. staff members who are on time. If still, their
(ii) By imparting sensitive training to the civil behaviour is not changing than I will take
servantsin relation to the problems faced by different disciplinary actions.
sections of the population. (ii) I will assign different tasks to different staff and
In this way, the spirit of dedication in civil services asked them to complete within the assigned
will not only uplift the weaker section of the society but time. It will fix the accountability and
will play an important role in enriching social harmony responsibility of staff and it will reduce
and empowerment. unnecessary talks.
For example: In the remote areas of Manipur, the (iii) The public grievance will be categorised in
different groups and a group of staff will be
two villages of Tusem and Tamenglong were
assigned to grievance redressal which will
inaccessible to road connectivity and the locals had to
directly report to me. Responsibilities will be
either walk for hours, or swim across the river. IAS
fixed to some staff members for speedy action
officer Armstrong Pame decided to get the road built, he
within a certain time.
wrote to the Manipur government, but funds were
(iv) For corruption reduction, rules and procedures
refused. This, however, did not deter his plan and
will be clearly defined. The procedure will be
Armstrong began gathering support through social
simplified. Work will be done in a transparent
media. He collected 40 lakh for the construction of the
way.
100 km road.
(v) For each task, there will be a fixed time for
Q.10 : Recently you have taken charge as the completion, responsibility, and accountability
head of a government organisation. On the very first will be fixed if not completed timely.
day in your office, you observe that the organisation By implementing the above course of action, the
is crippled with many irregularities such as: overall quality of the organisation will be improved.
(i) The staff is not punctual
(ii) The staff waste their time in unnecessary SECTION-B
talks.
Q.11 : Differentiate between ethics and morality
(iii) Speedy action is not taken on public
and explain the determinant of ethical action.
grievances. Ans. : Ethics: Ethics refers to the rules for deciding
(iv) There is rampant corruption at every level in the correct conduct. Ethics are well founded standards of
the organisation right and wrong that prescribes what humans ought to
(v) The quality of the services provided by the do, usually, in terms of rights, obligations/benefits to the
organisation is very poor. society and specific virtues. Ethics generally tend to be
Howwould you inspire your staff so that the codified into the formal system or set of rules which are
above deficiencies of the organisation get explicitly adopted by the other people. Ethics don’t
removed? Discuss- always dictate a single moral course of action but
Ans. : In this question, two stakeholders are involved : provide a means of evaluating and deciding among the
competing values. Society requires a code of ethics in
order to provide for social order and preventing strife
Self Stakeholder Staff between individuals and also for providing the basis for
setting conflicts between the competing values. Ethics
Issue involved : define how things work according to rules. They are
- Lack of punctuality dependent on others for definition. Ethics tends to be
- Lack of dedication towards work consistent within certain context but may vary between
- Corruption contexts; in contrast, individual’s moral code is usually
- Deficiency of organisation values. consistent across context.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 60 YCT
 Morals : Morals are the values that provide (iv) Life of great people: The values and teachings
behavioural rules by which we make decisions between of great people play an important role in
right and wrong. We judge others more strongly on determining good character and morals.
morals than values. A person can be described as In addition to the above, law, leadership,
immoral but there is no word for them not following philosophical beliefs, constitution etc. play an important
their values. Like values, morals are relatively consistent role in determining Morality and Ethics.
and can have existence both at personal and social levels. Q.12 : “Kant’s ethics is formalist and rigorist.”
For an individual, morality refers to a set of personal Critically examine this view and evaluate the
standards that make up the individual’s character or the importance of Kantian ethical principles in moral life.
degree of attachment to generally accepted standards of Ans. ‘Kant’s ethics is formalist and rigorist’, on this
behavior at a particular point in time. For the society, issue there are two types of views.
morality is the accepted standards of behavior in the First view- Yes, Kantian ethics is more formal and
society at given point of time. Morals have greater social rigorist:
elements than values, our moral judgment expresses our • As per Kant, humans should do duty and should not
values, but not all expression of our values are moral care about the consequence. His theory is based on the
judgments. deontological moral principal. As per deontological,
Other difference between Ethics and Morality: the rightness or wrongness of human action should be
• Ethics deals with code of conduct and set policies in judged by whether he performed his/her duty or not.
the workplace and morality is the standards that we • It is morally formal and rigid because the ethical action
individually set for ourselves in regards to right and will be judged by as per duty, not circumstances.
wrong. For example, unethical action can be happened by
• Morals come from within. Ethics are more extrinsic following the above principle. “Dropadi chir haran case”
rule sets to guide us all. In Mahabharata, everyone was doing duty but the action
• Ethics is a set of principles developed purposefully was not ethically and morally correct.
over time. Morality is something one feels intuitively. Second view :
Determinant of ethical action- No, it is not formal and rigorist:
(i) Family, Teachers and Life experiences: As per Kant, before doing any action, we must
Parents, family and teachers shape the value scrutiny of action in below two thoughts.
system of a child, the way of life of children is • Everyone acts the same things, does itsustainable, if
determined according to their behavior, conduct not then do not do.
and teachings; that is why it is said that the • If action is not respecting human values than do not
family is the primary school for any person and do.
the parents are the primary teachers. By the above two principles, it shows the ethics are
(ii) Role of Society: Socialization plays an not formal and rigid. Duty of person changes in the
important role as a determining factor in human situation or time. For example, the “Dropadi chir haran
morality. Socialization is the process in which a case” not doing anything against chir haran was ethically
person learns something from birth to death, the wrong as it was harming the dignity of Dropadi.
behaviour and conduct of the person are all Importance of Kantian ethical principles in moral life :
influenced by socialization. • The duty concept of Kant will guide in decision
(iii) Religion and Culture: The moral principles of making and also reduce the ethical dilemma faced by
a person are also influenced by the religion and the individual in daily life.
culture and the country in which he or she • Deontological concept of Kant helps in taking a
resides. For example, western culture appears to decision in person and professional life.
be individual- oriented whereas Indian culture is • The sustainability concept of Immanuel Kant gives the
based on the value of universalism and concept of universalism and the brotherhood concept.
pluralism. It will make social peace.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 61 YCT
 Q.13 : Explain the ethical dilemmas faced by the Corruption is the misuse of public resources or
public servants. Will conscience be helpful in their office to gain private advantage in public life.Corruption
solution? Discuss. today not only poses a threat to the quality of
Ans. : Ethical dilemma is a situation of conflict governance, but it is threatening the basic foundations of
among various principles, creating a difficulty in our society and the state itself.
decision making. An ethical dilemma arises when one
Corruption occurs in different forms such as bribery,
has to choose between ethical values and rules in order to
extortion, nepotism, influence, peddling, etc. Although
determine the right-thing-to-do. Administrators too face
the magnitude or motive of corruption may vary, it is an
ethical dilemmas :
• The ethical dilemma between the various values of undeniable reality that corruption is detrimental from the
public administration, such as efficiency versus perspective of legality, morality and equality.
accountability. Corruption undermines the security of the State in
• Among the various aspects of the code of conduct defence purchases, other purchases and contracts. Some
accepting rewards or gifts for the performance of of the power contracts are putting such a financial burden
duties. on some States that the financial viability of those States
• Personal values versus instructions from superiors or has become in doubt. The fact that there appears to be a
government instructions. nexus between terrorism, drug trafficking and politicians
• Vague or competing accountability, such as to the was heavily emphasized in the report of the Vohra
department or society. Committee. Corruption thrives because there are not
The ethical dilemmas faced by public servants
enough successful examples of effective legal action
revolve around the following points :
being taken on corruption cases. Thus, the acceptance of
corruption as an informal reality has given rise to tacit
Administrative consent to such immoral acts.
Discretion Nepotism
To reduce corruption in society, I will follow these steps:
Ethical Administrative • The gap between rich and poor must be reduced.
Info leak dilemma secrecy
of • Trust of society to the organisation must be
public established.
servants
Policy
Public dilemma • The negative attitude toward corruption needs to be
responsibility formed by socialization and parenting process in
society.
The role of conscience in ethical dilemma: According to Transparency International,ways to prevent
• Conscience helps to avoid conflicting principles by corruption are:
taking the right decision. 1. End Impunity: effective law enforcement is essential
• Our conscience helps in analyzing the situation better. to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the
• Conscience helps to make emotional intelligence cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or
decisions that help to solve many dilemmas.
loss.
It is clear that conscience plays an important role in
2. Reform public administration and finance
a dilemma.
management.
Q.14 : What are the challenges of corruption?
3. Promote transparency and access to information.
What steps should be taken according to you to
prevent them from the society? Explain- 4. Empower citizens.
Ans. : Corruption is the Abuse of Entrusted Power 5. Close international loopholes.
for Private Gain. By inculcating above steps we can make India free
-Transparency International of corruption, which Abdul Kalam dreamt for India.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 62 YCT
 Q.15 : Nishant is a socially sensitive, socialist, so he must not involve the followers of his party
intellectual and a professor. Through his articles, in his favor.
speeches and media, he raises the voices of labourers, IV. Since Nishant is an intellectual professor who is
minorities, down trodden, women and tribal’s. A known as an outspoken speaker of social
party keeps him in its think tank. In this sequences concerns. Due to this social activism, he has
once he calls the members of civil society, achieved an honorable place in the society that is
intellectuals, politicians and officers to get their why a party has kept him in its think tank. I
children admitted in the Government Schools. In the believe that Nishant should always contribute to
season of admission, the elite schools are highly
the prosperity of a progressive society. Nishant
criticized for their criteria and its impact on
will be an ideal in front of the society by getting
education and Nishant also join in these himself is
his child admitted in a government school.
trying to get his child admitted in an elite school.
Q.16 : Explain the importance of persuasive
People condemn this attitude of Nishant and say that
his ‘action and words are mismatched’ communication to change the attitude of the masses.
Question therefore is : Ans. : Attitude is the approach that evaluates a
1. Should Nishant get his child admitted in the person, thing or event. At the present time, attitude
Government School? change is a medium made by the administrative officers
2. Should Nishant leave his intellectual or various organisations to change the behaviour of the
discourses? general public and make them adaptable. Among the
3. Should he call his party followers in his many factors of attitude change the persuasive
favor? communication is an important factor.
4. Or should he try to get the admission of his Persuasion is the process of changing the attitudes
child in the elite school? Discuss. and behaviour of the target group in the intended
Ans. : Issues involved in the case study: direction. According to Aristotle, persuasion involves
- Personal ethics
use of 3 modes :
- Professional integrity
- Leadership virtues
- Ethical dilemma
Nishant has good social values and doing a great job
for welfare for society but the only problem is that, his
action and words are not matching and he is not
trustworthy to society.
Ans. :
I. Nishant is an intellectual person, the social
concerns which he raises, he must stick to it. It is
necessary that he gets his child admitted in a The exercise of persuasion involves the use of
government school so that it gives positive following elements:
message to the society. (1) Persuader–Originator of persuasion and it carries
II. Intellectual discourse is a sign of the progress of out persuasion because it has same need.
any ideal society, so it is necessary that Nishant (2) Persuadee–is thetarget group that the persuader
should not abandon intellectual discourse. wishes to persuade.
III. This question is ultimately matter of a ‘voice of
(3) Persuasive Appeal–refers to the message delivered
conscience’ - if any unfair decision is taken by
by the Persuader to the Persuadee.
Nishant then the idea of party’s position will be
(4) Channel–is the medium through which the
questioned. Taking support of the party by
information travels to reach the target groups.
Nishant would be personally and socially unfair,
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 63 YCT
The process of persuasion involves following steps: Perceiving Emotions Understanding
(1) Attention–is the deployment of concentration on Emotions
Emotional
the object of information of interest. To ensure the Intelligence
attention of the target group, the persuader needs to
present the message in a manner that seems to be
consistent with the salient values of the target
group. Managing Emotions Using Emotions
(2) Comprehension–refers tothe target group,
understanding the message presented to it. For the Goleman further refined the concept emotional
target group to comprehend the message, the intelligence in 1999, and gave “Five Components
persuader must. model.”-

Self-awareness

(3) Acceptance–refers to the target group yielding to Social skills Self-regulation

the message. Acceptance is said to be complete
E.I.
when the target group, not only assimilates the
message into its self structure, but also acts upon the Self motivation
Empathy
message as intended by persuader or the source of
the message.
(4) Retention–refers to the target group remembering
the message delivered by the persuader. I. Self awareness:Self awareness means knowing own
Successful persuasion requires that there occurs emotions, thought, behaviours, strength and
minimum discrepancy between intended and the weakness etc..
perceived meaning and for this to occur; the field of II. Self-motivation: Promotes initiatives taking,
experience of the persuader and the persuadee must resilience, and goal commitment.
overlap. III. Self regulation: Prevents the individual from
Q.17 : “In essence emotional intelligence is not a becoming the prisoner of his feelings. It enables the
theoretical concept but is multi-dimensional social individual to delay his gratification.
skill.” Explain the concept and dimensions of IV. Handling relationship (social skills): One should
emotional intelligence in the context of the statement.
be aware of the need and concerns of other people
Ans. : The term emotional intelligence was first that enable to manage good relationship, inspire,
introduced in 1990 by John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey.
influence others, work well in team, building bonds,
Emotional intelligence is a type of social intelligence that and to manage conflict empathetically.
involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' Emotional intelligence is not yet an important
emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the component of public services in India. However, it
information to guide one's thinking and actions. should be considered important for public servants as
– Salovey & Mayer they should be accountable and sensitive to the needs of
Emotional intelligence is not a theoretical concept, it the public, especially in a constantly changing
is multidimensional practical concept and one should environment.
have multi-dimensional social skills to manage Q.18 : Discuss and evaluate the relevance of the
emotional intelligence. Emotionally intelligent people following in the context of the Civil Services.
are highly persuasive and it helps in effective decision (A) Integrity
making. (B) Impartiality
We can understand it better by Mayer and Salovey (C) Objectivity
‘Four branch model’. This is - (D) Non-Partisanship
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 64 YCT
 Ans. : (A) Integrity : Integrity means “Soundness towards the attitudinal object. It is believed that attitudes
of Moral Principles”. A person with integrity does the are by and large acquired as a result of various life
right thing for the right reason. Integrity refers to experiences, although a small but growing body of
person’s inner sense of wholeness driving from honesty evidence indicates that attitudes may be influenced by
and consisted uprightness of character. genetic factors, too.
The Civil servants need to be the people of absolute A number of theories have been used to identify what
integrity because only then they can take the civil service lead to formation and maintenance of attitudes-
as a ‘Vocation.’ It strengthens the sense of mission • Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
which a Civil servant is supposed to undertake to serve
• Instrumental Conditioning
the public, perform duties and fulfill obligations. Integral
• Observational Learning
people are most trustworthy to society and institutions.
(B) Impartiality : Impartiality is a broad concept • Genetic Factors.
based on justice and justice is the key to good Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning :
Government. Impartiality with respect to the public, it • Classical Conditioning is process of behaviour
implies that an officer shall work as an instrument of the modification by which a subject comes to respond in a
Government. He shall provide service for the welfare of desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that
society at large and duly protect the interests of the has been repeatedly presented along with an
weaker sections. Most importantly, he shall not unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired
discriminate on the basis of caste, religion, gender etc.. response. A stimulus is a factor that causes a response
(C) Objectivity : When a person takes a decision in an organism.
without prejudice, ideology, attitude then that decision is
• Classical conditioning could play a role in establishing
objective. In objectivity, a person lays more emphasis on some of the emotional components of attitudes and
logical and factuality. prejudice. Further, through classical conditioning,
The sociologist Weber has used the term objectivity people may come to have powerful attitudinal
for rationality. This means acting on the basis of reactions to social objects even in the absence of first-
established and authentic rules. hand experience. Hence, children who hear repeated
The objective decision leads to impartiality and enhances pairings of words in their parents' conversations (such
transparency in Public. as Muslims-Aggressive, Muslims-Fundamentalists)
• Evidence-based and expert advice in decision making throughout their early years of development may come
leads to effective implementation of the policy. to adopt such negative attitudes themselves, without
• The objective decision is more sustainable. even meeting them.
(D) Non-Partisanship:Non-Partisanship means not Instrumental Conditioning :
being biased toward any particular ideology or political According to this, behaviours that are followed by
party. It ensures neutrality towards political parties and positive outcomes tend to be strengthened, while those
committed to constitutional values. Bureaucracy is a that are followed by negative outcomes are suppressed.
permanent body of the executive wheel of democracy. The degree to which attitudes are verbally or non-
Hence bureaucrats should do the Job with the same spirit verbally reinforced by others will affect the acquiring
without any bias or ideology. and maintenance of attitudes.
Q.19 : ‘‘Attitudes are the result of our For example, early in your life, if your parents and
experiences.’’ Explain and evaluate the factors teachers praised you for doing well in studies, you may
responsible for attitude formation in the context of have doubled your efforts and developed a positive
this statement. attitude towards studies. However, if your friend's
Ans. : Right from our birth onwards, we are exposed parents did not acknowledge the achievements in studies,
to a wide variety of stimuli, both directly and indirectly, you would have probably developed a negative attitude
which lead to our self acquiring particular attitudes toward studies.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 65 YCT
Observational Learning : 3. The PIO could weigh the consequence of disclosing
The phenomenon, by which a person acquires new the information truthfully including the effect on his
forms of behaviour or thought simply by observing the career, and reply in a manner that would not place
rewards and punishments that others get, is called him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a
observational learning. little compromise can be made on the contents of the
Genetic Factors : information.
Genetic factors also play a role in shaping attitudes 4. The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are
of an individual. However, they play stronger role in party to the decision and take action as per their
shaping some attitudes than others. For example, advice.
attitudes involving gut-level preferences (say a Ans. : Issues :
preference for a certain kind of food) may be more - Ethical dilemma
strongly influenced by genetic factors than attitudes that - Personal ethics
are more cognitive in nature (say attitudes towards - Professional integrity
environment conservation). - Conscience
Hence it can be said that attitude have deep The questions can be a little complex. On the one
influence on our thoughts and behaviour but attitude hand, the person has committed some mistake for which
specificity helps in correct prediction of behaviour. At he might face trouble; but, on the other hand, the person
time there are multiple factors other than attitude comes is honest and conscientious. Thus, taking a very strict
to play, which influence the behaviour. action might not be practical as mistakes can happen by
Q.20 : A public information officer has received anyone. At the same time, it would be inappropriate to
an application under right to information act. After manipulate the information.
gathering the required information he finds that the
Solutions-
information pertains to some of the decision taken by
(1) Might be resorted to, but there is a possibility
him which was not totally correct. Some other
that the superior might advise some unethical path,
employees were also a party to their decisions.
Disclosure of the information may lead towards which would be unethical on the part of the PIO. Thus, it
disciplinary action against him and his other would be inappropriate to follow the advice of the
colleagues including probable punishment. Non superior by word. PIO might take his advice but should
disclosure of information or partial disclosure of judge the value of the same and act by his wit.
information may result to less or partial punishment. (2) Might do this, as the PIO has a vested interest in
The public information officer is an honest and the matter, and the constitution provides for the
conscientious person but the particular decision declaration of such vested interests, and transfer of the
regarding which an application under the RTI ACT case, to ensure impartiality and effectiveness of justice.
was lodged was a wrong decision. Thus, the PIO might declare his vested interest in the
The officer comes to you for your advice under matter and ask for the transfer of the case to another PIO.
the above conditions what will be your advice to the (3) It would be unethical on the part of the PIO. As
officer? Explain logically.
a public functionary, his duty is to communicate the facts
The following are some suggested options. Please
objectively. By manipulating the facts, in order to save
evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the
himself, the PIO would commit an unethical and
option:
unprofessional act.
1. The PIO could refer the matter to his superior
(4) The colleagues might advise him to take an
officer and seek his advice and act strictly in
accordance with the advice, even though he is unethical path. Since the PIO is an honest and
not completely in agreement with the advice of conscientious person, he shall rely on his principles to
the superior. take an appropriate action.
2. PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter Thus, it would be advisable for the PIO to declare
to be dealt by his successor in office or request his involvement in the matter to his superiors in written,
for transfer of the application to another PIO. and follow the appropriate directions.
UPPCS Mains 2018 GS Paper-IV 66 YCT
 Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie cegKÙe hejer#ee 2019
meeceevÙe efnvoer
efveOee&efjle meceÙe : leerve Iebšs DeefOekeâlece Debkeâ : 150
Time Allowed : Thee Hours Maximum Marks : 150

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ßes‰ yeveevee ner megmebmke=âle keâjvee keâne peelee nw~ mebmkeâej mes ner
keâjleer nQ, Gme meceÙe Ùen DelÙeble DeeJeMÙekeâ nes peelee nw efkeâ
nceeje meeceeefpekeâ Deewj DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ peerJeve heg° neslee nw Deewj
mLetue heeefLe&Je JemlegDeeW kesâ pees DeveieÌ{ ™he nceW Iesjs ngS nQ, Jes
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UPPCS Mains 2019 General Hindi 67 YCT
 mebmkeâej ™heer GheÙeesieer keâuee keâe ue#Ùe ceeveJe keâer Yeeweflekeâ yesieevee keâjkesâ Dekesâuee keâj uesvee nw, Skeâ meòe keâer lejn
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DeOÙeelce Ùee Deueewefkeâkeâ meòee keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw~ Yeeweflekeâ (keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe kesâ efueS GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS
peiele veMJej nw efkeâvleg DeOÙeelce Ùee met#ce peiele MeeMJeled Deewj (Ke) meeefnlÙe keâer Deewj jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee ceW ØecegKe
efvejvlej nw, FmeefueS uesKekeâ keâe DeefYeØeeÙe nw efkeâ ÛeBtefkeâ Devlej keäÙee nw? mhe° keâerefpeS~
DeOÙeelce veMJej Deewj efÛejvlej nw Gmekeâe mecyevOe nceejs (ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe keâerefpeS~
Devlece&ve mes nw FmeefueS nce Deheves heefj<ke=âle Ûeefj$e SJeb %eeve Gòej : (keâ) Meer<e&keâ – ‘‘Yee<ee keâe meeceLÙe&’’
Éeje Gmes efpelevee Deekeâ<e&keâ Deewj meewvoÙe&ceÙe yeveeSbies nceeje (Ke) meeefnlÙe keâer Yee<ee meeefnlÙekeâej kesâ efueS Gmekeâer efpeboieer keâe
peerJeve Glevee ner menpe Deewj mejue nesiee~ peerlee-peeielee efnmmee nw, efpemes Jen jepeveereflekeâ, JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ,
(iv) keâuee keâe ................................. Yespelee jnlee nw~ JÙeeJeneefjkeâ mJeeLeeX mes yeÛeekeâj Gmekeâer ieefjcee keâes yeveeÙes jKevee
JÙeeKÙee–keâuee keâuÙeeCe keâer peveveer nw~ keâuee Devevle™hee nw~ Ûeenlee nw, efpememes meeefnlÙe keâer Yee<ee Deheveer henÛeeve yeveeÙes
Øeke=âefle keâer ØelÙeskeâ jÛevee leLee peerJeve kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ef›eâÙee-keâueehe jKe mekesâ, peyeefkeâ jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee Gmekesâ efueS keâesF& ØecegKe
ceW keâuee Âef°ieesÛej nesleer nw pees peerJeve keâe Deveghece Deewj Ûeerpe veneR nQ~ yeefukeâ Skeâ Keeme cekeâmeo lekeâ hengBÛeves keâe
DecetuÙe Debie keâes ØekeâeMeceeve keâjleer jnleer nw~ meeOeve cee$e nw~
2. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{keâj efveoxMeevegmeej Gòej (ie) meb#esheCe Yee<ee keâe meeceLÙe&- meeefnlÙe kesâ heefjhesÇ#Ùe ceW pees
efueefKeS~ Yee<ee keâer cenòee mLeeefhele nw, Jen jepeveerefle kesâ heefjhesÇ#Ùe ceW
peerJeve keâes Gmekeâer mece«elee ceW meesÛevee Deewj peerJeve keâes Skeâ keâoeefhe veneR nes mekeâleer nw~ jepeveereflekeâ #es$e ceW Yee<ee keâe ØeÙeesie
Keeme Fjeos mes meesÛevee oes Deueie lejn keâer lewÙeeefjÙeeB nQ Deewj JÙeeJeneefjkeâ mJeeLeeX Deewj kegâeflmele Deekeâeb#ee keâes leg° keâjves kesâ
Fme ceeves ceW meeefnlÙe peye Yeer jepeveerefle keâer lejn Yee<ee keâe Skeâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ JeneRr meeefnlÙekeâej Deheves menpe YeeJe mes
lejheâe Ùee Fkeânje ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw, Jen Deheveer cetue Meefòeâ keâes Yee<ee keâes Fve oes<eeW mes yeÛeekeâj Fmekeâer cetue Meefòeâ, ieefjcee Deewj
meerefcele Ùee kegbâef"le keâjlee nw~ jepeveerefle kesâ cegneJejs ceW yeesueles GösMÙe kesâ efueS mLeeefhele keâjves keâes lelhej jnlee nw~ meeefnlÙe
meceÙe nce Skeâ Ssmes Jeie& keâer Yee<ee yeesue jns nesles nQ efpemekesâ menpe Øeke=âefle mes Flevee meMeòeâ nw efkeâ Ùen jepeveereflekeâ heefjhes#Ùe
efueS Yee<ee ØecegKe Ûeerpe veneR nQ, Jen Yee<ee keâe otmejs Ùee leermejs ceW Deheves DeefmlelJe keâes veneR efJeueerve keâjsiee yeefukeâ Fmes jepeveerefle
opex keâe Fmlesceeue nw~ Jen Skeâ Keeme cekeâmeo lekeâ hengBÛeves keâe keâer efÚÚueer meòee mes Kego keâes Fme Øekeâej he=Lekeâ keâj uesiee efkeâ
meeOevecee$e nw~ Gmes Yee<ee keâer meeceLÙe&, ØeeceeefCekeâlee Ùee meÛÛeeF& meeefnlÙe keâe meeceüepÙe Fme hej keâYeer neJeer veneR nes mekeâlee Deewj
ceW Gme lejn efoueÛemheer veneR jnleer efpeme lejn meeefnlÙe keâes~ ve ner Yee<ee keâer ieefjcee keâe #ejCe keâj mekesâiee~
Gmekeâer Yee<ee ØeÛeej-ØecegKe, jsšeefjkeâue Deewj vekeâueer JÙeefòeâlJe 3. efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej efueefKeS~
keâer Yee<ee nes mekeâleer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ jepeveerefle kesâ efueS Yee<ee Skeâ (keâ) heefjhe$e efkeâmes keânles nQ? mJeemLÙe efJeYeeie, G.Øe. kesâ
JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Deewj keâeceÛeueeT Ûeerpe nw peye efkeâ meeefnlÙekeâej kesâ ØecegKe meefÛeJe keâer Deesj mes ØeosMe kesâ hetJeea efpeueeW kesâ
efueS Yee<ee Gme efpevoieer keâer meÛÛeeF& keâe peerlee-peeielee efnmmee yeÛÛeeW keâes ceefmle<keâ-pJej mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS GefÛele
nw efpemes Jen jepeveereflekeâ, JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ, JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Ùee mJeeLeeX JÙeJemLee nsleg heefjhe$e lewÙeej keâerefpeS~
keâer efnbmee, leesÌ[-heâesÌ[ Deewj Øeot<eCe mes yeÛee keâjkesâ Gmekeâer cetue (Ke) keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe keâe heefjÛeÙe oerefpeS~ ie=n efJeYeeie,
ieefjcee Deewj Meefòeâ ceW mLeeefhele Ùee hegvemLee&efhele keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ G.Øe. mejkeâej keâer Deesj mes peejer efkeâmeer keâce&Ûeejer kesâ
meeefnlÙe keâe keâece Deheveer henÛeeve keâes jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee ceW Kees mLeeveevlejCe mecyevOeer keâeÙee&ueÙeer DeeosMe keâe Øee™he
osvee veneR, yeefukeâ Gme Yee<ee kesâ Úodce mes Deheves keâes ueieYeie lewÙeej keâerefpeS~
UPPCS Mains 2019 General Hindi 68 YCT
Gòej - (keâ) heefjhe$e (Circular) : MeemekeâerÙe he$e DeeuesKeve keâe DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg Øesef<ele :-
Jen DeewheÛeeefjkeâ Øee™he neslee nw efpemeceW MeemekeâerÙe veerefleÙeeW, 1. meefÛeJe, mJeemLÙe ceb$eeueÙe, G.Øe.~
efveCe&ÙeeW, efveosMeeW, DeeosMeeW SJeb metÛeveeDeeW keâes efJe<eÙe yeveekeâj 2. ØeosMe kesâ hetJeea efpeuee ceW kesâ mecemleefpeueeefOekeâejer~
Skeâ meeLe Deveskeâ Øesef<eefleÙeeW keâes Yespee peelee nw lees Gmes heefjhe$e
keânles nQ~ Dee%ee mes
veesš–heefjhe$e mejkeâejer he$e, keâeÙee&ueÙe %eehe SJeb DeeosMe n. -------
kesâ Øee™he ceW Yeer Yespes peeles nQ~ (De. ye. me.)
heefjhe$e keâe vecetvee Ghe meefÛeJe~
hesÇ<ekeâ, mebKÙee-1321/Dee"-6-320/80 (Ke) keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe (Office Order)- keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe,
keâ. Ke. ie.,
MeemekeâerÙe he$eeÛeej keâe Jen Øee™he nw efpemekesâ ceeOÙece mes keâesF& efJeYeeie
cegKÙe meefÛeJe,
Ùee keâeÙee&ueÙe Deheves ÙeneB keâeÙe&jle DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW SJeb keâceüÛeeefjÙeeW kesâ
G.Øe. mejkeâej, ueKeveT~
efueS meceÙe-meceÙe hej peejer keâer ieÙeer DeeosMeeW keâer metÛevee keâes efJe<eÙe
mesJee ceW, yeveekeâj peejer efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW efveÙegefòeâ, mLeeveevlejCe, keâeÙe&
mecemle cegKÙe efÛeefkeâlmeeefOekeâejer DeeJebšve, efveÙece, efveuecyeve, DevegMeemeveelcekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener SJeb keâeÙe&
mJeemLÙe efJeYeeie, meceÙe7meeefjCeer keâes efJe<eÙe yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Gòej ØeosMe Meemeve~ efo. 2 efmelecyej, 2020, ueKeveT keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe keâe vecetvee
DevegYeeie-1
ie=n efJeYeeie, Gòej ØeosMe Meemeve
efJe<eÙe- yeÛÛeeW keâes ceefmle<keâ pJej mes yeÛeeves nsleg~
DevegYeeie-1
cenesoÙe,
mebKÙee- 539/yeeFme-1/heer, 51/79
cegPes Ùen keânves keâe efveosMe ngDee nw efkeâ ØeosMe kesâ hetJeea efpeueeW kesâ
keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe
yeÛÛeeW ceW ceefmle<keâ pJej keâes osKeles ngS Gòej ØeosMe mejkeâej ves Ùen
SleodÉeje leelkeâeefuekeâ ØeYeeJe mes peveefnle 1 keâeÙe&efnle ceW ie=n
efve§eÙe efkeâÙee nw efkeâ JeneB ceefmle<keâ pJej keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS lelkeâeue
efJeYeeie kesâ ßeer keâ, Ke, ie, pevemetÛevee DeefOekeâejer ie=n efJeYeeie,
GefÛele keâoce G"eÙes peeÙeW~
ueKeveT keâes, ie=n efJeYeeie ØeÙeeiejepe keâeÙee&ueÙe mes mecyeæ efkeâÙee peelee
2. Fme mecyevOe ceW Deehe pees keâeÙe&Jeener keâjW, Gmekeâe meehleeefnkeâ
nw~
efJeJejCe ceb$eeueÙe keâes Yespeles jnW~
2- ßeer keâ, Ke, ie peve metÛevee DeefOekeâejer keâes efveosefMele efkeâÙee peelee

YeJeoerÙe nw efkeâ Jes lelkeâeue veJeerve lewveeleer keâes ie=n efJeYeeie keâes GheueyOe keâjeÙeW~

n. ------- Dee%ee mes

(keâ. Ke. ie.) n. ------

cegKÙe meefÛeJe~ (De. ye. me.)

mebKÙee -1321/Dee"-6-320/80 meefÛeJe~
Øeefleefueefhe efvecveefueefKele keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb mebKÙee 530/yeeFme-1/heer,51/79

UPPCS Mains 2019 General Hindi 69 YCT

Øeefleefueefhe efvecveefueefKele keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg (Ke) ØelÙeÙe – Meyo ™he
Øesef<ele :- De – MewJe
1. uesKeekeâej SJeb KepeebÛeer~ Fcee – veerefuecee
2. mecyeefvOele keâce&ÛeejerieCe~ lÙe – oef#eCeelÙe
Dee%ee mes, F&ve – Kego&yeerve
n. -----
ceeved– Jele&ceeve
(le. Le. o.)
6. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW kesâ heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ
mebÙegòeâ meefÛeJe~
Meyo efueefKeS~
4. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce efueefKeS~
(i) pees ke=âle%e ve nes
heefjefÛele, Deeheefòe, hetCe&, Oejleer, efØeÙe, peÙe, efJeefnle,
(ii) pees metÙe& ve osKes Ssmeer Œeer
efmveiOe, YeÙe, Me$eg
(iii) pees ™efÌ{ÙeeW ceW efJeÕeeme keâjlee nes
Gòej : Meyo efJeueesce
(iv) pees hetpee kesâ ÙeesiÙe nes~
heefjefÛele – DeheefjefÛele
(v) pees osMe mes Øesce keâjlee nes
Deeheefòe – Deveeheefòe
hetCe& – DehetCe& Gòej : (i) pees ke=âle%e ve nes– ke=âleIve

Oejleer – Decyej (ii) pees metÙe& ve osKes Ssmeer Œeer– DemetÙe&heMÙee

efØeÙe – DeefØeÙe (iii) pees ™efÌ{ÙeeW ceW efJeÕeeme keâjlee nes– ™efÌ{Jeeoer
peÙe – hejepeÙe (iv) pees hetpee kesâ ÙeesiÙe nes– hetpeveerÙe
efJeefnle – efveef<eæ (v) pees osMe mes Øesce keâjlee nes– osMeØesceer
efmveiOe – DeefmveiOe 7. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS~
YeÙe – DeYeÙe
(i) jece Iej peeleer nw~
Me$eg – efce$e
(ii) ceQves peevee nw~
5. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ GhemeieeX keâe efveoxMe
(iii) ceQves Deehekesâ Iej ceW jKeer hegmlekeâ keâes osKe ueer~
keâerefpeS~
(iv) efJeÅeeueÙe ceW meYeer keâ#ee kesâ efJeÅeeLeea yegueeS ieS nQ~
mebiees‰er, ØelÙe#e, heje›eâce, efveJe&meve, efvemmevosn
(v) ceveespe jesleer nw~
(Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙeeW keâes efJeueie
Gòej : (i) jece Iej peelee nw~
keâerefpeS~
(ii) cegPes peevee nw~
MewJe, veerefuecee, oeef#eCeelÙe, Kego&yeerve, Jele&ceeve
(iii) ceQves Deehekesâ Iej ceW jKeer hegmlekeâ osKe efueÙee~
Gòej : (keâ) Ghemeie& Meyo™he
meced – mebiees‰er (iv) efJeÅeeueÙe ceW keâ#ee kesâ meYeer efJeÅeeLeea yegueeS ieS nQ~

Øeefle – ØelÙe#e (v) ceveespe jeslee nw~

heje – heje›eâce 8. (Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer keâe mebMeesOeve

efvejd-efvemed – efveJe&meve keâerefpeS~
efvemed – efvemmevosn efve<heeheer, hetleea, cegveer, efueheer, veerleer
UPPCS Mains 2019 General Hindi 70 YCT
Gòej : DeMegæ – Megæ
yesÛekeâj Deeheves yeskeâej ner ‘‘Dee yewue cegPes ceej’’ Jeeueer
efve<heeheer – efve<heehe efmLeefle GlheVe keâj oer nw~
hetleea – hetefle& (iv) veew oes iÙeejn nes peevee (Yeeie peevee)– ØeÙeesie-

cegveer – cegefve hegefueme kesâ hengBÛeves kesâ henues DeelebkeâJeeoer veew oes iÙeejn nes
efueheer – efueefhe ieÙes~
veerleer – veerefle (v) pewmee osMe Jewmee Yes<e (heefjefmLeefleÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej
9. efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW/ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& efueefKeS yeouevee)– ØeÙeesie- efJeosMe ceW jnkeâj JeneB kesâ jmce-
Deewj Gvekeâe JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS~ efjJeepe Deewj henveeJes keâes Deheveevee mener nw~ keâne Yeer ieÙee
(i) ÙeLee jepee leLee Øepee nw- pewmee osMe Jewmee Yes<e~
(ii) Dejnj keâer šóer iegpejeleer leeuee (vi) oeue Yeele ceW cetmejÛebo (oes kesâ yeerÛe ceW leermejs keâe
(iii) Dee yewue cegPes ceej DeveeJeMÙekeâ nmle#eshe)– ØeÙeesie- nce oesveeW kesâ yeerÛe ceW
(iv) veew oes iÙeejn nes peevee leke&â efJeleke&â nes ner jne Lee efkeâ peÙeosJe keâe oeue Yeele ceW
(v) pewmee osMe Jewmee Yes<e cetmejÛebo keâer YeeBefle yeerÛe ceW yeesuevee cegPes DeÛÚe veneR
(vi) oeue Yeele ceW cetmejÛebo ueiee~
(vii) TBÛeer ogkeâeve heâerkesâ hekeâJeeve (vii) TBÛeer ogkeâeve heâerkesâ hekeâJeeve (iegCe keâce efoKeeJee
(viii) ceeve ve ceeve ceQ lesje cesnceeve DeefOekeâ keâjvee)– ØeÙeesie- Jele&ceeve Ùegie ceW mebleeW kesâ
(ix) DevOesj veiejer Ûeewheš jepee ef›eâÙee-keâueehe TBÛeer ogkeâeve heâerkesâ hekeâJeeve ner efmeæ nes jns
(x) Deemeceeve mes efieje Kepetj hej Deškeâe nQ~
Gòej : (viii) ceeve ve ceeve ceQ lesje cesnceeve (peyejomleer ieues
(i) ÙeLee jepee leLee Øepee (Skeâ meceeve mJeYeeJe Jeeues)– heÌ[vee)– ØeÙeesie- cewves jcesMe keâes yegueeÙee lees Lee veneR~
ØeÙeesie- kebâpetmeer kesâ iegCe efpeme Øekeâej mes mes" peer ceW ceeve ve ceeve ceQ lesje cesnceeve keâer YeeBefle peyejomleer meYee ceW
efJeÅeceeve nQ, "erkeâ Gmeer Øekeâej mes Gvekesâ veewkeâjeW ceW Yeer Meeefceue nes ieÙee~
Jen iegCe heefjueef#ele neslee nw, FmeerefueS "erkeâ ner keâne (ix) DevOesj veiejer Ûeewheš jepee (peneB cegefKeÙee ner cetKe&
ieÙee nw efkeâ ÙeLee jepee leLee Øepee~ nes)– ØeÙeesie- DeÙeesiÙe DeefOekeâejer nesves hej meYeer keâeceeW
(ii) Dejnj keâer šóer iegpejeleer leeuee (Úesšer Jemleg keâer ceW OeebOeueer Ûeueleer nw, "erkeâ ner keâne ieÙee nw, DebOesj
megj#ee ceW DeefOekeâ JÙeÙe)–ØeÙeesie- Fme peerCe& MeerCe& veiejer Ûeewheš jepee škesâ messj Yeepeer, škesâ mesj Keepee~
hegjeves cekeâeve keâer megj#ee kesâ efueS ÛeejeW Deesj TBÛeer cepeyetle (x) Deemeceeve mes efieje Kepetj hej Deškeâe (Skeâ cegmeeryele
ÛenejoerJeejer yeveJeevee Dejnj keâer šóer iegpejeleer leeues kesâ mes efvekeâuekeâj otmejs ceW heâbmevee)– ØeÙeesie- kesâJeue
meceeve nw~ ueeueheâerleeMeener kesâ keâejCe nceejer ÙeespeveeDeeW kesâ Deveskeâ
(iii) Dee yewue cegPes ceej (peeveyetPekeâj cegmeeryele ceesue keâeÙe&›eâce keâeÙee&efvJele veneR nes heeles, keäÙeeWefkeâ Demeceeve mes
uesvee)– ØeÙeesie- efJeosMeer meeceeveeW keâes Ûeesj yeepeej ceW efiejkeâj Jes Kepetj ceW Deškeâ peeleer nQ~
UPPCS Mains 2019 General Hindi 71 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION-2019
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Note: (i) The Question paper is divided into three Sections. Write three essays in Hindi or English or
Urdu language, selecting one topic from each section.
(ii) Words limit each essay is 700 words.
(iii) Each essay carries 50 marks.

SECTION-A The fictional lives and the fantasies of literature

have affected us from time immemorial and keep on
Q.1 : Literature and Moral Values. influencing our life and moral sense.
Ans. : Literature and Moral Values : Throughout Today's educators and critics have increased the
the history teaching moral values through stories, poems wide range of creativity and dimensions of literary work
or literatures has been a very old system of moral from the basic level of learning. But the pertinent
education, since the time of Panchatantra–Alibaba or question that, what type of moral values should be
Aesop's fables. It was the time when teaching of the taught, whether this should be religious, democratic,
stories was presumed in easy way so that we can go civic personal, moral or universal. Modern educators are
through the story again and again. utilizing the literature in a multi-dimensional approach
Learning and development are the formal character for improving society, behaviour development, problem
of education efforts and direct moral instructions. solving skills and right attitude to handle social situation.
In short, we can say that literature is simply promoting
In western world for many centuries, Bible was that
moral literacy. It will not be a hearsay or misnomer if we
book. Both the old and new testament were sole hallmark
say that literature and literary works are playing very
to judge one's life and cure from the life troubles.
crucial role in shaping and cultivating our beliefs,
But in fourteenth century, Caxton invention of
cultural, aesthetic and moral senses. This is among one
printing, changed the trend and tremendously increased
of the very important key holders of our age old customs
the role and responsibility of literature. It was praised by and their relevancy in this millennium.
common man as literature then became very accessible Educators are adopting now a days a moral
and approachable, read and store for life time in the development perspective believing that the concept of
pages possibly due to invention of printing. But this the growth of moral thinking develops in stages through
drastic change did not happen overnight. It gave rise to a various specific sequences. This approach focuses
new disagreement that whether literature could be able to primarily on inculcating moral values from the age of
found answers in the best possible moral way and to live adolescence in which an individual can adopt fairness,
correctly. justice, equity and human dignity along with other values
Whether the teachings of literature to be believed constituting social, personal, aesthetic growth.
fully. Whether Pip's maturity in the end was result of his Q.2 : Sexual Crime:– Causes and Solution.
self awareness? So in those early efforts of education to Ans. : Sexual Crime:– Causes and Solution : Sex
teach right values using literature, the approach was crimes include acts considered as either sexual abuse, or
direct method was didactic and the purpose was to a non-tolerable behaviour, considered inappropriate to
transmit moral knowledge. These old tales of social norms. The law forbids certain sexual acts, despite
Panchatantra and fables are inseparable from life and expressed consent from both parties. Sex laws vary from
thought of that age. region to region and may evolve over time.
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 72 YCT
 Furthermore, sexual acts forbidden by law in a (5) When the consent is given by a person who is of
prescribed jurisdiction are coined as sex crimes. unsound mind or intoxicated or unable to understand the
Rape–Rape or forcible sexual intercourse without nature of giving the consent.
consent from both parties, may involve physical (6) When a girl is under 16 years of age.
violence, threats and verbal abuse to intimidate and Sexual Violence–Sexual violence manifests
violate one person's body. Rape is considered a federal sexually aggressive acts by the use of physical or mental
offence in the Western World. force which reduces a person to an inferior position to
According to the American Medical Association, impose sexual conduct against their will.
rape victims tend to avoid reporting a violation, often Sexual violence has many forms-
times out of shame or self blame. (1) Access or harassment on the street, at works, at
Sexual Assault–A comprehensive description of home, at school, at college etc.
sexual assault, otherwise known as rape and includes (2) Sexual exploitation
sections that will help a victim seek out justice and (3) Sexual abuse of boys and girls
rehabilitation. No single definition can define the word (4) Prostitution
rape because of its exhaustive nature. Only the person (5) Pornography.
who suffers it, knows it. Sexual violence is a clear stigma of degradation of
To make clear the concept of rape it is important to the spirit of a society completely ignorant.
introduce another concept which is sexual harassment. In The degree of aggression that co-exists in every case
the judgement of a landmark case, Vishakha and others of sexual violence is incredibly frustrating. Nowadays,
Vs. State of Rajasthan the Supreme Court laid down there are so many acts of vandalism that exists that it is
certain points that would, constitute sexual harassment:– impossible to control.
• Physical contact and advances Causes :
There are many theories explaining causes of sexual
• Any demand for sexual favours.
violence. These theories include military conquest, socio
• Any remarks on the body which is sexually
economics, anger, power sadism, traits, ethical standards
coloured laws and evolutionary pressures that lend some
• Showing pornography explanation to the causes of sexual abuse and violence
• Any other forcible physical, verbal or non-verbal (such as rape, molestation, sexual harassment, stalking,
conduct of sexual nature. etc.)
The Supreme Court of India in this case, therefore, Most of the research on the causes of sexual
hold that sexual harassment is the violation of violence has only been done on male offenders (and has
fundamental rights. Article 14, 15, 19(1)g, 21 are being largely ignored female perpetrated sexual violence due to
violated by sexual assault. lack of data) and has been target of criticism.
PROVISIONS REGARDING RAPE LAWS IN INDIA Solution–(1) The most effective way to prevent
Rape is a cognizable offence in India. There are so sexual violence is through primary prevention which
means stopping it before it occurs. For prevention efforts
many provisions in different acts for rape.
to work, they have to target risk factors at each level–
The term rape has been legally defined under
individual relationship, community and society.
Section 375 of Indian Penal Code, 1860, as a man is said
(2) Another effective way to prevent sexual assault
to commit a rape when there has been sexual intercourse
is through education. If we start educating people at a
with a woman in any of the following circumstances–
young age, they are more likely to understand the
(1) Against her will
importance and legal meaning of consent in sexual
(2) Without obtaining her consent. relationships and its implications.
(3) When the obtained consent, was through fear of Torielli explained that a root cause of sexual assault
death is the way that society thinks and talks about women.
(4) When the consent has been obtained fraudulently The language that generally people speak/use every day
by promising her to be husband in future. encourages the objectification of women.
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 73 YCT
 Q.3 : One Nation, One Constitution. from their constitutionally guaranteed rights, denial of
Ans. : One Nation, One Constitution : Article 370 basic human rights of various sections of the society
is one of the provisions under Part XXI of the Indian speaks volumes of the injustices heaped on a large
Constitution that deals with different constitutional rights section of the state in the garb of Article 370 and 35-A.
and protections for citizens of various states in the Indian It will be a mistake to see abrogation of Article 370
Union (including for example, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and 35A through a communal prism. It is an issue
Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim and Nagaland) and about the intertwined with a large number of issues having
adoption and continuance of pre-constitutional laws and multiple stakeholders. If Ladakh is today welcoming the
institutions such as the judiciary in post independence decision to abrogate Article 370 and 35A, then
India. undoubtedly this decision celebrates the idea of
Article 370 has been repealed almost in its entirety federalism enshrined in our Constitution. If the decision
by the Constitutional orders of 5th August 2019 (C0272) is ensuring equal rights to women, tribals, Dalits,
and 6th August, 2019 (C0273) and replaced with text that refugees and various other minorities in Jammu and
effectively dismantles the limited protection it afforded Kashmir then definitely it is aimed at safeguarding the
to Jammu and Kashmir in self governance, territorial sanctity of constitutional provisions in this region. Infact
integrity and collective rights to land and livelihood. it ensures that constitutional political morality is now in
place and people can enjoy the rights guaranteed under
The original Article 370 incorporated into the Indian
the Constitution.
Constitution is a modified form of the terms of the
Instrument of Accession signed between Maharaja Hari Thus it is imperative that our country should have a
Singh, ruler of the independent kingdom of Jammu and single constitution which should be applicable to every
Kashmir and the Dominion of India in October 1947, at state and region. A single Constitution will also help in
augmenting the social, cultural and political integration
the commencement of the first Kashmir war. While the
of the nation. It will also go a long way in safeguarding
instrument itself is identical to those signed by the rulers
the unity and integrity of the nation and uniform progress
of the 140 other princely states that acceded to India,
and development of all the regions of the country without
Jammu and Kashmir was unique in being the only
any discrimination.
princely state that attempted to negotiate the terms of its
accession and the protection of its sovereignty. It did so SECTION-B
by participation in the Indian Constitution drafting
process and thereafter through an agreement ratified by Q.4 : Role of Social Media in Public Awareness.
Indian Parliament, between the Indian States and Ans. : Role of Social Media in Public Awareness :
representatives of Jammu and Kashmir state called the Social media plays an important role in awareness
Delhi Agreement of 1952. While the Maharaja had creation. It provides the best mode of communication to
signed an Instrument of Accession temporarily giving many organizations in the present world.
over certain of his law making powers to India unlike the It involves the use of social networks such as
rulers of the other princely states he had not signed (and televisions, facebook, websites among other broadcasting
never did sign) an Instrument of Merger territorially techniques.
integrating his kingdom with India. Social media builds an ideal environment for
In our parliamentary democracy, debates and interaction where people can meet and share their idea.
discussions are its lifeline as long as it remains within the Communication in the social media covers a wide
ambit of a democratic ethos and principles. But those area since many people are accessible to the information
swearing by the Indian Constitution, federalism, for instance, many people can access information posted
secularism, Constitutional political morality and gender to a Facebook Page.
justice support the highly discriminatory and temporary Information posted can be spread to many people
provisions of Article 370 and 35A. The plight of Ladakh over a short period of time. Advancement in Technology
and Jammu and Kashmir regions, deprivation of Dalits, has played an important role in improving social media
tribals, women and refugees from POK and West Punjab communication.
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 74 YCT
 People who are a distant apart can communicate to the changes in culture, lifestyle, policies and laws that
each other if they are close to each other. Many are framed.
organizations have utilized the social media to As per Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive
communicate their agenda to the masses. chairman–World Economic Forum - no two economics,
Social Media Platforms like Facebook can be in the world are the same, all try to adapt to the ongoing
effective method to advertise services and terms of changes, nationally as well as internationally.
operation by many organizations and NGOs. Being present in this global competitive scenario, all
For more emphasis they upload the group photo of nations try to boost their respective economics to a level
the children adopted/supported by the organization and of success stage and beat the other one. This race has
post it on Facebook. become more evident and substantial after the advent of
Through these, anybody who accesses their page new technologies.
will see their existence. Facebook forms one of the most Especially, with the growing importance of the
used social media platform. digital era, countries have to become a part of it to
Studies show that most youth today are addicted to sustain itself in the competition. It has become important
Facebook, approximately more than half the youth for a nation that wants to grow and adapt the essential
population in the world access Facebook everyday. They features of this era to survive.
access Facebook through chatting with friend and in the Constraints–When a traditional economy transfers
process they can come across the advertisement made via to a digital one, it may bring a lot of resistance and
the Facebook. challenges, but the digital economy also brings with it lot
Internet is used by people of all ages and therefore it of opportunities to the revival of the set backed
forms one of the major medium of communication and is economies and also enhances the structure of the evolved
used to replace the TV advt., magazines and newspaper economics from slow or modest to a fast-paced and
advertisement because of their limited coverage and lack developed economy.
of standardization. Communications on the social media Today, the digital economy or the internet economy
are usually committed in English which is a common is influencing every social life. No one has been able to
language of the social network. This limits people who escape from its trap. And now, it has also entered into
cannot understand English from acquiring the our economic activities. The term 'Digital Economy' was
information. This information can be structured in that it coined in D on Taps Cotts best seller–The Digital
is communicated in many other languages that can be Economy : Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked
understood by at least majority of persons if not all can Intelligence (1995). A widely accepted understanding of
understand. Other social media platforms like YouTube, the digital economy is economic activities in and around
Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram are useful in building the digital world. Through Electronic Commerce (E-
proper business profile, to provide platform for social commerce) trading has indeed become easy and viable.
message propagation and share updates with customers This convergence enables all types of information be it
about their purchases. data, audio, codes or even videos to be stored processed
Q.5 : Digital Economy : Possibilities and and transmitted over networks to many destinations
Challenges. worldwide.
Ans. : Digital Economy : Possibilities and The Digital Economy has helped to create an
Challenges- The economy of a country means a economic revolution which was evidenced by
combination of all the activities like production, unprecedented economic performance and the longest
consumption, import-export of goods and services that period of uninterrupted expansion in history from 1991
lead to the progress of not only the country but also of its until 2007.
citizens as a whole. The development of an economy Digital Economy helps a seller to find a buyer easily
depends upon an individual, to a corporation, to a big and vice-versa. Now, neither a seller needs an
multinational company, to the government of that infrastructure for selling his products nor a buyer needs
country. No economy is static, it keeps on evolving with to search for them by moving out of their houses. All
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 75 YCT
trading activities are now possible with just a click. For Many villages in remote areas do not have electricity
example, an owner of a small handloom cottage in India and basic amenities and lack continuous and reliable
can sell his products in the markets of Australia and supply of raw materials.
other countries directly, knowledge and demand for the They are equally respectful just like a soldier but the
products readily come on the internet making trading bitter truth about our country is that these farmers get
communication available. only a raw deal and are not accorded due respect in
The Digital Economy is an environment practical life. They face extreme financial distress and
characterized by immediacy and urgency, globalization, often face failure of crops due to failure of monsoon and
liberalization and privatization, virtualization (audio and non-availability of irrigation facilities.
video), online common workplace, innovation and The Government must mobilize the resources to
convergence. augment the rural sector especially farm sector by
These kinds of digital economic values will change introducing advance agricultural technologies and
the fundamentals in the economy and also drastically providing better seeds, fertilizers and irrigation facilities.
transform the general notion of understanding economics Indian farmers financial status will be uplifted and
and its elements including society. they will get the right/respectful status in society only
Q.6 : Farmers of India : Our Pride. when our government accord top priority to agricultural
sector and implement appropriate farming sector reforms
Ans. : Farmers of India : Our Pride : We need not
in an uniform manner like providing better prices for the
overemphasize this fact that Indian Farmers are the
agriculture produces.
Nations Pride. India is marching on the road of success
because of the farmers. They have played a pivotal role SECTION-C
in making our country self-reliant in food grains, fruits,
vegetables and milk production. They provide Indian Q.7 : Changing Paradigm of Indian Foreign
Economy the much needed impetus by bringing Green Policy.
Revolution. Ans. : Changing Paradigm of Indian Foreign
Policy : The foreign policy of any country is
Agriculture sector in India contributes to GDP in a
characterised by what is supposed to be "the protection
big way. 50% of work force is employed in this sector
and promotion of its national interest" as perceived by
and share of agriculture in GDP is 18% (2018).
the government of the day.
Farmers in our country work day and night facing
Talking about the Indian foreign policy it has for
numerable adversities. They are living under the burden
decades witnessed the same contours being followed, a
of huge debts but still they continue to work hard to
policy of non-alignment and broader perusal of moral
produce all types of agricultural crops and produces. The
ascendancy. Non-alignment in broader terms implied not
Government should provide more facilities to them and
following either the US or then Soviet block while
make their lot better. pursuing an independent foreign policy. The issue of
India is the largest producer of wheat, rice, pulses moral ascendency in diplomacy and foreign policy may
and spices and has abundant scope for growth in be attributed to the overarching influence of Gandhi and
agriculture sector. a pluralistic socio-religious culture for centuries.
If farmers get an assured (minimum support price)– While formally maintaining a non-aligned foreign
MSP for their produces and also if the trade practices are policy, it became very clear from the early years of
modified (advanced) and digitalised i.e. functioning of independence that a strict adherence to non-alignment
agro-trade is made digital, eliminating middle men, then can at best be theoretical and not pragmatic.
the financial state of farmers will improve as they will It was best exemplified during the Indo-China war in
get the fair and deserved price for their yields. 1962 when shedding inhibitions, Nehru had to request
Country's 75% population reside in villages and the US for limited military aid. Later on, there are
most of them are farmers. several occasions like seeking Soviet support on UNSC
resolutions on Kashmir or the Bangladesh War in 1971
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 76 YCT
or the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan to US invasion of Also, the appointment of a NSA for the first time,
Iraq and Israeli atrocities in Palestine, when India quietly institutionalized the concept of an expert dealing with the
buried its non-aligned status and stand and sided or intricacies of foreign and security issues of the country.
maintained its neutrality to what it at that time felt to be With the appointment of a senior statesman like Shiv
in its broader national interest. Shankar Menon as NSA, Manmohan Singh tried his best
Moral ascendency that stood on firm grounds with to maintain and promote India's economic profile in the
explicit support to Palestine and Arab world standing world handicapped from doves within the party who
solidly behind third world nations in the initial years with would not let India grow politically and militarily.
notable exception of betraying the Tibetan annexation by Now, with Narendra Modi at the helm, there has
China, started taking a twist and turn from Indira been a dramatic change in the very fabric and substance
Gandhi's time since quiet rightly, she followed a policy of India's foreign policy. It look like statecraft is being
that aimed at making India more strong, politically and practiced what broadly Kautilya, at this time would have
militarily. Two important developments in the Rajiv recommended.
Gandhi era of sending IPKF to Sri Lanka and troops to While invitation to all SAARC heads of government
Maldives, saw a glimpse of India trying to ascertain its to swearing-in-ceremony in May 2014 was a diplomatic
assertiveness in its backyard of South Asia. Tenures of masterstroke, the launching of SAARC satellite with all
VP Singh, Chandrashekhar Deve Gowda turned out to be neighbours on board, leaving Pakistan, established
disastrous both domestically and in the context of foreign India's image as a magnanimous big brother of this
policy too. region.
However, the uncertain but completed tenure of PV Some of the substantial changes in the Modi era that
Narsimha Rao turned out to be a watershed moment in is likely to cast a larger influence on future include
Indian foreign policy history. forcing a bigger role for India in the world community.
Establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel Though a permanent seat on the UNSC and
and South Africa, inspite of vociferous opposition by the membership of the NSG, continues to be elusive due to
then, Politically strong communist parties and internal China's obstinate stand, open and greater bonding with
opposition by senior congress leaders and a significant Vietnam (including supplies of Brahmos missiles and oil
section of media, both decisions turned out to be in real exploration in South China Sea), Mongolia, Laos and
national interests of the Nation. The Vajpayee and the other South Asian Nations, much to the chagrin of China
Manmohan Singh era saw further deepening and are explicitly aimed at challenging China's dominance in
strengthening of relations with countries that really the IOR (Indian Ocean Region).
turned fruitful to India's interest rather than an unduly Q.8 : Resource Management In India.
pumped up rhetoric on moral ascendency. Ans. : Resource Management In India : Many
One significant development during Vajpayee Era in African nations are bestowed with valuable natural
context of foreign policy was that India directly held resources, yet, poverty, disease, famine are recurrent
China accountable for its military insecurity and themes in these countries.
attributed that as the main reason for its nuclear tests. In contrast of them, a tiny island nation in western
No wonder, the world community was astonished pacific ocean, Japan, with its limited resources; achieved
because since Nehru's time, India inspite of its significant economic progress by efficient management
grandstanding as the supposedly chief spokesman of of its resources and by productive investments in human
developing world has actually shied away from naming resources.
or blaming China for its bullying tactics. In this respect, an aspiring India, to become world
It was significant because it for the first time showed super power, can't ignore efficient and sustainable way of
an effort from the Indian side club it with China and using its resources. So, it is important to understand the
move beyond the South Asian region that China has long richness in Indian resources, the barriers that exist in
tried India to remain confined to. effective development and the management practices that
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 77 YCT
it should adopt to achieve the goal of inclusive and To begin with, land use management is an important
sustainable development ahead. productive resource for any nation for its food
Definition of Resource–Anything that can be used production, infrastructure development.
to derive benefit or value out of it can be treated as Soil degradation is one of the major problems
resource. currently India is facing with.
By this definition, there are diverse resources such The imbalances in fertilizer application and usage,
as land, water, air, mineral and energy resources at one changes in cropping pattern from low water intensive
of the spectrum to human, biological and cultural crops to high water intensive crops such as rice, sugar is
resources at the other end. Resource Management causing this problem. Alongwith this, failure of land
involves economical, efficient, effective and sustainable reforms resulted in skewed pattern of land holding.
utilization of these resources while deriving benefits out Water is another valuable Resource–This resource
of them. The geography of India is so varied and it is provides drinking water for population and irrigation for
blessed with rich and diverse natural resources. India is agriculture. However, current water management
seventh largest country in the world by the area. The practices are inefficient and unsustainable.
rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Krishna form Pollution of water bodies, due to release of sewerage
large basins, perhaps, no other country has such a rich and industrial effluent, is resulting into dead rivers and
fertile soil. lakes. Current situation of Ganga and Yamuna best
depicts the picture.
India has large quantities of iron ore reserve that it
exports significant amount to other. It also has large On the other hand, excessive exploitation of ground
water is leading to lowering of water table and aquifer
reserves of coal for its power generation. Most
depletion.
importantly, India has 2nd largest world population of
Large dams have been constructed with the aim of
1.24 billion people. It is home to large number of flora
increasing irrigated agricultural area. However, there is
and fauna, three biodiversity hotspots, Western ghats,
significant lag exits in utilization of full potential created.
Himalayas.
Most of often, the construction of large scale dams are
Indo-Burma region are identified by world
creating problems of large scale displacement of
community. The continuing civilization since Indus
indigenous tribals and vulnerable sections without
valley times and number of tribal practices resulted in
adequate compensation and rehabilitation. There are
rich tangible and intangible cultural resources.
large scale submergence of rich flora and fauna.
Such a rich resource base both natural and human
Management of Minerals and Energy resources
presents unique context for resource management in poses difficult challenges in India. India imports 70% of
India. its oil requirements. The skewed policy of fuel subsidies
Firstly, India has 17% of world population, yet, it is benefitting diesel cars and SUVs of rich, causing
has just 2.4% of land area. In contrast to thus, Brazil has
significant non-plan expenditure and leaving less
2.5 times land area and one sixth of population of India. financial resources for poverty alleviation, planned
So, there is high pressure on our natural resource to development. Similarly, coal mining has its own
rising population. problems like corruption as highlighted by CAG,
Secondly about 25% of world poor live in India. For inefficient technology for extraction, displacement of
the development of poor, adivasis, dalits, women, limited tribal population leading to growth of Naxalism and
resource bases poses unique challenges. deforestation causing damage to environment.
Thirdly, climate is a stark reality today. A country Apart from oil and coal, the current power
with 60% of its agriculture dependent on rainfall with generation has problems of pollution due to inefficient
7500 kms long coastline, global warming and rising sea thermal plants, lack of natural gas, concerns of safety in
levels can affect its development. nuclear power generation.
In this context, it is important to identify the current The problems of human resource is different from
problems that are facing India in different resource areas. management of land, water, minerals and energy, air
UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 78 YCT
resource management. A country is known by its people. historical range and fulfil their role in maintaining the
Infact, whether a country is over or under populated or integrity of Ganga river ecosystems.
optimally populated is determined by the way it manages To address this, wildlife institute of India, Dehradun,
the resources at hand. Central Inland. Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI),
Population is an asset and by right planning, India Kolkata and Uttar Pradesh. State Forest Department has
can reap dividends out of its demography by providing been awarded projects to develop science based aquatic
employable opportunities to poor, women and dalits. species restoration plan for Ganga River by involving
Lack of employable skills are some of the problems multiple stakeholders alongwith conservation and
encountered in human resource development. restoration of aquatic biodiversity.
Q.9 : Namami Gange Mission. As per the field research conducted by WI, high
biodiversity areas have been identified in river Ganga for
Ans. : Namami Gange Mission : Namami Gange
focused conservation action, rescue and rehabilitation
Programme, is an integrated Conservation Mission,
centers have been established for the rescued aquatic
approved as 'Flagship Programme' by the Union
diversity, cadre of volunteers (Ganga Praharis) have been
Government in June 2014. With an budget outlay of Rs.
developed and trained to support conservation actions in
20,000 crores to accomplish the twin objectives of
the field, floating interpretation centre. "Ganga Tarini"
effective abatement of pollution, conservation and
and interpretation centre "Ganga Darpan" have been
rejuvenation of India's National River Ganga. established for developing awareness on biodiversity
Main Pillars of Namami Gange Program–Its conservation and Ganga rejuvenation. Key ecosystem
implementation has been divided into Entry-level services of Ganga river have been identified and an
activities (for immediate visible impact), Medium-term assessment framework developed to strengthen the
activities (to be implemented within 5 years of time environmental services in the river basin.
frame) and long term activities (to be implemented CIFRI has carried out the assessment of fish and
within 10 years). fisheries in the basin to record the available fish species
Key Achievements under Namami Gange and has mapped it in GIS Platform to understand the
Program are as follows– status and distribution of fishes in Ganga.
(1) Creating Sewerage Treatment Capacity–69 Tagging procedures has also been initiated to see the
sewage management projects are under implementation migration pattern of identified fish like Hilsa.
and 68 sewage projects have been completed in the states CIFRI is also conducting ranching and awareness
of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West programs at various locations in the river basin for
Bengal, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and conservation and restoration of Indian Major Carps
Rajasthan. 18 Sewage Projects are under tendering and 3 (IMC) and Mahser in Ganga.
new sewage projects launched in these states. Work is Furthermore, the Uttar Pradesh State Forest
under construction for creating a sewerage capacity of department is implementing the expansion of
4949.05 (MLD). conservation breeding program of fresh water turtles and
Gharial at Kukrail Gharial Rehabilitation centre
(2) Creating River-Front Development–58
Lucknow, which will help in revival and restoration of
ghats/crematoria projects for construction, modernization
Gharials and Turtles in the Ganga basin.
and renovation of 254 ghats/crematoria and kunds/ponds
(5) Afforestation–One of the major components of
have been initiated.
Ganga rejuvenation is forestry interventions to enhance
(3) River Surface Cleaning–River surface cleaning
the productivity and diversity of the forests in head water
for collection of floating solid waste from the surface of
areas and all along the river and its tributaries.
the Ghats and River and its disposal are a reduce gap foot Accordingly, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
and pushed into service at 11 locations. prepared a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for
(4) Bio-Diversity Conservation–One of NMCG's afforestation in an area of 1,34,106 hectares in the Ganga
long-term visions for Ganga rejuvenation is to restore River bank states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
viable populations of all endemic and endangered bio- Jharkhand and West Bengal at an estimated cost of Rs.
diversity of the river, so that they occupy their full 2293.73 crores.

UPPCS Mains 2019 Essay 79 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2019
General Studies : Paper-I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A economic level. If seen from a subtle point of view, the

economic system development by the use of iron had an
Q.1 : Describe the cultural significance of important contribution in the social changes taking place
‘Prayagraj’ in ancient India. during this period.
Ans. : Located at the confluence of Ganga-Yamuna Role of Iron
and invisible Saraswati, presently Prayagraj is an ↓
important district of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj has Development of agriculture activities
importance from historical, political as well as cultural
point of view. ↓
The history of Prayagraj is as old as the history of Surplus production
India. Late Mesolithic sites like Lekhahia, ↓
ChopaniMando, old Jhunsi sites like- Kotwa, NibiKala, Development of craft art and commerce
Ulta Qila etc., are related to Prayagraj. Later onPrayagraj ↓
has also been discussed in Vedic texts. During the The emergence of city centers
Mahajanapada period, Prayagraj was under Thus, it is clear that the role of iron was very
KaushambiMahajanapada. A Pillar inscription of Ashoka important for the second urbanization. The knowledge of
has been found in Kaushambi. Samudragupta's Prayag iron and its use in agriculture paved the way for the rise
Prashasti, which is the essence of his life, is also related of cities by converting the pastoral economy of the early
to Prayagraj. Further, Harshavardhana’s association has
Aryans into an advanced agricultural economy.
also been with Prayagraj.
The use of iron led to agricultural surpluses, which
Prayagraj has also been important culturally in
paved the way for the emergence of many new business
ancient times. Kaushambi(Prayagraj) is considered to be
classes. Some of these were related to craft. Along with
the confluence of Jainism and Buddhism. There are also
many viharas of Buddhism in this area craft and business, the category emerged. Apart from
(GhoshitaramViharaetc). Prayagraj is also an important this, the money economy also got a boost.
place of Hindu religion. Maha Kumbh is organized here This economic development gave rise to economic
every 12th year.Harshavardhana used to organize division as well as social division. By this period the
‘Mahamoksh Parishad’ every 5th year at Prayag Sangam. tribal structure had broken down and in its place a
The Nayak of Bhasa’sbook ‘Swapnavasvadattam’ was society based on apartheid emerged, which led to the
king Volayam of Kaushambi. Later on, Prayagrajalso establishment of a complex social system based on caste
became the centre of Bhakti movement. discrimination.
In conclusion, it can be said that Ganga-Yamuni The iron-based economic growth gave birth to a
culture, which is the soul of India, flourished in priestly class freed from production surcharges, which by
Prayagraj itself, and on the strength of this Ganga- giving authenticity to the position of the state, declared
Yamuni culture today India has become a world in itself. the king to be the protection of the ‘Varna system’
Q.2 : Describe the role of Iron mineral in socio- The economic changes brought about by iron also
economic development of human being during 600- deeply affected the society. New social classes came into
300 B.C. existence. The economic condition of the ‘vaishyas’
Ans. : After the invention of Iron, the Mahajanapada became very strong yet, they were ranked third in the
period or second urbanization began between 600-300 VarnaSystem. The ‘shudras’ were at the last rank as
BC. It affected not only the social level but also the before.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 80 YCT
 Thus it is clear that the role of iron mineral in the and providing basic facilities. At the same time, their
socio-economic development of human being was development can be ensured by linking them with urban
important during 600 to 300 B.C. development programs. The standard of living in slums
Q.3 : Critically examine the effects of British is very pathetic due to lack of basic facilities.
Industrial Revolution on India’s Economic life. To achieve the objectives and goals enshrined in the
Ans. : Industrial capitalism developed in England in Constitution, it is the responsibility of the government to
the 19th century due to which its economic preference provide human-friendly life style by arranging these
towards India also changed. Before the industrial areas in the systematic manner.
revolution, the goal of the British was to find a market Also with urban planning, rural area planning should
elsewhere for Indian goods, then after the industrial be implemented to reduce the rural to urban migration.
revolution, it became the goal to develop India itself as a Such town planning which increases work opportunity
market for British goods. As well as providing a strong along with infrastructural development can help a lot in
base for British industries. As a result India became an betterment of slums.
exporter of raw materials. Q.5 : Evaluate the population growth and role of
Under the agricultural commercialization in India, women in population control in Uttar Pradesh.
instead of food grains, the emphasis was on the Ans. : For population growth in Uttar Pradesh, the
production of cash crops, but this did not benefit those geographical, social, cultural, religious and economic
people on whose sacrifice this process was started, but factors have been a combined influence here. Due to
there was a shortage of food grains. This is the reason gradual social and economic development, increasing
why there was widespread death during the time of industrialization and urbanization and expansion of
famine. agricultural land, the population has continued to
increase continuously with the expansion of health
Monetization of Indian agriculture led to the facilities, the death rate has been controlled, but due to
emergence of rural indebtness. The farmers were unable poverty, ignorance and high birth rate, the population
to pay the high amount of land revenue. Traditional growth rate continues.
industries were discouraged by the British industries.
The handmade Indian products could not compete with
the British goods, due to which a large number of people
were facing a crisis of livelihood.
Apart from this, some other effects are as follows:
• Decrease in purchasing power of farmers.
• Increase in hunger, famine.
• Lack of technological development in the field of
agriculture.
• Under the policy of free trade, withdrawal of a Role of women:
certain amount of wealth from India every year as Bringing the increasing population growth rate
household expenditure. under control is the demand of the present time because
In this way the industrial revolution destroyed the due to this excessive exploitation of resources, poverty,
economy of India, discontent spread among all sections unemployment is increasing.Women have an important
and the full expression of this discontent was reflected in role in controlling the population growth rate; women
the Revolution of 1857. can reduce the fertility rate by adopting family planning
Q.4 : Write a note on the role of Town planning programs by becoming aware and educated. By
for the development of basic civic amenities in slums : becoming financially empowered, able to take decisions
on their own, by eliminating old beliefs, by becoming a
Ans. : Town Planning refers to providing basic
participant of men, they can play their effective role in
facilities to the people living there by creating an orderly
controlling population growth rate.
infrastructure for the development of cities. Under
Q.6 : Evaluate the main problems of the
section-3 of the India’s Slum Areas (Reform and
empowerment of Scheduled Tribes in India.
Evacuation) Act – 1956, the following characteristics
Ans. : Scheduled Tribes include such a class who
have been given for declaring a settlement as a slum.
mainly live in forests, mountains, backward and remote
(1) They are unsuitable for human habitation. areas. They live apart from the mainstream of society
(2) High population density, chaotic houses, and live according to their different socio-cultural
narrowstreets, lack of light, filth, polluted water beliefs.
etc. dominate. The main obstacles in the empowerment of the
According to the Mayar, Town planning provides an Scheduled Tribes are-
orderly form by arranging the various units of the city. • This class has been living separately from the
The role of Town planning in slum : main stream of the society since ancient times,
The problems of slums can be solved through city hence the problems of their adjustment in the
planning by taking care of habitation, health facilities mainstream is seen.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 81 YCT
 • Their lifestyle, beliefs, living habit, food, • Being an agricultural sector, it is the leader in
business and socio-cultural methodology are food production, which attracts migrants/refugees.
different. Thus, the geographical condition of Uttar Pradesh is
• There are problems related to health, low level of easy for humans to live in that attracts refugees.
education, discrimination, suffering from Q.9 : “Tropical cyclones originate on the oceanic
untouchability, poverty, low standard of living, parts and as soon as they reach the terrestrial parts,
high level of unemployment, economic these storms gradually weaken and end.” Explain
exploitation, backwardness of agriculture, with reasons.
indebtedness, lack of awareness, ignorance of Ans. : A cyclone is a large circular air mass that
democratic activities deprivation of political rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric
rights, cultural and religious differences. pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere
The major problem in empowerment of the Tribal and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
communities lies in internal and external causes. Lack of Tropical cyclone, also called typhoon or hurricane,
willingness of authorities and half hearted cooperation is an intense circular storm that originates over warm
from tribal community poses biggest obstacle in Tropical Ocean and is characterized by low atmospheric
empowerment of tribes in India. pressure, high winds and heavy rains. Due to the high
Q.7 : What is ‘Heritage Arc’? Underline its pressure gradient near the centre, their velocity ranges
importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms of tourism from 120 to 240 km.
potential. 1020
Ans. : The Heritage Arc is a triangulation network
stretching from Agra to Lucknow and Varanasi in India 1015
covering an area of approximately 700km. The Heritage 1005
Arc signifies heritage in terms of cultural, historical and
natural aspects. 998
Moving on this arc from one end of the State to the 990
other, takes travelers through Agra region, Lucknow
region and Varanasi region with several exciting
destinations along the way of importance.
• Heritage Arc will boost tourism in Uttar Pradesh.
• It will provide employment opportunities locally.
• It will create infrastructure development projects
such as proper facilities for tourists, training of
guides and setting up of information centres.
• Tourism has a huge economic potential, and it
will lead to the increase in GDP of State. Tropical Cyclone
• Tourists visiting Agra will be drawn to Lucknow
and Varanasi and can boost the backward region Why the tropical cyclones weaken after landfall?
of eastern Uttar Pradesh. A tropical cyclone over the land (Landfall of a
By adopting ecosystem development approach we cyclone is the event of a storm moving over land after
can attract tourists from all over the world, as tourism being over water) begins to weaken rapidly because the
have been proved as the main factor for the success of storm lacks the moisture and heat sources that the
many economies around the world. ocean provides. The depletion of the moisture and heat
Q.8 : Explain the geographical factors which decreases the tropical cyclones’ ability to produce
have attracted refugees to settle in difference parts of thunder storms near the storm center. Without this
Uttar Pradesh. convection, the cyclone can’t survive.
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh is a State full of geographical Another reason is friction which is higher over the
and cultural diversity. The main factors attracting land than the sea surface. So due to the insufficient
refugees here are : supply of moisture and heat from the ocean and high
friction over the land than sea, the tropical cyclones
• Due to the Ganges and its tributaries, a wide
weaken over the land after landfall.
fertile land is obtained, which is good for
agricultural production. Q.10 : Give an account of Minor irrigation
projects of Uttar Pradesh with suitable examples.
• The climate of Uttar Pradesh, water availability,
Ans. : Irrigation : Irrigation is the process of
easy housing conditions, employment
applying water to crops artificially to fulfill their water
opportunities in agriculture sector attracts
requirements in regular time intervals.
refugees.
Time and repetition of irrigation varies from crop to
• Development of means of transport. crop, from different soil types as well as from season to
• Increasing urbanization. season.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 82 YCT
 Micro irrigation is the slow application of continuous The system focused on moral, physical, spiritual and
drips, tiny streams or miniature sprays of water above or intellectual aspects of life. It emphasised on values such
below the soil surface on the basis of irrigation area. as humanity truthfulness, disipline, self-reliance and
Geographers in India have mainly classified respects for all creations. Students were taught to
irrigation projects into three categories as major, medium appreciate the balance between human beings and nature.
and minor. Teaching and learning followed the tenets of Vedas
and Upanishad fulfilling the duties towards self, family
More than 10 2 to 10 thousands Less than 2
thousand hectare hectares thousands hectares and society thus encompassing all aspects of life.
Education system focused both on learning and physical
Major irrigation Medium irrigation Minor irrigation
project project project development.
Well, tube well, pond, drip irrigation, sprinkler and In other words, the emphasis was on healthy mind
spray system are prevalent under minor irrigation and healthy body. Anyone can see that education in India
projects in Uttar Pradesh. Agriculture work is done on a has a heritage of being pragmatic, achievable and
large scale in the State through minor irrigation means. complementary to life.
The State government promotes minor irrigation In Vedic era, both formal and informal ways of
schemes through various policies and programs. About education system existed: Indigenous education was
77% of irrigation in the State is done by minor irrigation imparted at home, in temples pathsalas, tols, chatuspadis
means. and gurukuls. There were people in homes, village and
temples who guided young children is imbibing pious
The following programs related to minor irrigation
ways of life. Temples were also the centres of learning
are being run by State government : and took interest in the promotion of knowledge of our
(1) Free of cost boring schemes ancient system.
(2) Medium Depth Tube well Scheme. Gurukuls, also known as Ashrams were the
(3) Construction of Deep tube well. residential places of learning.Hundreds of students, used
(4) Check Dam construction Scheme. to learn together in gurukuls. Women too had to access
(5) Artesian Well Scheme. to education during the early Vedic period. Among the
(6) Community Blast well scheme-2011. prominent women Vedic scholars, we find reference to
(7) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Collective Tube well Maitreyi Viswambhara, Apala, Gargi and Lopamudra.
Scheme-2012. During that period, the gurus and their shishyas
The contribution of minor irrigation sources in the lived together helping each other in day to day life, the
main objective was to lead a disciplined life and
area of irrigation in the State is about 77.9%. The minor
releasing one's inner potential.
irrigation program of Uttar Pradesh is the largest
The gurukuls was also the place where the
program run by any single institution in the world.
relationship of guru and shishyasstrengthened with time.
SECTION-B While pursuing their education in different disciplines
like history, art, debates, law, medicine etc., the
Q.11 : Describe the main features of the Vedic emphasis was not only on the outer dimensions of
education system and review it significance in the disciples but also on enriching inner dimensions of the
present context. personality.
Ans. : Education is the process of facilitating As we understand, the Vedic education system of
learning or acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, India focused on holistic development of the students
morals, beliefs, habits and personal development. Vedic both inner and outer self, thus preparing them for life.
education system is one of the oldest education systems Education was free and not centralised. Its
of the world. Salient features of Vedic education system: foundation were laid in rich cultural traditions of India
thereby helping in the development of the physical,
intellectual, spiritual and artistic aspects of life
holistically.
Our present day education system has a lot to learn
from the ancient education system of India therefore the
stress is being laid on connecting learning to world
outside the school.Today educationists recognise the role
and importance of multi-lingual and multi-cultural
education thereby connecting the Vedic and the
traditional knowledge with contemporary learning.
Q.12 : Examine the role of Quit India Movement
From the time of Rigveda onwards, ancient in the Freedom Movement in India.
education system evolved over the period of time and Ans. : The Quit India Movement also known as
focused on the holistic development of the individual by ‘August Revolution’ was launched after the failure of the
taking care of both inner and outer self. Cripps Mission to solve the constitutional deadlock. The
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 83 YCT
resolution was framed by Gandhiji for British withdrawal • In view of the failure of the League of Nations (1919),
and a non-violent, non-cooperation movement against the establishment of the United Nations in a refined
Japanese invasion. manner took place, which will be responsible for the
The Congress Working Committee authorized establishment of world peace and redressal of
Gandhiji to take charge of the non-violent mass disputes.
movement at Wardha meeting and it was ratified at the • Establishment of GATT, establishment of World
Congress meeting at Gowalia Tank, Bombay, on August Bank and Establishment of IMF to give impetus to
8, 1942. trade and rehabilitation of economy.
Gandhiji’s instructions to various sections of the • Establishment of UNICEF and UNESCO for the
public : prevention of global poverty & hunger and for
(1) Government servants: do not resign but increasing education, health expansion & culture
declare your allegiance to the Congress. promotion.
(2) Soldiers: be with the army but refrain from • Formation of organizations like NPT, CEBT to reduce
firing on compatriots. the competition of increasing dangerous weapons
(3) Peasants: Pay the agreed rent if the manufacturing.
landlords/zamindars are anti-government; if • The beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement.
they are pro-government, do not pay the rent. • Abandonment of the policy of colonialism.
(4) Students: can leave studies if they are confident • To appeal for equality with all countries.
enough. Thus, with a few exceptions (Cold war, Arab
(5) Princes: Support the people and accept the conflict, Cuba dispute, Vietnam conflict, terrorism etc.),
sovereignty of them. the main objective of all countries has been to strive for
(6) People of the PrincelyStates: support the ruler peace-building development, to strengthen the
only if he is anti-government, declare your development of basic facilities.
selves as part of the Indian nation. Q.14 : Indian culture is the symbol of Unity in
Significance of the Movement : Diversity’. Analyse the statement logically by giving
The Movement was carried forward without the suitable illustrations.
leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, or any other leader, as all Ans. : India is a vast country where elements of
of them were jailed on its commencement. All sections equality and inequality are naturally visible at the social,
of people participated in huge numbers. Decentralized cultural, religious, geographical and political level, yet
command was the prime significance of this movement. the spirit of unity is always reflected by establishing
The British began to seriously think about the issue of harmony in all.
Indian independence after seeing the upsurge among the In the Indian culture, we get to see the feeling of
masses. unity in diversity in the following forms-
It changed the nature of political negotiations with (i) Geographical Unity: The awakening of the
feeling of a specific geographical unit, common
British Empire in 1940s which ultimately paved the way
motherland, (the importance of land to the
of India’s independence. The slogan of ‘Do or die’
country is that of its body to man) country is the
remains the most revolutionary Slogan till this day.
strong basis of fundamental unity.
It is also a symbol of political betrayal. Muslim
(ii) Political Unity:Article-1 of Indian Constitution
League, Hindu Mahasabha, RSS and even the undivided speaks, "India that is Bharat shall be union of
communist party opposed Gandhi as well as his call for states." This political unity is not recent, it had
complete civil disobedience. its origin in the long past. For the first time
The biggest feature of this movement was that, now India was united under one umbrella by the
independence became the sole demand of the national redoubtable leadership of Chandragupta
movement. Now there was no turning back from here. Maurya. Right from him, the concept of
Whatever was to be discussed with the foreign power in 'Rajachakravarti' or the paramount sovereign
future, it was to be centered only on the issue of transfer began to evolve and Ashoka, Samudragupta,
of power. Chandragupta, Harshavardhana, Akbar and
Q.13 : Describe the efforts made for world peace many others maintained it. Even after British
after the Second World War on global level. conquest of India this political unity was
Ans. : The consequences of World War-II were very maintained like today with uniform pattern of
worrying. In view of the extreme situation of colonial law, penal code, administrative work, and so on.
competition with the use of atomic bomb for the first (iii) Cultural Unity: Elements of unity with
time, competition between the capitalist country America diversity in religion, language, literature and
and the communist country Soviet Union, Genocide, loss social traditions are visible in the Indian sub-
of life and economic crisis, was criticized by the continent. In Indian tradition, the mother and
politicians of some countries and started working to the birthplace have been described as more than
strengthen peace and development. heaven.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 84 YCT
 (iv) Many religions (Sanatan, Jain, Buddhist, etc.) • Overcrowding
originated here and believers of many religions • Housing problems
reside, yet the culture here represents the • Urban flood.(example – Mumbai, Chennai,
equality of all religions. Srinagar and so on.)
It is clear from the above analysis that there is a • Transport and traffic problems.
fundamental unity between the external and visible • Corruption
disparities in Indian culture. This unityin diversity is the In this way, due to increasing urbanization, creates
main feature of Indian culture. various problems in the cities. In India, 31.2% it
Q.15 : “The politics of religion and ethnic population lives in cities, and increasing
violence is basically the politics of secularism and rapidly.According to UNO this will be 50% of the total
secularization.” Critically analyse the statement. population by 2050.
Ans. : On the one hand, Karl Marx compares At present, many policies and programs are being
religion with opium, on the other hand, Gandhiji called run by the Government for the development of cities, and
religion as an essential part of the democratic system. It mitigating these problems, in which the main ones are
has become a common practice in politics to praise one’s Housing for all, Smart City, Atal Mission, Hriday project,
own religion and criticize other’s religion. Ethnic Amrit Mission, Swachh Bharat Mission,and so on.
violence is a struggle over the superiority of casteism or Q.17 : Discuss the spatial distribution of types of
sectism. rural settlement in Ganga Plain.
Secular politics means to keep religion away from Ans. : The type of rural settlement refers to the
specific grouping of rural houses, in which the number,
politics and when this action is adopted then it is called
density of houses and the relationship between them are
secularization. There has been a dispute among
studied.
politicians regarding the relation between religion and
politics. One section believes that religion should be kept
separate from a democratic subject like politics, while
Highly dispersed
the other class believes that there is a deep relationship domicile (in a
between religion and politics in practice. heterogeneous
In the present political system, there is a lot of geographical area)
politics being done regarding religion and caste. Parties
are being formed on the basis of religion and caste.
Animosity is arising among the people on the basis of Hamleted
rural Type of Radiated/
religions and caste; people are becoming affected by this
settlement rural dispersed
narrow perception. settlement settlement
In conclusion, the politics of religion and ethnic
violence is the politics of secularism and secularization.
But in practice it shows disintegration. The feeling of
religious fanaticism and intolerance is increasing. Semi-dence settlement
Incidents of violence on the basis of caste are increasing. (mainly in Ganga-
In all this, politics is adding fuel to the fire. Yamuna doab )
Q.16 : Define urbanization. Discuss the problems
caused by fast pace of urbanization.
Ans. : According to Taylor, “Urbanization is the Rural settlement in the Ganges plain is determined
displacement of population from village to cities.” by its climate, fertile land, availability of water and
The physical expansion of urban areas by factors such as physical conditions. Due to dense population density,
area, population is called urbanization. agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industries etc.,
The Indian census department has taken the following exists in the Ganga valley, there is not much variation in
thing as the basis of a city: the nature of settlement.
The population is more than 5000. Types of major ruralsettlement in the Ganges Plain:
The population density should not be less than 400 1. Linear settlement: Such villages are mainly located
persons per Sq. Km. on both sides of the road, on the banks of the rivers,
75% of the working population is engaged in non- on the bank of canals. The houses appear in a line.
agricultural activities. 2. Radial settlement: Developed village at the meeting
To be included in Municipality Town Area or point of many roads.
Cantonment Board, and so on. 3. Checker Board: Village built on chowkpatti or
Problems arising from increasing urbanization : intersections.
4. Rectangular Settlement:Mainly built in plain area.
• Lack of land.
5. Circular pattern settlements:Built on the banks of a
• Expansion of Slums.
lake, pond or temple or any public building.
• Water and sanitation problems 6. Nuclear village: In the centre of which is the house of
• Unemployment the headmen who settled the village.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 85 YCT
 The rural settlement in the Ganga valley appears to
be established in many forms depending on the
availability of various necessities and material resources.

Zeugen
3. Yardangs : Ridge of rock, formed by the action
of the wind, usually parallel to the prevailing
and direction.

Fig. Various Settlement Patterns in Gangetic plain

Q.18 : Describe the landforms formed by wind
erosion and depositional works.
Ans. : After the process of weathering, the transfer 4. Inselberg : A monadnock or inselberg is an
of matter elsewhere is called erosion, when the material isolated hill, knob, ridge, outcrop, or small
mountain that rises abruptly form a gently
settles at some place after erosion, then it is called
sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
deposition. Wind is the main factor in carrying out the
process of erosion. Wind helps a lot in mechanical
weathering. This erosion work is mainly physical which
takes place in the form of abrasion, friction, and drifting.
Land forms formed by wind :
1. Pedestal Rock : This is also called Mushroom
Rock. In deserts, a greater amount of sand and
rock particles are transported close to the
ground by the wind which cause more bottom
erosion in overlying rocks than the top.

Inselberg
5. Demoiselles : These are rock pillars which
stand as resistant rocks above soft rocks as a
result of differential erosion of hard and soft
rocks.

Pedestal Rock
2. Zeugen : A table-shaped area of rock found in
arid and semi-arid areas, formed when more
resistant rock is reduced at a slower rate than
softer rocks around it.
Demoiselles
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 86 YCT
 6. Other land forms: Sand dunes, ripple marks, The North Atlantic current have many effect on
loess, playa, Bajada, Dry- Cantar and so on. various things like – local climate, navigation, fishing
In this way, the above landformsare formed on the precipitation, desert formation and so on.
surface by the process of erosion and deposition by wind. Q.20 : Critically examine the oceanic energy
Q.19 : Write a systematic essay on the ocean resources and their potentialities on the coastal zone
currents of northern Atlantic Ocean with their of India.
reasons of origin.
Ans. : Ocean Energy : Ocean's water movement
Ans. : The movement of a large body of ocean water
creates a vast store of kinetic energy in various forms of
in a certain direction is called ocean current.
The classification of currents is determined on the renewable energy, viz., Tidal energy, Wave
basis of their speed, size and direction. energy,Ocean current energy, etc., which can be
Factors responsible for the origin of North Atlantic harnessed to generate electricity. Oceans cover more
Ocean currents: than 70% of earth’s surface. The ocean can produce two
• Planetary winds:Planetary winds are the principle type of energy:
cause of the origin of ocean currents. Such winds I. Thermal energy from the sun heat, and
drive surface water along with them. II. Mechanical energy, from the tides, waves and
• Difference of density and salinity: It is attributed to currents.
density differences in different layers of ocean waters. These energies are non-polluting andare more
Heavier water sinks and causes the overlying surface reliable source. The energy produced by the rise and fall
water to move in its space. This gives rise to global of sea level caused by gravitational forces exerted by the
oceanic circulation. sun, moon and rotation of the earth, huge amounts of
• Insolation:Heating by solar energy causes the water tidal water twice a day which generates electricity when
to expand. This causes a very slight gradient and
released.
water tends to flow down the slope causing ocean
1. Wave energy: It uses the power of the waves to
current. The flow is normally from east to west.
generate electricity. Unlike tidal energy which uses the
• Coastline shape:The shape of coastline is also an
important factor that divides the ocean current which ebb and the tides, wave energy uses the vertical
in terms flow. movement of the surface water that produces tidal waves.
• Earth rotation and gravity:The rotation of the Earth 2. Ocean Thermal energy:The sun’s heat warms
causes Coriolis force which affects the direction of the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water,
movement of water and leads to formation of ocean and this temperature difference can be used to generate
currents. Gravity tends to pull the water down to pile steam and then power.
and create gradient variation. 3. Ocean current energy:The energy of Ocean
• Temperature difference: Cold-water ocean currents currents under the surface is comparable to the wind
occur when the cold water at the poles sinks and above it. Under water turbines- large propellers tethered
slowly moves towards the equator. Warm water to the seabed–are used to derive power from this source.
currents travel out from the equator along the surface, 4. Osmotic energy : This technique produces
flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking cold energy from the movement of water across membranes
water.
between a saltwater reservoir and freshwater reservoir.
• Coriolis force: Under the action of coriolis force, the
Potential : According to IIT– Chennai and NIOT,
movement of ocean currents in the northern
total identified potential of Tidal energy is about 12,455
hemisphere is in clockwise and in southern
hemisphere it is in the anti clock wise direction. Mw, with potential locations identified at Khambat
Currents of northern Atlantic ocean : &Kutch regions, and large backwaters, where barrage
technology could be used.
The total theoretical potential of wave energy in
India along the country’s coast is estimated to be about
40,000 MW –these are however less intensive than what
is available in more northern and southern latitudes.
In the present circumstances, it holds a greater
relevance as India has pledged to reduce its emission
intensity by 33 to 35% compared to 2005 levels, by 2030
and 40% of the total installed power capacity in 2030
would be based on non –fossil fuel based sources.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-I 87 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2019
General Studies : Paper-II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A 1993, in line with universal declaration of Human Rights

Paris Principles, endorsed by United Nations General
Q.1 : Describe the objectives and impact of Atal Assembly, 1993.
Bhujal Yojana. Function & Role :
Ans. : The Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) is a central • Inquire: Inquires into violation of Human Rights.
sector scheme worth Rs. 6000 crore for sustainable • Visit: Jail or any other institution under the control of
management of ground water with community centres under state government.
participation.
• Research, Review and Recommend: On the basis of
Features : study of International treaties.
• It is being implemented by Ministry of Jal Shakti. • Spread awareness: Literacy about human rights and
• It envisages people’s participation through the awareness of safeguard.
formation of ‘Water User Associations’, water • Report: To the President who further present it in
budgeting, preparation & implementation of Gram- Parliament.
Panchayat-wise water security plans and so on.
Challenges :
• The identified over exploited and water stressed areas
• NHRC depends on government for funds, diminishing
for the implementation of the scheme are; Gujarat,
its independence and other issues like inadequate
Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
funds.
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• NHRC does not have power to penalize and can only
Objectives :
recommend.
• The objective is the strengthening of the institutional • Investigating officers are generally on deputation
framework for participatory groundwater management from the same forces that have been accused of
and bringing about behavioral changes at the violations, creating a conflict of interest.
community level for sustainable groundwater
• Armed Forces are excluded under Armed Forces
management.
Special Protection Act.
• Bringing of the behavioral changes at the community • There are allegations of political interference and it is
level for sustainable groundwater resources perceived as post retirement benefits.
management. • Supreme Court has called it as toothless tiger.
• The scheme also envisages improved source • There are instances of mob lynching, fake encounters,
sustainability for Jal Jeevan Mission, positive riots, and so on.
contribution to the governments’ goal of doubling The situation of persistent human rights violation
farmer income. like custodial violence and mob lynching has highlighted
In light of the above mentioned objectives of the need to improve, strengthen and empower NHRC to
ABHY, if properly implemented it can boost water make it more efficient and independent.
availability in water stressed area and agricultural Q.3 : “The traditional quality of Civil Services
productivity. has been neutrality.” Explain it.
Q.2 : Briefly state the role of National Human Ans. : Civil services/Public services
Rights Commission of India. It is a service which is provided by the government
Ans. : National Human Rights Commission is the to people which is used with its jurisdiction either
watchdog of Human Rights in India. It is a statutory directly (through the public sector) or indirectly by
body established under Protection of Human Rights Act financing provisions of services.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 88 YCT
 Recently there has been a debate whether Strategic Concerns :
bureaucracy is being neutral or not. • Nepal’s new map: Claims Indian Territory of
When caught between various political ideologies Lipulekh Pass and Kalapani area.
and in conflicts of opinion, officials are supposed to • Open border: Leads to drug trafficking, human
maintains their neutrality. But there is an opposite view trafficking and so on.
that the top civil servants are not neutral as all, on the • China card: Played by Nepalese politicians.
contrary, they are very ‘hungry for power’ and to satisfy • Political instability in Nepal making its harder for
their hunger they participate is politics. India to forge ties.
Need for a Neutral quality of Civil Services : However India and Nepal have very deep rooted
Neutrality depicts that public officials are not salves
historic and geographical ties, India must prioritise Nepal
to either the politicians or any other authority other than
as a key regional partner and also engage in dialogue to
the moral authority of the Constitution. It shows that the
redress their grievance and border disputes and such a
principle of neutrality implies a measure of independence
stance will also ensure that Chinese presence in Nepal is
both from the partisan interest of the government of the
controlled.
day and the exogenous agenda that prompts certain
social grasp to cow other down to humiliating Q.5 : Write a note on Citizen’s Charter.
vulnerability. Ans. : Citizen’s Charter is basically a set of
Civil Services should be neutral in terms of commitment made by organisation regarding standard of
ideology and politics : services which it delivers. It represents commitment of
It means there will not be an affinity to a particular organisation towards standards, quality, time-frame of
class or ideology. Most importantly, it also suggest that services delivery, grievance redressal mechanism based
ever in the post retirement period, public officials could on aspiration of public:
make significant intervention for more noble purpose
undergoing the good society even without joining a
Quality
particular brand and formal politics that has scant regard
for constitutional principles is not only a lifelong project
Transparency Choice
but more importantly it can be carried out without any
political and ideological mediation.
If bureaucracy would no be neutral then it can not Principles
Participativ
lend its whole hearted support to the casting political e
system, and to the economic and political system. If any
radical changes are introduced without neutrality, there Standards
Accountabilit Values
can be close names between bureaucracy and large scale y
enterprises which could further lead to crony capitalism.
In advance societies, there is a number of classes
and this finally leads to the conflict among classes, the The basic objective of the Citizen’s Charter is to
officials should remains neutral in this conflict empower the citizen in relation to public service
otherwise, they will be very eager to protect the interests delivery. Seven principles of the Citizen’s Charter
of the class/classes to which they belong. movement as originally formed were:
Thus, the neutrality principle has a moral function to I. Quality: improving the quality of service.
prevent public officials form becoming slaves to the II. Choice: wherever possible.
government of the day. III. Standards: specify what to expect and how to act if
Q.4 : What are the main irritants in Indo-Nepal standards are not met.
bilateral relations? IV. Value: for the taxpayers’ money.
Ans. : India and Nepal historically had close V. Accountability: Individuals and organizations
political, social, cultural and economic ties. There is a VI. Transparency: Rules/ procedures/ schemes /
long open border line between the two countries. This is Grievances.
the reason why Nepal has a special importance in India’s VII. Participative-Wide Consultation
foreign and defence policy. However, India –Nepal Why the need for a Citizen’s Charter :
relations have been going through a tense phase in the
• To maintain administrative transparency.
last few years.
• To make the administration citizen friendly.
Main issues of concern :
Economic Concern : • To make customer service more convenient.
• Project delays: Delay in implementation of projects • To ensure the availability of correct information to the
like MahaKali treaty. citizens.
• Economic Blockade (2015): Soured the relations • To make governance easier for the citizens.
with India allegedly showing a Big Brother attitude. If the points included in the Citizen’s Charter are
• Chinese FDI: Pushing India out and narrowing the implemented properly, then it can establish good
market for India investments. governance.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 89 YCT
Issues in Citizen’s Charter : • It declares nature of Indian state that is Sovereign,
• Manager’s charter: In majority of cases no Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic polity.
consultation through staff who have to implement, • It specifies objectives of the Constitution as Justice,
also with civil society. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
• Poor design content: Sometimes it lacks critical • It stipulates November, 26, 1949 as the date of
information that end users need to hold agencies enactment of the Constitution.
accountable. Importance :
• Lack of Public Awareness: Sometime no efforts • Preamble is the backbone or the spirit through which
have been made to make public aware. India stands today.
Way Forward :
• It declares the basis of the type of government and
• Formulation of CC should be a decentralised activity.
polity which is sought to be established in the country.
• There should be wide consultation with stakeholders.
• It declares the rights and freedom which the people of
• There should be redressal mechanism in case of
India must have.
default.
However CC cannot be end in itself rather means to • It throws light on the source of the Constitution.
an end, a tool to ensure citizen is always at heart. • It can be used to interpret the Constitution and laws.
Drawing from best practices model such as SEVOTTAM • Pandit Thakur Das described the Preamble as “the
(A service delivery excellence) can help CC in becoming Soul of the Constitution”.
more citizen centric. Q.8 : Critically examine the main elements of the
Q.6 : Describe the vulture conservation project of Representation of People’s Act.
Uttar Pradesh Government. Ans. : Articles 324 to 329 of Part XV of the Indian
Ans. : In a major step to conserve the endangered Constitution provide for the country’s electoral system.
vulture population, the Uttar Pradesh government will set The Constitution confers upon the Parliament the power
up State’s first vulture conservation and breeding centre to enact laws for all matters connected with elections to
in far end area of Maharajganj district. the Parliament and the State Legislature. In this context
There has been a sharp decline in the population of Parliament has enacted the Representation of Peoples
vultures in the country which has come down from 40 Act 1950 and Representation of People Act 1951.
million to 1900 in a span of over three decades. Feature of Representation of Peoples Act 1950:
• It is Uttar Pradesh’s first vulture conservation and • Seat allocation in Lok Sabha and the Legislative
breeding centre. Assemblies.
• It is first centre in India dedicated to red-headed king • Each constituency has to have an electoral roll.
vulture. • Power of delimitation has been conferred upon
• It will be established on the lines of Haryana’s Pinjore Election Commission.
vulture conservation and breeding centre. Feature of Representation of Peoples Act (RPA) 1951
• State government has allocated Rs. 82 lakh for vulture • Qualification of voters.
conservation centre. It will take 15 years to be full • Grounds of disqualification of contesting candidates
completed and it will cost around Rs. 15 crore. are provided in RPA 1951 like promoting enmity,
• The establishment of this centre will be under the hatred and so on.
control of Gorakhpur Forest Department and Bombay • Section 8 of the RPA 1951 bans convicted politicians.
Natural History Society and the Wildlife Research • Election Commission has been conferred power to
Institute will provide technical help. register political parties.
The conservation and breeding of vulture will be • Right to vote if registered in electoral roll.
promoted through the vulture conservation project so that
However there are issues faced by the election
these birds can be safe for their role as cleaners of their
commission in the process of implementation, the
environment.
election commission has no power to deregister political
Q.7 : The philosophy of Indian Democracy is parties.
embodied in the preamble of the constitution of India.
• Criminalisation of Politics.
Explain.
Ans. : Preamble is referred as the preface of the • Increasing instances of hatred speech.
Constitution and is based on objectives resolution (1946) • There is use of money and muscle power.
moved by Pandit Nehru in the Constituent Assembly. • Lack of Intra Party democracy.
Preamble contains summary of the Constitution. Thus there is need to remove obstacles in
Feature : implementation of RPA Act and functioning of Election
• The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its Commission so that the democracy can flourish in
authority from the people. country in word and spirit.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 90 YCT

 Q.9 : Describe the procedure of creation and • Provisions discriminate Jews, Disclaim, and Atheists
abolition of legislative council in States. Why did the on religious ground.
Andhra Pradesh State Assembly pass a resolution to
• It may lead to demographic change in Assam, Tripura
abolish the state’s Legislative Council? Explain in
and West Bengal.
short.
Ans. : Article 169 of the Constitution provides for • It is alleged that it violates Article 14 of the
the creation and abolition of the Legislative Council in a Constitution.
State. Conclusion :
According to Article-169, a Legislative Council can The onus is now on Supreme Court to interpret the
be constituted in a State only if the Legislative Assembly provisions of the Act and test its constitutionality.
of the State has passed a resolution to this effect by a
majority of the total number of members of the India has a civilization duty to protect those who are
Legislative Assembly and not less than two thirds of the prosecuted in its neighbourhood. But the methods must
number of member present and voting. Both the Houses be in accordance with the spirit of Constitution.
of Parliament then pass an Act to this effect, after which SECTION-B
the approval of the President is also necessary.
Recently Andhra Pradesh has passed resolution to Q.11 : What is meant by Digital India? Discuss its
abolish its Legislative Council. The Andhra Pradesh various pillars and challenges.
government has given three big arguments behind the Ans. : Digital India is a campaign launched by the
removal of the Legislative Council: Government of India in order to ensure the Government's
(1) The leaders who lose the elections then try to enter services are made available to citizens electronically by
in the system with the help of the Legislative improved online infrastructure and by increasing internet
Council, sometimes they become successful.
connectivity. There are three main components of Digital
(2) There is a lot of delay due to the Legislative Council
India program:
in passing and implementing bills.
(3) Due to the Legislative Council, the financial burden
on the State increases significantly.
However a Legislative Council can check hasty
action by Assembly and also enables non elected
individuals to contribute to the legislative process thus
such action should be taken with consensus.
Q.10 : Describe the main provision of the
Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019.
Ans. : Citizenship defines relationship of an
individual with political community. It gives rights,
duties, privileges and some restriction to individual. The nine Pillars of Digital India are-
Recently, Parliament amended the Citizenship Act- • Broadband highways
1955.
• Universal Access to mobile connectivity.
Provisions of Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019-
• Public Internet Access programme.
• Citizenship to Persecuted Minorities - Persons of Six
communities namely Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist, • E-Governance
Parsi and Christian from Pakistan, Bangladesh and • E-Kranti
Afghanistan. Persons of the above mentioned six • Information for all
minorities will not be considered as illegal migrant if
they had entered India before 31st December, 2014. • Electronic Manufacturing
• The Act provides that the Central Government may • IT for jobs.
cancel the registration of (Overseas Citizens of India) • Early Harvest Programmes.
OCIs on certain grounds. Advantages :
• The provisions are not applicable to 6th Schedule areas
• Reduction in corruption due to less human interface
and Inner Line Permit areas.
and increasing electronic transactions.
• On humanitarian ground, it gives shelter to the 6
persecuted minorities. • Easy and Hassle free access to general informations
through common service centers.
• It addresses the concern of Chakma & Hajong
Community living in India for 6 decades without • Easy delivery of the services through internet.
citizenship. • Establishment of digital villages along with well
Against : equipped facilities such as solar lighting LED
• The Act is in conflict with Assam Accord and assembly unit, sanitary napkin production unit and
National Register of Citizens. Wi-Fi Choupal.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 91 YCT
Challenges before Digital India : launched in 2015 with an odjective of inclusion of
• Lack of Infrastructural Facilities, e.g. inadequate disabled person in every spheres of public life.
development of broadband network. Role & Objectives of SBA are as follows-
• Lack of digital literacy. • It aims to make all public places in the country disable
• Security Challenges- Cyber attack, Hacking, Online friendly.
Fraud. • It intends to make the environment barrier free
• Lack of awareness among common people. throughout the country.
• It wants to ensure that all people get equal
• Huge disparity between rural and urban areas leading
opportunities irrespective of their physical and mental
to digital divide.
disabilities.
By overcoming the above challenges, India can not • It wants the disabled person should lead a dignified
only realise the dream of Digital India Mission but can life full of ease and comfort.
also play a leading role in the context of Industrial
Revolution 4.0. Importance of SBA :
Q.12 : Describe the National Biodiversity • Inclusion of disabled will bring better future for them.
Authority- • Feeling of equality in disabled persons is aligned with
Ans. : The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) the constitutional spirit.
was established by the Government of India in 2003 • It will boost the confidence of disabled persons.
under Ministry of Forest and Climate Change to • It will spread awareness of the issues faced by
implement India’s Biological Diversity Act (2002). The disabled persons which will make peoples more
NBA is a statutory body and it performs facilitative, sensitive to their problems.
regulatory and advisory functions for the Government of With the successful implementation of the SBA,
India on issues of conservation, sustainable use of India will join the rest of world as an inclusive society
biological resource and fair and equitable sharing of with universal accessibility. Physical accessibility will
benefits arising out of the use of biological resources. initiate accessibility to education, health, employment
NBA was established to comply with the terms of an and livelihood which will unleash the productivity of 6%
international treaty called the Convention on Biological population and their economic contribution in nation
Diversity (CBD). building.
Institutional structure for Implementation of Q.14 : Is India a powerful claimant of permanent
Biodiversity Act: membership in the Security Council? Give a reasoned
answer.
National National Biodiversity Authority Ans. : Established by the UN Charter in 1945, the
UN Security Council or UNSC is one of the six principal
organs of the United Nations. It is headquartered in New
York. The primary responsibility of the UNSC is to
State State Biodiversity Board maintain international peace and security. Further,
UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue
binding resolutions to member states.
Local Biodiversity Management Committee The UNSC consists of 15 members including 05
permanent members (the United States, the Russian
The following are the functions of the National Bio- Federation, France, China, and the United Kingdom) and
diversity Authority : 10 non-permanent members that are elected for a two-
• To advise the Government of India regarding year term by United Nations General Assembly. The
activities related to the conservation of biodiversity, presidency of the council rotates every month among its
biological resources. 15 members.
• Monitoring and prevention of action prohibited under Recently Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu
the Act. expressed that India has a rightful claim to
• To take necessary measures for the conservation of the permanent membership of the United Nation’s
biodiversity of the country. Security Council (UNSC).
• To select the Bio-diversity areas for notifying heritage India’s Claims :
sites and suggest measures for its management to the India’s claims to a permanent seat in the UNSC are
State government. based on the following grounds:
Thus, the National Biodiversity Authority has • Represents one-sixth of the global population.
important role to play in conservation and sustainable • Among the founding members of the U.N.
use of Biodiversity. • Always upheld its principles and credentials while
Q.13 : Write a note on the rote and importance of some other countries consider the organisation as
“Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan”. merely a talk shop.
Ans. : The Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) also • Impressive contribution towards the UN Peace
known as Accessible India Campaign is an initiative Keeping Force (UNPKF).
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 92 YCT
• An emerging economic power. the climate change primarily due to burning fossil fuels
• An independent foreign policy which is very like coal, oil and gas. Climate change affects every
often not in sync with that of the five permanent country and individual however the developing countries
members of UNSC (P5). Ex.: At first, India opposed are most affected by the climate change as they are least
authorising the use of force in Libya and then able to afford its consequences.
abstained from voting on the matter. Following are effect of climate change on
• A substantially increasing international clout. developing countries:
In developing countries women and girls are
• Victory at the International Court of Justice
disproportionately affected by negative impacts of
(ICJ) election in which the UK lost for the first
climate change. This deepens existing social inequalities
time.
and threatens women and girl's health safety and
• International day of Yoga which was celebrated economic well-being.
by 177 countries. • Climate change has the potential to reverse significant
Challenges for India’s Bid : development gains made in developing countries.
• Lack of Political Will: Although there is a general Resources will have to be diverted towards adoption
agreement towards change in the system, different and mitigation purpose. It can reduce development
countries have different perceptions of the expenditure. There will be decrease in agricultural
requirement for change. productivity it erratic weather.
• Coffee Club: It is an informal group comprising 40- • Geographically many island countries will be
odd member states, mostly middle-sized states who submerged under oceans.
oppose bigger regional powers grabbing permanent • Climate changes will lead to conflicts as it will create
seats, has been instrumental in holding back reforms climate reduces, there will struggle for resources thus
to the United Nations Security Council over the past creating a security issues for countries.
six years. • There will be conflict between the countries due the
• Chinese Opposition: China being a permanent refugee issue.
member blocks the growth of India becoming a Climate change threatens extinction of many plants
Permanent Member. and animals thus affecting the food chain.
• US Withdrawing Support : Present US Administration Thus Mitigation and adaption measures need to be
is going away from its previous trajectory and accelerated; countries need to implement Paris
opposing India’s request. Agreement in spirit.
• Growth Trajectory of India: India’s socio economic There should be more cooperation between
growth could become a question in making it a developed and developing countries. Technology and
permanent member. Funds should be provided to developing countries.
Way Forward : By implementing above steps it can be ensured that
climate change does not create havoc in developing
• India has to continue its demands by mobilising a
countries.
favourable public opinion at the global level.
Q.16 : What are the causes behind recent USA and
• It is important to maintain the support we receive Iran tensions? How this tension will affect the national
from the majority of the UNGA and UNSC interest of India? How should India respond to this
members. situation? Discuss.
• As former Prime Minister Manmohan Ans. : The roots of latest Iran-US crisis go back to
Singh expressed, our priority must be to achieve 2018, when the US President Donald Trump walked
a sustained growth rate of 10% for at least ten away from the Iranian Nuclear Deal, one of the signature
years, so that we will be eventually invited to be a achievements of his predecessor Barack Obama and re-
permanent member of the UNSC. imposed harsh sanctions on the country.
• Hence, instead of over-investing on our diplomatic Reasons of USA pull out of deal :
capital, India need to devise strategies to become a USA said that the deal is flawed because it gives Iran
more economically, militarily and access to billions of dollars but does not address the
diplomatically important power. Iran’s support for groups like Hamas and Hezbollah
which the US considers as terrorist.
• The P5 members need to abide by the original It also does not curb Iran’s development of ballistic
premises of the UN charter and agree to reflect the missiles.
present global power structure in the composition Further US Congress has enacted CAATSA
of permanent UNSC members. (Countering America’s Adversaries Through
Q.15 : Discuss the impact of climate change on Sanctions Act) 2017, which provides punitive actions
developing countries. against any country engaged in transactions with Iran,
Ans. : Climate change refers to long term shifts in Russia, North Korea.
temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be It will impact India’s national interest-
natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But • India and Iran relations are on downward trend in
since 1800 human activities have been the main drive of recent times.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 93 YCT
• Oil supplies are reduced to India and Iran is not in in villages adjoining Bodoland Territorial Area
favour of allotting gas fields to India in recent times. Districts (BTAD) areas.
• It may impact on Chabahar Port project which is • The Government of Assam will establish a Bodo
strategically important for India. Kachari Welfare Council.
• It will impact India’s balance in the complex West • Promote and protect Bodo’s social, cultural, linguistic
Asia region. and ethnic identities.
Way Forward : • The Assam government will also notify Bodo
India must make serious efforts to make its economy language as an associate official language in the State
immune from fuel shocks by diversifying India’s energy and will set up a separate directorate for Bodo
basket towards renewable energy sources. Medium Schools.
India can create a Rupee payment mechanism to • Providing legislative protection for the land rights of
overcome the sanctions; or can adopt INSTEX Tribals.
(Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges) • A special Development Package of Rs. 1500 crore
mechanism to continue bilateral trade. over three years will be given by the Union
This will ensure that India’s relationship remains Government to undertake specific projects for the
favourable and it can also strengthen India’s commitment development of Bodo areas.
towards strategic autonomy and will assert India’s role as a • Rehabilitate members of National Democratic Front
global power pursuing independent foreign policy. of Bodoland (NDFB) factions (with this agreement,
Q.17 : What do you understand by ‘Bodo over 1500 armed cadres will abjure violence and join
Problem? Do you think that the Bodo Peace the mainstream).
Agreement 2020 will ensure the development and The Bodo Accord is expected to create a prolonged
peace in Assam? Evaluate. peaceful environment in the valley. Bodo Accord
Ans. : Bodos are the single largest tribal community promises greater power in terms of administration,
in Assam, making up over 5-6% of the State’s legislation and finance of Bodo Territorial Region. It is a
population. They had a long history of separatist good move as it solves most of the problems and
demands, marked by armed struggle. The have attempts to provide a model form of separate
controlled large parts of Assam in the past. autonomous region within the Indian Union. But the
Accord had some loopholes that could be exploited to
incite the violence in the area again. The Accord
provides a mechanism to create a governance system.
Still, peace will be crucial until an all inclusive
governance model is finally created under the provisions
of the Constitution under the Sixth Schedule.
Q.18 : What do you understand by ‘Doctrine of
Basic Structure’? Analyse it’s important for Indian
Constitution.
Ans. : The basic structure of Doctrine is one of the
fundamental judicial principles connected with the
Indian Constitution. The doctrine of the basic structure
holds that there are some fundamental features in the
Indian Constitution and the Parliament of India cannot
amend the basic features.
The idea that the Parliament cannot introduce laws
that would amend the basic structure of the constitution
evolved gradually over time and many cases.
The Keshavanand Bharti case judged listed some
basic structures:
• Supremacy of the Constitution; Democratic and
A historic tripartite agreement between Government Republican form of government.
of India, Government of Assam and Bodo • Secular character of the Constitution, Federal
representatives to end the over 50- year old Bodo crisis character of the Constitution.
was signed recently. • Separation of power.
Key Highlights of the Agreement : • Individual freedom.
• Increase the scope and powers of the Bodo Territorial • Unity and Sovereignty of India.
Council (BTC) and to streamline its functioning. Over the period of time many other features have
• Set up a commission under Section 14 of the Sixth also been added to the list of basic structures-
Schedule to the Constitution of India, to recommend • Rule of Law
the inclusion or exclusion of tribal population residing • Judicial Review
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 94 YCT
• Rule of equality • Due to digitization, it has become easier to control the
• Parliamentary system various departments.
• Free and fair election. • Party ruling at the Centre is ruling in most of the
The Basic Structure Doctrine has following States.
importance. • In the present context the position of Prime Minister
• The idea is to preserve the nature of Indian democracy is very strong (in party and outside party).
and protect rights and liberties of people. Historically it seen when the position of the Prime
• The doctrine helps to protect and preserve the spirit of Minister is strong in the ruling party and party has
the Constitution. absolute majority then his role become more effective,
• It checks the dictatorship of political majority. whereas the role of the Prime Minister has been limited
• It helps in separation of power. in the coalition era.
However some scholars have mentioned the negatives The current Prime Minister’s strong position in the
of doctrine which are as follows: party, an effective role in the global scene and his
• It restricts the Parliament to introduce new laws which widespread popularity has made his character highly
are no more required eg. Preamble states India as a influential.
socialist country but India has followed capitalism in Q.20 : Examine the Right to Life in the
principles since 1991. Constitution of India.
• It is against the Constitution as Preamble of the Ans. : Article 21 of the Constitution states that no
Constitution says people are sovereign and they person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty
passed on this power to elected representatives but except according to procedure established by law". Thus,
judiciary has taken over to itself in name of judicial Article 21 secures two rights:
review. • Right to life and
• There are various instances where it can be proved • Right to personal liberty.
that judiciary has restricted parliamentary powers like Following are important features of Article 21 which
set aside reservation in promotion and above 50% is ‘Right to Life’:
reservation in State is been granted by certain State • Right to Life is a Fundamental Right and is
governments. included in Part-III of the Constitution.
However today there is no dispute regarding the
• This right is available to all citizens as well as
existence of the doctrine, the only problem that arises
non-citizens alike.
time and again is the contents of the same. Certain
contents have been reaffirmed again and again by the • The Supreme Court has described this right as the
courts whereas some of them are still in the process of ‘heart of Fundamental Rights’.
deliberations. • Right to Life cannot be suspended during an
The basic structure doctrine grants the fine balance emergency.
between the flexibility and rigidity that should be present Meaning & scope of Right to Life has evolved
in the amending powers of any Constitution. gradually over the period of time and cases like Maneka
Q.19 : Discuss the emerging role of the Prime Gandhi’s case and Puttuswamy’s case.
Minister in India. The Right to Life in the Indian Constitution does not
Ans. : The establishing fathers of the Indian mean animal existence or the mere act of breathing. It
Constitution adopted the British model of parliamentary guarantees the ‘right to dignified life’.
democracy which provides for Prime Minister as the Some of rights that are included in ambit of Right to
head of the government. Life are as follows:
The Prime Minister has the following powers- • Right to live with human dignity.
• The other members of the Council of Ministers are • Right to decent environment.
appointed by the President only on the advice of the • Right to shelter.
Prime Minister. • Right to privacy.
• The Prime Minister allocates portfolios to the • Right to free legal aid.
ministers and can make changes in them at will. • Right to socio-economic justice.
• The Prime Minister can ask for the resignation of • Right to reputation.
ministers or on the advice of the President. Thus Right to Life has gradually evolved and
• He can advice the President to dissolve the Lok included the directives given in Part- IV of the
Sabha. Constitution.
At present the role of Prime Minister is increasingly From the above, it can be concluded that as the
become important due to the following factors: Right to Life is the Fundamental Right of every citizen
• Only one party has an absolute majority in the present of India and it cannot be violated by anyone. If anyone's
government. Fundamental Right gets violated by public official, he
• The popularity of the current Prime Minister is can approach directly to the Supreme Court which is the
immense. ultimate guarantor of the Constitution.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-II 95 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2019
General Studies : Paper-III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A should invest more in scientific research in the energy

sector,e.g. solar energy, nuclear energy etc.
Q.1 : Explain the examples of the role of science • Critical military technology plays a major role in
and technology in enhancing national power? ensuring national security.
(Word 125) Therefore the potential of science and technology as
Ans. : National power is the ability or capability of a an engine of growth and development is endless.
nation to secure the goals and objectives of its national
interests. Q.2 : Analyse corruption as a threat to internal
security? (125 Words)
Ans. : Internal security can be defined as the
management of security within the border of a country. It
means the maintenance of law &order, peaceand
upholding the sovereignty of the country.
Black money fuelled by rampant corruption provides
resources for all the major internal security threats in
India.
• Pakistan has been flooding the country with
Science and Technology (S&T) capabilities are counterfeit currency thereby funding terrorist
Fundamental for the social and economic progress of a activities in different parts of the economy.
nation. It is the key element in the rise of a nation. • Organised crimes are rising due to corruption. Such
• Programs based on S&T are a critical component of criminal syndicates also fund the radicalisation of
the foreign policy of a nation. youth and terrorist attacks.
• Research in the Agriculture sector ensures the food • A parallel economy run by the money gathered from
security of a nation. corruption provides funds to extremists. Black money
• Similarly S&T helps in the mitigation of Natural is an easy source of illegal arms trade in India.
disasters. • Unrecorded cash transactions in e-commerce are also
• Global power dynamics in the 21st Century is guided emerging means to supply resources to hostile
by entirely new fields like ICT, Bio- Technology, elements in the country.
Nano-Technology, Artificial Intelligence,and so on. • Corruption in the political and executive bureaucracy
• Defence Capabilities are defined by the economic was a major cause of violence in the Kashmir Valley.
might of a Nation that is directly proportional to its Therefore corruption which is largely unrecognised
achievements in the field of S&T. in context of internal security poses a major threat to it
• Independence in energy is a major characteristic of a and Government needs to take more stringent measures
powerful nation. For example America, Russia, India to stop the financial aid of anti-national elements.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 96 YCT

 Q.3. : Armed Forces Special Powers Act of the Access to equal opportunities like education,
Parliament of India has come under criticism by the employment etc., reduces poverty and
States as being draconian and sometimes as un- inequalities,whereas, skill-building and employment
constitutional. Examine analytically. (125 Words) generation by theGovernment reduces the vulnerability
Ans. Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), of poor.
1958, is declared in areas where armed forces are Other elements of inclusive growth like good
required to operate in aid to Civil Authorities. It grants governance, women empowerment, social security and
special powers to the Indian Armed Forces in areas access to essential services reduce the gap in per capita
classified as “disturbed areas”. Security forces can arrest income and thereby reduce the regional and inter-
a person without a warrant. Besides, it provides security personal inequalities.
forces with legal immunity for their actions in disturbed Q.5 : Explain the impact of the Green Revolution
areas. on small and marginal farmers? (125 words)
It is argued that the AFSPA is a draconian law that Ans. : The Green Revolution was initiated in India
gives enormous discretionary powers to the armed forces in the 1960s to increase food production and feed the
over a civilian population. millions of mal-nourished people throughout the nation.
But it is imposed in extreme situations and on the It has been credited with increasing yields in many of the
plea of the local administration that it is unable to places where the technology has been adopted, but the
enforce the writ of the State. benefits are not the same across regions and groups.
However, once the law and order are in place, the However it may or may not have benefited small
Government appear reluctant to lift AFSPA. E.g. AFSPA farmers in terms of increased productivity and income.
has been in force in Meghalaya for the past 27 years Farmers having less than two hectares (five acres) of
though the State ceased to have any active insurgency land are called small farmers and those having less than
years ago. one hectare (2.5 acres) are called marginal farmers.
While the Armed Forces and the Government justify
its need in order to combat militancy and insurgency, the Impact of Green
Act has been associated with several human rights
violations including fake encounters, rape, torture,
abduction etc.
Q.4 : What do you mean by Inclusive Growth? Small and Marginal Farmers
How inclusive growth is helpful in reducing poverty
and inequalities in India? Explain. (125 Words)
Ans. : Inclusive Growth is an important tool for Slow Adoption of agriculture
improving the quality of life and well-being of all innovations and HYV
sections of society at all levels. As per the OECD,
“Inclusive Growth” is economic growth distributed fairly
across society and creates opportunities for all. Little Increase in
Agriculture Productivity

Little or no improvement in:

Food and nutrition, housing,
education, sanitation, health

Inclusive Growth has become the focus of policy No desire or little desire for smaller families,
makers in recent times. The Eleventh Five- Year Plan of little or no families planning, little or no
India gave special impetus to Inclusive Growth. Besides, decline in fertility rate, increase in
inclusive growth has remained a recurring theme in the dependency ratio
Successive Union Budget and Economic Survey of India.
Inclusive Growth helps in reducing poverty and
inequalities in many ways. Regions that lack investment Little or no change in consumption
and infrastructure development are major poverty-ridden
areas.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 97 YCT
 Constant or declining standard of living • Annapurna Scheme.
• Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP)
Little or no increase in longevity • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojanaand so on.
Q.7 : What are the causes of industrial sickness in
India? Give suitable suggestions to overcome the
Gap in the agricultural incomes of the
problem.
big, small and marginal farmers widened.
Ans. : According to the RBI, “a sick unit has
Institutions of Mutual Co-operation broken.
reported cash loss for the year of its operation and in the
judgment of the financing bank is likely to incur cash
loss for the current year as also in the following year.”
Increase in Social Tension.
A major symptom of sickness is a steady fall in
debt-equity ratio and an imbalance in the financial
Conclusion :
position of the unit. Simply, a sick unit is one which is
• Due to Green Revolution there was the considerable unable to support itself through the operation of internal
increase in the food grains production which was resources (that is, earnings plough-back). As a general
extremely necessary for farmers to increase production
rule, the sick units continue to operate below the break-
so that agriculture become remunerative. The even point (at which total revenue = total cost) and are,
agricultural sector of India is able to meet the thus, forced to depend on external sources for funds of
increasing demand for food grains. their long-term survival.
Q.6 : Discuss how poverty is measured in India.
Examine the steps taken to overcome rural poverty in
India. (125 Words)
Ans. : Poverty is a state or condition in which a
person or community lacks the financial resources
essential for a minimum standard of life.
Poverty estimation in India is carried out by NITI
Aayog’s Task Force through the calculation of the
poverty line based on the data captured by the National
Sample Survey Office under the Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).
Poverty line estimation in India is based on
consumption expenditure and not on income levels.
Poverty is measured based on consumer expenditure Some of the remedies for Industrial sickness could be:
surveys of the NSSO. A poor household is defined as one
with an expenditure level below a specific poverty line.
Subsequently, different committees; Lakdawala
Committee (1993), Tendulkar Committee (2009),
Rangarajan committee (2012) did the poverty estimation.
As per the Rangarajan Committee report the poverty
line is estimated as a monthly per capita expenditure of
Rs 1407 in urban areas and Rs. 972 in rural Areas.
Since Independence, many programmes have been
implemented by Central and State Governments to
overcome rural poverty. Some of the recent steps are:
• National Food Security Mission, 2007
• National Rural Livelihood Mission, 2011
• Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana, 2014 Conclusion : To conclude,in the sick units attempt
• Poshan Abhiyan, 2018 should be made to turn it around through efficient
• PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana. management, change of top level executive,
• Ayushman Bharat Yojana executing a turn-around strategy.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 98 YCT

 Q.8 : Discuss the causes of energy crises in India. Q.9 : Define Biodiversity. Why are Tropical
(125 Words) countries rich in biodiversity? Explain. (125 Words)
Ans. : Energy crisis does not mean the scarcity of Ans. : The word “Biodiversity” is relatively new,
Energy, the meaning of energy crisis is the problem of and is thought to have first been coined as a contraction
production and distribution for any reason. of the term “biological diversity” in 1985.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth,it includes
all organisms, species, and populations; the genetic
Causes of Energy Crisis: variation among these; and their complex assemblages of
Skill and Infrastructure related Challenges : communities and ecosystems.
• India lacks transportation infrastructure for making It also refers to the inter-relatedness of genes,
energy accessible e.g. pipelines can be a useful way to species, and ecosystems and in turn, their interactions
boost the total supply of gas in the country. Gas will with the environment.
play a major role in Indian energy mix because it can
be used effectively in several demand sectors.
• Lack of skilled man-power and poorly developed Reasons for High diversity in Tropical Countries
infrastructure for developing conventional and Temperature:
unconventional energy. • Tropical latitudes receive more solar energy, which
OtherChallenges : leads to high productivity and high species diversity.
• Over-consumption due to Energy inefficiencies. In • Tropical areas have more stable climate.
India consumption of energy is three times more than Soil Composition:
in developed countries for the same quality
production. • Since there is a diversity of foliage in tropical
rainforests, one might assume that rainforest soils are
• Due to climate change more energy is needed for
rich in nutrients. In fact, rainforest soils are nutrient-
cooling and warming of home.
poor because nutrients are not stored in them for very
• Political crisis in OPEC countries.
long.
• US sanctions on Iran, Russia and Venezuela(recent).
• The cartel of OPEC countries. Rainfall:
• Over-exploitation of resources leads to a loss of • The word "rainforest" implies that these are the some
resources. of the world's wettest ecosystems. Rainforests
• India's fragile energy security is under severe pressure generally receive very high rainfall.
from its rising dependence on imported oil, regulatory • Tropical rainforests also have high humidity about
uncertainty, international monopolies and opaque 88% during the wet season and approximately 77% in
natural gas pricing policies. the dry season.
• India seeks to achieve its energy security through Biodiversity:
multiple partners e.g. Indo-USA nuclear deal, Oil • Plant biodiversity paves the way for higher faunal
import from Middle East etc. However, in recent biodiversity in Tropical regions due to the availability
times due to conflict among India's energy partners of various food options at each tropic level.
e.g. USA and Iran; India had to reduce oil import
• Tropical regions have less seasonal variations and
from Iran.
have a more or less constant environment. This
• In wake of its difficult geographic location in South- promotes the niche specialisation and thus, high
Asia, India faces strategic challenge to meet its energy species richness.
needs.
• Majority of corals are found in Tropical regions,
Solution to energy crisis : which host almost 25% of all ocean diversity.
• Use of an energy-efficient tool such as 5-star Because of all these reasons, tropical countries are
electronic items. richer in biodiversity.
• Regular servicing of machinery. Q.10 : What are digital rights? Discuss their
• People awareness campaign, of energy importance. objectives. (125 words)
• The exploitation nature of OPEC must be stopped. Ans. : Digital Rights are those human rights and
• Finding an alternative to petrol. legal rights that allow individuals to access, use, create
• Must invest in renewable energy infrastructure. and publish digital media or to access and use computers,
Stability should be insured in oil-rich countries. other electronic devices and telecommunication
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 99 YCT
networks. The concept is particularly related to the have been minimized, if not prevented, had authorities
protection and realisation of exiting rights, such as the acted on the intelligence inputs given by India in good
Right to Privacy and Freedom of Expression, in the time. To deal with this form of terrorism it is critical to
context of digital technologies, especially the internet. enhance security-intelligence cooperation among
The Law of Several countries recognise a Right to nations. Security agencies need to be connected so that
Internet Access. they can share real-time actionable intelligence
regarding terror suspects and plots.
• Probable international angle to attack : There are
apprehensions by the Sri Lankan authorities of the
likelihood that these attacks were a “response” by a
terrorist outfit (ISIS) to the massacre at two mosques
in New Zealand last month. The days of operating in
silos are over as a terror attack in one country could
have links to groups and plots in another country.
• Building global consensus: Considering global scale
of terror activities including funding, training, use of
social media for radicalisation and recruitment there is
need for global response. Indiahas earlier proposed at
the United Nations of a Convention on Countering
International Terrorism. It aims to create a legal
The objective of Digital Rights is to ensure access to framework that would supplement existing
the internet is broadly available to all people across the conventions on tackling terrorism. It also proposes a
society. Also, Digital Rights aim to prevent unreasonable set of measures to chock terror funding, destroy
restrictions overuse of the Internet as a tool of realising terrorist networks and the like, with the exchange of
one’s freedom of expression. It goes against censorship information critical to the effort.
as is being done in some countries. • ‘Globalisation’ of terrorism: Today plots could be
Internet Access is recognised as a Right by the laws hatched by local groups and then given support by
of Several Countries including India. However, there international terror outfits. This is what appear to have
could be some reasonable restrictions over digital Rights. happened in Sri Lanka and number of terror attacks in
past two decades.
SECTION-B • Global reach of Social media: Social media offers
Q.11 : “With the Unbridled escalation in opportunities to terrorists for the amplification and
international terrorism activities during the past two glorification in ways that no other media platform
decades, a grave threat looms large before world does, to radicalize youngster and recruit them. Global
peace. Every nation has to join hand in the Global cooperation is needed to eliminate the possibility of
fight unto the last against it”. Explain this statement. misuse of social media.
(200 Words) • Funding: International terror funding is emerging as
Ans. : “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or a global challenge. Terror funding is fallout of
violence against persons or property to intimidate or increasing financial interconnectedness of the world.
coerce a Government, the Civilian population, or any There is need to build defences against money
segment there or in furtherance of political or social laundering and terror financing through the Anti
objectives.” Money laundering/Combating of financing of
Terrorism is a cross-border phenomenon and Terrorism standards. IMF and FATF (Financial
terrorist organizations are building networks across the Action Task Force) is needed to apply these standards
world to raise funds, source arms and recruit people. The stringently to chock terror funding.
resurgence in terror attacks across the world in recent Conclusion:
years point towards need for a global effort and Terrorism is a complex, non-static phenomenon. Its
consensus in this regard. associated motivations, financing and support
Need for International Cooperation : mechanisms, methods of attack and choice of targets are
• Intelligence sharing : As terrorism is taking global often evolving, thereby compounding the challenges of
form, intelligence sharing among countries is critical in ensuring the existence of an effective strategy to counter
preventing or minimizing the terror attacks. For it. In this situation global cooperation is of paramount
instance, the death toll in the Sri Lanka attacks could importance.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 100 YCT
 Q.12 : “Nuclear deterrence is the only effective threat to internal security in various forms like cyber
alternative to counter the deadly genocidal nuclear terrorism, banking fraud, drug trafficking, terror funding
weapons”. Analytically explain this statement. and so on.
(200 marks) Nevertheless, social media if regulated and used
Ans. : Nuclear deterrence refers to the fulfilment of
justifiably could be a tool for strengthening national
its interests from a country on the strength of its nuclear
security. Social media connects the administration and
power, in which there is pressure instead of war. Due to
common man in an unprecedented manner.
the horrors of nuclear weapons, their non-use and peace Because of social media information, dissemination
between two nuclear–armed nations are called nuclear has become so seamless that a minor activity in a remote
deterrence. corner of the country could suddenly get the attention of
Nuclear deterrence has become not just a purported
bureaucracy.
defence strategy. But Governments justified Nuclear Using social media, youth are targeted for
weapons themselves on the ground of deterrence. propaganda spreading and incitement against the State.
When America used Nuclear Weapons against However,the same platform could be used to promote
Japan,it was the only power using nuclear weapons. If social harmony and strengthening national security.
Japan has possessed Nuclear weapons at that time, no One of the fastest-growing ways that governments
one can predict what would have been its retaliation. are using social media is as a warning or trend
Advocates of Nuclear deterrence insist that third worldprevention tool,much fake news has been countered by
war has been avoided because of nuclear deterrence. the government in a quick time.
However, compelling arguments suggest that the US and As a monitoring tool, the government is able to
the former Soviet Union avoided theWorld War for recognize the first signs of any hostile or potentially
several possible reasons. dangerous activity by collecting and analyzing messages
There is no evidence that the Soviet leadership in order to try to predict events that could be a danger to
contemplated conquering Western Europe, and the national security.
west’s nuclear arsenal restrained it. Another important use of social media by the
In the present era, when more than one nation owns
government is as an institutional communication tool.
nuclear weapons, it has never been used. Therefore its Social media provides a medium that creates cohesion
credibility as deterrence and the theory of “second between federal agencies by increasing both
strike” lacks sufficient substance in them. communication and transparency.
Nevertheless, one can argue that smaller nations like Q.14 : What is ‘New’ in new industrial policy? In
Pakistan and North Korea did achieve some security this context, state the features of the New Industrial
against powerful nations invading them, at least in Policy and explain its effects on industrial growth.
theory.
(200 words)
Q.13 : “How far social media can be utilized as a Ans. : The New Industrial Policy of 1991 comes at
significant tool in strengthening national security”? the centre of economic reforms launched during the early
Explain (200 words)
1990s. All the later reforms measures were derived out
Ans. : National security is a social contract between
of the new industrial policy. As part of the policy, the
the state and the society that implies protection of the
role of the public sector has been redefined. Similarly,
critical national interest against all kinds of national
foreign investment has been welcomed under the policy.
threats and challenges. The most welcome change under the New Industrial
Economic Policy was the abolitionof the practice of industrial
security
licensing. The policy made changes in the following
aspects:
Industrial Licensing:
Homeland National
security security (i) New industrial policy saw an end to the licensing
regime. Only industries that require licenses e.g.
Tobacco items, Defense aerospace and warships,
Social media in recent times has become Hazardous chemicals, Industrial explosives.
synonymous with Social Networking sites. Social media
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Post 1991, India
carries many advantages with it, however it also poses
developed a policy environment to attract FDI.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 101 YCT
(iii) Foreign Technology Agreements: Free transfer of growth should include all sections as beneficiaries as
technology is allowed. well as partners in growth and that inclusion of the
(iv) Public Sector Enterprises: Therole of the public excluded should be embedded in the growth process.
sector was redefined; earlier, they were non-
performed, now they are performers.
Economic Social
(a) Reduction in the reservation of production Growth
Growth
areas.
(b) Disinvestment in the case of non-performing
Inclusive
public sector enterprises. Growth
(c) Autonomy and Accountability.
Effects on the industrial Growth
Welfare Human
of workers Growth
Proper significance
to small scale sector
Increase
in Efficiency After the independence, the main objective of the
Increase in government has been inclusive development, for which
comptetion Positive
scheme like poverty balance were run and the PDS
Increase system was introduced to reach the direct benefits to the
Increase in efficiency in production people. But in the 1990s, the government declared
of public sector inclusive development as its main goal, and five-year
Liberlisation
plans were being prepared with this goal in which the
Ignore government gave top priority to equitable distribution of
social objective resources. At the same time, the goal of all government
Adverse effect on
economic sovereignty Reduction in the schemes was to ensure their expected development by
role of public sector bringing people outside the mainstream into the
Negative mainstream. As a result, a large population was able to
get out of the poverty line.
Increase in Privatisation will
regional imbalance In fact, the aim of inclusive development is to ensure
not automatically
that all people have access to resources and connect them
Concentration lead to efficiency
of economic power with the mainstream of society. So that everyone can
Conclusion : take advantage of equality of opportunity. In this, the
policy of economic prosperity and equitable distribution
The all-around changes introduced in the industrial
with equality has proved to be important.
policy framework have given a new direction to the
future industrialisation of the country; there are Q.16 : Critically explain the issue of educated
encouraging trends on diverse fronts. Industrial growth unemployment in U.P. (200 words)
was 1.7 percent in 1991-92 that has increased to 7.7 Ans. : Educated unemployment refers to such
percent in 2017-18. unemployment in which an educated person does not get
employment on the basis of his education and is forced
As a result the industrial structure is much more
to work at a lower level than his education. Educated
balanced. The impact of industrial reforms is reflected in
unemployment is currently the biggest issue in Uttar
the multiple increase in investment envisaged, both
Pradesh, where for a job ‘Group D’, PHD holders and
domestic and foreign.
people with B. Tech degree apply.
Q.15 : Discuss to what extent the policy of
There are many reasons for the rise in educated
economic growth with equality and distributive
unemployment in Uttar Pradesh; there is an increase in
justice has been successful in fulfillment of the the level of education in the State, but the employment
objectives of inclusive growth in India. (200 words) opportunities have not increased; accordingly, there is a
Ans. : According to The United Nations shortage of industries which could generate employment
Development Program (UNDP), inclusive growth is in the State, due to which the only option left before the
“The process and the outcome where all groups of people educated people is government jobs, presently the
have participated in the organization of growth and have education system of Uttar Pradesh has become only
benefited equitably from it”. This implies that inclusive degree-granting, rather, the required skills are not

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 102 YCT

available, due to which many are deprived of getting outside under tarps that provide little protection from
employment for being unskilled even after being humidity and pests.
educated. • Lack of Awareness: Lack of education and training
Due to the lack of promotion of traditional industries on new techniques, technologies and agricultural
and lack of development of the MSME sector, there is a products. Traditional farming methods are slightly
lack of employment opportunities. Due to the special more than consuming and delay the production of
respect given to a person with a government job in the food grains etc.
society, the situation of educated unemployment • Unmonitored Nutrition programmes: Emphasis
increases as the inclination of all the people is towards it. must be given on introducing and enacting well-
In fact, educated unemployment has become a monitored nutrition programmes.
formidable problem in the State. This can be only be Solutions :
dealt with the rapid development of MSME sector and • Enhancing food storage technology and increasing
extensive industrialisation in the State is done and along productivity in the agriculture sector.
with motivating people towards self-employment and • Food availability and accessibility to people living
being an employment provider. For this, the government below poverty line (BPL).
has organized investment committee and has provided • Focus more on schemes to increase employment and
special facilities to start the business. purchasing power in rural and urban areas.
Q.17 : Explain the challenges of food security in • Crop diversification, establishing food grain banks.
India. How can they be removed? Explain. • Monitoring of Nutritional programmes.
(200 words) • Community participation and inter-sectoral
Ans. : Food security, as defined by the United coordination.
Nations Committees on World Food Security, when all Way forward :
people, at all times, have physical, social and economic The food security of a nation is ensured, if all of its
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets citizens have enough nutritious food available, all
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable
healthy life. quality, and there is no barrier to access the food.
Utilization Availability Therefore, India needs to adopt a policy that brings
together diverse issues such as inequality, food diversity,
Food Security
indigenous rights and environmental justice to ensure
sustainable food security.
Q.18 : Evaluate, in brief, the Agriculture
Stability Access
marketing reforms in India. Are they adequate?
Challenges with food security in India : (200 words)
• Population: Although a major part of the Indian Ans. : Agricultural marketing is a method that
population is engaged in agricultural activities, the includes gathering, storage, preparation, shipping and
availability of food for all is a challenge due to the delivery of different farming materials across the
country’s increasing population. country. Therefore, in Agriculture marketing, the selling
• Climate change: Farming and agricultural activities of an Agriculture product depends on various components
have been severally affected by climate change over like the demand for the product availability of storage
the past few years. Some regions face floods, while etc.
some experience drought. Similar changes have Measures by Government to improve Agricultural
severely affected livestock, forestry, fisheries and marketing:
Aquaculture. • Regulated Market
• Inadequate food distribution: The balance between • Development of infrastructure
the food distributions has been varied in urban and • Co-operating marketing
rural areas. • Policy instruments
• Bio-fuels: The growth of the bio-fuel market has The initial step was to regulate the market and plan a
reduced the land used for growing food crops. clean, transparent and simple marketing strategy. This
• Inadequate storage facilities: Inadequate and regulation helped both the farmers and the consumer. But
improper storage facilities for grains often stored it still needs to realize the full potential of rural markets.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 103 YCT
 The second measure was the procurement process Cloud computing service categories:
like transportation facilities, cold storage, warehouses SaaS (Software as a Service)
and the processing unit. However, the current A software distribution model in which a third-party
infrastructure is adequate to meet the growing demand, provider hosts applications and makes them available to
and their force needs to be improved. consumers over the internet. Example: sales-force,
The third aspect is to decide on the fair price of the GoToMeetingand concur and so on.
product. In the past, it has been a setback due to the PaaS (Platform as a Service)
unequal courage of farmers and the absence of a suitable A model in which a third-party provider hosts
link between marketing, processing cooperatives and application development platforms and tools on its own
inefficient financial management.An example of infrastructure and makes them available to customers
successful cooperatives is the Gujarat Milk Cooperative over the internet, for example, AWSElastic Beanstalk,
which transformed the Gujarat’s social and economic Google app engine and Heroku etc..
landscape. IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Steps to be taken by the government: A model in which a third-party provider hosts
(1) Guarantee of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) server’s storage and other virtualised computer source
and make them available to consumers over the internet.
for Agricultural products.
Example: Amazon web services (AWS), Microsoft
(2) Storage of surplus stocks of wheat and rice by
Azure, and Google compute Engine. Etc..
FCI.
Advantages of cloud computing
(3) Distribution of food staples and sugar through
PDS.
All these measures were penned down to guard the
farmers’ income and procuring Agriculture products
at the subsidized rate to the underprivileged.
However, despite government interference
inAgriculture marketing, private traders still
dominate the agriculture markets.
Q.19 : What is cloud computing? Throw light on
the services rendered by cloud computing and enlist
its advantages. (200 words) Q.20 : What do you mean by “Technology
Ans. : Cloud computing provides the infrastructures Transfer”? How far this can be useful in
(both software and hardware) as services on a semi- disseminating complex technology? Explain.
permanent (rented) basis; you don’t add physical assets (200 words)
(server computers, Air conditioners, special IT staff to Ans . : “Research transforms money into knowledge,
maintain those server rooms etc.). Instead, you are technology transforms knowledge into money.”
provided with great flexibility and choice in your -Geoffrey Nicholson father of post IT
purchase, is known as cloud computing. Technology Transfer (TT) refers to the process of
conveying results stemming from scientific and
technological research to the marketplace and to wider
society, along with associated skills and procedures and
isan intrinsic part of the technological innovation
process.
Technology transfer is a complex process that
involves many non-scientific and non-technical factors
and many different stakeholders. Good or high-quality
research results are not enough for successful technology
transfer, general awareness and willingness both at the
level of organisations and individual as well as skills and
capacity related to specific aspects such as access to risk
finance and intellectual property (IP) management, are
also necessary components.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-III 104 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2019
General Studies : Paper-IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A lives with the feeling of brotherhood. E.g. Sadhan

Village 31 kms South of Agra where its 20,000 odd
Q.1 : What is ethics? Explain its role in Human life. residents espouse different faiths without fear of
Ans. : Ethics may be defined as the systematic study ostracization and all live together harmoniously.
of human actions from the point of view of their 3. At Organisational Level :
rightfulness or wrongfulness. In other words, Ethics Transparency: When officers maintain a strict code
studies the norms of standards of right or wrong used to of ethics, organizations have nothing to hide and are
judge actions. transparent and open to public scrutiny. E.g. India
Role of Ethics in Human Life : corruption survey has rated Odisha as the least corrupt
1. At Individual Level : and most transparent State in India.
Integrity: Ethics can help establish integrity in a Efficiency: As honesty and transparency are guiding
person and make him have conviction in his action and principles in an ethical organization, the work efficiency is
thoughts. E.g. Rajni Sekri is from Haryana Cadre. She high as people do not cheat on their professional obligation.
said a stern ‘no’ when offered a bribe by the political E.g. Denmark is ranked the least corrupt country and one of
powers who wanted her to change the result of 3200 the leaders in environmental, sustainability, energy
Junior Basic Training (JBT) teachers in 1999-2000. consumption in building has been reduced by 45% per
Fairness: Having proper ethics can help ensure a square meter during the past 40 years.
person is fair in his profession as well as personal duties. Q.2 : What is the process of strengthening the
E.g.–IAS B. Chandrakala is known to be fair and moral values? Whether strengthening of moral value
exposes even other government officers and politician help in character building? Discuss.
for using their authority for their personal good and not Ans. : Values are the principles or things to which
fulfilling their job duties. individual or group of individuals attach their importance.
Honesty: Honesty and truthfulness can be virtue In other words, values are preferences of an individual or a
which can be found in ethics, it can also help a person group of individuals.
establish himself as honorable in society.E.g.–Ashok
E.g. 1. Wearing Burkha is a norm in Islamic society
Khemka is known to be an honest officer who exposed
but in Europe it is a taboo. 2. For Khap Panchayat
the land scams of many politicians, in spite of threats, he
Patriarchy is a value and so on.
maintained his honest stance.
Morals: Morals are the aspect of one’s behavior that
2. At Social Level :
provides the ability to judge the wrongs and rights.
Harmony: A society is seen to be harmonious when
it is based on a set of ethics and virtues. E.g. Respect for Morals values is more individual i.e. on the basis of
diversity in India has enabled it to be termed as unity in individual conscience a person determines what is right and
diversity. what is wrong.
Trust: Societal trust benefits when people choose to Process of Strengthening of Moral value :
live by a set of ethics in life and no one causes any undue Truth, care, responsibility, justice, peace, education
harm to others. E.g. Shani Shingnapur is known as safest etc., are the tool of strengthening of moral values.
Indian village famous for the fact that no house in the Truth: The truth is any matter that does not defend on
village has doors. the will of an individual and is independent of desire and
Brotherhood: When each man respects others and interest. Truth is seen to be a value as is accepted that
does not have any conflict with others, society and also people do not like wars and are uneasy in sustaining lies.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 105 YCT
 E.g. When asked a question, answering with the truth Q.4 : What is universal religion? Discuss its
rather than lying. major elements.
Care: The value of care relates to the concern and Ans. : Universal religion is usually taken to refer to
respect for others. It also means taking extra-steps to ensure the concept of a single world religion. Sometimes,
the well-being of others and loved ones. however it is used to refer to humanity's collective
Example–A child taking care of his elderly parents. religious inheritance.
Responsibility: The value of performing one’s duty The implication of the first sense may be examined
and taking into account any outcome that occurs on their first.
own doing. Non-violence
E.g. A citizen’s responsibility to keep the neighbourhood
and the city clean and not littering. Peace
Equality
Peace: The value of providing harmony and avoiding
any conflict between individuals and groups. Universal
Eg.Acting as a mediator between 2 quarreling friends Religion
Major element
within a single group.
Where values are firmly accepted, character of the
Freedom
people is also of a high order. As in European countries Love
values like equality and freedom are of special Justice
importance. For this reason character of the people there
also become compatible with this and is the reason why The element of universal religion is that it should be for
countries like Sweden and Norway are always at the top the welfare of the creature only. Due to this, no harm should
of the equality index. be done to anyone. Everyone should have abundant material
Therefore, moral values strengthen a person's of knowledge fear and need.Universal religion should also
character and make his conduct moral, leading to values- have the ability to tolerate criticism of its beliefs and
based behaviour in society. As a result, such a society is principles. It should also be amended from time to time
long-lived. according to the circumstances.
In fact, universal religion is an indicator of a universal
Q.3. : Write short notes on-
order where all rights are protected and all people perform
(A) Ethical responsibilities of public servant. their duties properly with co-operation.
(B) Public interest and theRight to Information. Q.5 : Consider the Non-Co-operation Movement
Ans. (A):Duties of public servants are as diverse as of Gandhi from the philosophical point of view.
the duties and responsibilities of the government. Public Ans. : Non co-operation is an attempt to awaken the
servants have an obligation to protect and promote our masses to a sense of their dignity and power. This can
Constitution, to protect and promote our constitutional only be by enabling them to realise that they need not
ideals enshrined in the Preamble, to uphold the rule of fear the brute force.
law, dispense administrative justice, and ensure If we see the Non-Cooperation Movement of Gandhi
administrative facilitation. in philosophical point of view then we find, non-
“In the happiness of his subjects lies the happiness cooperation to be such a powerful and pure instrument
of the king”- Kautilya. According to Kautilya though a that if it is enforced in an earnest spirit, one will then
pragmatic thinker, emphasized ethical administration, realize its true power. A person will learnthe value of
which a signof a stable, happy and peaceful society. discipline, self control, joint action, non-violence,
(B) RTI (Right to Information) Act-2005 sets the organization and everything else which goes on to make
rules and procedures regarding citizen's right to a nation great and good not merely great.
information. It replaced the former Freedom of There is no instrument so clean, so harmless and yet
Information Act 2002. as effective as non-cooperation. Judiciously handled, it
need not produce any evil consequences. And its
This Act was enacted to consolidate the fundamental
intensity will depend purely on the capacity of the people
right of IndianConstitution;‘Freedom of Speech’ since.
for sacrifice.
RTI is implicit in the Right to Freedom of Speech and
We had lost the power of saying ‘no’. It had become
Expression under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. disloyal, almost sacrilegious to say ‘no’ to the
Therefore, it is an implied fundamental right. government. This deliberate refusal to cooperate is like
RTI section 4 is required suo-motu disclosure of the necessary weeding process that a cultivator has to
information by each public authority. However, section resort to before he sows.
8(2) allows disclosure of information exempted under the The movement of non-cooperation is not based on
Official Secrets Act-1923 in a larger public interest is brute force or hatered. It doesn’t aim at destroying the
served. tyrant. It is movement of self purification. It therefore
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 106 YCT
seeks to convert the tyrant. It may fail because India was Q.8 : Examine the relevance of the following in the
not ready for mass non-violence. But it would be wrong context of civil services.
to judge the movement by false standards. My own (A) Transparency
opinion is that the movement has not failed. It has found (B) Accountability
an abiding place in India’s struggle for freedom. (C) Courage / Fortitude
Q.6 : Difference between democratic attitude and Ans. : Transparency :
bureaucratic attitude of Public servants. The literal meaning of Transparency is ‘Openness’.
Ans : Attitude : Attitude is learned enduring Civil servant is expected to act in open manner while
predisposition to think, to feel and to act in a specific making decision and discharging public duty.
way towards social object. Attitude can be favourable or To this end civil servant should note down the
unfavourable. Attitude generally reflected in the form of principles and procedureswhich he will adopt while making
like or dislike towards something or someone. decision and he should put the information in public
Bureaucratic Attitude: Bureaucratic attitude refers domain.
to attitude possessed by the bureaucrats who roll out Accountability :
policies, schemes keeping in focus the targeted section Accountability means ‘Answerability’.Civil servants
and once the law or rule is brought out there is no are required to be held answerable for their act of ‘omission’
flexibility in terms of relaxation in norms to anyone. and ‘commissions’ with respect his public duty.He should
Bureaucratic attitude sometimes mar the spirit of make himself available for the scrutiny for his decision or
democracy because of redtape, inspector raj and action.
corruption. The attitude of public servants to strictly Courage/Fortitude :
follow the decision making process according to the laid Courage is indomitable spirit or something without any
down rules and guidelines. fear.
Democratic attitude: Democratic attitude refers to E.g. 1. Maintaining the integrity2. Whistle blowing –
those attitudes possessed by civil servants who promote the raising the voice against wrong doing.
participation of people in decision making.They promote Ashok Khemka: (Haryana IAS Officer). He is best
the delegation of power or authority. In place of rules and known for cancelling the mutation of Sonia Gandhi’s son-
regulation, there is more focus on compassion, tolerance in-law Robert Vadra’s illegal land deal in Gurgaon.
and inclusiveness. He has been transferred 54 times in 29 years by State
Q.7 : Explain the merits and demerits of governments after he exposed corruption in the
persuasion in relation to public protest. departments.
Ans. : Persuation:Persuation is a process aimed at Q.9 : We are witnessing increasing instances of
changing the person’s attitude or behavior towards some sexual violence against women in the country. Despite
events, ideas, objects or person. The process involves use legal provisions against it, the number of such
of different methods of verbal or non-verbal incidences is increasing.Suggest some innovative
communication to convey information, feeling and measures to tackle this menance.
reason to change the attitude of concerned entity. Ans. : In our country, the government has made many
According to Aristotle persuasion can be brought such laws that protect women from sexual harassment.
about by the speaker’s use of logos, ethos and pathos. Despite of these laws, incidents of sexual harassment are
Logos means facts, reason and evidence. Ethos increasing continuously. Some of the innovative measures
means trust, reliability and ethics and pathos is related to to stop this harassment of women are as follows.
emotions. 1. Girls must be given such physical training at the
E.g. In recent CAA protest, we saw that some school level, which is sufficient for self-defence.
officers applied this ability and controlled huge protest 2. There should be given sex education in schools,
without use of army, tear gas or lathis in Saheenbagh. making adolescents aware of sexual signals etc., by
Merits of persuasion in relation to public protest : seeing which they can become aware to act at the right
1. Help administration to maintain ‘status quo’ and time.
sometime even ending the protest. 3. Parents of children should also be trained through
2. Reduction in cases of violence. media,which could be helpful in the healthy mental
3. Creates peaceful environment. and emotional development of their children.
4. Established justified law and order. 4. Women who raise their voices against oppression
5. Bring collective interest of like minded people. should not be let down by society and administration
Demerits of persuasion : but should be respected to instil self-confidence in
Can influence militant thought. women.
Illogical persuasion can lead to communal violence, 5. Social boycott of sexual harassers should be done
e.g. Khalistan movement. with. For this, social media can be used meaningfully;
It can be restained interest of few people but affecting women themselves can create pressure through
large people. Facebook, Twitter, and so on.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 107 YCT
 Q.10 : You are an honest and responsible civil (i) Destruction of Social harmony- Due to the
servant, you observe the following: communal intimidation and hatred being spread, the
(A) There is general perception that adhering to very fabric of society is being diminished in the
ethical conducts, may face difficulties to larger sense, rendering a weak and divided social
yourself and cause problems for the family, strength, for example- assimilation with
whereas unfair practices may help to reach the accommodation, stable patterns of pluralism,
career goals. inequality and integration, and so on.
(B) When the number of people adopting unfair (ii) Economy- Disturbances caused due to communal
means is large, a small minority having a intolerance largely impact the local economy due to
preference towards ethical means make no the disruptive activities like strikes, riots, destruction
difference. of public property, etc., against each other. It also
Examine the above statements with their merits and disturb the macro-economic outlook of the country
demerits. on the global sphere as a result of the apprehension
Ans. : (A) It appears that ‘a part of the truth’ is difficult of investors or economic giants of good work
and full of thorns, but even after a lot of hard work, it is the environment, e.g.Many global indices consider all-
path that leads us to success and takes us to that destination around social parameter and social tolerance to rank
by which justice is done to all and that is legal, moral and countries which in truth are considered for economic
socially right. reports positive indicators.
For example–if a civil servant living with his family in (iii) Political instability- At times, massive communal
a remote area is pressured to award a government contract, clashes result in political blame game, interference
and if he does not do so, he is threatened directly or and unnecessary measures, projecting unstable
indirectly, and then it may seem that it is easier to accept his political atmosphere.Welfare of a nation is mainly
word. side-lined and the representation is caught in
But looking deeper, this decision can be harmful to inconsequential issues, for example as seen in Sri
him. This will not only jeopardize his values like Lanka communal clashes and violence after the
integrity and honesty, but these incidents will also affect divide. As a result, the nation and the common
his character will hunt him. In such a situation, our masses bring in total instability.
police and security agencies can be helpful. They can (iv) Curbing of individual freedom- Any form of
deal with such anti-social elements. illogical intolerance after taking away individual
(B) No matter how many people do wrong, only one freedom and rights, constructive criticism and debits
person standing on the side of truth can stop them over various aspects are absent, and dominance of
because he has the spirit of morality, which can stop the one ideology takes over any society plagued by this,
biggest immoral forces.Wrong resources may initially
halts the overall growth and progress of the
make our lives easier and bring personal benefits,but
collective.
still, there will always be the possibility of being blamed
Conclusion :
for being legally wrong. Also, it would be like
compromising your conscience, no matter how many Secularism with tolerance acts as a special and critical
people adopt moral means when they raise their voice, pillar in our democracy which has been loudly supported by
law and order, public media, etc., come to support them, people like Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda, and even
even though some people have to lose their lives. They Preamble of our Constitution.
bring a radical change to the system. Q.12 : Examine the role of social and political ideas
of Karl Marx in the field of contemporary public
SECTION–B service.
Ans. : According to Karl Marx, nationalism is a
Q.11 : Religious Bigotry has always been an
through mirage the rich class propagates to divert the
obstacle for progress in any democratic country?
attention of the poor from the main issues. Thus nationalism
Ans. : Religious violence, communal polarization,
is an instrument of exploitation. Marx is politically a
and intolerance have increased in the contemporary
supporter of the communist system where there is no ruling
world. It is a continuous obstacle in the progress and
class and the rule of the proletariat.
growth in any democratic country, as observed many
times even in India, which is reputed for its diverse Marx wished to establish an exploitation free and
ethnicity, community, religion, language, and culture, egalitarian social system in social thought where there is no
which few nations can boast of. discrimination at any level.
Religious bigotry has always been an obstacle to Marx’s social and political ideas are important in
progress in any democratic country in the following contemporary civil service because the ultimate goal of
ways: public service is equitable distribution of resources and
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 108 YCT
eliminating all kinds of discrimination at the level of Selflessness
discrimination among the people. Integrity
Welfare will happen only when there is no
discrimination and there is a condition of equality, on the
other hand, in democratic countries, the public servants are Leadership Seven Principal
Objectivity
of public life
also servants of the people. Their duty is to make policies to
meet the needs of the people and implement them
efficiently. On this basis, public service aims to make the Honesty Openness
government work for the people to make it friendly and Accountability
reduce the distance between the government and the people. These principles must be applied to every public
Contemporary civil service is largely consistent with servant, including civil servants and so on. They have
Marx’s social and political ideas regarding its goals, the outlined in the report as:
only difference being the means civil service seeks to bring Selflessness: Holders of public office should take
equality through equitable distribution of resources. In decisions solely in terms of the public interest; they should
contrast, Marx’s only means of bringing equality is not do so to gain financial or other material benefits for
revolution. themselves, their family, or their friends.
Q.13 : How far Gita’s NiskamKarmyoga can be Integrity: Holders of public office should not place
helpful in preventing the increasing events of themselves under any financial or other obligations to
depression and suicide? Discuss. outside individuals or organizations that might influence
Ans. : Karma yoga is the part that leads to salvation them in the performance of their official duties.
through action salvation is the ultimate state of Objectivity: In carrying out public business,
consciousness work is the central and defining characteristic including making public appointments, awarding
of life. Therefore, it may have intrinsic value. contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and
Instrumental value includes incentive, dignity and benefits.Public office holders should make choices on
merit.
power, etc., which is, the result expected from the
Gita’sNiskamKarmyogainspires us to do work without Accountability: Public office holders are
accountable for their decisions and actions to the public
thinking of result (Work, with intrinsic value).
and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is
At present, the biggest reason behind the increasing appropriate to their office.
incidence of depression and suicide is that the person
Openness: Public office holders should be as open
already assumes that he will get this result by doing this as possible about all the decisions and actions they take.
Karma. If it does into depression which leads to the They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict
depression, he takes steps like suicide. All this is the desire information till only when the wider public interest clearly
to get more and more resources in the culture of demands.
showmanship, and the resourceless person does not get the Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to
respect he wants in society. declare any private interests relating to their public duties
In this way, if a person acts them selflessly, he will not and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way
have any emotional attachment to the fruit. The fruit will that protects the public interests.
not even affect his mental state. Such a person will do his Leadership: Holders of public office should
work efficiently and live his life satisfactorily. He will promote and support these principles by leadership and
understand the real values of life by not considering the example.
result of any action as greater than life and will be saved It appears that Molan’s seven principles are
from a mental condition like depression and suicide. revolutionary in the current time, which is mainly focused
Q.14 : What are the seven principles of public on the behaviourand are values of civil servants. So the
life? Are they codes of conduct for civil servants? seven Principles of public life codes of conduct for civil
Evaluate. servants evaluated, and when every public officer will
Ans.The seven principles of public life outline follow these principles, then there be no need for fast track
the ethical standards those working in the public courts, and we will be able to see the real India.
sector are expected to adhere to. They were first set Q.15 : You are trying to become a P.C.S.Officer
out by Lord Molan in 1995, in the first report of the and after clearing various stages now you are eligible
committee, on standards in public life, and they are for the personal interview, while going to appear the
included in a range of codes of conduct across public interview, you saw that an elderly man is going some
life. where with his grand daughter suddenly he gets a
For further information on the seven principles heart attack in front of you the grand daughter of
and the work of the committee on standards in public elderly man comes pleading for your help what will
life. you do? Discuss in detail.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 109 YCT

 Ans. : There are mainly two parties involved in the unable to follow official rules, social normal or their own
above situation me and the injured person and his conscience.
granddaughter. In this situation, there is a conflict There is however more apart from individual’s moral
between personal and social responsibilities on the one failing on political economic and social environment which
hand; and career which depends on the interview of the can create an atmosphere of permissiveness and laxity.
State Civil Service. On the other hand, my social Causes of corruption include administrative delay
responsibility is to help the injured person on the road in scope for personal discretion cumber same procedures over-
this situation. First of all, I will arrange to provide first regulation, lack of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms,
aid to the injured older person and his granddaughter, and so on.
then send them to Hospital and try to get proper medical Q.17 : Is there any role of empathy in public
treatment.If I have any friends with me, I will send them services? Explain your views with suitable example.
to the hospital immediately and go for my interview; Ans. : Empathy is the ability to understand the
otherwise, I will take them to reach the hospital without other’s feelings or understanding the circumstances of
delay. After starting his treatment in the hospital, I will other people.
go for my interview. I may be late for the interview yet
When we call services, there must be empathy in the
after narrating the whole incident to the commission; I
doer. Only public duties will be called public services;
will request them to allow me to appear in the interview.
otherwise, they are mere as other occupations. Empathy
If I get a chance to appear in the interview, I will give the
is an important factor in public services for the following
interview to the best of my ability. If I don’t get a
reasons.
chance, I will try for next year. It is certainly a difficult
(i) For smooth execution of government programs-
task to take such a decision. However, I must be satisfied
Programs can be reached to every citizen of the
that I have saved two human lives. There can be no
country when public servants can persuade people.
greater achievement in protecting human life rather than
in civil service. Also, the main work is human welfare, Public servants can understand the people when they
and with such a decision, as a human, I will find myself talk about understanding public feelings, for
successful. example, implementations of open defecation-free
areas and demonetization.
Q.16 : It is often said that poverty leads to
corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances (ii) For policymaking: Policy will be proper and
where affluent and powerful people indulge in flawless when it is prepared to understand the
corruption in big way. What are the main causes of ground reality.
corruption among people? Support your answer with (iii) For understanding the lacunas in existing policies
examples. and programs and making them better.
Ans. Corruption stems from the use of public Empathy is necessary to give better service;
resources for private gains. It is often seen that the holder therefore, it has to be increased among civil servants
of corruption can threaten economic stability and through the following ways.
dampen economic growth. There is a great saying that to develop empathy, walk
Poverty is not the only cause of corruption; there are a mile in their shoes. That’s why fieldwork has to be
other reasons, such as- enhanced rather than working inside the office room
Lack of social disapproval. alone.
Lack of satisfaction Moral education has to be given at the primary level
Lack of accountability and transparency in the system, through narration and reflecting values from the
and so on. teacher’s life so that quality teachers have to be hired.
It is argued that poverty leads to corruption, but The family system is the source for passing values in
evidence suggests that there is no direct linkage the children inherently. Therefore, this respected
between poverty and corruption. For example, a poor family culture has to be strengthened, which is
person can lead his life with honesty and integrity. On diluting as the culture of working parents is
the other hand, an affluent person can indulge in increasing.
corruption because of greed. Empathy cannot sprout in a day in every human in
E.g.2G spectrum scam and coal allocation scam are single listening about it. However, it can form
few examples that testify that affluent and powerful people someday when it will be provided seldom through
indulge in corruption. conducting value-based training camps and direct
Hence, the basic cause of corruption is not lack of display or contact of social evils, and it impacts
resources. Rather, it is a lack of virtues. Corruption results innocents.
where an action is not based on a virtuous basis, in a way However, empathy is the foremost and essential tool
corruption represent a moral failure of individuals, they are to make public services successful.
UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 110 YCT
 Q.18 : Discuss the utility of emotional intelligence marriage. Still, he married his daughter below
in administration. marriageable age.
Ans. A person with emotional intelligence will Contrasting attitudes about cast system have become
respond better in such situations. Responsiveness to a norm and these can be seen in the form of –
citizens must carry with sensitivity and sympathy to Taking stand for equality but not allowing own
public needs and demands, which means being aware of children to sit and dine with lower caste people.
feelings and emotions. It also helps in managing the Not accepting intercaste marriages leading to honour
emotional responses of the citizens. killing.
There are actions in the realm of administration that Politicisation of caste, i.e. giving the vote to members
remain spontaneous, intuitive, or experience-based. A
of the same caste.
person with emotional intelligence will respond better
in such situations. Favouritism promoting same caste people in your
influence area, e.g. giving promotion based on caste
Responsiveness to citizens must carry with it
sensitivity and sympathy to public needs and rather than on merit. Reasons for contrasting attitudes
demands, and this means being aware of feeding and can be social influence conformity people try to fit in
emotions. It also helps in managing the emotional the society and are reluctant to go against the set
responses of the citizens. norms.
During a conflict situation, the ability to manage Lack of integrity, i.e. though they value equality but
emotions may be the only way out. do not stick to it.
Identifying emotions in faces, voices, postures and Attitude has a valance, and they affect our
other content during public management activities can behaviour. Such attitudes need to be changed to ensure
help give a better response. the egalitarian interface envisioned as constitutional
Emotions could be voted to motivate others to get the values.
task done. Q.20 : Meenu keeps telling her friends that she is
Identifying emotions can also allow us to evaluate the fond of social service. Her friends notice that she
repercussions of our actions better. however, does not participate in any social welfare
Understanding the subordinator’s nature and making activities. One of her friend’s father is associated with a
them work for the best of the organization. Non Government Organization (NGO) and he
Marking a healthy work culture for effective and frequently organizes social welfare activities in the
efficient functioning. society.Meenu’s friends asked her many times to
To deal with corruption in the organization, recent contribute some time for the NGO but Meenu showed
example- DM of Indore making sanitation and no interest.
cleanliness a drive in the city depicts wonders What probable explanations can be given for
emotional intelligence person can do. Meenu’s conduct? Justify psychologically.
Thus emotional intelligence can play a critical role Ans. : There is a problem with the Meenu following
in improved administration structure and functioning for the principle and practice here. Although, on one hand, she
overall Good governance. believes in the principle that social welfare works are ethical
Q.19 : What factors affect the formation of a acts, on the other hand, she herself does not do them in
person’s attitude towards social problems? Support practice.
your answer with examples. There can be many possible reasons behind this.
Ans. : Attitude is learmed enduring predisposition to Meenu may wish to do social welfare work, but her
think to feel to act in a specific way towardssocial financial or family situation prevents her.
objects. Social object can be a person, organization,
Meenu may be influenced by reading the works of a
social issue etc.
big social worker. Still, when it comes to implementing it in
(i) Direct experience: Example: A person who has
practice, she may not be mentally prepared.
faced racism in his life develops a negative attitude
towards it, e.g. Mahatma Gandhi evicted from the We find many tasks desirable and ethical in theory, but
train by a white man makes him stand against we do not to do them. We are hardly prepared for the
apartheid policies. struggle and pain that we have to face in doing those tasks
(ii) Learning: Attitude can be formed by operational or in practice,e.g. everyone wants to follow the path of Gandhi
classical conditioning. and Bhagat Singh.
(iii) Social factors: Such as family, gender, region, cast, Man is a social animal in such a situation it is natural
religion, education and media. for him to be psychologically attracted to moral and social
Contrasting attitudes have been observed regarding welfare work. Still, when it comes to doing this in practice,
social problems example- Keshub Chandra Sen was an very few people come forward for it. The same situation can
active reformer (member of Brahmo Samaj) against child be seen in the context of the Meenu.

UPPCS Mains 2019 GS Paper-IV 111 YCT

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Mekegâve nw~ ØesceÛebo kesâ yewue Deheveer JÙeLee-keâLee nceejs keâeve ceW keân peeles Deheves meeefnlÙe ceW JejerÙelee Øeoeve keâer~ hetJe& ceW keâefJeÙeeW ves Øeke=âefle kesâ
nQ~ Øemeeo keâer Øeke=âefle nceW DeefleJeeo kesâ Øeefle meeJeOeeve keâjleer nw~ Øeefle mebJeosveMeeruelee, Øesce Je ueieeJe keâe mepeerJe efÛe$eCe Deheveer ke=âefleÙeeW
jÛeveekeâej lees ceveg<Ùe keâer mebJesovee keâe Øeleerkeâ Yeer nw Deewj Øenjer Yeer~ ceW efkeâÙee hejvleg Jele&ceeve ceW peye ceveg<Ùe Øeke=âefle kesâ Øeefle DemebJesoveMeerue
Øeke=âefle mes Gmekeâe meenÛeÙe& Deewj mebJeeo ceveg<Ùe mes Øeke=âefle kesâ mebJeeo Deewj nes ieÙee nw lees Jen efJeefYeVe JÙeLeeDeeW mes heerefÌ[le nw~ uesKekeâ ceveg<Ùe keâes
meenÛeÙe& keâe Øeleerkeâ nw~ Fme lejn Deble:Øeke=âefle Deewj Jee¢eØeke=âefle kesâ menejs meÛesle keâjlee nw efkeâ Øeke=âefle ceveg<Ùe keâer menÙeesieer nw, Gmekeâer efJeMeeuelee
efvejblej heefj<ke=âle, mejue Deewj Øeebpeue yeveleer nw~ Deepe Øeke=âefle kesâ Øeefle keâes ceve ceW mLeeve os~
efnbmee Deewj efJeOJebmeJeeoer neskeâj nceves keäÙee heeÙee nw- lejn lejn kesâ Gòej-(Ke)
Meejerefjkeâ, ceeveefmekeâ jesie, Skeâ mebkeâerCe& Deewj efJeke=âle Deble:keâjCe, Skeâ hetJe& ceW ceveg<Ùe Je Øeke=âefle kesâ ceOÙe ienjs mecyevOe jns nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ
mebJesovenerve DeelcekeWâefõle peiele Deewj ÛeejeW lejheâ Øeot<eCe keâe leeb[Je-pees ceveg<Ùe Øeke=âefle keâer menOeefce&lee Je menDeefmlelJe mes heefjefÛele Lee, Øeke=âefle mes
Deblele: nceeje efJeveeMe ner keâjsiee~ ceveesJew%eeefvekeâ keânles nQ efkeâ heneÌ[ Deewj ceveg<Ùe keâe meenÛeÙe& Je mebJeeo yevee jne, efpememes ceveg<Ùe keâe
mecegõ keâes osKeves Yej mes ceveg<Ùe keâe ùoÙe efJeMeeue neslee nw- lees Ùeefo Jes Devle:keâjCe, yee¢e Øeke=âefle kesâ menejs heefj<ke=âle, mejue Je Øeebpeue yevelee
nceejs ceve ceW ner yeme peeSB, lees nce efkeâleves efJeješ Deewj Goeòe nes jne~ hejvleg Deepe peye Øeke=âefle kesâ Øeefle ceveg<Ùe Ghesef#ele YeeJe Jeeuee nes
mekeWâies? Ùen peeve uesvee pe™jer nw efkeâ Øeke=âefle ceveg<Ùe keâe Øeeflehe#e veneR ieÙee nw, leye Jen efJeefYeVe JÙeLeeDeeW mes «eefmele nw~ Øeke=âefle Je ceveg<Ùe kesâ
nw, Jen Gmekeâer menÛejer nw~ pees jnmÙe Keespes ieÙes nQ- Jes Keespeves kesâ ceOÙe mecyevOe Ssmes nQ efkeâ heneÌ[ Je mecegõ osKeves cee$e mes ner ceveg<Ùe keâe
efueS ner Gmeves yeÛeeS nQ, leeefkeâ ceveg<Ùe keâe ke=âeflelJe DekeâejLe ve nes, ùoÙe efJeMeeue yeve peelee nw~ Dele: ceveg<Ùe keâe Øeke=âefle kesâ meeLe meenÛeÙe&
Gmekeâe heew®<e nervelee- yeesOe ceW vee yeoue peeS~ DelÙevle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
UPPCS Mains 2020 General Hindi 112 YCT
Gòej-(ie) 2. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{keâj efveoxMeevegmeej Gòej
1. Yeejle................. ................. ................. Yetefce nw~ efueefKeS~
JÙeeKÙee–Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ Yeejle ceW Skeâ meeLe efJeÉeveeW keâe ceevevee nw efkeâ jepeveerefle ves Yee<ee keâes Yeü° keâj efoÙee nw;
meYeer $e+legSb efkeâmeer ve efkeâmeer Yeeie ceW ceewpeto jnleer nQ efpememes Yeejle MeyoeW mes Gvekesâ mener DeLe& Úervekeâj GvnW Ú©e DeLe& henvee efoS nQ~
Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he mes efJeefJeOelee hetCe& nw~ GoenjCe kesâ efueS «eer<ce $e+leg ceW mebmeo, mebefJeOeeve, keâevetve, peveefnle, vÙeeÙe, DeefOekeâej, mee#Ùe, peeBÛe
peneB cewoeveer Yeeie lespe Meg<keâ nJeeDeeW Je lespe Oethe keâe meecevee keâjles nQ, pewmes {sjeW Meyo Dehevee Demeueer DeLe& Keeskeâj yeoMekeäue nes Ûegkesâ nQ~ Meyo
lees JeneR otmejer Deesj heneÌ[er YeeieeW ceW "b[s ceewmece keâe ØeYeeJe jnlee nw~ Yeues ner DeÛÚe Ùee yegje keâesF& Yeer DeLe& Øekeâš keâjlee nes, peye Dehevee
FvneR efJeefJeOeleeDeeW mes heefjhetCe& nesves kesâ keâejCe ner Yeejle ceW ueieYeie Demeueer DeLe& Kees oslee nw, lees Jen yeoMekeäue nes peelee nw~ Yee<ee keâe
meYeer $e+legSB heeÙeer peeleer nQ~
YeübMe, Deblele: meeceeefpekeâ ceeveJeerÙe cetuÙeeW keâe YeübMe nw~ keâuhevee keâerefpeS
2. jÛeveekeâej.............................................Øenjer Yeer~
efkeâ Skeâ ceveg<Ùe otmejs ceveg<Ùe mes pees keâns Gmekeâe Jener DeLe& vee nes, pees
JÙeeKÙee–Fme hebefòeâ ceW uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ Skeâ jÛeveekeâej Deheveer Yee<ee Øekeâš keâjleer nw Ùee Ssmes DevegYeJeeW keâer hegvejeJe=efòe kesâ keâejCe otmeje
ke=âefleÙeeW mes Øeke=âefle kesâ Øeefle mebJesoveMeeruelee, ueieeJe Je Øesce keâe mepeerJe JÙeefòeâ Gmes mener DeLe& ceW vee ueskeâj GmeceW DeveLe& Ùee DevÙe DeLe& Keespeves
efÛe$eCe keâjlee nw~ ÙeLeeLe& ceW Jen ceveg<Ùe keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee Yeer nw~
ueies lees keäÙee nesiee? Ùen ceveg<Ùe keâe ceveg<Ùe hej mes efJeÕeeme G"ves keâe
jÛeveekeâej efJeefYeVe JÙeLee-keâLeeDeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes ceveg<Ùe keâes mebJesoveMeerue
ceeceuee nw, pees meeceeefpekeâ efJeëe=bKeuelee keâe henuee Deewj Debeflece ÛejCe nw~
Yeer yeveelee nw~ ceveg<Ùe keâer mebJesoveeDeeW keâes mebjef#ele jKeves keâe keâeÙe& Skeâ
henuee FmeefueS efkeâ Yee<ee keâes ceveg<Ùe ves hejmhej mebJeeo Deewj mener
jÛeveekeâej Deheveer jÛeveeDeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes keâjlee nw FmeefueS Jen Øenjer
mebØes<eCe kesâ efueS ieÌ{e nw Deewj Debeflece FmeefueS efkeâ Deeies Ûeuekeâj ceveg<Ùe
Yeer nw~
keâe keâce& Yeer Yee<ee kesâ cetue DeLe& keâe veneR Gmekesâ YeübMe keâe ™he ues ueslee
3. Øeke=âefle .... ................. .................Øeleerkeâ nw~
nw~ Ùen Fme lejn neslee nw efkeâ Ú©e DeLe& keâe Jeenve keâjles-keâjles Yee<ee
JÙeeKÙee–jÛeveekeâej mJeÙeb Skeâ ceveg<Ùe nesves kesâ keâejCe Øeke=âefle mes
Deblele: nceejs keâce& keâes ner Ú©e ceW yeoue osleer nw~ keäÙee nce Yee<ee keâes
DeefYevve ™he mes pegÌ[e neslee nw~ Jen Øeeke=âeflekeâ heefjJesMe mes efpeme Øekeâej
Yeü° keâjves keâer heefjCeefle jepeveereflekeâ Deewj meeceeefpekeâ peerJeve kesâ Ûejce
keâe JÙeJenej mLeeefhele keâjlee nw, "erkeâ Jewmee ner JÙeJenej Øeke=âefle ceveg<Ùe kesâ
meeLe mLeeefhele keâjleer nw~ Øeke=âefle kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee JÙeJenej ner heleve ceW veneR osKe jns?
Øeke=âefle Éeje Gmekesâ Øeefle efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee JÙeJenej yevelee nw~ (keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe kesâ efueS GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS~

4. heneÌ[ Deewj mecegõ ................. .............Goeòe nes mekeWâies? (Ke) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe kesâ DeeOeej hej Yee<ee keâer Yetefcekeâe hej
JÙeeKÙee–Øemlegle JÙeeKÙesÙe hebefòeâ ceW uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ heneÌ[ leLee ØekeâeMe [eefueS~
mecegõ, pees efJeefYevve Øekeâej keâer efJeMeeuelee keâes OeejCe keâjles nQ, keâes (ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe keâerefpeS~
osKeves cee$e mes ceeveJe ceve efJeMeeuelee keâes Øeehle keâjlee nw, Gmekeâer Gòej-(keâ)
TbÛeeFÙeeW SJeb iecYeerjlee kesâ keâejCe efJeješlee keâe DevegYeJe keâjlee nw, Ùeefo Meer<e&keâ – ‘Yee<ee keâe YeübMe~’
Ùener efJeMes<eleeSB nceejs ceve-ceefmle<keâ ceW mecee peeSB, heneÌ[ leLee mecegõ
Gòej-(Ke)
pewmeer iecYeerjlee keâes mJeÙeb OeejCe keâj mekeWâ lees ceeveJe ceve Goeòelee SJeb
efJeješlee keâes mJele: ner OeejCe keâj uesiee~ Yee<ee ceveg<ÙeeW Ùee peerJe-peiele ceW hejmhej mebJeeo keâe meMeòeâ ceeOÙece
nw, Ùener Fmekeâe cetue cebleJÙe nw~ mener mecØes<eCe Yee<ee mes ner mecYeJe nw,
5. Øeke=âefle ................. ................. ......menÛejer nw~
Yee<ee ner JÙeefòeâ kesâ JÙeefòeâlJe keâe DeeFvee nw~ Devlele: Jener Gmekeâe
JÙeeKÙee–Øemlegle hebefòeâ ceW uesKekeâ Øeke=âefle keâes ceveg<Ùe keâe efJejesOeer ve
JÙeefòeâlJe Deewj YeefJe<Ùe efveOee&efjle keâjleer nw, Fme keâejCe Yee<ee keâe heleve
ceevekeâj Gmes Gmekeâe menÙeesieer ceevelee nw~ ceveg<Ùe Øeke=âefle kesâ meeLe Deeefoce
DeJemLee mes jnlee Ûeuee Dee jne nw~ ceveg<Ùe ves Øeke=âefle keâe Deeflejskeâ oesnve Skeâ iecYeerj mebkeâš nw~ Ùen mebkeâš jepeveerefle mes pevcee ngDee nw, jepeveerefle
efkeâÙee, eEkeâleg Øeke=âefle ves keâYeer Yeer ceeveJe keâe Mees<eCee ve keâjkesâ Gmekeâe Fmes Yeü° keâjves hej legueer ngF& nw, Ùen iecYeerj mebkeâš JeneR mes hewoe ngDee
hees<eCe ner efkeâÙee~ Øeke=âefle DeeOegefvekeâ efJekeâeme keâer Øeef›eâÙee ceW Yeer ceeveJe nw, Yee<ee keâe nceejs keâce& hej efJeMes<e ØeYeeJe heÌ[lee nw~ Yeü° Yee<ee kesâ
keâer menÙeesieer yevekeâj Gmekesâ efJekeâeme ceW cenlJehetCe& Yetefcekeâe keâe efveJe&nve keâejCe nceejs keâce& Yeer Yeü° nes peeles nQ~ Yeü° Yee<ee hetjer meYÙelee keâes ve°
keâjleer nw~ Dele: Øeke=âefle ceeveJe efJejesOeer ve neskeâj Gmekesâ menÙeesieer keâer keâjves keâer #ecelee jKeleer nw~ Yee<ee keâe DeefmlelJe Deewj Gmekeâer ieefjcee keâer
Yetefcekeâe ceW Deheves Deehe keâes Øemlegle keâjleer nw~ j#ee keâjvee DelÙevle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
UPPCS Mains 2020 General Hindi 113 YCT
Gòej-(ie) meb#esheCe– vÙeeÙe SJeb DeefOekeâeefjkeâlee efJeYeeie Gòej ØeosMe Éeje ØeefMe#eCe keâeÙe&Meeuee
‘Yee<ee keâe cenòJe’ efoveebkeâ 02-12-2020 keâes DeeÙeesefpele keâer pee Ûegkeâer nw~
Yee<ee keâes Yeü° keâjves ceW jepeveerefle keâer Dence Yetefcekeâe nw~ Ùen 2. mecemle mebyebefOele he#e Gòeâ meceÙe-meercee SJeb efoMee-efveoxMeeW
#es$eerÙe MeyoeW kesâ oesnjs DeLe& hewoe keâjkesâ Gvekeâer ieefjcee keâes ve° keâjlee keâe De#ejMe: heeueve keâjles ngS mecemle keâeÙe& keâjvee megefveef§ele keâjW~
nw~ meeceeefpekeâ Je ceeveJeerÙe cetuÙeeW keâe DeeOeejlelJe Yee<ee Ùeefo ve° nesleer mebueivekeâ:-
nw lees Jen hejmhej efJeMJeeme keâes Yeer KeefC[le keâjleer nw~ Yee<ee ceeveJe meeceeefpekeâ vÙeeÙe SJeb DeefOekeâeefjkeâlee efJeYeeie
mecØes<eCe keâe DeefveJeeÙe& SJeb meMeòeâ ceeOÙece nw~ Yee<ee keâe Úodce ™he Gòej ØeosMe keâe DeeosMe efoveebkeâ - 26-12-2020
ceeveJe peeefle keâes Ûejce heleve keâer Deesj ues peeSiee~ Dee%ee mes
3. efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej efueefKeS n......
(keâ) keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe efkeâmes keânles nQ? efMe#ee efJeYeeie, Gòej (De.ye.me.)
ØeosMe keâer Deesj mes peejer efJeMes<e Úe$eJe=efòe Ùeespevee mebyebOeer meefÛeJe
keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe keâe Øee™he lewÙeej keâerefpeS~ Gòej-(Ke)

(Ke) cegefKeÙee keâer Deesj mes hebÛeeÙele ceW keâesefJe[-19 mes nes jner mejkeâejer he$e
ce=lÙeg-mebyebOeer Skeâ mejkeâejer he$e efpeueeefOekeâejer keâes Øes<ekeâ, he$eebkeâ – 10/2Ûe/2020-21
efueefKeS~ Ùe j ue,
Gòej-(keâ) meefÛeJe,
keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe MeemekeâerÙe he$e-JÙeJenej keâe Jen ™he neslee nw «eece hebÛeeÙele jeveerhegj,
efpemekesâ ceeOÙece mes efkeâmeer keâeÙee&ueÙe DeLeJee mejkeâejer mebmLeeve DeLeJee yeejeyebkeâer~
JÙeeheeefjkeâ mebmLeeve ceW Skeâ Jeefj‰ DeefOekeâejer Deheves DeOeervemLe mesJee ceW,
ØeeefOekeâeefjÙeeW/keâce&ÛeeefjÙeeW keâes efJeefYevve mesJee mecyevOeer ceeceueeW pewmes- efpeueeefOekeâejer,
DeJekeâeMe mJeerke=âle, DevegMeemeveelcekeâ ceeceueeW Ùee efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâer Deheerue yeejeyebkeâer~
DeLeJee ØelÙeeJesove hej efueÙes ieÙes efkeâmeer efveCe&Ùe keâes ØeMeemekeâerÙe Âef°keâesCe DevegYeeie-1 yeejeyebkeâer, efo0- 20 ceF&, 2020
mes DeefveJeeÙe& DevegheeueveeLe& peejer keâjles nQ~
efMe#ee efJeYeeie, G0Øe0 efJe<eÙe : hebÛeeÙele ceW keâesefJe[-19 mes ner jner ce=lÙeg kesâ mebyebOe ceW~
DevegYeeie–1 cenesoÙe,
mebKÙee - keâ 148 De/o/heesmš cewefš^keâ/2020-21 GheÙeg&òeâ efJe<eÙe kesâ meboYe& ceW cegPes Ùen keânves keâe efveosMe ngDee nw
efo0- 21-peveJejer, 2021, ueKeveT efkeâ efheÚues kegâÚ efoveeW ceW «eece meYee ceW keâesefJe[-19 kesâ meb›eâceCe keâe
Øemeej leer›e ieefle mes ngDee nw~ Fmemes «eece meYee ceW ce=lÙeg keâer IešveeDeeW ceW
keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe Je=efæ nes jner nw~ «eece meYee ceW keâesefJe[-19 kesâ Øemeej keâe keâejCe keWâõ
efJeòeerÙe Je<e& 2020-21 kesâ efueS heesmš cewefš^keâ efJeMes<e Úe$eJe=efòe mejkeâej Éeje peejer efoMee-efveoxMeeW (ceemkeâ, mewefvešeFpej keâe ØeÙeesie leLee
ÙeespeveeDeeW nsleg efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW, efJeÅeeueÙeeW, efpeuee efMe#ee DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW leLee GefÛele otj) keâe mecegefÛele lejerkesâ mes heeueve ve efkeâÙee peevee nw~ ØeeLeefcekeâ
mecemle Øeef›eâÙee Dee@veueeFve heesš&ue kesâ peefjS heshej uesme keâer ieF& nw~ Fme mJeemLÙe keWâõeW ceW Yeer keâesefJe[-19 kesâ GefÛele GheÛeej nsleg megefJeOeeDeeW keâe
mebyebOe ceW efpeuee efMe#ee DeefOekeâejer SJeb mebyebefOele keâeefce&keâeW keâes meeceeefpekeâ DeYeeJe nw~
UPPCS Mains 2020 General Hindi 114 YCT
 2. Dele: Deehemes DevegjesOe nw efkeâ keWâõ mejkeâej Éeje peejer efoMee- meced DeÛÚer lejn/ mebMeÙe, mevlees<e, mebie"ve, mebÛeej mebj#ee
efveoxMeeW keâe heeueve megefveefMÛele keâjeves kesâ meeLe-meeLe ØeeLeefcekeâ mJeemLÙe hetCe& Megæ
keWâõeW ceW GefÛele megefJeOeeDeeW keâer Deehetefle& megefveefMÛele keâjW~ meg DeÛÚe/mejue mJeÛÚ, megievOe, megueYe, megyeesOe, megMeerue,
mJeeiele
YeJeoerÙe Ùee
mebueivekeâ– keâesefJe[-19 mes n0...... DeheJÙeÙe ceW Ghemeie& nw – Dehed
nesves Jeeueer ce=lÙeg kesâ DeeBkeâÌ[eW efve<keâece ceW Ghemeie& nw – efvemed
keâer ÚeÙee Øeefle~ (Ùe. j. ue.) GVeÙeve ceW Ghemeie& nw – Gled
«eece meefÛeJe~ mebMeÙe ceW Ghemeie& nw – meced
«eece hebÛeeÙele mJeÛÚ ceW Ghemeie& nw – meg
Gòej-(Ke)
4. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce efueefKeS~
Meyo ØelÙeÙe
meg<egefhle, hetJe&, ØemeVe, hejkeâerÙe, ceneved, %eeveer, ueIeg,
›eâerÌ[e - Dee
veerefle, Meeskeâ, efJeIve
efce"eF& - DeeF&
Gòej-
ceefjÙeue - FÙeue
Meyo efJeueesce
efYe#egkeâ - Gkeâ
meg<egefhle - peeie=efle
Oecekeâer - F&
hetJe& - he§eele, heef§ece,
6. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeebMeeW Ùee heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ
ØemeVe - DeØemeVe
Meyo efueefKeS~
hejkeâerÙe - mJekeâerÙe
(a) efpemekeâe Deeefo ve nes
ceneved - legÛÚ
(b) JÙeLe& KeÛe& keâjves Jeeuee
%eeveer - De%eeveer, cetÌ{
(c) efyevee heuekeâ PehekeâeS
ueIeg - oerIe&, ieg™
(d) cejves keâer FÛÚe
veerefle - Deveerefle
(e) efpemes otj keâjvee keâef"ve nes~
Meeskeâ - n<e&
efJeIve - efveefJeIve Gòej-
5. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ GhemeieeX keâes efveoxMe JeekeäÙeebMe Skeâ Meyo
keâerefpeS~ efpemekeâe Deeefo ve nes - Deveeefo
DeheJÙeÙe, efve<keâece, GVeÙeve, mebMeÙe, mJeÛÚ JÙeLe& KeÛe& keâjves Jeeuee - DeheJÙeÙeer
(Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙeeW keâes Deueie efyevee heuekeâ PehekeâeS - efveefve&ces<e
keâerefpeS~ cejves keâer FÛÚe - cegcet<ee&
›eâerÌ[e, efce"eF&, ceefjÙeue, efYe#egkeâ, Oecekeâer efpemes otj keâjvee keâef"ve nes - ogefve&Jeej
Gòej-(keâ) 7. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS~

Ghemeie& DeLe& Ghemeie&Ùegòeâ Meyo (a) efvejhejeOeer keâes ob[ veneR efceueveer ÛeeefnS~
Dehe yegje/efJehejerle DeheJÙeÙe, DeheÙeMe, DeheMeyo DeheMekegâve (b) Deehe KeeS efkeâ veneR?
efveme efyevee/yeenj efve<keâece, efve<keâce&, efve§eÙe, efve<heâue (c) ueÌ[keâer ves oner efieje oer~
Gled Ghej/ßes‰ GVeÙeve, GösMÙe, GVeefle, (d) Deehekesâ oJee mes Jen DeejesiÙe ngDee~
GefuueefKele (e) keâceje ueesieeW mes ueyeeueye Yeje nw~
UPPCS Mains 2020 General Hindi 115 YCT
 (Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer keâe mebMeesOeve keâerefpeS (2) keâeiepe keâer veeJe (ve efškeâves Jeeueer Jemleg)
efmebefnveer, Úgõ, Ûeceexlkeâ<e&, efÛevn, yejyelee& JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - nceW Deheves Mejerj hej ieJe& veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS Ùes lees
Gòej-(keâ) keâeiepe keâer veeJe nw~
DeMegæ JeekeäÙe Megæ JeekeäÙe (3) Ûeeoj mes yeenj hewj hewâueevee (DeeÙe mes DeefOekeâ KeÛe& keâjvee)
1. efvejhejeOeer keâes oC[ veneR - efvejhejeOe keâes oC[ veneR JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - [sÌ{ meew ™heS keâceeles nes Deewj Fleveer KeÛeeaueer ueleW
efceuevee ÛeeefnS efceuevee ÛeeefnS
heeue jKeer nQ, Ûeeoj mes yeenj hewj hewâueeves ceW keâewve meer Dekeäuecevoer nw~
2. Deehe KeeS efkeâ veneR? - Deehe ves KeeÙee Ùee veneR?
(4) šesheer GÚeuevee (Fppele efceóer ceW efceueevee)
3. ueÌ[keâer ves oner efieje oer - ueÌ[keâer ves oner efieje efoÙee~
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - jcesMe ves Iej mes Yeeie keâj Meeoer keâjkesâ Deheves ceeB-
4. Deehekesâ oJee mes Jen - Deehe keâer oJee mes Jen mJemLe/
yeehe keâer šesheer GÚeue oer~
DeejesiÙe ngDee veerjesie ngDee~
5. keâceje ueesieeW mes ueyeeueye - keâceje ueesieeW mes KeÛeeKeÛe Yeje nw~ (5) efceóer Kejeye keâjvee (ogo&Mee keâjvee)
Yeje nw JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - jesnve keâer Ûeesjer keâer Deeole kesâ efueS Gmekesâ ceelee
Gòej-(Ke) efhelee ves Gmes yengle mecePeeÙee hej Jen veneR ceevee Deewj Gmeves Deheveer
DeMegæ Meyo Megæ Meyo efceóer Kejeye keâj oer~
1. efmebefnveer - efmebnveer (6) jbiee efmeÙeej nesvee (Oetle& nesvee)
2. Úgõ - #egõ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - Deepe-keâue efkeâmeer hej Yeer Yejesmee veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS,
3. Ûeceexlkeâ<e& - Ûejceeslkeâ<e& keäÙeeWefkeâ DeefOekeâlej ueesie jbiee efmeÙeej ner nesles nQ~
4. efÛevn - efÛeÖ (7) keâe yejKee peye ke=âef<e megKeeves (meceÙe efvekeâue peeves hej ceood
5. yejyelee& - yeye&jlee
keâjvee)
8. efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW/ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& efueefKeS
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - Iej hej keâpe& nesves mes ueesieeW mes yengle ceood ceeBieer hej
Deewj Gvekeâe JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS~
efkeâmeer ves ceood veneR keâer Deewj Iej efyekeâ peeves hej efkeâmeer ves Deekeâj cegPes
(1) Dee"-Dee" DeeBmet yenevee
hewmes efoS, Fmeer keâes keânles nw- keâe yejKee peye ke=âef<e megKeeves~
(2) keâeiepe keâer veeJe
(8) kebâieeueer cebs Deeše ieeruee (mebkeâš ceW Skeâ Deewj mebkeâš Deevee)
(3) Ûeeoj mes yeenj hewj hewâueevee
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - censMe Fme meceÙe DeeefLe&keâ lebieer ceW Ûeue jne nw,
(4) šesheer GÚeuevee
(5) efceóer Kejeye keâjvee Thej mes ie=nkeâj, peuekeâj SJeb efyepeueer kesâ efyeue ves kebâieeueer ceW Deeše

(6) jQiee efmeÙeej nesvee ieeruee keâj efoÙee~

(7) keâe yejKee peye ke=âef<e megKeeves (9) veskeâer keâj kegâSB ceW [eue (YeueeF& keâjkesâ Yetue peevee)
(8) kebâieeueer ceW Deeše ieeruee JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - njerMe ves meeOet keâes Yejhesš Yeespeve keâjeÙee, uesefkeâve
(9) veskeâer keâj kegâSB ceW [eue efkeâmeer keâes yeleeÙee veneR, Gmekeâe efmeæeble nw veskeâer keâj kegâSB cebs [eue~
(10) hej GheosMe kegâMeue yenglesjs~ (10) hej GheosMe kegâMeue yenglesjs (otmejeW keâes GheosMe osves keâes Deemeeve
Gòej- mecePevee)
(1) Dee"-Dee" DeeBmet yenevee (hetâš-hetâš keâj jesvee) JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie - ogefveÙee kesâ ueesie Yeer Deepekeâue Depeerye nes ieS nQ
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- efpeme meceÙe heÌ{vee Lee, lees legce DeeJeejeieoea keâjles jns meYeer meesMeue ceeref[Ùee hej %eeve yeeBšves kesâ efueS yew"s nQ, hej mJeÙeb Gme
Deye hesâue nes peeves hej Dee"-Dee" DeeBmet jesves mes keäÙee heâeÙeoe~ hej Deceue veneR keâj jnW Ùener nw- hej GheosMe kegâMeue yenglesjs~
UPPCS Mains 2020 General Hindi 116 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION-2020
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Note: (i) The Question paper is divided into three Sections. Write three essays in Hindi or English or
Urdu language, selecting one topic from each section.
(ii) Words limit each essay is 700 words.
(iii) Each essay carries 50 marks.

SECTION-A All the characters pointed in these tales are the true
representation of the types of such people as they were in
Q.1 : Sociality of literature
his times. While Chaucer is a reflector of those
Ans. : Sociality of Literature characters and their types of his age, he is virtually and
Literature is intimately related to society viewed as a truly described as the chronicler of his age – his
whole, a body of literature is part of the entire culture of characters whether a knight, the Prioress, the monk, the
a people. The characteristic qualities that distinguish the fat fryer, the sailor, the squire, the priest – all are truly
literature of one group from that of another, derive from the representatives of their types in the contemporary
the characteristic qualities of that group. society as they actually were. Chaucer is a painter as well
Its themes and problems emerge from group as a critic of his society.
activities and group situations, and its significance lies in Shakespeare – the greatest dramatist of English
the extent to which it expresses and enriches the totality language – one of the greatest of all languages brings in
of culture. It is an integral part of entire culture, tied by a 'ghosts', 'witches' and 'courtier' and 'fools' in his plays
tissue of connections with every other element in the which were as per the liking of his audience and a part of
culture. the English society of his times.
Society influences literature in many ways, and the That is what is rightly said about Shakespeare that in
connections of literature with society are integral and addition to the normal three 'unities' – Time, Place and
pervasive. Infact, the range for social influences on Action in drama, he brought about the fourth unity –
literature is vast and varied. 'unity with the People'. That encomium clearly
Literature influences the society, society is reflected Shakespeare being influenced by the society of his age
in Literature and in this way, in all languages and at all and in his plays he though never gave any message or
times there has been a close interaction between the two. pronounced any philosophy but that is always there – the
Literature of any age cannot escape the influence of triumph of the good over the evil.
the social scene and therefore is found reflecting the Society acts as a role model for its writers. Literature
society of the age when it is created. combines both abstract thoughts with the concrete forms
The poet, the dramatist, the novelist, the essayist are presents subjects like alienation and assimilation in
all the product of their age and their age openly and society but also reflects the issues such as social,
clearly get imaged in their compositions. That cannot be political, social and historical facts.
helped, it so seems. Take the example of two literatures– The aim of the writer is to depict the reality of the
English and Hindi. society through a piece of literature.
Chaucer is called the father of English poetry and Literature and society are dependent on each other
actually English literature in its form and Language and are two sides of a coin. If we look at the history of
which kept on developing and improving, begins from any society, one will find that societies have changed
him. His most representative work is the Prologue to the from time to time and same is the case with literature.
Canterbury Tales and then the Canterbury tales. Society changed their norms, styles and rules in the same

UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 117 YCT

way literature changed from traditional to modern. We Dr Ghurye states, caste is a Brahiminic child of
Indo-Aryan culture cradled in the land of the Ganges and
found literature related to contemporary issues like child
labour, women empowerment, Eco-feminism, Eco- then transferred to other parts of India. The Brahmins
even added the concept of spiritual merit of the king,
criticism, Gender Discrimination, Female Foeticide and
through the priest or Purohit in order to get the support of
other issues that are present in every society. Thus it
won't be a travesty to say that literature and society are
the ruler of the land.
complimentary to each other. 4. Occupational Theory–Caste hierarchy is
st
Q.2 : Caste system in 21 century : Problem and according to the occupation. Those professions which
Challenges. were regarded as better and respectable made the persons
st
Ans. : Caste System in 21 Century : Problems who performed them superior to those who were
and Challenges- engaged in inferior or degraded (dirty) professions.
The Caste System is one of the unique features in According to Newfield, "Function and function
Indian society. Its root can be traced back to thousands of alone is responsible for the origin of caste structure in
years in Ancient India. India.
The word caste derives from the Spanish Portuguese With functional differentiation there came in
– "Casta' that means – "race, Lineage or breed". occupational differentiation such as Lohar (blacksmith),
Portuguese employed – "Casta" in the modern sense Chamar (cobbler), Teli (oil-pressers).
when they applied it to hereditary Indian social groups Caste System in the 21st Century–
called as 'Jati' which originates from the root word 'Jana' The argument that "while caste as a system is more
which implies taking birth. Thus caste is concerned with or less dead, individual castes are flourishing" is widely
birth. accepted. Srinivas made this statement almost at the end
According to Anderson and Parker, "Caste is that of the 20th century.
extreme form of social class organization in which the The localized system of production of food-grains
position of individuals in the status hierarchy is and other necessities based on a caste-wise division of
determined by – "descent and birth". labour, which had endured for over two thousand years,
Origin of Caste System in India– is fast breaking down all over rural India, and is likely to
Following theories are attributed behind origin of disappear in the near future.
caste-system in India– Production will become freed from Jati division of
1. Traditional Theory–According to this theory, the labour, economic relations will become autonomous and
caste system is of divine origin. It says the caste system grain payments will be replaced by cash.
is an extension of the Varna System, where the 4 Varnas Indian rural society is moving from status to
originated from the body of Brahma. contract. An essential characteristic of the system was
2. Racial Theory–The Sanskrit word for caste is hierarchy earlier before 21st century, which expressed
Varna which means colour. The caste system itself in the idiom of ritual purity and impurity. This
stratification of the Indian society had its origin in the hierarchy is breaking down under the impact of new
Chaturvarna system – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas ideas of democracy, equality and individual society in
and Shudras. Indian sociologist D.N. Majumdar writes in the 21st Century. While caste as a system is dead or
his book – "Races and Culture in India", the caste system dying, individual castes are thriving.
took its birth after the arrival of Aryans in India. G.S. Ghurye, one of the founders of sociology in
Rigvedic literature stresses very significantly the India, had observed long back in his classic work on
differences between the Arya and Non-Aryans (Dasa), Caste (1932 – p. 26-28) that the community aspect of
not only in their complexion but also in their speech, caste and caste patriotism were increasing at the expense
religions practices, and physical features. of harmony of parts – of course, parts which were
3. Political Theory–According to this theory, the subordinated to one another.
caste system is a clever device invented by the Brahmins Srinivas made similar observation in his 1955 paper:
in order to place themselves on the highest ladder of "The horizontal solidarity of a caste gained at the
social hierarchy. expense of vertical solidarity of castes in a region. In
UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 118 YCT
general, it may be emphatically said that the last hundred (5) Article 327 provides power to the Parliament to
years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence (6) Article 328 provides power to Legislature of a
between different castes living in a region" (P-136). state to make provision with respect to elections to such
"Caste as a system" is derived mainly from studies Legislature.
of the rural rather than urban community. (7) Article 329 provides to create a bar on the court
st
Hence we can summarize that in the 21 century the to make any interference by courts relating to electoral
Caste system has transcended (transformed) from matters.
hierarchy to difference, division, separation or repulsion, Aspects–The Electoral Reforms contain the
from whole to parts, from system to elements or units following aspects–
from structure to substance. (1) Transparency about the background of the
Rural vs Urban Caste–The idea of caste as a candidates.
system is that of the caste in the rural community and (2) Freeing the election processes from muscle and
ignores caste in the traditional premodern urban money power.
community. (3) Prohibiting the nexus between business and
Caste as system existed for thousands of years in politics.
Indian urban society. It would be false to assume that the (4) Availing all the citizens, eligible to vote a
nature of castes in cities was same as that in villages in comfortable, friendly and assured facilitation of vote
the past and therefore our understanding of changes in casting.
caste would be unreal if it were based entirely on our (5) Upholding the secrecy of voters.
understanding of rural caste. (6) Fair registration and recognition of the Political
Q.3 : Election reforms in India : Necessity and Parties and without any kind of influence.
indispensability. (7) The solution of delisting of illiterate voters.
Ans. : Electoral Reforms in India : Necessity and (8) Non-partisan role of media.
Indispensability. (9) Applying the model code of conduct efficiently.
Electoral reforms refer to the introduction of the best (10) Streamlining the preparation of electoral rolls.
practices in ensuring better democracy, clean politics, (11) Expediting the election processes.
fair elections, ideal members of legislative houses, true (12) Rationalizing the electoral processes.
representation and so on. Necessity of Electoral Reforms–
Electoral Reforms process focuses mainly on The need for electoral reforms has also been felt
broadening the core meaning of democracy making it mainly due to removing the malicious people and
more citizen friendly. malevolent activities, they are involved in. Their
Constitutional Articles Related to Electoral requirement can be authenticated and substantiated on
Reforms– following grounds–
(1) Article 324-329 deals with elections and (1) Election processes should reflect the situation of
electoral reforms. the day and should not be imposed on contemporary
(2) Article 324 deals with the superintendence society.
direction and control of elections to be vested in an (2) To prohibit the criminalization of politics.
Election Commission. (3) To stop misuse of government machinery.
(3) Article 325 states that no person to be ineligible (4) To discourage money and muscle power to
for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special contribute in election processes.
electoral role on grounds of religion, caste, race or sex. (5) To disapprove non-serious candidates to contest
(4) Article 326 deals with the Elections to the House in the election.
of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States (6) Election processes should be neutral, free from
to be on the basis of adult suffrage. any bias for any political parties.

UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 119 YCT

 (7) To enhance the trust in the eyes of citizens Shortage of water and its centrality is going to cause
towards electoral processes. major social and geopolitical stresses. Our neighbours
(8) To employ the use of technology to further the like Pakistan, China and Bangladesh are having their
election processes and be in synchrome with modern day own problems due to water scarcity. Since water
methods. resources of Indian sub-continent are monolithic in
In final analysis and conclusion it can be said that nature, the shortage of water has its own international
the Election Commission of India needs to adopt a strict ramifications.
stand regarding the implementation of the electoral Case Study of River Ganga–
reforms and take measures to ensure fair and transparent River Ganga is not a normal river, it is not only the
elections free from political and social manipulations and lifeline of Northern India but also has a very special
machinations. place in the spiritual consciousness of every Hindu
SECTION-B irrespective of the fact whether that person in India or is
a person of Indian origin settled abroad.
Q.4 : Water pollution and Ganga cleanliness The 2525 km river rises in the Western Himalayas in
Ans. : Water Pollution and Ganga Cleanliness the Indian state of Uttarakhand and flows south and then
Water is absolutely essential for the basic sustenance east through the gangetic plains of India and Bangladesh,
of human being and other living beings. No wonder most eventually emptying into Bay of Bengal. The Ganga is
of the civilization have flourished on the banks of rivers the lifeline of about 40% population of India. By
or in the river valleys. India is no exception. It needs to discharge it is the fifth largest river in the world.
be noted that fresh water sources are limited and finite. Water Pollution of River Ganga–
Total water available in the entire world is 1,400000 The river Ganga flows through 100 cities with
cubic kms. populations over 1,00000 and 97 cities and 48 towns
However 96.5% of it is there in the oceans and only with population ranging between 50,000 to 1,00000.
1.7% is ground water, 1.7% in glaciers and 0.1% is in the A large proportion of sewage water with high
atmosphere in the form of water vapour. organic load in the Ganges contributed by this population
Only 2.5% is fresh water and 98.8% of this fresh through domestic water usage. Because of the
water is in the form of ice and only 0.3% is in the lakes establishment of large number of Industrial cities on the
and rivers. Finally .003% of fresh water is within bank of river Ganges, like Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi
biological bodies. 70% of the fresh water is used up for and Patna, countless tanneries, chemical plants, textile
agriculture and with changing crop pattern the mills, distilleries, slaughterhouses and hospitals prosper
requirement of fresh water is on the rise. To make and grow along this and contribute to the pollution of
matters worse, the human population is also Ganges by dumping untreated waste into it. One coal
exponentially rising. As per the Food and Agriculture based power plant on the banks of Pandu River, a
Organization (FAO) estimates the water usage has been tributary of Ganges near Kanpur, burns 600000 tons of
growing at more than twice the rate of population coal each year and produces 210,000 tons of fly ash.
increase in the past century. The ash is dumped into ponds from which a slurry is
Water Pollution is making matters worse. In case of filtered, mixed with domestic waste water and then
the Indian subcontinent, 30 percent of the major released into the Pandu River. Fly ash contains toxic
Himalayan rivers are biologically dead for fishing and heavy metals such as lead and copper. The amount of
for human consumption both. Rising population is copper inparts per million which is released in the Pandu
another factor which is affecting the percapita water river before it even reaches the Ganges is thousand times
availability. higher than what is there in the uncontaminated water.
It is noteworthy that in 1951 water availability in Industrial effluents are about 12% of the total
India in 1951 was 5177 cubic metres percapita per year, volume of effluent discharged into river Ganges.
which had got reduced to 1342 cubic metres per person Although a relatively low proportion they are a cause for
per year by 2000. With rise in population since year 2000 major concern because they are often toxic and non-bio
it must have become worse. gradable. Despite being a lifeline of millions of people
UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 120 YCT
staying along its course, it is steadily getting polluted for separate schemes of GAP, phase II and the National
many reasons, some due to apathy of people and some River Conservation plan.
due to natural phenomenon. Namami Gange–In July 2014, the Government of
Impact of Pollution–The Ganges river pollution India announced an Integrated Ganges development
problem is exacerbated by the fact that many poor people project titled – 'Namami Gange', with a budget outlay of
depend on the waters of Ganga on a daily basis for 20,000 crores, it had to accomplish the twin objectives of
bathing, washing and cooking. The World Bank effective abatement of pollution and conservation and
estimates that the health costs of water pollution in India rejuvenation of the National river Ganga.
equals to 3% of the India's GDP. It is also suggested that Some Pioneer works executed under this project, to
eighty % of all illnesses in India and one-third of deaths address the pollution and improve the navigability of the
can be attributed to water borne diseases. river and quality of its water by building a number of
The Ganges river pollution is not only posing crematoriums on its banks, dredging the river to improve
serious threat to humans but also to animals. Some of the navigability between Varanasi and Kolkata, building
important aquatic animals species which are threatened Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) to reduce discharge of
include more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian raw sewage into the river and building large number of
toilets along the River bank to reduce the discharge of
species, reptiles such as Gharials and mammals, such as
faecal matters into the River.
the South Asian River Dolphin.
Q.5 : Five trillion dollar Indian Economy :
Efforts to Clean Ganga–Over a period of time the
Possibilities and Challenges
Union government has created an exhaustive structure to
Ans. : Five Trillion Dollar Economy : Possibilities
cleanse the River. The Central Ganga Authority an
and Challenges
official apex body involved in the cleansing operation is
India has been steadily growing amid lots of ups and
headed by the Prime Minister and meets once a year to
downs.
make policy decisions, draw up programmes and assess
Infact, Bharat has transformed into Vibrant India.
progress. There is also a steering committee headed by
When India got freedom, its economy was quite in
secretary to the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In
sufficient to even feed its people properly and until 1991,
addition to various experts, the committee also includes
it was not able to compete with the other world. The
Chief Secretaries of three concerned states – UP, Bihar
country has witnessed a rapid growth after the Indian
and West Bengal and representatives of concerned
economy had been liberalized in 1991, which has now
Ministries. Its main task is to financially manage and
become an open market. The domestic market is now
execute various cleaning projects. The executing
able to compete successfully with multinational
bodies/agencies include the municipal bodies of
companies, thus expanding their horizon bringing a lot of
concerned cities. Post formation of Ministry of Jal Shakti
growth opportunities in the country. At present India is
in May 2019, the entire effort of River Ganga 2.70 trillion dollar economy, which by 2024 is assumed
Rejuvenation has come in the ambit of this Ministry. to become a 5 trillion dollar economy.
Ganga Action Plan–To address the issue of river It is viable on the basis of the following facts–
water pollution, the GAP (Ganga Action Plan) was India is going digital very fast, Internet connectivity
launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi the then Prime Minister has reached out to 627 Million people and in the coming
of India on 14th Jan 1986, with the main objective of years National Digital Literacy Mission (NDLM) has set
pollution abatement. It was meant to improve the water the target to make at least one person from each
quality by interception, diversion and treatment of household digitally literate. It is achieving its target very
domestic sewage, toxic industrial chemicals and fast. India will have become an enormous, digital
biological wastes from polluting units entering into theresource by 2024 which will pave the way for 5 trillion
river. Between 1985 and 2000, around US $ 226 million Economy.
were spent on the GAP. India comprises 65 Million Micro Small and
The programme of river water cleaning was Medium Enterprises (MSMS) which create 120 million
extended to other major rivers of the country under two jobs. They procure around 30 percent of total
UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 121 YCT
employment. In the country, to make those MSM more Q.6 : Indian Agriculture : Towards evergreen
employment oriented, the government has undertaken revolution
several transformational reforms in this sector very Ans. : Indian Agriculture : Towards Evergreen
recently. These reforms are making India a Revolution
manufacturing hub from which India exports would The seeds of ‘Green Revolution’ in India were sown
touch newer heights and thus generating a lot of foreign
in Punjab Agricultural University and the seeds of
currencies.
‘Evergreen Revolution’ should also be sown in PAU
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has resolved to
stated the Father of India’s Green Revolution, Dr. M.S.
double the income of farmers by 2022. In order to reach
Swaminathan at a seminar organized at Ludhiana in
the target, the Govt. has launched many schemes. One of
April 2011.
the steps that the Government has taken is towards
It is notable that Green Revolution in India, started
selling farmers produce at a better price and linking them
during 1963-64, and during the visit of Dr Norman
with electronic farmer's market place. It is an irony that
Borlaug, there were extensive multi-location trials of
the services sector in India contributes 56.5% of GDP
semi-dwarf wheat selections followed by national
but creates only 30% of jobs. The Government is
demonstrations in “farmer’s” fields, standardization of
focusing on the expansion of the services sector and agronomic and irrigation practices in 1964-65. The
generating thereby a number of job opportunities nation witnessed a quantum jump in production which
proportionally. India has a lot of potential in this sector led to the onset of the Wheat Revolution in 1967-68.
and by 2024, its contribution to the GDP will increase Green Revolution was the biggest agro-revolution ever
considerably bringing India to a 5 trillion Dollar witnessed in India after independence, as it helped Indian
Economy. India could and should aspire to double-digit farmers become independent.
growth. Without sustained growth at that level it has Over the years, we witnessed various shortcomings
little hope of employing the roughly one million young of the Green Revolution like detioratation in soil quality
people who join its work force every month and unless it and excessive use of fertilisers.
takes advantage of its current favorable demographics it To combat these problems M.S. Swaminathan came
is never likely to emerge as an upper middle income up with an updated model called the Evergreen
economy with a prosperous and thriving Middle Class. Revolution.
But the prerequisites fortunes of the Asian Tigers and
Why did Green Revolution Failed?
then China have not yet been put into place. Supportive
M.S. Swaminathan observed in his research that the
markets for land and labor simply do not exist. Energy
green revolution was degrading the environment be it
supply and infrastructure are far better than they were,
soil depletion, ground water pollution, soil erosion, loss
but still not up to the standards required to build a world of fertility or loss of biodiversity. He wanted to fix this
class manufacturing sector. And although successive problem by making agriculture more sustainable whilst
governments have paid lip service to the need to educate looking at the poverty rate of India.
young Indians and provide them with the vocational
Need for Evergreen Revolution–
skills they need to succeed in a modern economy, the
The Evergreen Revolution was necessitated owing
outcomes of various attempts to do so have been frankly
to following concerns and reasons–
disappointing.
• Soil depletion by the excessive use of fertilizers.
If India does not very little – a "business-as-usual"
• Ground water contamination by use of pesticides
scenario – it will, indeed, continue to grow. Growth, if
and chemicals.
the skeptics are right, will be moderate by Indian
• Loss of fertility.
standards. If it grows closer to 6% a year in dollar terms,
then the Indian economy will only succeed to hit 5 • Climate change.
trillion dollar economy in about a decade from now far • Regional disparities.
longer-than Modi wants. • Loss of bio-diversity.
UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 122 YCT
 • Increased use of unsustainable agricultural SECTION - C
methods.
Q.7 : Indo-China Relation and SAARC Politics
• Water logging and inundation of fields.
Ans. : Indo-China Relation and SAARC Politics
• Farmers getting burdened by loans.
Introduction–With the changes in International
Main Components of Evergreen Revolution–
situation new forms of international co-operation are
The main objective of the green revolution was to
taking place. To become more cohesive and to take part
increase the production of crops, double farmers incomes in the process of enhancing welfare many regions are
and maintaining environmental sustainability by using uniting together.
high yielding seeds whilst educating the farmers about
The process of unification (political/economic) has
informative and communicative technologies (ICT). gone much further in South-East-Asia than South Asia.
Farmers were informed and educated about weather South Asian Association for Regional cooperation has
alerts, the sowing period, the prices of products, and had a shorter history than Association of South East
introduced services like e-kranti which is a technology Asian nations.
with real-time price information, payment with online South Asian Association And Regional Cooperation
banking and online ordering of inputs. The main (SAARC) is the economic and geo-political unit
components of Green Revolution are up-gradation of soil presently consist of eight member countries : India,
health and fertility using high-yielding seeds, using lab to Pakistan, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives
land demonstration and implementing rain water and Afghanistan. Since its establishment in 1985 it has
harvesting instead of contaminating the existing ground mixed bag of success and failure to its kitty.
water. The development potential of this groups has been
Evergreen Revolution and Food Security in hindered by various factors like–
India– • India Pakistan bilateral issues.
Food security means the ability of a country to • India's bilateral issue with other Countries like
produce or produce adequate amounts of food supply for Srilanka, Bangladesh also takes a toll on the
its current and future population. Looking at the development of SAARC as the powerful regional
population of India it was concerning that with the group.
decrease in soil productivity how would India produce • Trust deficit between India and its neighbouring
sufficient food grain to feed its people. The only solution Countries due to India's big-brother image.
was to produce more and more. The fear of stagnation of
• Cross-border Terrorism.
the growth of food crops was the biggest concern. The
• Political instability in the Pakistan and Afghanistan.
following steps were taken to improve the food security
• Low Human Development Index and resource
of India–
problems in the region.
(1) Building public distribution of India.
Now India has occupied the 70% of the SAARC
(2) Introduction of food supplementation programs
countries region geographically and economically,
to improve food intake in the vulnerable sections of the
therefore it is natural that India has to take the lead to
society.
sort out the above mentioned issues and devise a plan to
(3) Direct and indirect food subsidy. revive this group to achieve its full potential. India
(4) Improving purchasing power. should provide the unilateral concession and other
(5) National surveys were made to make sure these assistance to bridge the trust deficit among the SAARC
measures were being taken seriously. nations. Moreover, this forum should not discuss the
(6) Availability, access and absorption were the bilateral issues as in past this India Pakistan bilateral task
main goals. has always dominated the overall agenda of SAARC.
The main focus to herald Evergreen Revolution was Economic development of the region needs to be given
to lessen the import of resources and increase local topmost priority in the planning. SAARC Preferential
production and improve the food security of India. Trade Agreement (SAPTA) needs to be revived to bring

UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 123 YCT

the economic prosperity in this region. India needs to Stronger regional economic integration and greater
give the trade concessions to member countries to make infrastructure development in the SAARC region will
the SAPTA achieve its potential. This regional group can create greater interdependence with India acquiring the
be turned into a manufacturing hub and can develop the central role. Faster economic development of SAARC
competitive products using its huge population as a group nations will help to end Chinese hegemony in
resource by imparting required skills to them. This will South East Asia and will promote India’s strategic
reduce the incidence of the poverty in the region and will interests in this region by having greater and quick
access to neighbouring. SAARC nations and building
have the cascading effect on the other aspect of the
stronger political and economic ties with SAARC group
development.
nations on the basis of greater mutual trust and synergy
Indo-China Relations and Relevance of SAARC with them. Greater cooperation with SAARC nations
As India-China border tensions continue to fester, a will also help in enhancing regional security and
hegemonic China as part of its global expansionism, is prosperity.
chipping away at India’s interests in South Asia. This Q.8 : Corona Pandemic : Disaster to Opportunity
should be a cause of major concern for New-Delhi. Ans. : Corona Pandemic : Disaster to Opportunity
China’s proximity to Pakistan is well known. Nepal is Covid-19 pandemic has shaken the world by
moving closer to China for ideational and material affecting the economies since its outbreak in the Wuhan
reasons. China is wooing (attracting) Bangladesh by Institute of Virology, Wuhan, a city in China.
offering tariff exemption to 97% of Bangladeshi products The countries have taken precautionary measures
and has intensified its ties with Srilanka through massive like imposing lockdowns, sending COVID patients to a
investments. According to a Brookings India study, most mandatory quarantine of fourteen days, making vaccines,
South Asian Nations are now largely dependent on China restricting passengers from travelling abroad etc. As far
as India is concerned, it is needless to emphasize that this
for imports despite geographical proximity to India.
pandemic is probably the biggest problem the nation has
Reinvigorating SAARC–Several foreign policy
faced after independence. In India, the first case came up
experts argue that India’s strategic dealing with China
in Kerela in January of 2020. World Health Organization
has to begin with South Asia. In this regard, it is (WHO) declared the pandemic in March 2020 after an
important to reinvigorate SAARC, which has been in the alarming global catastrophe. Initially WHO refused any
doldrums since 2014. human-to-human transmission declaring it a 'normal'
In the last few years, due to increasing animosity virus.
with Pakistan, India’s political interest in SAARC dipped The government of India had imposed a national
significantly. India has been trying hard to isolate lockdown which was necessary as India had no PPE kits,
Pakistan internationally for its role in promoting vaccines, medicines etc to fight against this virus.
terrorism in India. Vaccination is the only permanent solution for this
One way to infuse life in SAARC is to revive the disease that has affected the whole world.
process of South Asian economic integration. South Asia Vaccines developed by various nations like India,
the USA, UK, Russia, etc can be a breakthrough to solve
is one of the least integrated regions in the world with
this crisis. All the vaccine-producing nations should
intraregional trade teetering at basely 5% of total South
come forward and distribute their vaccines to those that
Asian trade, compared to 25% of intra-regional trade in
have suffered the most. The systematic approach in
the ASEAN region while South Asian countries have handling this pandemic can lead to prolific results proper
signed trade treaties, the lack of Political will and trust utilisation of vaccines without wastage will break the
deficit has prevented any meaningful movement. chain thereby reducing the cases globally.
According to the World Bank, trade in South Asia stands While the future of humanity has always been
at $ 23 billion of an estimated value of $ 67 billion. unpredictable, major challenges - like the Current
India should take the lead and work with its Corona Pandemic - have been an inevitable part of our
neighbours to slash the tariff and non-tariff barriers. shared history. What is different now, however is that
There is a need to resuscitate the negotiations on a human beings have become the dominant force of
SAARC investment treaty, pending since 2007. Planetary change. In other words, the Anthropocene has

UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 124 YCT

arrived and with it an unprecedented opportunity to steer universal health coverage. This initiative has been
our collective future. designed to meet Sustainable Development Goals
Science, technology and innovation are the drivers (SDGs) and its underlining commitment, which is to
of this change, and can also be the means of acheiving a "leave no one behind".
sustainable, equitable and resilient future for both human 'Ayushman Bharat' is an attempt to move from
beings and the biosphere. sectoral and segmented approach of health service
These tools, however, need to be complemented delivery to a comprehensive need based health care
with the necessary evolutions of our economies, public service.
institutions and behavioural norms. The rapid rise in This scheme aims to undertake pathbreaking
inequality and resource consumption over the last few inventions to holistically address the healthcare system
decades, for example, has led to increasing pressure on (covering prevention, promotion and ambulatory care) at
people and the planet in ways that are clearly the primary, secondary and tertiary level. Ayushman
unsustainable. It is within this context that the Covid-19 Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising
pandemic could become a disruptive event that triggers of two inter-related components which are–
fundamental change towards a more desirable future for (a) Health and Wellness Centres
all. In the aftermath of major crises that caused deep (b) Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PM-JAY).
disruption, loss of life, and the destruction of capital and
1. Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs)
jobs, a 'new normal' eventually emerged – the major
In February 2018, the govt. of India announced the
depressions of the 1870s and 1930s, as well as the oil
creation of 1,50,000 Health and Wellness Centres by
crisis of the 1970s, are just three examples among many.
transforming the existing sub-centres and Primary Health
Events like these arguably amplified the limits and
Centres. These Centres are to deliver Comprehensive
disadvantages of the 'old' and paved the way for the 'new'
Primary Health Care (CPHC) bringing health closer to
vistas, with each crisis catalyzing innovation and the re-
the homes of people. They cover both, maternal and
direction of human activities towards a fundamentally
child health services and non-communicable diseases,
new direction and led to new developments and
including free essential drugs and diagnostic services.
behavioural pathways. The Covid-19 pandemic one of
the greatest threats to human societies in recent memory 2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PM-
can be seen as a similar catalytic event. JAY)
This pandemic has proved as a catalyst towards The second component under Ayushman Bharat is
development of new innovative strategies, breakthroughs the Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana or PM-JAY as it
in medical and health fields and development/inventions is popularly known. This scheme was launched on 23rd
of new critical and effective medicinal therapies and has September, 2018 in Ranchi, Jharkhand by the Hon'ble
resulted in greater international cooperation among Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi.
Research Scientific Community to develop more Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY is the largest health
sustainable and viable means of treatment and production assurance scheme in the world which aims at providing a
of innovative pathways of Industrial production with health cover of Rs 5 lakhs per family per year for
minimum or contactless production techniques and secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to over 10.74
delivery systems which will pave for a safe and secured crores poor and vulnerable families (approx 50 crore
human future on our planet. beneficiaries) that form the bottom 40% of the Indian
Moreover, there is mounting evidence that the population. The households included are based on the
imposition of total and partial shutdown on global level deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-economic
has had demonstrably positive effects on the Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011) for rural and urban
environment, such as reduced emission levels, lower areas respectively.
pollution and a resurgence in wild life. PM-JAY was earlier known as the National Health
Q.9 : "Aayushman Bharat" - Healthy India Protection Scheme (NHPS) before being rechristened. It
Ans. : "Ayushman Bharat" – Healthy India subsumed the then existing 'Rashtriya Swasthya Bima
'Ayushman Bharat', a flagship scheme of Yojana' which had been launched in 2008. PM-JAY is
Government of India, was launched as recommended by the world's largest Health insurance/assurance scheme
the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of fully financed by the government.
UPPCS Mains 2020 Essay 125 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2020
General Studies : Paper-I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A The remarkable feature of the houses in the cities is

that they followed the grid system.
Q.1 : Write a note on the town planning of Streets: Fine drainage systems, well-arranged water
Harappan Civilization period. supply systems, the street lights system, water and ward
Ans. : Town planning is a unique feature of Harappa arrangements during the night to oust the lawbreakers.
civilization. Their town planning proves that they lived a Particular place to throw trash and waste material.
highly civilised and developed life. Harappa people were Building materials: Material used were Burnt
the first to build planned cities with a scientific drainage bricks and sun-dried bricks.
system, and they followed a system of centralised Drainage system: Advanced drainage and
administration. sanitation system. Each house had horizontal and vertical
drains, and the house drains were connected with road
drains.
Q.2 : Evaluate the views of Gandhi on the Varna
system?
Ans. : Gandhi’s propagation of the Varnashrama
system has been a topic of debate among scholars. In his
personal life, he never paractised Varna dharma and his
ashrams were totally free of Varna dharma. His political
utopia, Swaraj, was also devoid of religion and caste. At
the sametime he constantly used the expression
Varnashrama dharma in his writings and took pains to
defend it. Nevertheless, the Varnashramadharma he
The architecture of the Indus valley civilization are: defined was not a hierarchical one as propagated by the
Urban cities-Remarkable town planning and an Bhagavat Gita or the Manusmriti. Gandhi constructed a
excellent system of drainage and sanitation. non-hierarchical Varna system and tried to sell it to the
Large cities are divided into two parts: Hindus, albeit unsuccessfully. This non-hierarchical
Varna system was based on the principle “Let us not
An upraised citadel and the lower-part of the city.
want to be what everyone else cannot be”, which he had
An upraised citadel in the western part was used for
adopted from the Bhagavat Gita. According to him, this
constructing buildings of large dimensions, such as principle was the epitome of Anasakta yoga. He believed
granaries, administrative buildings, pillared halls and that one should not aspire for a profession but do what
courtyard. Some of the buildings in the citadel might one was ordained to do according to a tradition into
have been the residence of the rulers and aristocrats. which one was born. These seeming contradictions
In the lower part of the city, small one-roomed between what he practiced and what he purportedly
houses have been found which might have been used as preached make it difficult to defend Gandhi from the
quarters by the working class people. Some of the houses onslaughts of the crypto bourgeoisie.
have stairs which indicate they might have been double Gandhi believed in using the vocabulary of his
storied. Most buildings had private wells and properly lineage to make himself intelligible to the masses. He
ventilated bathrooms. rejected to vocabulary of the European Enlightenment as
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 126 YCT
being alien to the people. There was also another reason ● The third was that Mussolini needed to distract the
why he chose his parental Vaishnava vocabulary to deal Italian people from the failures of fascism. A ‘short,
with the Varnashrama system. He was extremely sharp war’ was needed to convince the Italian people
conscious of the ills that plagued the Hindu vocabulary
that Fascism was a success. Throughout the 1920s and
and according to him; only an internal reformation could
remove these ills. In a letter to his missionary friend C F 30s until the start of World War II, this is what
Andrews, he had argued that Vaishnava vocabulary was motivated the achievements and failures in his foreign
saturated with violence/adharma and his mission was to policy.
take away the venom. So, while it was easy for him to Mussolini felt that, to be a strong European power,
Italy must be involved in as many multinational
establish that untouchability had no “scriptural” sanction,
conferences and allegiances as possible. He became a
with the Gita and other “scriptures” seemingly supporting signatory to the Locarno Pact of 1925 and the Kellog-
Varnashrama, Gandhi’s task in this regard was more Briand Pact of 1928 which encouraged European powers
onerous. to discuss ways to solve future disputes peacefully
Therefore, Gandhi tried to interpret the Varnashrama without resorting to violence. However, Mussolini was
system from a non-hierarchical point of view, without more concerned about the rapid growth of Nazi
rejecting it in the manner he had rejected untouchability. Germany in the early 1930s when Hitler gained power.
He also argued that while the shastras ordained one to He strongly opposed any attempt by Hitler to unify with
eke out a living only by doing one’s own hereditary their mutual neighbour, Austria as he felt threatened by
profession, there was nothing in the shastras that the idea of Germany sharing a much larger border with
prohibited one from doing any other job, provided it was Italy in case of future aggression.
done without any remuneration. For instance, a non-
In 1935, Mussolini decided to invade the African
brahman could function as a priest as long as he did not
country of Abyssinia. He was eager for a colonial
take any dakshina and Brahmans could perform the
conquest because Italians were becoming more
functions of a Sudra in the same way. But by 1933,
Gandhi was ready to accept that it was not birth alone disillusioned with fascism’s corporate state. Abyssinia
that determined a person’sVarna. was primarily located between two other Italian
It is true that Gandhi never rejected the Varnashrama colonies, Somaliland and Eritrea.
dharma. Social reformers like Narayana Guru had Mussolini also decided to involve Italy in the
rejected the idea of varnasharama dharma while working Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939. He
within the advaitic paradigm. Gandhi, on the other hand, wanted to support the fascist dictator, Franco, and use
changed it to a Dalit-friendly concept. This is all that any Spain as a testing ground for the Italian army. Mussolini
great, intellectually sophisticated social reformer could sent 800,000 troops into the war. He hoped a fascist
aspire to do from within his chosen vocabulary. We have victory would improve his prestige at home and
to stop seeing Gandhi from the alien vocabulary of the internationally and that it would increase domestic
European Enlightenment, which he had himself rejected morale. However, the opposite was the truth. Italian
and try to understand him through his own chosen troops were poorly equipped and Franco held them in
Vaishnava vocabulary. contempt and ultimately blamed them for some of the
Thus, it cannot be said that Gandhiji blindly major losses of fascism during the war. Hitler too began
supported the Varna system on radical lines, instead he to see serious problems with Mussolini’s bravado and
rationalised the Varna system on its merits. came to view him as a second class fascist dictator,
Q.3 : Write a critical note on the foreign policy of holding him in disdain. Ultimately, Italy faced
Mussolini the leader offascism in Italy? international humiliation.
Ans. : Mussolini’s foreign policy from when he After 1936, Mussolini became more dependent on
came into power after the March on Rome 1922 until the Nazi Germany for support. In October 1936, Count
beginning of World War II in September, 1939 was Ciano, Italian foreign minister, signed the Rome-Berlin
motivated by three main aspects. to strengthened one of military allegiance also. It was
● The first was his egotistical attitude and unattainable called the Pact of Steel and meant if one country went to
aims for foreign expansion after easy victories in 1934 war, the other would also declare war on the opposing
st
and 1936. He refused to accept that Italy did not have country. However when Hitler invaded Poland on the 1
the power for excessive foreign expansion and refused of September 1939. Mussolini did not participate in the
to believe that Italy was a third rate European power. war until German victory seemed inevitable which made
● The second was his obsessive need to surpass Nazi him look like a coward.
Germany as he could not allow himself to be Mussolini’s foreign policy continued to breed
overshadowed by a new fascist power lest it reflect humiliation for Italy well into the war. Italy’s
badly on him. involvement in World War II was a series of failures and
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 127 YCT
defeats which caused not only Hitler’s contempt for him The importance of women organisations in the
to increase but it also bread animosity among his own country.
people. In 1943, the Italian population overthrew him
but he managed to escape retribution until his execution
in 1945. Ultimately, although Mussolini had some minor
successes with his foreign policy, his overconfident
management of Italy internationally was overall a large
failure in his regime.
Q.4 : Describe the advantages of India being a
composite culture society?
Ans. : Cultural practices and traditions are an
important part of the Indian lifestyle. In fact, it is our
culture which sets us apart from other countries of the
world. With inputs from the different communities that
came to this country, settled down and spread their Contribution of major women’s organisation are as
ideology of living, we gradually exchanged and inter follow:
mixed our views. And over the course of time, new 1. Saheli Trust is a duly registered nonprofit
religions, societies and cultures had arisen in the region. organisation, working with the aim of
This led to the birth of composite culture, a empowering women. This help in reducing
violence against women.
heterogeneous mixture of multiple cultures meeting and
2. Azad Foundation is a Delhi-based civil society
co-existing in one single region. And they have co-
organisation that helps provide dignified
existed for millennia today, which is a pointer towards livelihoods to women from resource-poor
how tolerance the country is towards accepting everyone communities. It enables women to empower
with a warm heart. The heterogeneity of the profusion of themselves by taking up employment
aspects that are involved in the formation of Indian opportunities that have traditionally been
culture is evident enough to call our culture a composite unavailable to women, thereby increasing their
one. There are many factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic participation in public life and make women
which constantly try to undo the ‘unity’in the diversity independent.
of our nation. 3. Fight against unjust family law was made
Communal disharmony has often tried to strike a byVimochana Forum, against oppression of
discord amongst our people but it has never been able to women and so on.
break our country. As long as the people respect their led the government to legislate on certain issues
such as Domestic violence act 2005, Family Court Act
own cultural identities and that of other communities,
1984 and so on.
we can defeat every uninvited attack on our integrity.
But there are certain areas, where contribution of
This is also due to the fact that we as the citizens of
women organisation still lags.
India are bound together by our national identity. For a
1. Due to financial scarcity, these organisation’s
country of 1.30 billion citizens, it is a daunting challenge area of influence is limited.
to upkeep the harmony and maintain a peaceful 2. Their contribution still confined to urban area.
relationship between the communities that exist within 3. Corruption has penetrated in its nascent stage,
the boundaries of India. So far, India has been able to leads to lesser effort to ameliorate condition of
successfully thrive as a nation, unifying its States and destitute women, widows etc..
growing as a stable economy. 4. There is still patriarchal mindset,that creates
Q.5 : Critically examine the contributions of hurdle in its functioning.
major women’s organisations in contemporary India? So, women organisations in contemporary India is
Ans. : Women in India have played a major role in working hard for success to achieve their goal and now
various spheres of life over the past centuries. But their government also started recognising them,whichhas
acceptance in these spheres has been crucial. Thus the positive influence on establishing egalitarian society.
involvement of women in the social, political, and Q.6 : Critically examine whether ‘growing
population is the main cause of poverty or poverty is
economic scenario has brought in a major change in
the main cause of population increase in India?
terms of equality. Women’s organisation is defined as
Ans. : The UN Human Rights Council has defined
group of women who meet regularly, usually to organise poverty as "a human condition characterised by the
campaigns such as Stree Mukti Sangathan in Bombay sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources,
(1974) and so on. capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 128 YCT
the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and
other civil, cultural, economic, political and social
rights".
Poverty and Growing population:

The Bhabhar Plains :

The Bhabhar plains are located in the Uttar Pradesh of
Saharanpur.
Poverty and population growth has a two way The breadth or width of Bhabhar plains is more in
linkage. western Uttar Pradesh than eastern Uttar Pradesh.
At one end high population growth rate is one of major The Bhabhar Tract comprises gravel and un-assorted
reasons of poverty in India. As high population below sediment deposits.
poverty line add to high level of illiteracy, poor health This sediment present in the soil is deposited by a river
care facilities and poor access to financial resources.
descending from the Himalayan Mountain.
Hence high population growth affects the per capita
This region is not good for cultivation.
income and makes per capita income even lower.
The area is popular with big trees and large roots.
Whereas on the other side for poor, one more child
means two more hands to work and earn for livelihood The Terai Plains:
of family, and this particular reason make poverty a The Terai area is situated south of the Bhabhar region.
strong cause for growing population. Further, lack of Itis a marshy area with a humid climate.
money and proper awareness or education about The width of the Terai Tract is more in the eastern
contraceptive methods is among major causes of region.
population increase in India due to poverty. It leads to This Terai region receives high rainfall and has
poor lifestyle and high mortality, particularly among excessive humidity, thick forest and rich flora and
children, which keeps the fertility rates high, due to fauna.
uncertainty, further increasing the population upwards. It is suitable for the cultivation of wheat, rice maize,
Conclusion: sugarcane, and so on.
Overall, it is a vicious cycle and it can't be Q.8 : What is Smart City Mission? Discuss the
determined what leads to what and thus, the focus shall main characteristic of cities of eastern Uttar Pradesh
be on the regulation and control of both of these selected under this scheme?
phenomenons.
Ans. : A 'smart city' is an urban region that is highly
Way Forward: advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable
Disseminating more facilities of contraceptive family real estate, communications and market viability. It is a
planning opportunities. city where information technology is the principal
Proliferation of education. Thus addressing people infrastructure and the basis for providing essential
about this menace. services to residents.
65 per cent of India’s below the age of 35 need to Origin of the Concept:
utilise this demographic dividend by providing them
A smart city is envisaged to have four pillars.
with a skill.
Q.7 : Divide Uttar Pradesh into major Physical
regions and describe the geographical features of
Bhabhar and Terai regions?
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Plains is located between
the Himalayas and Peninsular India. Rivers originated
from the Himalayas and the Peninsular origin has added
fertility to the region by depositing alluvial soil, based on
structural characteristics and slopes. This region can be
divided into four parts Bhabhar, Terai, Bangar, and
Khadar region.

UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 129 YCT

 Prayagraj and Varanasi were selected for this
scheme from eastern Uttar Pradesh following are the
The following few places are among the
salient feature of these cities: Bundelkhand tourism circuit :
Being one of the largest cities of Uttar Pradesh. (i) Chitrakoot is located on the border of Uttar Pradesh
Both of them are major religious and cultural cities and Madhya Pradesh. This is the starting place of
Lord Rama’s exile. Hanuman Dhara, Kamadgiri,
situated on the banks of river Ganga have the status of Sphatic Shila, and Rama Ghat are places of interest.
municipal corporation. (ii) Jhansi is also a major tourist destination of
These towns are the important centres of education. Bundelkhand. Here, Fort is the major attraction and
many places of interest of Rani Laxmibai.
Both are inhabited by larger populations.
(iii) Kalinga is a major historical tourist destination of
Both are one of the oldest cities in India. Bundelkhand. This place is famous for being an
Therefore, the smart-city mission may be an impregnable fort in medieval times. According to
integrated solution to the institutional, social, and mythology, a Neel Kanth temple is also located here.
(iv) Mahoba also has a prominent place in the tourist
economic infrastructure.
places of Bundelkhand. This region resonates with
Q.9 : Describe the location of major tourist place the songs of Alha and Udal, and the famous sun
of Bundelkhand Tourist circuits of U.P? temple is situated here.
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh tourism department has (v) Bithoor is also included in the tourist places of
Bundelkhand and so on.
decided to take up integrated projects to promote Q.10 : Explain the difference between the frontier
Bundelkhand as a tourist destination and explore the and the boundary with special reference to India?
region’s potential for luring domestic and international Ans. : Frontiers are generally the wide belt or zone
tourists.Majestic forts, magnificent temples, abundance between two neighbouring countries. These are areas of
the original sparse population, such as desert, forested
of sculptures, ancient lakes filled with historic tales,
areas, mountainous marshy land, etc., where the
pilgrimage sites from the Ramayana, a huge display of boundary is created artificially in a line.
rich cultural and much more to keep one busy.
Bundelkhand is a perfect place to forget everything and
unwind and drown oneself in the depths of culture and
history, undisturbed by modernity.
The Bundelkhand region boasts of sites like Jhansi
Fort and several monuments in the vicinity, including
temples, the Kalinjar Fort in Banda treasuring the best Difference between the frontier and the boundary:
from ancient and medieval architecture, the Charkhari
1. Separation between 1. Integration
Fort and Sun Temple in Kalpi in Mahoba, the Deogarh
two countries. between two
Fort in Lalitpur district with temples dating back to the countries.
Gupta period and also Jain temples, and the forts and 2. Boundaries are 2. Marginal regional.
temples in Chitrakoot. According to experts, the region is linear.
not only connected to the Gupta period, but also the 3. These are 3. They express the
centripetal power. centrifugal forces.
country’s struggle for independence.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 130 YCT
4. They are expressed 4. They are Q.12 : Discuss the expansion of British rule in
by human beings. determined by India during Governor Generalship of Lord Wellesley?
natural factors. Ans. : Lord Wellesley succeeded Sir John Shore as
5. They are related to 5. They are related to British India Governor-General and decided to make the
history. geography. Company the Supreme Power in India and pursued an
6. They are internally 6. They are externally aggressive foreign policy to achieve his aim.
oriented. oriented British Policy towards Indian states under Lord
Wellesley.
He adopted the following three means to achieve his
SECTION-B aim :
1. The Subsidiary Alliance
Q.11 : Critically examine the impacts of west on 2. Mediation
the field of Indian education? 3. Wars
Ans. : Being an ancient civilisation, education and War :
learning is not a foreign element in India. The
Lord Wellesley fought the Fourth Mysore War that
subcontinent has witnessed greatest centres of learning in
finished the independent status of the State of Mysoreand
Taxila, Vikramashila and Nalanda. These centres of
annexed larger part of its territory to the Company’s
learning were globally acclaimed. However, over a dominions. The second Maratha War was also fought
period of time, due to frequent foreign assaults from during this time which helped in extending the territories
invaders, these centres vanished. During the British of the Company further and also in weakening the power
colonial rule, the British implemented the western of the Marathas.
education mainly in English medium. This has shaped
the education sector of the country in a profound manner. The Fourth Mysore War :
The Third Mysore war, fought during the period of
Impact of western on the Indian education system :
Governor-generalLord Cornwallis, had weakened the
(i) The introduction of western education in India power of Tipu Sultan. He did not forget his defeat and
gradually led to the complete westernisation of the humiliation and attempted to restore his power and
domestic education system. prestige. He increased his military resources and tried to
(ii) The indigenous methods of education and learning seek foreign help form Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and
gradually became extinct. the French. Lord Wellesley, as soon as he arrived in
(iii) Introduction of western education had limitation too. India, decided to finish the power of Tipu Sultan. He
It had disassociated Indian people from their opened negotiations with the Nizam of Hyderabad and
traditional way of learning and living, their classical the Marathas and was assured of their neutrality in case
roots and indigenous knowledge. Along with it of war of the English against Tipu. He then declared war
faded Indian values, philosophies and traditions. against him in 1799. The war was an easy success for the
(iv) There is no doubt that the new education broadened English.
the horizon of knowledge, especially the Mediation :
establishment of printing press and the easy Another means by which Wellesley extended the
availability of books removed the traditional barriers territory of the Company has been called as mediation.
and made education accessible to more people. He took over the territories of Tanjore, Surat and
(v) The ideas of the western thinkers influenced the Karnataka on the plea of mal-administration by their
younger generation of the indigenous society, and rulers and the territory of Farrukhabad, since its ruler
they began to question the existing traditional values was a minor. The ruler of these States was, however,
a new spirit of rationalism developed. awarded pensions by the Company.
(vi) The English education system totally ignored the The Subsidiary Alliance
importance of mass education in the indigenous
The Subsidiary Alliance of Lord Wellesley was yet
system. The elementary school provided basic
another most effective instrument for the expansion of
education to a wide section of society, but emphasis the British territory and political influence in India. This
was to educate a selected few in the new education. form of treaty was imposed on the new rules of Mysore
Thus, the anglicists idea of filtering down education after the defeat of Tipu, different Maratha chiefs after the
from elites to masses does not work in practice. second Maratha War, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the
This system did not provide equal access to Nawab of Awadh and other dependent allies of the
education to all, leading to the perpetuation of the Company. A ruler who accepted this treaty was
backwardness of socially backward castes and restrained from having relations with any other native
communities. As a result, the existing divisions in ruler, could not employ any European without the
society widened. approval of the English, had to keep an English resident
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 131 YCT
at his court and an English army within his territory and, Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a
in return had to surrender a part of his territory to the State to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn
English permanently. This treaty, thus, helped the is entitled to its protection. Each State determines the
English not only in extending their territory but also in conditions under which it will recognise persons as its
eliminating French influence from the courts of the citizens, and the conditions under which that status will
native states. The rulers, entering into the treaty, finally
be withdrawn. Recognition by a State as a citizen
became completely depended on the English.
generally carries with it recognition of civil, political,
Thus, Lord Wellesley pursued an aggressive policy with
native rulers and largely succeeded in achieving his aim and social rights which are not afforded to non-citizens.
of making the Company the supreme power in India. As we have seen both the terms, the nationality is a
Q.13 : Who was Jacobins? What was their role in term used to say a particular person’s ethnicity or
the French Revolution? country of birth whereas citizenship is a legal term we
Ans. The Jacobins were left-wing revolutionaries acquires a result of legal procedures. One is acquired by
who aimed to end the reign of King Louis XVI and birth and other is acquired by law. This had led to
establish a French republic in which political authority increase scope for communalisation in the country.
came from the people. The Jacobins were the most Communalism is basically an ideology that consists
famous and radical political factions involved in the of three elements :
French Revolution. People who follow the same religion have common
Role of Jacobins in the French Revolution : secular interests, i.e. they have the same political,
economic, and social interests. So, here socio-political
The revolutionary forces of the country formed the
commonalities arise.In a multi-religious society like
Jacobin club in France. It included small shopkeepers,
India, these common secular interests of one religion are
watchmakers, pastry cooks,daily wage earners, and
dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the
servants. It was the most popular and successful political
followers of another religion.The interests of the
club in France. The Jacobin club derived its name from a
following different religions or communities are seen to
former convent of St. Jacob in Paris.
be completely incompatible, antagonist, and hostile.
In 1792, when the supplies of bread were reduced,
Communalism is political trade in religion. It is an
the Jacobins, along with people, stormed the Tuileries
ideology on which communal politics is based, and
Palace and imprisoned the royal family of France. Thus,
communal violence is the conjectural consequence of
they played an important role at the beginning of the
communal ideology.
French Revolution knew as breeches and, in addition, a
At the simplest level, a nation is a sort of large-scale
red cap symbolising liberty.
community. It is a community of citizenship refers to full
This development led to changes in the Constitution
and equal members of a political community, i.e. a
and election.Person above the age 21 years were given
political identity to an individual by its State. Citizens
the Right to Vote.
can find the institutional and political space to identify
The Jacobins, on 21stSeptember 1792, abolished the with their country and their other cultural identities to
monarchy and declared France a Republic. Their leader
build trust in common institutions and participate in and
Maximilian Robespierre instilled fear and discipline in
support democratic politics. These are key factors in
his reign. He ensured equality was practised in all forms
consolidating and deepening democracies and building
of speech and address.
enduring “State Nations” members of a nation share the
He established the revolutionary tribunal, which desire to be part of the same political collectivity. This
tried ennobles and clergy members of other political desire for political unity usually expresses itself as the
parties and so on. aspiration from a State.
Thereby leaving no trace of the monarchy or anyone There is no necessary relationship between any
associated with it. specific form of the community and the modern form of
Q.14 : Critically examine the concept of nation the State of the many bases of community, identity may
and citizenship in context of communalism? or may not lead to nation formation there are no
Ans. : Nationality and citizenship may sound like guarantees But because the community identities can act
synonyms to each other, but actually, these words are as the basis for nation formation already existing states.
quite different. All forms of community identify as dangerous rivals,
A nation is a community of people formed on the which is why states generally tend to favour a single
basis of a combination of shared features such as homogenous national identity in the hope of controlling
language, history, ethnicity, culture andterritory. and managing it.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 132 YCT
 Q.15 : What is liberalisation? How is it affecting In UttarPradesh, the maximum cropped area is
the Indian social structure? irrigated by tube wells; canals, tanks and wells are also
Ans. : Liberalisation refers to a relaxation of used in a few areas. Drip irrigation sprinkler irrigation
government regulation in social, political, and economic has increased over the years.
policies. In economic policy, the elimination of the Currently, approx. 80 per cent of irrigation is done
control of the State over economic activities. It provides by tube wells and wells, and 19 per cent by canals and
greater autonomy to the business enterprises in decision the remaining 1 per cent is done by tanks, lakes and other
making and eliminates government interference. sources in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
It is a process of removing the controls system to Changes occurring in irrigation in Uttar Pradesh :
encourage social structure, and India adopted liberalisation • More reliance on groundwater resources: As the
policy in 1991. Since the adoption of the new economic farmers in the State are growing more water intensive
strategy there has been a drastic change in the economy crops such as paddy, sugarcane etc., more and more
and society. groundwater is being exploited. The subsidy on power
Affects on the Indian social structure: has also encouraged this trend.
Positive : • Adoption of micro irrigation techniques: More than
Indian women get empowered by promotion of trade seventy percent of water in Uttar Pradesh goes towards
as different resources are available to assist them like irrigation. As the government has taken measures to
self-help groups and so on. promote micro irrigation techniques, more farmers are
Exposure to best practices and culture of the world. abandoning flooding irrigation and adopting micro-
E.g.new machinery and technology in different sectors. irrigation technologies. Floodwater irrigation is
Imbibing of a competitive spirit among Indians to unfortunately used far and wide, and is one of the
compete with the best of the world. biggest reasons of water wastage and loss in the State.
New job opportunities led to migration, which in • Solar power for irrigation purpose: The Union
returnincrease dremittances to the origin country government has launched several programmes to
(increased income as jobs are increased in IT, promote solar energy in the agriculture sector. The
Manufacturing, Service Sectors). farmers of UP has also been adopting solar power
based pump rather than diesel fuel based irrigation
Negative:
sources.
Westernisation leading to alienation from Indian
• Integrated irrigation methods: The farmers in the
values.
State are increasingly adopting integrated farming
Deprivation of rights of various groups of people, such
technologies which address challenges in the
as exploited labour and dispossessed tribals.
agriculture such as soil infertility, soil erosion, excess
Increased Inequalities in population.
transpiration, optimal nutrients intakes etc., in
Rise of Regional politics due to migration. integrated manner.
Way Forward : The State of Uttar Pradesh is one of the major
agricultural States in India and any changes in irrigation
would considerably affect the overall water availability
in the country.
Q.17 : Discuss the causes of volcanic eruption and
describe the land forms formed by deposition of its
lava.
Ans. : A volcano is a place where gases, ashes
and/or molten rock material – lava – escape to the
While liberalism has been uplifted many in India at ground. A volcano is called an active volcano if the
the same time, it has left many behind. Therefore it is materials mentioned are being released or have been
time to pursue inclusive liberalism that pulls everyone released out in the recent past. The layer below the solid
up. crust is mantle. It has higher density than that of the
Q.16 : Underline the changes happening crust. The mantle contains a weaker zone called
gradually in the source of irrigation in U.P. Asthenosphere. It is formedwhen molten rock materials
Ans. : Irrigation is the artificial application of water find their way to the surface. The material in the upper
to the soil or agricultural fields. It is the replacement or mantle portion is called Magma. Once it starts moving
supplementation of rainwater with another source of towards the crust or it reaches the surface, it is referred to
water. It is used in dry areas and during periods of as Lava. The material that reaches the ground includes
inadequate rainfall. lava flows, pyroclastic debris, volcanic bombs, ash and

UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 133 YCT

dust and gases such as nitrogen compounds, sulphur • The near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous
compounds and minor amounts of chlorine, hydrogen rocks are called sill or sheet, depending on the
and argon. thickness of the material.
• The thinner ones are called sheets while the thick
horizontal deposits are called sills.
Dykes :
• When the lava makes its way through cracks and the
fissures is developed in the land, it solidifies almost
perpendicular to the ground.
• It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-
like structure. Such structures are called dykes.
• These are not most commonly found intrusive form in
the western Maharashtra. These are considered the
feeders for the eruptions that led to the development of
the Deccan traps.
Q.18 : Highlight the various environmental
problems associated with the exploration and
Intrusive Volcanic Landforms : utilisation of resources from the Indian Ocean.
Intrusive landforms are formed when magma cools Ans. : Indian Ocean covers more than 15% of the
within the crust [Plutonic rocks (intrusive igneous rock)]. earth’s surface area and stores approximately 18% of the
The intrusive activity of volcanoes gives rise to various water on the earth.
forms. Problem Associated :
Batholiths: (i) Change in oceanic composition due to added
• These are large rock masses formed due to cooling industrial, urban and agriculture-toxic wastes which
down and solidification of hot magma inside the earth. threatens the marine bio-diversity.
• They appear on the surface only after the denudation (ii) Increase oceanic temperature, resulting in reduced
processes removing the overlying materials. dissolved oxygen content, i.e. mass killing of marine
• Batholiths form the core of huge mountains and may species.
be exposed on surface after erosion. (iii) Species invasion; the alien species outcompetes the
• These are granitic. native ones and disturbs the species equilibrium.
(iv) Coral bleaching and loss of phytoplankton.
Laccoliths:
(v) Eutrophication, due to algal bloom, which restricts
• These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies the penetration of sunlight.
connected by a pipe-like conduit form below. (vi) Bio-accumulation and bio-magnification disturb
• These are basically intrusive counterparts of exposed marine life's food chain and bird’s dependency upon
domelike batholiths. marine species.
• The Karnataka plateau is spotted with dome hills of In addition, the belief that the ocean has the infinite
granite rocks. Most of these, now exfoliated, are capacity to dilute, everything has been dumped (plastic,
examples of laccoliths or batholiths.
garbage, soil waste, and nuclear waste). All this is
Lopolith : trapped in the oceanic and results in ‘dead zones, which
As and when the lava moves upwards, a portion of the have quadrupled since the 1950s.
same may tend to move in a horizontal direction This needs to be changed and measures like
wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in regulating extraction, strict national marine litter
different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, policies, and creating marine hot spots to enhance
concave to the sky body it is called Lopolith. preparedness. In addition, voluntary initiatives involving
Phacolith : school children and civil society must protect the Indian
A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the Ocean, the building block of life on earth.
base of synclines or at the top of anticline in folded Utilisation of resources from the Indian Ocean leads:
igneous country. (i) Sustainable development : Marine resources from
Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source the Indian Ocean serve as the backbone of economic
beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently growth and can help Indian economy to boom.
developed as batholiths). These are called the Phacoliths. (ii) Employment generation : It will provide jobs, and
Sills : improved livelihood to many. This will help in
• These are solidified horizontal lava layers inside the inclusive growth. E.g. improving fishery resources
earth. exploitation can provide fishery livelihood to many.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 134 YCT
(iii) Food security : It would also help in malnutrition Conclusion :
issues in Indian Ocean as fishes are a good source of The Uttar Pradesh government is vocal and deeply
nutrition. concerned to stop reverse migration present time.
(iv) Energy security : It will help in the diversification It is working with the local administration to
of energy resources. convince factory managers and trade unions in industrial
(v) Efficient transportation and the logistics : clusters etc., to convince migrant workers and stop
Indian ocean is a major gateway of trade with 80% reverse migration.
of global oil trade happening through this route. Q.20 : Describe the role of Glaciers in shaping the
(vii)Climate Change: Oceans provide an alternate and landforms in high mountain areas.
cleaner source of energy. Ans. : Glaciers are a mass of ice moving under its
Q.19 : What is ‘reverse migration? What was its own weight. They are commonly found in the snow-
impact on the economy and social order of fields. A glacier is formed in areas where the
UttarPradesh during the Covid-19 lockdown? accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and
Ans. : COVID-19 is an existential threat to the sublimation) over centuries.
health and livelihood of millions of people around the
Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth’s land
world as well as in India. The coronavirus pandemic has
triggered massive reverse migration in the country. The surface and they are the largest freshwater reservoirs on
COVID-19-led migration is the second largest mass earth.
migration in India’s history after the country’s partition, Shaping the landforms in high mountain areas :
when 14 million people were displaced. Every year, a (i) Cirque or Corrie :
substantial number of people migrate to larger cities of They are deep, long and wide troughs or basins
different States to seek employment opportunities to earn with very steep concave to vertically dropping
bread and butter for their families. high walls at its head as well as sides.
Migrant workers are usually employed in informal, They are simply a bowl-shaped depression formed
low-skilled, risky jobs in the field of agriculture, due to the erosional activity of glaciers.
construction and domestic work. When these depressions are filled with water, they
Migration is an integral part of the Indian economy are called as Cirque Lake or Corrie Lake or Tarn
and constitutes a significant share of the country’s GDP. Lakes.
Out of 482 million workers in India, about 194 million U-Shaped valleys :
are permanent and semi permanent migrant workers as The Glacier doesn’t create a new valley like a
per the 2011 Census. The pattern of India’s migration is river does but deepens and widens a pre-existing
much skewed. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar constitute the
valley by smoothening away the irregularities.
highest out-migrants in India, while most of the migrated
These valleys, which are formed by the glacial
people moved to Maharashtra and Delhi. But this reverse
migration would impact the economy and social order of erosions assume the shape of letter ‘U’ and hence
Uttar Pradesh. are called as U-shaped Valleys or Hanging
Valleys.
(i) The sudden exodus of the labour force created
multiple challenges, including issues with capacity Horns and Aretes :
utilisation, affecting entire supply chains, putting Horns are sharp pointed and steep-sided peaks. They
severe cost pressure on firms andconstruction are formed by head ward erosion of cirque wall.
activities, and eroding operating profit as wages rose When the divide between two cirque walls gets
and revenues fell. narrow because of progressive erosions, it results in the
(ii) The mass reverse migration not only spread the virus formation of a saw-toothed ridge called Arete.
but also created challenges for the Uttar Pradesh Glacial deposits are of two types:
government in terms of managing quarantine and i. Glacial Till- Unassorted coarse and fine debris.
other basic facilities. ii. Outwash- assorted roughly stratified deposits.
(iii) The return of migrants has putstrain on the fragile (i) Moraines:These are long ridges of deposits of
rural health system. glacial till.
(iv) Studies show routine health services in rural areas (ii) Eskers: when glaciers melt in summer, the water
were disrupted in light of Covid-19 last year, putting
formed from melting accumulates beneath the
vulnerable population such as pregnant women,
glacier and flows like streams in channels
undernourished children, and the elderly at high risk.
beneath that ice.
(v) Stress on the government to give employment as
soon as possible (MGNREGA is giving jobs to some (iii) Drumlins: They are smooth oval-shaped ridge-
low skilled people). like structures composed mainly of glacial till.
(vi) Increased crime rates; as a result of reverse The glacial till gets deposited in those obstructions
migration and no jobs crime rate is also increasing and the movement of glaciers shapes these deposits like
(theft, snatching and so on). an inverted spoon.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-I 135 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2020
General Studies : Paper-II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION–A • Repeated interference of courts can erode the people's

faith in the quality, integrity and efficiency of
Q.1 : Explain the concept of Judicial Activism governmental institutions.
and evaluate its impact on the relationship of • Courts limit the functioning of government when it
executive and judiciary in India. (125 words) exceeds its power and stop any abuse or misuse of
Ans. : Judicial activism is a concept that originated power by government agencies.
in the US in 1947. However, it has been seen in India It is clear from the above description that judicial
since the emergency days. discipline has to be considered to maintain the balance. It
The Judiciary performs an active role to uphold is the duty of the legislature to make laws and fill the gap
constitutional values and ethics under the constitutional
between laws, and it is the task of the executive to
pattern for addressing civic dilemmas; the judiciary
implement it.
applies its intellect and creativity to fill the gap between
Therefore, harmonious balance is necessary to
the positive and normative aspects of legislation; for this
maintain constitutional values and reduce tension in all
reason, Judicial Activism has emerged.
organs.
The term “Judicial Activism” refers to the court
Q.2 : “The President of India cannot become a
decision based on the Judges personal wisdom that does
dictator”. Explain. (125 words)
not rigidly within the text of the statute passed by the
Ans. : According to Article 52, under Part 5 of the
legislative and use of Judicial power broadly to provide
Indian Constitution, India will have a President. The
remedies to the wide range of social wrongs for ensuring
President is the head of the State of India; he is the first
proper justice.
citizen of India and is a symbol of unity, integrity and
Pros of Judicial Activism :
• It provides a system of checks and balances to the strength of the nation.
other government branches. Judicial Activism is a 1. The President of India can be removed from the post
delicate exercise involving creativity. It brings out after passing the impeachment motion (Article 61) on
required innovation in the form of a solution. violation of the Constitution.
• Judicial Activism allows judges to use their personal 2. The President of India is committed to accept the
wisdom when the law fails to provide a balance. advice of the Council of Ministers. (42nd and 44th
• Judicial Activism also provides insights into the issues; Constitutional Amendment)
this is a good thing because it shows the instilled trust 3. The President of India is a constitutional head; he
placed in the justice system and its judgments. fulfills a nominal leading role.
• It provides a speedy solution where the legislators get 4. There is no mechanism to implement President’s Rule
stuck in the issue of the majority. in the Centre.
Cons of Judicial Activism : 5. The Parliament has control over the Consolidated
• Judges can override any existing law. Hence, it clearly Fund of India, and the President cannot spend money
violates the line drawn by the Constitution. without the Parliament's approval.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 136 YCT
Conclusion : Q.4 : ‘Article 32 is the soul of the Indian
Therefore, it is clear from the above description that constitution’ Explain it in brief. (125 words)
the powers of the President are not unlimited. Although Ans. Article 32 of the Indian constitution conferred
the President also has some discretionary powers, yet he the right upon an individual to go to the highest court in
can never become a dictator. case of infringement of his Fundamental Rights.
Q.3 : Critically analyse the role of the state In a democracy, Fundamental Rights are the basic
council in promoting co-operative federalism in India. necessity of the citizens to live a dignified life and also,
(125 words) conferring Fundamental Rights without a necessary
Ans. : Cooperative federalism is a concept of institution to enforce them and safeguard them would
federalism where national, state and local governments have been meaningless. So the Constitution of India
cooperate to solve common problems rather than making includes various provisions to safeguard the Fundamental
policies separately but more or less equally or clashing Rights of the citizens:
over a policy in a system dominated by the national 1. Article 32 of the Indian Constitution gave the rights to
government. its citizens to directly appeal in the Supreme Court in
The Constitution of India in Article 263 provided case of infringement in their Fundamental Rights.
that an Inter-State Council (ISC) may be established “if 2. Supreme Court can issue an order of writ for the
at any time it appears to the President that the effective enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.
establishment of a council would serve the public 3. It has been included in the basic structure of the
interests”. Accordingly, it was established on 28th May Constitution. So, it is in the domain of judicial
1990 by presidential order on the recommendation of the reviews.
Sarkaria Commission. 4. Article 32 is a Fundamental Right, so the government
The role of Inter-State Council in promoting cannot take it away at its will. Here the Supreme
cooperative federalism is as follow-
Court acts as guardian and defender of Fundamental
• It is a recommendatory body on inter-state, Centre-
Rights, effectively limiting the power of Government,
State and Centre and Union Territory relations, but its
which is necessary for a democracy.
recommendations are not binding on the government.
In different cases, the Supreme Court has upheld the
• The Council may meet at least thrice a year, but
fundamental right of citizens.
actually, it does not meet regularly, as recently the
(i) Keshavananda Bharti vs State of India, 1973
Inter-state Council met after a gap of 12 years.
(ii) Minerva Mills vs Union of India, 1980
• Platform for dialogue, but actually, it is seen as a mere
(iii) Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, 1978
talk shop. Thus, it needs to show that it can follow up.
(iv) Aadhaar case etc.
What needs to be done?
So the Supreme Court has always acted as the
• The return of the single-party majority government at
effective guardian by protecting citizens from
the Centre has necessitated the strengthening of inter-
infringement in their fundamental rights. Also, it can’t be
governmental mechanisms for the harmonious
working of the federal structure through institutions suspended except otherwise as prescribed by law. That’s
like ISC. why it was called as the 'Soul of the Indian Constitution'
• It needs to give all the power contemplated in the by Dr B.R. Ambedkar.
Constitution like Article 263(A). Q.5 : Examine the role of the non-governmental
• It should provide a greater opportunity to civil society organisations (N.G.O.s) for the rural development in
institutions and the corporate sector to make their Uttar Pradesh. (125 words)
representations. Ans. : NGOs are private organisations, which run
• There should be a regular meeting of the council so activities to solve the problems of the people, promote
that it can perform its functions effectively. the interests of the poor, protect the environment and
• Further, its secretariat may be shifted from the union provide basic social services.
home ministry to the Rajya Sabha secretariat to be Following are the roles of NGOs in the rural
under the direction of a Neutral federal functionary, development of Uttar Pradesh:
the Vice-President of India, rather than the Union • It Acts as a non-political link between the
Home Minister. government and the rural people.
So, Inter-state Council helps in fulfilling the goal of • They play an important role in rural development by
cooperative federally and still few lacunas are there helping in spreading awareness, social mobilization,
which government is doing to it fill up. training study and research etc., in rural areas.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 137 YCT
• NGOs promote the arts in rural areas, help in the the public can understand the government policies
development of rural areas by implementing properly, so the government and the people are working
programs and schemes related to sports, science and together in implementing the policies.
technology. Q.7 : Analyse various aspects relating to
• Although many NGOs are working for development management of human resources in India. (125 words)
in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, such as Akshaya Ans. : Human resource management (HRM) is the
Patra, Food for Life Vrindavan, Sant Kabir Seva strategic approach to the effective and efficient
Samiti, etc., these organisations have been subjected management of people in a company or organisation
to financial abuse at times. Yet, they play a such that they help their business gain a competitive
significant role in the rural development of Uttar advantage; it is designated to maximize employee
Pradesh when viewed as a whole. performance in service of an employer’s strategic
Q.6 : Evaluate the role of Information and objectives.
Communication Technology in the context of
Employee and
government policies. (125 words) manager self HR
service Management
Ans. : The ‘e’ in e-Governance stands for
New letter
‘electronic’. Thus, e-Governance is basically associated opinion polls Payroll
with carrying out the functions and achieving the and events Management

governance results through the utilization of ICT Employee Recruitment

suggestion Management
(Information and Communication Technology). In the Management
last couple of decades, there has been tremendous growth Organizations Human Resource Training
survey management Management
in ICT usage for various sectors, schemes, and programs. Management
Digital India and DBTs are the latest examples. Insurance
Policies and
Some of the ICT based projects: Management
forms
• MyGov.in Management
Performance
• Universal Access to mobile connectivity Organization Management
Change
• DigiLocker Management
• Information for all programmes.
Role Information and Communication Technology in
the context of Government Policies: Human Resource Management (HRM) in India is
• At the time of policy making, the government makes much the same as in other countries: taking care of
policy according to the needs of the people by using management and employees issues, dealing with talent
information and communication technology solutions development, managing benefits and providing
(ICT Solution). discipline. However, when dealing with the largest
• Information about government policies becomes working population in the world, India has a difficult and
easily available to the general public through unique challenge, which has led to some more creative
information and communication technology. solutions.
• The government sometimes asks for suggestions in India has developed an entire ministry in its
policy making. Therefore, suggestions are made by government devoted to regulating Human resources and
the public through Information and Communication encouraging education to ensure that there is sufficient
Technology. By which the government makes talent in addition to the sheer volume of employees.
amendments in the policies and makes them better. Human resource management (HRM) in India uses
However, by inviting suggestions from the public in social media heavily for promotion and connection with
policy making by the government, policy formulation is employees, than in other countries.
delayed and sometimes due to the dissemination of HRM in India has a status that is in many regards
wrong information about the policies by unwanted common to HRM in other countries. HRM in India
elements, it hinders policymaking. shares with others the same factors that dictate HRM
But in the context of government policies, policies and practices relevant to skill sets and job
Information and Communication Technology is playing competencies, corporate culture “Mindset” and
an important role, the government is making its policies Mindfulness of legal requirements and restriction
accessible to the general public easily; on the other hand, governing HRM actions.

UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 138 YCT

 HRM in India has a unique element that regulates its German Footwear brand Von Wellx which has
status. In India, the status of human resource shifted out of China, has decided to set up a footwear
management has a historical basis in Indian philosophy unit in Agra.
and religion. These “Enduring traditions” help define Therefore as a result of government efforts the bulk
India’s HRM status in the face of the “Context of of the migrant workforce could be absorbed in gainful
contemporary challenges.” employment locally.
Human resource development (HRD) expands HRM Q.9 : What is India’s Diaspora policy? What are
from managing “exiting” employee potential into the the challenges before Indian Diaspora at present?
realm of tapping and developing “hidden” employee (125 words)
potential. Ans. The term “Diaspora” is derived from the Greek
Q.8 : Examine the efforts of Uttar Pradesh in word ‘diaspeirein’, which means “dispersion”. Over the
attracting multi-national companies so as to boost the period of time, the term evolved, and now loosely refers
economy of the state in the wake of Labour migration ‘to any person/s belonging to a particular country with a
during the pandemic. (125 words) common origin or culture, but residing outside their
Ans. : Millions of migrant workers are anticipated to homeland for various reasons’.
be left unemployed in India due to the lockdown and India was initially sensitive to the view that
subsequent fear of recession. Many of the migrant championing the cause of overseas Indians might offend
workers have returned to their villages. The risk is the host countries, which should be fully responsible for
particularly higher for those who are working in their welfare and security.
unorganised sectors, and those who do not have written J.L. Nehru’s views were that the Diaspora could not
contracts, or those whose contracts are at the verge of expect to fight for their rights. Therefore, India’s foreign
completion. The lockdown and the subsequent recession
policy in the 1950s was accordingly structured as a
are likely to first hit contract workers across many
model of non-interference whenever the emigrant
industries. Following the lockdown nearly 3.8 million
Indians got into trouble in Sri Lanka, Myanmar etc..
migrant labours and workers have returned to Uttar
However, Rajiv Gandhi was the first prime minister
Pradesh from other states. In this backdrop Uttar Pradesh
who changed the Diaspora policy in the 1980s by
government initiated many measures to attract the global
inviting Indians abroad to participate in nation-building,
firms who are exiting from China post Covid19.
much like the overseas Chinese Community.
In synchronization with India’s “Aatmanirbhar
Then under, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government after
Bharat” Uttar Pradesh government initiated a new
2000, there came a host of positive measures such as a
investment policy aimed at providing a fillip to
separate Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, the Person
industries.
of India Origin (PIO) card, Pravasi Bharti divas, Pravasi
Uttar Pradesh has formed an economic task force to
Bharti Samman award, an overseas citizen of India card,
attract investment and has also announced economic
NRI Funds and voting right for Indian citizen abroad.
packages for companies moving in. It promises to
Furthermore, in 2015, the external affairs ministry
reimburse state goods and services tax (SGST) by 200-
300 percent of the capital investment. launched the e-migrate system that requires all foreign
The government’s sector-specific policies are employers to register in the database.
yielding positive results and Uttar Pradesh attracted an The current government has launched a scheme
investment of over Rs. 50,000 crore even during the most called "Know India Program (KIP)" in 2016 for Diaspora
challenging period. engagement which familiarizes Indian-origin youth (18-
The backward eastern Uttar Pradesh and 30 years) with their Indian roots and contemporary India.
Bundelkhand regions are the focal regions of government Challenges faced by Indian Diaspora:
new policy. There are over 90 lakhs MSME in Uttar • Anti-Globalisation: with the rising Anti-
Pradesh and investment from the multi-national Globalisation wave, there has been an increase in
companies could provide job avenues for labour suspected hate crimes against the Indian Community.
migrating from the State. • West Asian Crises: the volatility in west Asia,
Firms that gave positive response to UP’s efforts to together with the fall in oil prices, has caused fear of a
attract FDI include Lockheed Martin, Honey Well, massive return of Indian nationals curtailing
Boston Scientific, Cisco System, FedEx among others. remittances and making demands on the job market.

UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 139 YCT

• Returning Diaspora: India must also realize that SECTION-B
Diaspora in west Asia is semi-skilled and mainly
engaged in the infrastructure sector. After the Q.11 : “Every matter of public interest can be a
infrastructure boom gets over, India should be ready matter of public interest can be a matter of public
for the eventuality of Indian workers returning. interest litigation.” (200 words)
• Negative Fallout: it must be remembered that having Ans. : The introduction of PIL in India was
a strong Diaspora does not always translate to benefits facilitated by the relaxation of the traditional rule of
for the home country. ‘locus standi’. According to this rule, only that person
India has had problems with negative complaining whose rights are infringed alone can move the court for
and foreign funding, coming from abroad, for a separatist
the remedies, whereas, the PIL is an exception to this
movement like the Khalistan movement.
traditional rule. Under the PIL, any public-spirited
For example- grievances like red tape, multiple
citizen or a social organization can move the court for
clearances, and distrust of government are acting as
the enforcement of the rights of any person or group of
hindrances in fulfilling opportunities presented by the
Indian Diaspora. persons who because of their poverty or ignorance or
So, Indian Diaspora policies is evolved through socially or economically disadvantaged position are
multiple stages that done its present form, following the themselves unable to approach the court for the
need of Diaspora community. remedies. Thus, in a PIL, any member of the public
Q.10 : Comment on India-America “2 + 2 having ‘sufficient interest’ can approach the court for
Ministerial Dialogue”. (125 words) enforcing the rights of other persons and redressal of a
Ans. : 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue is the highest-level common grievance.
mechanism between two countries. It is a format of The Supreme Court has defined the PIL as “a legal
dialogue where the defence/foreign minister or action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement of
secretaries meet with their counterparts of another public interest or general interests in which the public or
country. For example, India holds such talks with a class of the community have pecuniary interests or
Australia, Japan and the USA. some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are
Recently India and the USA have concluded the 2 +
affected.”
2 dialogue in Washington DC. The USA reiterated its
In India, the PIL is a product of the judicial activism
support to India in defending its territorial sovereignty in
role of the Supreme Court. It was introduced in the early
the backdrop of the ongoing standoff between India-
1980s. Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer and Justice P.N.
China, it also referred to the greater threats posed by
China in the Indo-pacific region and by the COVID-19 Bhagwati were the pioneers of the concept of PIL.
pandemic, in general, the first two rounds of there Advantage of PIL :
dialogue between both the countries were held in 2018 PILs help in clarifying the laws. PILs have made it
and 2019. easier for the judiciary to haul up the executive when it is
India has signed the Basic Exchange and not performing its duties properly. It gives vulnerable
Cooperation Agreement (BECA) with the USA. BECA people a voice by highlighting an important issue and
will enable the exchange of geospatial data and providing a platform for advocating for their rights. PILs
information between the two countries and will improve help in raising awareness of important issues,
the accuracy of India’s missiles in precision strikes; the encouraging public debate and media coverage. PIL was
Geospatial maps and charts to be shared will be acquired started with a good intention to the poor people of this
from multiple sources like satellites, UAVs, country. But with the passage of time, PILs are gradually
Reconnaissance aircraft, aerostats among others. turning into ‘Private Interest Litigation’ and ‘Political
India-USA National security convergences have
Interest Litigation’, and thus attempting to appropriate
grown close in a more multipolar world. The meeting
PIL for corporate gain, political advantage or personal
and the agreements advance their individual interests and
interest.
ensure that the bilateral cooperation between them makes
a positive contribution in the world arena. Misuse :
Indeed with China’s Emergence as a global power, • Almost any issue can be presented to the courts in the
India and the US face a similar challenge in the Asia guise of public interest because of the allurements that
Pacific region, so the 2 + 2 dialogue has provided a the PIL Jurisprudence offers (e.g. inexpensive, quick
better platform for dialogue and strategy. response and high impact).
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 140 YCT
• PIL is being misused by people agitating for private • ECI is becoming lesser independent of the executive
grievances in the grab of public interest and seeking which has impacted its image.
publicity rather than espousing public causes. • Allegation of EVMs malfunctioning, getting hacked
• It is also observed that PIL is being misused as an and not registering votes, corrodes the trust of the
instrument to settle scores with corporate rivals and general messes in ECI.
also for personal vendetta. Way forward :
• Numbers of political parties are also seen filing • Until the controversy related to glitches in EVM
frivolous petitions to get political mileage. settles down, the commission needs to establish its
• The Judiciary has been criticized due to the over- trust amongst people by installing (Voter-Verifiable
stepping of its jurisdiction and that it is unable to Paper Audit Trail System) VVPATS in more and
implement its orders effectively. more constituencies.
Way Forward : • The challenge before ECI is to be vigilant and
• Courts need to authorize that it will interfere only in watchful against the collusion at the lower level of
cases of violation of fundamental rights related to civil, police and bureaucracy in favour of the ruling
people who cannot themselves approach the court party of the day.
because of poverty and lack of resources. • 2nd ARC report recommended that collegiums headed
• As registered in a series of Judgment, PIL should not by the Prime Minister with the Speaker of the Lok
be misused for personal agenda and to advance Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the
political gain. Law Minister and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya
• In the Ashok Kumar vs State of W.B. case the Sabha as a member should make recommendations
Supreme Court has laid down certain conditions on for the consideration of the President for the
which the court has to satisfy itself while entertaining appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and
PILs. Thus these guidelines must be strictly adhered the Election Commissioners.
to so as to check the misuse of PIL Jurisprudence. Conclusion :
So, PIL must be used after giving due consideration The existing position cannot sustain itself for long,
and requirement of the case. as the governments from time to time will try to
Q.12 : What are the problems faced by the influence the constitutional office of the election
election commission as an institution at present? Also, commission. It is the time that instead of mere rhetoric
mention a solution for them. (200 words) over the independence of the EC; some substantial
Ans. The Election Commission of India is a change is brought forward for the protection of the
permanent and independent body established by the constitutional body. Additionally, the commission has to
Constitution of India directly to ensure free and fair reinvent its approach so that bedrock of democracy
elections in the country. Article 324 of the Constitution doesn’t shake its foundations.
provides that the power of superintendence, direction and Q.13 : What are the functions of the Finance
control of election to Parliament, State Legislatures, the Commission? Examine its emerging role in Fiscal
office of the President of India and the office of Vice- Federalism. (200 words)
President of India shall be vested in the Election Ans. : The Finance Commission is a constitutionally
Commission. Thus the Election Commission is an all- mandated body that is at the centre of Fiscal federalism
India body in the sense that it is common to both the set up under Article 280 of the Constitution.
Central government and the State government. The Finance Commission is required to make
Presently the Election Commission as an institution recommendations to the President of India on the
is facing the following problems- following matters:
• Increased violence and election malpractices under 1. The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be
influence of money have resulted in political shared between the Centre and the States, and the
criminalization, which ECI is unable to arrest. allocation between the States of the respective shares of
• Election Commission is not adequately equipped to such proceeds.
regulate the political parties as it has no power in 2. The principles that should govern the grants-in-
enforcing inner-party democracy and regulation of aid to the States by the Centre (i.e., out of the
party finances. Consolidated Fund of India).
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 141 YCT
 3. The measures needed to augment the consolidated Q.14 : Identify the major pressure groups in
fund of a State to supplement the resource of the Indian Politics and examine their role in it.
Panchayats and the Municipalities in the State on the (200 words)
basis of the recommendations made by the State Finance Ans. : A pressure group refers to a group of people
Commission. that come together to influence and change government
4. Any other matter referred to it by the President in policies in a manner that is concurrent and suitable to
the interests of sound finance. their interest. They hold aspirations of gaining political
The commission submits its report to the President. power and hence do not directly take part in elections.
He lays it before both the Houses of Parliament along Following are the types of pressure groups in the
with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken politics of India-
on its recommendations. • Business groups- Federation of Indian Chamber of
The 15th Finance Commission was constituted on Commerce and Industry (FICCI), ASSOCHAM and
27th November 2017 against the backdrop of the others.
abolition of Planning Commission (as also of the • Trade Union- All India Trade Union Congress
distinction between plan and non-plan expenditure) and (AITUC), INTUC, Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) and
the introduction of the Goods and Service Tax (GST), others.
which has fundamentally redefined federal fiscal • Professional group: Indian Medical Association
relations. (IMA), Bar Council of India (BCI) and others.
Emerging role in Fiscal Federalism : • Agrarian Groups: All India Kisan Sabha, Bhartiya
• Horizontal imbalances and rising regional Kisan Union and others.
inequalities: Replacing the Planning Commission • Student Organisation: All India Students Federation
(which was a mandate to give grants to the states as (AISF), NSUI (affiliated to Congress), ABVP etc.
conditional trances using the Gadgil-Mukherjee
• Religious groups: RSS, VHP, Shiromani Akali Dal,
formula) with NITI Aayog (Government think tank
Jamaat-e-Islami and others.
with no resources to dispense) has reduced the policy
• Ideology based group: Narmada Bachao Aandolan,
outreach of government by relying only on the single
Chipko Movement, Women’s Rights Organisation,
instrument of fiscal federalism, i.e. Finance
India Against Corruption and others.
Commission.
Role of pressure groups in Indian politics :
• Vertical Imbalance: In India’s fiscal federalism, the
• Promotion of their interests in the working of pressure
Central Government has a far greater domain of
groups, Indian politics is influenced by negotiations,
taxation; Central Government collects around 60% of
lobbying, judicial proceeding, demonstration, strike,
the total taxes while its expenditure responsibility is
solicitation, band, dharna etc. with the people
only 40% of the total public expenditure.
concerned.
• Post-Liberalisation imbalance: Market based reform
• Pressure groups put pressure on the concerned
generates more inequality due to unequal capacity
among States for infrastructure development. Major organisation and the government to fulfill their
challenge faced by poorer States in the post reform demands. They tempt ministers and employees to
period is to chase competitive infrastructure provide money to political parties and facilities to
investment in order to attract foreign capital workers in elections.
investment. • Pressure groups act as a means of communication and
• The terms of reference of the Finance Commission is enable wider participation in a democracy.
decided unilaterally by the Central Government which • Pressure groups are organized interest groups, which
leads to raise various issues by state governments. influence government policies in favour of the interest
• Financial deterioration of State: Per capita Revenue of their respective groups, and increase political
deficit, fiscal deficit and primary deficit of states have awareness and participation of members.
been growing, indicating financial deterioration of However, pressure groups sometimes resort to
states and is reflected by: violence to get their demands fulfilled-causing damage to
- The mounting debt burden on states. government properties, attempts are made to disturb the
- Lack of scope for expansion in social and unity and peace of the nation by influencing politicians
economic service. by immoral means, they give rise to the political
- Lack of scope for capital investment. corruption.
Therefore role of Finance Commission is significant But, barring some criticism, pressure groups play an
in running the wheels of economy and nation. important role to work in the interest of the nation.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 142 YCT
 Q.15 : To what extent has e-governance has made • There should be proper availability of adequate
the administrative system more citizen-centric? Can finance, human resource training etc., to various
e-governance be made more participative? departments of the government.
(200 words) Therefore on the basis of the above description, it
Ans. : e-governance can be defined as the can be said that the e-governance system can be made
application of Information and Communication more participatory and government is doing to bring
Technology (ICT) for providing government services, people into policy making through feedback.
exchange of information, transactions, integration of
previously existing services and information portals. Q.16 : “Right to Information Act has forced civil
The “e” in e-governance stands for ‘electronic’. servants to come out of steal frame and serve people
sincerely” Explain. (200 words)
Inclusive growth
Ans. : The Right to Information Act, 2005 has been
implemented to provide the right to information to the
e-governance
citizens. It enhances transparency and empowers people
by providing information about various decisions of the
Sustainable Poverty alleviation administration to the people.
Development
The Right to Information Act has played an
Some of the initiatives of the Government are: important role in making the public servants accountable
(1) Computerization of the land record. for doing any work or decisions. Earlier a public servant
(2) Setting up websites for various ministries and used to refuse to inform citizens about any decision of
departments to bring transparency and the government or department by resorting to the Official
accountability in the governance. Secrets Act or other legislation.
(3) Usage of Aadhaar to bring consistency in the After the enactment of this Act, the tendency of
delivery of service. taking wrong decisions among the public servants has
(4) Promotion e-learning. decreased; corruption in administration has been
(5) Transformation of examination patterns to controlled by this Act. The corrupt servant knows that
online mode. any citizen can ask for information in respect of a wrong
e-governance has made the administration system decision taken, so the public servant is bound to give the
citizen-centric in the following way- information due to which their right or wrong decision
• e-governance improves the efficiency and quality of comes in front of the common people, on the basis of
available information, departmental action as well as
administrative work and services.
judicial action, can be initiated.
• Through this the government gets all the data easily.
The following provision of the Act has forced civil
• Governments can analyze these data and take better
servants to come out of steel frame and serve people
decisions while making various plans and policies.
sincerely :
• This can strengthen healthy and transparent dialogue • Comprehensive coverage: Under Section-2 (f) of the
between the public and the government. Act “Information” means any material in any form
• e-governance has created business and new including Records. Documents, Memos, e-mails,
opportunities. Opinions, Advices, Press releases, Circulars, Orders,
The e-governance system in India can be made more Logbooks, Contracts, Reports, Papers, Samples,
participatory as a large section of citizens is still not able Models, Data, material held in any electronic form, an
to get the benefits of e-governance. For this, the information relating to any private body which can be
following measures can be taken- accessed by a Public Authority under any other law
• The digital divide of the country has to be ended, for the time being in force.
which exists between the poor-rich, male and female, • Suo Moto Declaration: Section 4 of the RTI Act,
rural-urban population. requires suo moto disclosure of information by each
• Availability of electricity, internet, safe and cheap IT public authority. However, each disclosure has
equipment etc., has to be ensured in the country. remained less than satisfactory.
• There is a need to make the general public aware in • Changing culture: The RTI Act, 2005 did not create
this regard. a new bureaucracy for implementing the law. Instead,
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 143 YCT
 it tasked and mandated officials in every office to • SC & ST class have become financially strong, due to
change their attitude and duty from one of secrecy, to which their purchasing power capacity has increased.
one of sharing and openness. • In SCs & STs, there has been an increase in the health
• Strengthening democracy: Right to information has services, due to which the death/mortality rate has
been seen as the key to strengthening participatory come down.
democracy and ushering in people central governance. • In SCs & STs, there has been an increase in the
• Access to information can empower the poor and the respect of class, due to which their social upliftment
weaker sections of society to demand and get has also taken place.
information about public policies and actions, thereby However, the schemes run by the UP government
leading to their welfare. It showed an early promise did not prove to be as helpful in the upliftment of the SC,
by exposing wrongdoing at high places, e.g. in ST category as was expected from them. Even today
organising of the Commonwealth Games, and these sections are not able to get proper benefits of all the
allocation coal blocks. schemes. But there is no hesitation in saying that, in UP
Therefore it can be said that before the Right to the schemes run by the government for the SC, ST
Information Act, public servants did not provide any categories have brought positive changes in their lives, if
information in the name of confidentiality, which all the schemes are implemented properly, then there can
prevented their corrupt practices from appearing, which be a more qualitative increase in the welfare of the
acted like a steal frame for them. deprived sections.
Q.17 : Evaluate the impact of welfare schemes Q.18 : Despite a Cordial Mamallapuram Summit
implemented for the welfare of scheduled castes and between Prime Minister Modi and the Chinese
scheduled tribes by the Uttar Pradesh government. President, the dispute on the Line of Actual Control
(200 words) has deepened after a gap of several years. What do
Ans. : The Scheduled Tribes (ST) population of you think are the reasons behind it? (200 words)
Ans. : The second informal meeting between India
Uttar Pradesh according to the 2011 census in only
and China was held in Mamallapuram in October 2019.
around one lakh, constituting a meagre 0.6% of the total
This meeting was important towards normalizing India-
population. The main Tribes residing in UP are Tharu,
China relations.
Buksa, Bhotia, Jaunsari and Raji.
But in recent days, the Indian border was
On the other hand, the Scheduled Caste (SC)
encroached by China, due to which tension has increased
population of UP is around 4.14 crore at the 2011 census,
on the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
constituting 20.70 percent of the total population.
Following are the main causes of this tension:-
Many schemes launched by the UP government for
1. Unmarked border- There is no clear boundary
the welfare of the SC/ST population in the State:
line between India and China, due to which the soldiers
• The youth of the SC/ST population is getting skill
of both Countries cross each others border while
training under Kaushal Bharat Abhiyan.
patrolling.
• The Yuva Hub scheme is providing employment to 2. Development of infrastructure on the border
thousands of skilled youth. by India- Development has been done on the border by
• The young populations of SCs/STs are getting a China, to counter it, development is being done by India
stipend of Rs. 2500 under the CM Apprenticeship on the border through the Border Roads Organisation
Scheme. (BRO), which China is opposing. The BRO is concerned
• The Rani Lakshmibai Mahila Samman Kosh is about the development of the major Roads i.e. Darbuk-
addressing the needs of women and girls who are Shyok, Doulat Beg Oldie etc..
victims of heinous crimes. 3. The Internal Challenges of the Chinese
• Amid the covid-19 pandemic the UP government government due to the Covid-19 epidemic-
launched the Navin Rojgar Chhatri Yojna for the all- Covid-19 originated in China, causing a lot of deaths
around development of the scheduled castes. in China. The Chinese people were angry due to the
Following are the effects of schemes being death of people on such a large scale. Therefore, a
implemented for STs& SCs- dispute on the border was created by the Chinese Regime
• The spread of education among Scheduled Castes and to divert attention from its internal dispute and global
Scheduled Tribes has increased. pressure.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 144 YCT
 4. India’s growing stature in the world- Along with the QUAD countries, India should also
China is in a state of desperation due to the adopt a policy of dialogue and economic cooperation
increasing stature of India in the world, so China is with China, to give new dimensions to the relations
adopting such tactics to reduce the dignity of India. between the two countries.
5. Efforts to take advantage of the epidemic- Q.20 : Discuss the role of the World Health
While India and the whole world were busy on the Organisation (W.H.O) in the period of Corona
management of the epidemic, China tried to take (Covid-19) (200 words)
advantage of this opportunity. In fact, when India put Ans. The World Health Organisation is an
most of its resources under epidemic control, China was organisation of Mutual Co-operation on Health-related
trying to encroach on the border by force by escalating problems of the countries of the world and to develop
the dispute. human health-related understanding. It was established in
Conclusion : 1948 and its headquarters is in Geneva.
It can be said that after the meeting held in Instead, it is intended to be an international leader in
Mamallapuram between India and China, the outbreak of public health by alerting the world to threats, fighting
epidemic took place in the year 2020. Under the guise of diseases, developing policy and improving access to
the epidemic, China wanted to encroach upon the care.
borders; but could not succeed and eventually had to During emergencies like the Corona virus, the
retreat. W.H.O. is meant to serve as:
Q.19 : What do you know about the - A central coordinating body- guiding
‘Quadrilateral Security dialogue’ (QUAD)? Whether containment, declaring emergencies and making
Malabar military exercise would be successful in the recommendations with countries sharing
containment of the growing influence of China in information to help scientists to address
world politics? (200 words) outbreaks.
Ans. QUAD means quadrilateral security dialogue; - The Agency plays an advisory role in any major
it includes India, Japan, Australia and America. Its public health crisis, especially one with
purpose is to establish peace and balance of power in the international dimensions.
Asia Pacific region. Through this, effort is being made to - As in post outbreaks, it is helping to coordinate
connect a vast network spread across the Pacific Ocean. research work worldwide. This time, into drugs
The QUAD was proposed in 2007 by the then Prime that can be used to threat Covid-19, the disease
Minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe. caused by the corona virus, and into a potential
The Malabar naval exercise was started in 1992 after vaccine.
the meeting of the QUAD countries. The exercise is a - To establish and maintain effective
trilateral military exercise conducted annually between collaboration with the United
the India-US-Japan navies However, this time Australia Nations, specialized agencies, governmental
also participated in this military exercise held in health administrations, professional groups and
November 2020. such other organizations as may be deemed
The increase in China’s aggression in South Asia in appropriate.
the last few years and efforts by China to expand its - It issues alerts and assessments of emerging and
power through the Belt and Road Initiative and the growing health threats, such as designating
establishment of its military bases in different parts of Covid-19 (on March 11, 2020) a pandemic.
the world has posed a challenge to most of the countries - W.H.O. shipped more than two million items of
of the world including India. personal protective equipment to 133 countries.
After the spread of Covid-19, China is looking quite - W.H.O. has been accused of mismanaging the
aggressive globally. The Malabar military exercise Covid19 crisis and failing to share the
conducted by the QUAD countries can play an important information timely and in transparent manner.
role in stopping this aggression. Although the W.H.O. is broadly influential, yet it
In fact, the Malabar military exercise will not only lacks meaningful enforcement authority and is under
strengthen the relations of the QUAD countries but will budgetary and political pressure, especially from
also curb China’s growing powers in the South China powerful nations like the United States and China and
Sea. private funders like Gates Foundation.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-II 145 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2020
General Studies : Paper-III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A Q.2. : What are the objectives of NITI AAYOG?

Explain its three years action plan.
Q.1. : What do you understand by “leaving no Ans. : NITI Aayog was formed on 1st January 2015
one behind” with reference to Sustainable in place of Planning Commissions by a cabinet
Development Goals? resolution of the Government of India. NITI Aayog aims
Ans. : The development which meets the needs of to develop a common vision of national development
the present generation in such a way that future priorities, sectors and strategies with the active
generations do not have to make any compromises to participation of the states, formulate policy and
programmes, activity monitor and evaluate
meet their needs, it is called sustainable development.
implementation and act as a resources and knowledge
To achieve this sustainable development, ambitious center for India to develop all rounds.
‘SDG’ were presented in the UN in year 2015, having 17 Three years action Plan :
Goals and 169 targets. NITI Aayog’s Three year Action Agenda document
With the adoption of the 2030 agenda for sustainable is a comprehensive framework for policy changes to be
development, 193 United Nations member states pledged implemented in the short term in India. It covers the
to ensure “no one will be left behind” and to “Endeavour different sectors of the economy- agriculture, industry
to reach the farthest behind first’ in practice, this means and manufacturing.
taking explicit action to end extreme poverty, curb Highlights-
inequalities, confront discrimination and fast-track • Government needs to create 20 world-class
progress for the farthest behind. Universities.
Who is being left behind and why: Five key factors. • Create coastal employment Zones to boost experts and
To understand who is being left behind and why and generate high-productivity Jobs.
to shape effective responses, five key factors should be • The first policy document was prepared in the form of
assessed:- rationale, strategy, prospects and action plan for
1. Discrimination doubling the income of farmers, as well as promoting
2. Geography employment generation.
3. Governance • Provision to strengthen infrastructure and digital
4. Socio-economic status communication system.
5. Shocks and fragility • Provision was made to develop an effective
Empower those who are left behind : To achieve mechanism for development in remote coastal, inland,
island and northeastern areas and so on.
the SDGs, the people that are being left behind must be
Thus, it can be said that, NITI Aayog’s ‘three year
full/equal agents of sustainable development, urgent
action plan’ is very important for India’s growth and
action is needed to enable and empower them, including progress.
by ensuring their meaningful participation in decision Q.3. : “Indian food processing industry has not
making and establishing safe and inclusive mechanisms grown with the pace of developed countries discuss it.”
for their civic engagement. Ans. : Food processing is the transformation of raw
Enact policies, laws, reforms to confront the drivers agricultural produce into food through chemical and
that leave people behind across, SDGs: Duty-bearers and mechanical processes.
rights-holders will both need to shape, deliver and Food processing industry in India is a fast growing
improve policies, aimed at curbing inequalities and industry but, it has not been able to grow as much as
upholding minimum standards of well-being. compared to developed countries.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 146 YCT
Following are the reasons behind this:- Q.5 : What are the causes of low agricultural
• Most of India’s population belongs to the lower- productivity in India?
middle income group, who are not able to spend on Ans. : Agricultural productivity refers to the
processed food items. production per hectare in a particular area. Soil, climate,
• Fresh food is given more importance in the traditional agricultural technology, capital and fertilizers have
Indian Society. special importance in agriculture productivity.
• The High cost of packaging, transportation and storage Despite India being an agricultural country, it is
in India is the reason for the slow growth of the food counted among the backward countries of the world in
processing industry. terms of crop productivity.
• In India, preference is not given to packaged foods due The following are the reasons for the decreased crop
to religious considerations also.
productivity-
• Small scale industries are mainly engaged in food
processing here, which have a small capital base. • Erratic monsoon: Water is the foremost requirement
for agriculture and in India 67% of area is still
depended on monsoon which is very uncertain.
100% FDI in food
processing • Lack of Capital: Most of the farmers lack capital for
th
5 largest Largest Producer
of Several Agri
mechanization of agriculture and schemes like K.C.C.
Economy in
the world COMMODITIES are not accessible to small farmers.
INDIA
• Soil Fertility: Continuous decline in soil fertility due
India’s retail to uncontrolled use of fertilizers.
1.38 BILLION market to reach
CONSUMERS USD 1.3 Trillon • Storage: In the absence of proper storage techniques, a
MARKET by 2025. large part of the production is wasted.
• Land Holdings: The average size of holdings in India
is very small, that is less than 2 hectares due to which
But gradually government is working on it, to no scientific cultivation with improved techniques and
develop food processing industry, government plans- seeds can take place.
• To open Mega food park
• Improved seeds: Do not use improved seeds.
• To launch new Schemes
Way Forward :
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana
The above problems can be solved in the following way-
• Green Revolution- Krishonnati Yojana.
• By modernization of agriculture.
Q.4 : Explain the small scale industries of Uttar
Pradesh and discuss its role in the economy of the • By reducing the dependence of agriculture on
State. monsoon.
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh has around 14% of the total • Using improved seeds.
MSME in India. Small scale industries make an Q.6 : What is ‘S-CNG’? Describe its different
important contribution in the economy of Uttar Pradesh; uses:
hence Uttar Pradesh is called the State of small scale Ans. S-CNG is called second generation compressed
industries in India. natural gas. It is produced by refining and compression
The major small scale industries of Uttar Pradesh of biogas. It is mainly composed of methane.
include clay toys, matchstick making industry, soap Various uses of S-CNG: It can be used as a clean
industry, handloom and cotton textiles, pharmaceutical and green fuel for cooking, as a fuel in motor vehicles
manufacturing and so on.
and in gas based thermal power plants. It is more
Small scale industries contribute to the economy of
Uttar Pradesh in the following ways- combustible and less polluting than bio-gas.
It can be used as green fuel. Its use will reduce
• This sector forms the backbone of economic progress
and development of any State, because of its carbon emissions. In India, the problem of energy
contribution to industrial productivity, employment requirement can be solved by its clean energy.
generation, versatile nature, adaptability and Government must take action to promote the
contribution in exports. production and uses of S-CNG and it can be used in
• MSME industries constitute an important segment of place of gasoline, diesel fuel and propane (C3H8)/LPG
the Uttar Pradesh economy in terms of employment and its combustion produces fewer undesirable gases.
generation and as a source of foreign exchange Q.7 : Critically examine the challenges of
earnings through exports. The MSME sector accounts conservation of wild life.
for almost 60% of the total industrial output in UP. Ans. : Loss of biodiversity is a growing trend in
• It plays an important role in more equitable Earth’s ecosystems. The millennium Ecosystem
distribution of income and wealth and in socio- Assessment document shows that loss of biodiversity and
economic development. the related changes in the environment have been more
• Small scale industries also play an important role in rapid in the past 50 years than ever before in human
the industrialisation of rural and backward areas. history.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 147 YCT
 The Government of India has enacted the Wild Life Therefore, use of maritime trafficking routes from
(Protection) Act, 1972 with the objective of protecting Myanmar along the Andaman Sea, some of which cross
the country’s wild life and to control poaching, Indian territorial waters must be strategically observed
smuggling and illegal trade in wild animals. by India to curb the trafficking.
The wildlife is facing many threats due to human Q.9 : Analyse “Money Laundering’ and ‘Human
encroachment and their activities as well as few natural Trafficking’ as a non-traditional security challenges.”
factors which can be enumerated below: Ans. : Money laundering is concealing or disguising
(i) Habitat loss by destruction, fragmentation and the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they
degradation: Habitat destruction and fragmentation appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is
can take place by human activities such as felling of frequently a component of other, much more serious
trees, dredging rivers, constructing dams, filling crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking,
wetlands and mowing fields, use of lands meant for robbery or extortion.
agriculture, construction of houses and roads and so Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud,
on. Habitat degradation can take place because of or coercion to obtain some type of labour or commercial
the increasing pollution level, invasion of new sex acts. Every year, millions of men, women, and
species and so on. children are trafficked worldwide. It can happen in any
(ii) Illegal Trading, Hunting and Poaching of community and victims can be of any age, race, gender,
endangered species: These threats are the cause of or nationality. Traffickers might use violence,
the lack of proper management and use of resources manipulation, or false promises of well-paying jobs or
by the forest officials to curb the means and save the romantic relationships to lure victims into trafficking
wildlife. situations.
(iii) Climate change: Global warming and climate Language barriers, fear of their traffickers, and/or
change has also played a major role in posing threat fear of law enforcement, frequently keep victims from
to the wildlife. seeking help, making human-trafficking a hidden crime.
(iv) Over exploitation of resources: The overuse plants The problem of human-trafficking and money
and hunting of wild animals for food, medicines, laundering are as serious as non-traditional security
clothing etc., has badly affected the wildlife challenges.
populations and thus has become a threat to their • Money laundering weakens the economy of the
existence. country, which increases the security related problems
However, amidst all the challenges, the efforts are of nation.
being made by the government for wildlife conservation • If we look at money laundering in the context of India,
which is proving fruitful. Therefore, there is a need to it increases the problem like illegal cross border trade,
strictly implement all the schemes introduced for terrorism, crime, and tax evasion.
conservation. • On the other hand, human trafficking has emerged as
Q.8 : ‘Narco Terrorism’ is a threat to India’s a major problem especially for children and women.
internal security. Discuss it. Human trafficking is associated with prostitution,
Ans. : Narco terrorism is a concept that can be begging, organ trafficking etc., which pose internal
classified as both, a type of terrorism and as a means of security challenges.
terrorism. Narco-terrorism refers to the nexus between There is a need to emphasize on measures like strict
narcotics and terrorism. It is slowly growing in India and implementation of related laws, spreading awareness in
posing new challenges to informal security. the society for prevention of non-traditional security
Narco-terrorism combines two criminal activities, challenges.
namely, drug trafficking and terrorism. It is mainly Q.10 : What is ‘Revolution in Military Affairs
driven by economic reasons as it helps terrorist (RMA)’ in security perspective of India?
organisations to raise funds for their activities. For Ans. : Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) can be
example, Islamist terrorist groups backed by Pakistan’s defined as “A major change in the nature of warfare
Inter- Services Intelligence (ISI) agency were found to brought about by the innovative application of
be active in drug trafficking in Kashmir valley and other technologies, which is combined with dramatic changes
parts of the country as well. in military doctrine and operational concepts,
Narco-terrorism is also making youth addicted to fundamentally alters the character and conduct of
drugs and orients them towards criminal activities, due to operations.” A transformation is essential to cope with
which internal security challenges are also emerging. these changes and most countries have put in
India is bordered by the ‘Golden Crescent’ organisations dedicated to conceptualizing and
(Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan), which is the largest implementing transformation.
market for illicit opium, thus making the region • The importance of RMA has increased in number of
conducive to Narco-terrorism. nuclear-rich nations and new advanced warfare
Way forward : technology development. Especially in the context of
Additional efforts would be required at the national, India, India has traditionally been surrounded by two
regional and international level to carefully analyse aggressive nations, Pakistan and China. In which
methods and trends to understand changes in drug China’s military power is much more than India and it
markets in the wake of the pandemic. also has a geographical advantage.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 148 YCT
• Through this system, India can safeguard its terrestrial commerce has not only increased the value and
border and its interests in the Indian Ocean. For the volume of trade but has also helped in enhancing the
development of this system, India will have to develop quality of the trade. The cost of conducting trade has
long-range missile system, unmanned aircraft, decreased.
communication warfare skills and so on. • However, one negative aspect is the benefits transfer
• This is the time when India should invest in three and the nature of trade. While the developed countries
pronged strategy of creating the RMA based on Genius has been exporting high value products like
systems – a set highly evolved intelligent technical technology, skill, services, products etc., the
systems that work on principles of Next generation developing countries are exporting natural resources
intelligence, a move from brilliance to genius system such as raw materials, water, raw agri-products and
of real-time learning and innovating systems. labour and so on.
The three pronged strategic dimensions are: Impacts on equality of income and wealth
• Avoid as far as possible known standard software distribution :
components developed outside India and available as • The globalisation has been a great leveler. Most of
embedded in weapons system being procured. new billionaires are emerging from developing
• Create a framework for counter software systems with countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Brazil etc.
all sort of cyber weapon being experimented within the There is no doubt that in the era of globalisation
framework and finally, there are ample opportunities available for the progress
• Leapfrog the “evolution of intelligent system” by and development of women, through employment
creating the doctrine technology, force structure and generation on a large scale, which make women a
operational employment of Genius system. participant in the socio-economic progress of the nation.
If India combine the capabilities distributed across Under this process, women-friendly employment is also
the country into a major mission mode initiative – we being created, so that qualified and capable women can
can do it, otherwise, we already have become the largest take proper and active participation in the economic
importers of the defence equipment as our doctrine is development of the nation. Today if we see in India,
still based on dumb weapons/guided weapons whereas women are occupying the highest positions of their
the world has already moved to brilliant systems. commercial companies.
So Revolution in Military Affairs can prove to be a The dynamic chariot of globalisation led to a rapid
milestone in the security scenario of India. There is a increase in per capita income and national income, but
need to make it more advanced and use it as per the when it comes to equality of income and wealth
requirement. distribution, it proves to be a miserably failure.
In the case of women, it shows even more problem
SECTION-B because here the man is made to inherit the property.
Q.11 : Discuss the impacts of globalisation on Men take all the economic and social decisions.
trade, employment, particularly women employment, Although Chanda Kochhar, Nita Ambani, Roshni Nadar,
equality of income and wealth distribution etc.? Jayshree Ullal etc. are successful among Indian women,
but it is very less as compared to men. That is,
Ans. : Globalisation refers to the integration of
globalisation has not made any significant difference to
different societies and economies of the world, it is a
multifaceted aspect. It is an idea arising out of the mutual the income-equality distribution.
exchange of products, attitudes, various culture aspects Therefore, it can be said that due to the systemic
etc. Due to this there is an increase in the inter- flaws of globalisations, the rich person become more
dependence between different people, regions and prosperous and the poor become poorer.
countries in the world. Q.12 : Explain the welfare schemes of Uttar
Impacts on employment: Pradesh Government and its role?
Ans. : Important schemes are being operated by the
• Outsourcing: This is one of the principal results of the
Globalisation. In outsourcing, a company recruits Uttar Pradesh government in terms of education,
regular service from outside sources, often other employment, marriage, socio-economic security of
nations, which was earlier implemented internally or widows, health and nutrition. Due to this, women of the
from within the nation (like computer services, legal State are increasingly participating in economic activities
advice, security- each presented by individual and there has been a sharp decline in maternal and child
departments of the corporation, advertisement). mortality rate in the State, as well as the sex ratio of the
• Women employment opportunities have created in State has also increased.
new avenues. They are now paid almost at par with its In the context of the elderly people in the State, the
gender counterpart. government has laid emphasis on setting up of pension,
Impacts on trade : health facilities, shelter homes for them. Due to which
• The trade has increased many times due to the welfare of the aged citizens of the State has
globalisation. The opening up of border for trade and increased.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 149 YCT
 Welfare schemes like blood bank scheme, fee many schemes and programs for poverty alleviation,
reimbursement scheme, non-recurring assistance scheme, which are as follows:
scholarship scheme, ‘ROSHINI’, Residential school • Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
scheme etc., are being run in the State for scheduled • Kisan Vikas Patra Scheme.
caste & tribes, which has empowered this class
• Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana.
especially with the representation into government
services, public welfare works have accelerated and • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural employment Act.
their exploitation and backwardness has decline. • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
Similarly, schemes related to Divyang and • National Maternity Benefit Schemes.
Minorities have laid the foundation of an inclusive and • Ayushman Bharat.
developed society in the State by including them in the • Prime Minister Kisan Samman Nidhi.
main stream of the society. • Skill development programs.
Q.13 : What are the major challenges in reducing Therefore, along with proper implementing the
poverty and inequality in India? programs for poverty alleviation, we have to increase the
Ans. : Poverty can be defined as a condition in rate of economic growth. The higher the rate of
which a person is unable to meet the basic necessities for economic growth, the lower, the level of poverty.
subsistence of life. There is a bi-directional case-effect
Q.15 : What are the objectives of National
relationship between poverty and inequality in India.
Manufacturing Policy? Critically examine the ‘Make
There are many challenges to reduce poverty and
in India’ and ‘Start up India’?
inequality, which are as follows :
Ans. : Cabinet approved the revised proposal of the
• Illiteracy and lack of skills are important factors of
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry
poverty in India, because uneducated and unskilled
of Commerce and Industry to put in place a National
people fail to get employment, which increases
Manufacturing Policy.
poverty and inequality.
Objectives :
• Discrimination and untouchability prevailing in Indian
society, which is especially related to ethnic identity • The major objectives of the National Manufacturing
and economic status is also a big obstacle in Policy are to increase the sectoral share of
eliminating them, because poverty and inequality are manufacturing in GDP to at least 25% by 2022.
more prevalent among those castes, which are more • To increase the rate of Job creation so as to create 100
prone to social exploitation and discrimination. million additional Jobs by 2022.
• India’s growing population is also a major challenge, • To enhance global competitiveness, domestic value
because employment is not being created in proportion addition, technological depth and environmental
to the increasing population, which is increasing sustainability of growth.
poverty and inequality. Make in India was started by the Government of
• Corruption is also responsible for increasing poverty, India on 25th Sep, 2014 to emphasise on manufacturing
because the benefits of the schemes-projects started for of goods in India by domestic and foreign companies,
the poor are not available to the deprived sections. while Startup India was also started by the Government
To remove poverty and inequality, it is necessary to of India in 2016.
promote the activeness of administrative system, Startup India was started with a corpus of Rs. 10,000
awareness of their rights among the people, end of social Crore for three years tax holiday, capital gains tax
discrimination and fulfillment of the other basic needs. exemption, inspector raj free environment and funding
Q.14 : What is meant by ‘Line of Poverty’? for start-up businessmen, starting new ventures. The
Explain the ‘Poverty Alleviation Programme of government is also emphasising on the development of a
India? strong ecosystem under Startup India to develop India’s
Ans. : The poverty line acts as a benchmark for industrial potential in areas with new ideas and
estimating poverty in India. Poverty line is the minimum possibilities.
level of income from which a person is unable to meet Make in India and Start-up India has been
his basic needs due to low income. The poverty line has unsuccessful in fulfilling the objective for which they
been determined from time to time in India. For this were started. As such, the objective of these initiatives
Alagh Committee, Lakdawala Committee, Tendulkar was to focus on the three main factors of the
Committee and Rangarajan Committee have been manufacturing sector, viz, to increase investment,
constituted. At present, the poverty line is determined by production and employment and to start business easily.
India on the basis of spending capacity. But both the schemes did not fulfill their original
Programs launched for poverty alleviation: objectives though they have brought positive change to a
India’s economy has improved rapidly after the large extent. But if these schemes are properly taken care
economic reforms of 1991. The government has started of, they can prove to be a mile stones.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 150 YCT
 Q.16 : Explain Science, Technology and Q.17 : Explain the steps taken by the government
Innovation Policy-2020 ? to counter Naxalism in India?
Ans. : The new Science, Technology, and Ans. : In the 1960s, Naxalism started from the
Innovation Policy aims to bring about profound changes village Naxalbari in Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
through short-term, medium-term, and long-term mission Hence it became known as Naxalite movement. The aim
mode projects by building a nurtured ecosystem that of the Naxalite movement is the demand for freedom
promotes research and innovation on the part of both from hunger, poverty and unemployment. However, at
individuals and organisations. It aims to foster, develop, present this movement is passing through a state of
and nurture a robust system for evidence and
disorientation. Its violent activities have increased.
stakeholder-driven STI planning, information,
evaluation, and policy research in India. The objective of Steps taken by the government to deal with the Naxal
the policy is to identify and address strengths and problem :
weaknesses of the Indian STI ecosystem to catalyse • The government has been working from time to time
socio-economic development of the country and also to deal with the problem of Naxalites in the Naxal
make the Indian STI ecosystem globally competitive. affected areas. It has been a challenge for the
The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy will government to successfully complete a project in these
be guided by the following broad vision: areas.
(i) To achieve technological self-reliance and • Development work has been done like infrastructure,
position India among the top three scientific superpowers roads, cellphone connectivity, bridges, schools.
in the decade to come. • Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas and Kendriya
(ii) To attract, nurture, strengthen and retain critical Vidyalayas are being run in most of the Naxal affected
human capital through a ‘people centric’ science, districts, but it is a matter of fact that all these districts
technology and innovation (STI) ecosystem. are still Naxal affected.
(iii) To double the number of Full-Time Equivalent
(FTE) researchers, Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D • In 2013, a special initiative named “Roshni” was
(GERD) and private sector contribution to the GERD launched under the ‘Aajeevika Scheme’ to train youth
every 5 years. for employment in the most naxal-affected districts,
(iv) To build individual and institutional excellence but till March 2015, only in two States, Bihar and
in STI with the aspiration to achieve the highest level of Jharkhand, were allocated funds.
global recognitions and awards in the coming decade. • On one hand welfare schemes are being implemented
Important Provisions : and on the other more centre paramilitary forces are
Open Science Policy (One Nation, One Subscription) deployed. Use of new and advanced technology and
To make scientific knowledge and data available to ‘SAMADHAN’ initiative is being used to control
all, the government has proposed: Naxal violence.
• To buy bulk subscriptions of all important scientific From time to time schemes are being operated by
journals across the world, and provide everyone in the government for the eradication of Naxalism. The
India free access to them. government should pay attention to the problem of the
• To set up a Science, Technology and Innovation Naxalites and make the surrender policy more rational so
Observatory that will serve as the central repository of that the Naxalite can be reformed and integrated into the
all kinds of data generated from scientific research in mainstream.
the country. Q.18 : Discuss in detail the issues of nuclear
Related to Equity and Inclusion : proliferation and existing control mechanism?
• It proposes that at least 30% representation be ensured
Ans. : The atomic bomb was first made by America
for women in all decision-making bodies, as well as
“spousal benefits” be provided to partners of scientists and it was first used by America on Japan. In view of the
belonging to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, destruction of the atomic bomb, the whole world is
Queer (LGBTQ+) community. trying to get this technology.
• The LGBTQ+ community should be included in all The main reason for nuclear proliferation is its
conversations related to gender equity, and provisions existence as a guarantee of a country’s security. Its
be made to safeguard their rights and promote their access to unstable and non-democratic countries has
representation and retention in the science and become a threat to global security. This technology can
technology sector. also spread from these countries to terrorist outfits. The
Child and Elderly Care : abdication of responsibilities by nuclear-rich nations and
• Child-care benefits are proposed to be made gender- the ever-increasing stockpile of nuclear weapons are
neutral, and flexible work timings and adequate important contributors to the expansion of this problem.
parental leave are to be offered to cater to maternity,
childbirth and child care. • To solve the above problems, many global and
regional systems have been established such as
All publicly-funded research institutions and
universities will be asked to provide day-care centres Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1968, Comprehensive
for children of employees, and also have a provision Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)-1996, International
for elderly care and so on. Atomic Energy Agency and NSG and so on.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 151 YCT
• The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is a multi- execution at the operational and lower levels, leading to
purpose treaty signed in 1968 and it is in effect since a lack of synergy within the battle space.
1970. Its purpose is to prevent the spread of nuclear Hence there is an urgent need to restructure the
weapons in three ways. Higher Defence Organisation in India to empower the
(i) Non-proliferation newly created Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).
(ii) Disarmament Q.20 : At present in emerging security challenges,
(iii) Peaceful use of nuclear energy. how nuclear weapons can be advantageous in India’s
But this treaty divides the world in a discriminatory security management? Explain it?
manner into legitimate nuclear and illegal nuclear States. Ans. Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT), India is a
India is not part of this treaty. nuclear power and possess significant arsenal of nuclear
weapons of all kinds. India has globally acclaimed
• On the other hand, China remains a major obstacle in
reputation of strong safeguard of nuclear weapons. It has
India’s inclusion due to rivalry and regional also pronounced an official policy on use of nuclear
competition in the nuclear supplier group. weapons. However seeing the emerging security
Therefore, it can be said that the Nuclear Non- challenges, there has been demand of reviewing the
Proliferation Treaty has been insufficient in preventing nuclear doctrine of India as nuclear weapons can be
nuclear proliferation. It is our responsibility to use it proved significant advantageous for India's security
peacefully because nuclear weapons are for world peace management.
and not for unrest. Benefits in India's security management :
Q.19 : Explain ‘Higher Defence Organisation in
• Nuclear weapons do serve as a deterrent for
India’?
adversaries : No weapon is feared as much as nuclear
Ans. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) consists of weapons. If India changes its nuclear policy from no
four Departments- the Department of Defence, the first use to first use, it may deter its neighbours from
Department of Defence Production, the Department of doing any misadventure with India's national security.
Defence Research and Development and the Department
of Ex-Servicemen Welfare. • Nuclear weapons reduce the threat to a country's
military forces : Due to proxy war run by Pakistan, a
The Defence Secretary functions as the head of the
substantial number of Indian military personnel are
Department of Defence, and is additionally responsible
killed in action. This may reduce if India poses an
for coordinating the activities of the four Departments in
aggressive nuclear use policy.
the Ministry.
In a democracy, civilian control over the military is • Nuclear technology creates a bargaining chip for
essential. However, this implies political control and not countries that need it : Nuclear technology has
bureaucratic control, especially over operational issues. served as good bargaining power for many countries
To achieve this, it is essential for the services to be a such as North Korea, Israel, Iran etc., India too can
department of the MoD and be part of the policy making utilise this technology to bargain from China and
Pakistan.
body. A strong triad of the political, military and
bureaucracy is the sine qua non for achieving synergy to Thus nuclear weapons can be exploited cleverly to
enable a focused and holistic approach towards strategic serve the national interests. However since this is very
military planning, future force structures and sensitive issue, India needs to be more covert and
deployments as well as force modernisation programmes. sensitive while dealing with these issues.
Despite having outstanding and dedicated officers in Way Forward :
the bureaucracy, the MoD is inhibited by its lack of ▪ As security is a dynamic concept and all doctrines
comprehension of military matters due to lack of needs periodic reviews. Same is the case with India.
exposure during their service, in this highly specialised ▪ If Indian policymakers feel a need to review the
field. nation’s nuclear doctrine, they should be cognizant of
The expertise gained in other departments where the costs involved in doing so.
they would have served, would be more on budgetary
▪ A sound policy debate can only ensue if the costs and
and accounting matters as relevant to MoD, rather than
benefits of a purported policy shift are discussed and
military strategy and the geo-political construct dealing
debated widely.
with the emerging and future threats to security.
This leads to decision making, based more on ▪ Also, India must gradually revise its posture of ‘active
budgetary considerations rather than a synergetic deterrence’ to ‘dissuasive deterrence’ by building up
approach to counter these threats. Each Service on its its infrastructure along the border and improving the
part seeks to protect its turf and expand its own scope surveillance and warning capabilities among other
and relevance, at the expense of others. There is things.
compartmentalised planning against external and internal ▪ Like India, China too has an NFU policy so it provides
threats with some jointness' envisaged at the highest an opportunity to work jointly towards a global no first
levels. This leads to a disjointed and fragmented use nuclear order.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-III 152 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2020
General Studies : Paper-IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A • Role of Society : Society includes- neighbours,

classmates, peers, colleagues, media, movies,
Q.1 : Discuss the Role of Family, Society and television.
Educational institutions in inculcating Values. Conformity: What peers/colleagues are doing,
(Words 125) person is forced to mimic the same. If they’re smoking,
Ans. : “Strive not to be a Success” he’ll smoke; if they’re living in nuclear families, he too
But rather to be of Value” will feel to distance himself from his joint family and so
-Albert Einstein on.
Values are the ideals held by people that guide them Role of Educational Institution:
towards desirable behaviour. They are like an Anchor • Teachers and curriculum have profound impact on a
and Light House. person’s value system.
Values are inculcated by social institutions and • The conduct of teacher both within and outside the
influences. The biggest role in value inculcation is classroom can play a crucial role in the value
played by Family, Society and Educational Institutions. development of children.
Role of the Family- Family refers to a network of • If child participates in sports: he will develop the
relationships marked by cooperation, continuity and
values of sportsmanship, team-spirit.
emotionally not duplicated in any other system.
• If college going child participates in college
Whenever we discuss the Role of Family in the
activities/festival to get extra-curricular certificate for
socialisation of child, we have to consider following:
UPSC/CAT- he is learning leadership, cooperation,
- Parenting Style
event management.
- Role of the Mother
Thus, the role of family, society and educational
- Role of the Father
institutions is most important because they have great
• Parenting Style : Parents translate their love and influences on people.
affection for their children into different styles of Q.2 : Discuss the role of ‘Right to information for
parenting. Parenting styles refer to the child rearing transparency in governance. (Words 125)
practices adopted by the parents to inculcate in their Ans. : Under the Right to Information (RTI) Act,
children, the values of self discipline and self control. 2005, citizens can obtain information from State or
• Role of the Mother : Mothers are the first teachers. Central government departments and offices as a legal
Mother is foundational, central, life-bringer and life- right in a time-bound manner. RTI Act has strengthened
shaper. From their mothers, children acquire self- pillars of good governance like participation,
knowledge, self-confidence; learn self-satisfaction, transparency, legitimacy and responsiveness.
self-worth, and the capacity for self-sacrifice. Role of RTI for Transparency in governance
• Role of Father : Children learn to distinguish what is Checking Corruption : The Right to Information
wrong / right from the father. He serves as a role Act has become the most effective instrument to check
model to his children. corruption.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 153 YCT
 Under the RTI Act, many cases of corruption have (3) Law should be made even more stringent to create
been exposed e.g. Adarsh Housing Society scam and deterrence.
Commonwealth Games scam So, government sanctions for prosecution should be
• Brings Transparency: Under RTI Act, citizens seek used in a judicious way and laws should be made that
information as a right from the state, and it thereby shouldn’t provide one fit for all.
promotes openness, transparency in administration by Q4. : Discuss the following in the context of civil
making the government more open to public scrutiny. services.
It has empowered the people to question, audit, (A) Impartiality (B) Commitment
review, examine and assess government Acts. (Words 125)
• Increases Accountability: the RTI Act has Ans. : (A) Impartiality : Impartiality is a broad
empowered the people to hold public Authorities concept based on justice and justice is the key to good
accountable for the principles of public interest, good Governance. Impartiality with respect to the public
governance and justice. implies that an officer shall work as an instrument of the
• Promoting participatory Democracy: Government. He shall provide service for the welfare of
Limitation of the RTI : society at large and duly protect the interests of the
Frivolous overuse of RTI obstructs national weaker sections. Most importantly, he shall not
development. Valuable time of public authorities is discriminate on the basis of caste, religion, gender and
wasted in furnishing information to applicants instead of so on.
discharging their regular duties. (B) Commitment : Commitment is the dedication
- RTI Act fails to protect whistleblowers. and passion towards a particular task. It helps to achieve
- Reduced the autonomy of the Centre and State goals and not deviating from them. A recent example of
Information Commissioners has weakened the a lady IPS officers patrolling at midnight shows her
RTI Act to some extent. commitment to the task given.
Conclusion : In fact, the commitment to the Institutions, Rules,
RTI Act is complementary and supplementary to Laws and Policies of the public servants to fulfill the
good governance. However, it is important to undertake constitutional purpose acts as self- motivation in their
the measures to strengthen this powerful tool that can actions.
further deliver significant social benefits and strengthen Q5. : An employee was taking a bribe in his
the roots of democracy and good governance in India. office. His officer caught him red-handed. The officer
Q.3 : “The requirement of government’s sanction knows that if he is dismissed from this job, his old
for prosecuting the dishonest officials is a protective parents will become homeless and destitute.
shield for Corruption.” Examine the statement. Therefore, the officer left him with a warning only.
(Words 125) Imagine that you are the same officer. What will you
Ans. : Under Section 19 of the Prevention of do in these situations? Discuss in detail. (Words 125)
Corruption Act (PC Act), Sanction is necessary and no Ans. : Issues involved :
court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable - Ethical Dilemma
under sections 7,10,11,13 and 15 of PC Act except with - Conscience
the previous sanction. - Work Attitude
The objective of government sanction for - Work Culture
prosecuting public servants is to protect honest officers - Social Influences
from frivolous complaints, but, it is misused by dishonest - Emotional Intelligence
officers. Taking bribe by an employee is a corrupt practice.
Apex Court in Subramanian Swamy v/s Union of The officer’s soft attitude towards the employee is a sign
India (2014) held that Section 604 of the Delhi Police of his emotional intelligence, but not punishing the
Establishment Act doesn’t require sanction for lodging employee by the Authority is a breach of his duty.
FIR and investigation. Possible decisions :
Through the above judgment of SC, lacunae in PC - To give harsh punishment to the employee.
Act can be abridged to some extent. - Pardon the employee.
Way Forward : - To give a stern warning to the employee with
(1) Regular training with ethical-moral values, so that limited punishment.
corruption could be uprooted. By adopting the first option :
(2) Government department’s requirement should be on - The possibility (in future) of the employee to take
objective basis and ACR report of officers. bribe will be eliminated.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 154 YCT
 - The parents of the employee will become (1) Intellectual aptitude
destitute, which will lead to the degradation of (2) Emotional aptitude
human values. (3) Moral aptitude
By adopting the second option : Intellectual aptitude is the means-oriented aptitude
- There may be a change in the attitude of the that manifests itself in rational, purposeful action and
employee. effective behavior from the environment.
- But there will be a violation of the rules of public On the other hand, Emotional aptitude shows good
services. behavior with co-workers, subordinates and citizens as
By adopting the third option : behavior-oriented aptitude.
- The possibility of taking bribe in the employee will Finally, Moral aptitude shows justice, compassion,
be eliminated. empathy, honesty in the form of goals, orientation, and
- But other corrupt employees will also start seeing this aptitude enhances the qualities of giving importance
this as a possibility. to the public interest and effective implementation in
Therefore, the third option as an officer will be the administrators.
best since it will not violate the rules of public service, So, the aptitude of a civil servant determines his/her
and the employee’s parents will also not be in trouble. caliber/capacity to deliver service to people and the
Q.6 : How will you apply emotional intelligence nation.
in administrative practices? Explain. (Words 125) Q.8 : Differentiate between the following.
Ans. : Emotional intelligence is a type of social (A) Tolerance and compassion
intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own (B) Attitude and Aptitude
and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to (Words 125)
use the information to guide one's thinking and actions. Ans. : (A) Tolerance and Compassion
– Salovey & Mayer Tolerance :
Tolerance comes from the Latin word ‘Tolerantia’ –
A civil servant can apply emotional intelligence to
to bear and it implies prudent long suffering silence.
administrative work in the following ways:
Tolerance is the capacity or the practice of recognizing
- To maintain better inter-personal relations and a
and respecting beliefs and practices of others. It is a fair
cordial atmosphere at the workplace.
objective and permissive attitude towards those whose
- In predicting future results through the ability to
opinions, practices, race, religion and nationality differs
correctly identify the attitudes of his subordinates
from our own. The two common denominators of
and perform their tasks.
tolerance are:
- To develop inter-personal communication skill.
(a) Need for a respectful and fair attitude toward
- In performing quality work by proper
others.
management of time, information and human
(b) The attitude is directed towards those whose
resources.
beliefs and opinions are different from ours.
- In developing a healthy working style by
Compassion :
controlling one’s own negative impulses.
Compassion is the feeling of empathy for others. It
In a pluralistic country like India, it is necessary to is the emotion that we feel in response to suffering of
have a Civil Servant with high Emotional Intelligence. others that motivates the desire to help. More involved
Civil servants who control their own emotions and have in simple empathy, compassion commonly gives rise to
flexibility in behavior and can play an important role in an active desire to alleviate the suffering of others. It
fulfilling the objectives of the administration. destroys the pain of others, shelters and embraces the
Q.7 : What do you understand by the term distressed. It is the key component in what manifests in
‘public servant’? What kind of aptitude is considered social contexts as altruism. It not only includes a
important for the Civil Services? Explain. sensitivity to the distressed of self and others but also a
(Words 125) commitment to try to do something about it and prevent
Ans. : A Public Servant is generally a person it.
employed directly or indirectly by the government, either (B) Attitude and Aptitude :
through appointment or election. He values public good Attitude is the manner, disposition, feeling,
over their personal interest. Taxpayers and public funds position, etc. with regard to a person or thing. It is the
partially or fully, fund their wages. That is why they are way you think about any particular person or thing.
known as servants of the public. Therefore the duties of Aptitude is a capability or talent innate or acquired for
Public Servants are as deserving as the duties and performing some particular task. If you have an aptitude
responsibilities of the government. for languages, for instance, you can learn them faster
A public servant must have 3 Aptitudes: than other people.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 155 YCT
 Attitude has to do with the character and Aptitude Q. 10 : Explain the importance of persuasion
has to do with competence. Character is relatively communication in attitudinal change. (Words 125)
permanent whereas Aptitude can be changed and Ans. : Persuasion is a communication method to
developed. change other feelings, behaviour’s, attitude towards
In public administration, the difference may be people, things, ideas and so on.
understood by the following example: An administrator The followings are the importance of persuasion :
may be very good in problem solving (aptitude part) but - Spreading of awareness, during corona and
may have the tendency to procrastinate the decisions lockdown period
(attitude part). Also, an administrator may have a good - Solving social and individual conflicts
aptitude in resolving the communal issues (aptitude part) - To reduce social problems and corruption
but may have a negative attitude towards a particular - Shaping public opinion for nation building
minority (attitude part) which will naturally influence his - Team work.
overall decisions. Spread of Awareness :
Q.9 : How do the values of tolerance and Persuasion is needed to make aware of the
compassion get manifested in public service towards importance of sustainable development of agriculture,
the weaker sections? Explain with suitable examples. cities, the environment, or other government schemes
and later persuade the masses to follow the same.
(Words 125)
Ans. : Ethos, ethics, equity and efficiency are the Solving the social and individual conflict :
Some conflicts, such as, rules of our tradition arises
pillars of good governance and citizen-centric
and it is needed to be solved by persuasion.
administration of Indian democracy. Respecting others
For example :
views and asserting accordingly and rationally is
- The Jallikattu bullfighting tradition
tolerance. A strong willingness to do something for
- Sabrimala women temple entry
which you are empathetic is called compassion.
- Religious conflict
Tolerance and Compassion is the inherent and integral
- Caste conflict
part of ethics and equity respectively.
- Family conflict
Civil servants are the implementers of the rule of
To reduce social problems and corruption:
law, schemes and policy of the government, the purpose - Persuasion is needed on some social problems
of our Constitution, so it becomes imperative that such as child marriage, child labour, and
implementers have tolerance and compassion for good corruption problems in society.
governance, which will fulfill our purpose of - Persuading masses for women empowerment.
Constitution and aspiration of the people. For example, Shaping public opinion for nation-building :
most of the special attentions are towards marginalized - India is fully diverse in every aspect, culturally,
section [MGNREGA, PMJDY, FSA, PDS, etc.]. In this politically, socially, economically. Persuasion is
case, compassion towards marginalized section is needed for shaping opinion to one Indian Concept.
required for proper implementation and protection of all It will help to make Team India. So, persuasion is
faith as fundamental rights, maintain enabling a way to develop a positive attitude of a person,
environment for the function of different religion, society and nation for peace and stability of nation
protecting different types of societal and cultural events. and world.
So tolerance as a quality in a civil servant is required.
These get manifested in public services: SECTION-B
• Giving priority to vulnerable sections such as women, Q.11 : What is probity? Explain clearly the
children, elderly people, and so on. philosophical basis of Probity in governance.
• Enabling provisions for the underprivileged sections of (Words 200)
society such as special schools for tribal children, Ans. : Probity originates from the Latin word
special rehabilitatory residential schools for girls ‘probitas’, meaning good. Probity is confirmed integrity;
victim of sexual violence, special infrastructure for it is usually regarded as being incorruptible. It is the
disabled at public places and so on. quality of having strong moral principles and strictly
following them, such as honesty uprightness, transparency
• Willingness to listen and then respond in respective
and incorruptibility.
and helpful manner.
Probity in governance is concerned with the
• Taking special initiatives for income augmentation of propriety and character of various organs of the
these schemes and so on. government as to whether these uphold the procedural
Above listed examples is manifestation of the values uprightness, regardless of the individuals manning these
of tolerance and compassion in public offices. institutions.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 156 YCT
 It involves adopting an ethical and transparent Following principles are the Code of Conduct for
approach, allowing the process to withstand scrutiny. civil servants:
Probity goes further than the avoidance of being (1) Integrity: Civil servants should be guided solely by
dishonest because it is determined by intangibles like the public interest in their official decision making
personal and societal values. and not by any financial or other consideration either
The ethical concerns of governance have been in respect of themselves, their families or their
emphasised broadly in Indian scriptures and other friends.
treatises such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagvat Gita, (2) Impartiality: Civil servants in carrying out their
Buddha Charitra, Arthashastra, Panchatantra, official work, including functions like procurement,
RajTarangani and Hitopadesh. Chinese philosophers recruitment, delivery of services etc., should take
such as Lao Tse, Confucius and Mencius also decisions based on merit alone and impartially.
contributed the theoretical dogmas on ethical (3) Commitment to public service: Civil Servants
governance. should deliver services in a fair, effective, impartial
The Perspective of various other philosophers: and courteous manner.
Western philosophy identities 3 eminent schools of (4) Accountability: Civil Servants are accountable for
ethics— their decisions and actions and should be willing to
- Firstly, inspired by Aristotle holds virtues (such subject themselves to appropriate scrutiny for this
as justice, charity and generosity) are dispositions purpose.
to act in ways that benefit the possessor of these (5) Devotion to Duty: Civil servants maintain absolute
virtues and the society that he is a part of. and unstinting devotion towards their duties and
- Secondly, Immanuel Kant gave the concept of responsibilities at all times.
duty; central to morality in human beings are So, these values help in discharging the duties of
bound from knowledge of their duty as rational civil servants effectively for larger public welfare.
beings, to obey the categorical imperative, to A code of conduct can be an important part in
respect other rational beings with whom they establishing an inclusive culture, but it is not a
interact. Kant supposed that a rigorous application comprehensive solution on its own. An ethical culture is
of the same methods of reasoning would yield created by the organisation’s leader who manifests their
equal success in dealing with the problems of ethics in their attitude and behaviour.
moral philosophy. Q.13 : What is Gita’s Anasakta Yoga? What
- Thirdly, the Utilitarian viewpoint proclaims that message does it provide to a civil servant? Explain.
the guiding principle of conduct should be the (Words 200)
greatest happiness of the greatest number. Ans. : There is an essential relationship between
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics that action and its result, whatever action a person does ‘good
maintained that the moral action is the one that or bad’ he gets happiness or sorrow according to it. This
maximizes utility utilitarianism. It is a form of is called the principle of Karma.
Consequentialism, which implies that the “end The Nishkaam Karma of the Gita has been described
justifies the means.” by Mahatma Gandhi as non-attachment yoga.
Another philosopher who developed the ethical The Bhagvat Gita, which is a perfect harmony
theory of governance was David Hume. Hume upholds between religion, philosophy and morality, considers
that moral distinctions are derived from feelings of ‘karma’ necessary for all living beings and gives
pleasure and pain of a special sort, and not as held by importance to Nishkaam Yoga (devoid of desire) over
many western philosophers since Socrates from reason. attachment-oriented karma. According to this, the control
Working from the empiricist principle that the mind of man is only on his action and not on the result of that
is essentially passive, Hume claims that reason by itself action.
can never prevent or affect. But since morals concerns Presently, the level of stress among civil servants is
actions and affections, they cannot be based on reason. high, as the continuity of the welfare state, rising
Q.12 : Which of the five principles of Code of expectations, conflicting and difficult pressures due to
Conduct will be given priority by you and why? coalition politics, media and civil society awareness etc.
Discuss. (Words 200) surround the civil servants. In these complex situations,
Ans. : A Code of Conduct is a set of rules, standards if the civil servant continues to perform his work with
of behavior or practices of an individual or organisation self-discipline in accordance with the laws, rules-
that guide the decision, procedures and systems of an regulations and the instruction of the conscience, then he
organisation in a way that contributes to the welfare of will not only get freedom from all-around tension but
its stakeholders. also get peace, contentment and results.
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 157 YCT
 A civil servant sacrificing his personal interests, father, he has no relative and children and my wife
taking fair decisions and discharging his duties with Bindu has been taking care of him like a daughter for
integrity is non attachment yoga. a long time. Therefore Mr Ashok Kumar gives us
Therefore, undoubtedly the principle of Nishkaam money out of goodwill and so we can send our son to
Karma Yoga of the Gita or Anasakta Yoga applies to the an expensive IIT coaching at Kota, Rajasthan.
civil servants; get the message of the following self- Besides, this is a personal family matter and none of
righteousness and working without any desire for any your damn business.”
fruit. Do you think that Dev Anand has made a
Q.14 : What is Kant’s doctrine of ‘duty for duty’s blunder or is he merely performing an ethical duty?
sake? What message does it provide to civil servants? Answer logically. (Words 200)
Explain. (Words 200) Ans. : Devanand is a high official in the pension
Ans. : Kant has considered duty for duty’s as a department and the interests of pensioner Ashok Kumar
moral law. According to him, moral laws are purely is being harmed by his subordinate Prem Chopra.
intellectual. He has said that karma naturally emanates Step that can be taken by Devanand (Merits and
from good wishes. Just as the fire burns, the sun provides demerits)
us with light, in the same way, goodwill also works. (1) Not to investigate the matter without complaint-
According to Kant, there are moral laws for duty; we get Merits: Devanand will not have any problem in this;
this rule from our inner soul. It is immutable. This rule Ashok Kumar will continue to be served by Bindu
cannot be disobeyed. Chopra so that his son can do coaching in Kota.
According to Kant, man is not a creature with full Demerits: It will not be possible to find out the truth
intelligence, due to which he is not able to work and the moral obligation of Devanand will not be
according to goodwill, whereas the only means for the fulfilled and the problem related to Ashok Kumar’s
manifestation of action with goodwill is the sense of
pension will remain.
duty, which is neither driven by results or desire nor by
(2) Investigation of the matter-
any purpose.
Merits : Truth will be unearthed; action will be
Public service is established as an important axis of
taken against Prem Chopra if he is guilty so that Ashok
Kant’s theory because Kant talks about duty and public
Kumar will not have to pay a bribe for his pension.
service depends entirely on the performance of duty.
Demerits : Bindu Chopra may stop taking care of
A civil servant must act or perform his duty for the
Ashok Kumar, which may worsen Ashok Kumar’s
sake of duty alone. The civil servant must not think of
health.
the consequences. The civil servant must not do the act
as it provides good consequence, he must do it even it Therefore, in my opinion, the appropriate and
gives bad consequences provided that he/she is fair and possible action can be as follows-
ethical in his/her judgment. It is Devanand’s moral and official duty to ask Prem
Q.15 : Dev Anand is working as an undersecretary Chopra and it is also his responsibility to do further
in the pension department. One day, his friend Guru investigation. If Prem Chopra is really taking bribes then
Dutt, an S.B.I.P.O. narrates the following incident: he should be punished, if he is serving Ashok Kumar
1. For the last two years, a retired government then he should be praised and should apologize to him
employee Mr. Ashok Kumar is giving 30% of his explaining his official moral obligations.
monthly pension to Mrs. Bindu Chopra every So, it is clear that Devanand is discharging his duty
month through a cheque. which shows his moral mind.
2. I found that Mrs Chopra happens to be the wife Q.16 : Anger is a harmful negative emotion; it is
of Mr Prem Chopra, a section officer in the injurious to both personal life and work-life. How can
pension office under you. it be controlled? Explain. (Words 200)
3. I feel something is fishy- may be this is part of a Ans. : When a person is angry he/she tends to act
bribe scam, where a senior citizen is forced to pay without giving due thought to the repercussions of such
money to clear his pension files from Prem action. Such emotional acts might turn to be harmful, so
Chopra and to submit bribes in his wife’s anger is said to be a harmful negative emotion.
account. For example, when a 2-year-old son playfully tears
Dev Anand visits Mr Ashok Kumar’s home and an important document of his father, anger might lead
finds that he is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease the father to physically hurt him. Repeated such
unable to give a coherent answer. Frustrated Dev outbursts of anger can affect the relationship. But if the
Anand directly questions Prem Chopra. But Prem father controls his anger and thinks about it, he would
Chopra says, “Mr, Ashok Kumar was a friend of my understand the child’s innocence. Similarly in
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 158 YCT
professional life, bosses yelling at subordinates are quite of well-developed public grievance redressal mechanism,
common. Even mob burning public property is also a lack of public awareness, lack of social media publicity.
result of anger. Hence, it is quite evident that The negative attitude among officials towards citizen
instantaneous outbursts of anger can lead to irreparable charter, etc. promotes it.
loss both in personal life and professional work life. Once the above-mentioned problems are resolved,
Anger can be managed by regularly doing activities the public will also stop giving bribes.
like yoga, meditation and so on. It can be controlled by Q.18 : Present in brief the necessary foundational
methods like counting few numbers before acting values for the civil servants. (Words 200)
whenever anger pops up, using humor to ease situations Ans. : Civil servants should have a minimum set of
etc. More interaction with people can help in standards on which they evaluate things. Value can be
understanding other’s concerns and emotions and used to judge things. Values can be goal oriented i.e.
improves the anger tolerance levels of a person. In more social, political & economic justice and means oriented.
serious situations, a psychologist can be consulted for
Values of the civil servants are :
proper treatment.
To manage anger emotion, Daniel Goleman has
advocated its control through the process of learning Compassion
according to him; negative emotions can be changed
through the components of emotional intelligence (self- Integrity Impartiality
knowledge, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and
social competence). Values of the
Therefore, it is clear that by controlling negative Civil Servants
emotions called anger, a person can bring positive Empathy Discipline
changes in his life.
Q.17 : “It is said that government servants take
Tolerance Accoutability
bribes because people offer bribes to them. If people
stop offering bribes, the problem of bribes will be
solved.” What is your opinion about the statement?
Examine critically. (Words 200) Compassion: Compassion is the feeling of empathy
Ans. : Conduct against accepted values in public life for others. It is the emotion that we feel in response to
is considered a corrupt practice. In common life, it is like suffering of others that motivates the desire to help.
an economic related crime, corruption includes taking More involved than simple empathy, compassion
bribes in return for any work, giving someone undue commonly gives rise to an active desire to alleviate the
advantage in return for relations, and so on. suffering of others. It destroyed the pain of others,
It is mainly the demand of money by a public shelters and embraces the distressed.
servant for his own personal gain or need, accepting Integrity– Integrity means “Soundness of Moral
bribes due to the system of demanding bribes in the Principles”. A person with integrity does the right thing
structure of public service and giving bribes by citizens for the right reason. Integrity refers to person’s inner
to get his work done, is corruption. sense of wholeness driving from honesty and consisted
Generally, it is said by the authority that they do not uprightness of character.
take bribes, people offers themselves in return for their Empathy– Leaders with empathy have the ability to
work, if people don’t give bribe, we will not take it. But put themselves in someone’s situation. They help
this is not true, because the bribe paid by the common develop the people on their team, challenge others who
man is actually related to the problems of the civil are acting unfairly, give constructive feedback; listen to
structure. This includes administrative latency, those who need it.
complicated work practices, excuses, absenteeism in the Discipline- Civil servants are bound to work as per
office etc., that’s why common people are ready to give the codes of conduct. They must act in a fair and
bribes. equitable manner based on the codes of conduct and
Although both giving and taking bribes are crimes natural justice. If the act is not as per codes of conduct,
under the Prevention of Corruption Act (Amendment) disciplinary action may be taken in the form of warning,
2018, the authority taking bribes can be held more minor punishment, or major punishment.
responsible for it. Because he has to fulfill the Tolerance: Tolerance is the capacity or the practice
responsibilities related to his post. Other factors can also of recognizing and respecting beliefs and practices of
be considered responsible for taking bribes, such as lack others. It is a fair objective and permissive attitude
UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 159 YCT
towards those whose opinions, practices, race, religion - Doctors
nationality differs from our own. - Specialist of ICMR and other medical related teams.
Impartiality- Impartiality is a broad concept based • It also led to normalizing the new normal i.e. wearing
on justice and justice is the key to good Governance. the mask, frequently washing hands, maintaining
Impartiality with respect to the public implies that an social distance and so on.
officer shall work as an instrument of the Government. Therefore, social influence and persuasion are
He shall provide service for the welfare of society at
dynamic & powerful tools that hold a huge potential to
large and duly protect the interests of the weaker
change the face of the world. If creatively used, they can
sections. Most importantly, he shall not discriminate on
prove to be the most effective tools to tackle the fight
the basis of caste, religion, gender and so on.
with COVID-19 and win over it too.
Apart from the above values, optimism, creativity,
Q.20 : You are a civil servant posted in the State
responsiveness, courage, efficiency and effectiveness are
where elections were held recently, to ban the sale of
also some values that a civil servant must possess.
alcohol was the main promise in the election
Q.19 : Social influence and persuasion
manifesto of the newly elected Chief Minister. To
contributed controlling the spread of the corona virus
fulfill this promise, the Chief Minister has ordered a
in India. Discuss. (Words 200)
total ban on the sale and purchase of alcohol in the
Ans. : Social influence is an attribute that can bring
State. Whether the government should interfere in
change in a person’s behaviour, thoughts, feelings and
the matter of personal choice? Comment logically.
attitudes that result from interaction with another
(Words 200)
individual in society.
Ans. : Ban on Alcohol consumption is called
Persuasion is a communication method to change
‘Prohibition’ and is in force in several states, e.g. Bihar
other feelings, behaviour’s, attitude towards people,
and Gujarat. However, the underpinning ethical ideas of
things, and ideas.
prohibition have always been questioned.
The government, civil society groups, Bollywood-
Hollywood celebrities, common people etc., used social A. Government should interfere because :
influence and persuasion as tools to spread the message 1. Government has legitimate rights to control
to curtail the spread of COVID-19. “Janata Curfew” is a things on policy matter: The government has to
classical example of social influence and persuasion. borne the medical expenses on healthcare and thus it
The role played by social influence and persuasion to has legitimate rights to take policy decisions on
curtail the spread of COVID-19 : these matters.
• Social influence and persuasion are the keys to bring 2. Public health: The Government is mandated by the
behavioural changes, to solve societal and global Constitution under Part 4 (Directive Principle of
problems like caste system, patriarchy, climate change, State Policy) to enforce Prohibition on intoxicating
solid waste management, COVID-19 and so on. articles.
• The Government of India took a simple but very 3. Good governance: The willingness to enforce
effective social influencive move by putting prohibition also show concerns for good governance
information about COVID-19 symptoms and the and gender justice as women are the most affected
corrective measures to be followed as the caller tune of by liquor consumption by men.
mobiles. It led wide-scale spread of information. 4. Gandhian Philosophy: Banning alcohol is in
• The Government of India’s social media handles consonance with Article 47 of Indian Constitution
frequently posted the guidelines related to COVID-19 which is in tandem with Gandhian Philosophy.
on its social media platforms like Instagram, Twitter, B. Government should not interfere because :
and Facebook. Detailed information reached the - It interfere personal choice.
people, for instance, how to wash hands in graphical - Loss of revenues.
format influenced a lot of people. Conclusion :
• Government, through Sarpanch, Pradhan tried to Since the step is taken by elected government, it
spread awareness about COVID-19: means majority of public are in support of government.
This helped in reducing a person to person contact in a Larger public interests are met through it, by infringing
rural area along with the use of masks. rights of some alcoholic.
• Government also persuaded people for social So, utilitarianism and deontologism both are served,
distancing, vaccination etc. through - along with better health of public through ban of alcohol.

UPPCS Mains 2020 GS Paper-IV 160 YCT

 Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie Éeje DeeÙeesefpele heer.meer.Sme cegKÙe hejer#ee, 2021

meeceevÙe efnvoer
efveOee&efjle meceÙe : leerve Iebšs DeefOekeâlece Debkeâ : 150
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

veesš : (i) meYeer ØeMve DeefveJeeÙe& nQ~

(ii) ØelÙeskeâ ØeMve kesâ Deble ceW efveOee&efjle Debkeâ Debefkeâle nQ~
(iii) he$e, ØeeLe&vee-he$e Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe ØeMve kesâ Gòej kesâ meeLe Dehevee DeLeJee DevÙe efkeâmeer keâe veece, helee SJeb Deveg›eâceebkeâ ve
efueKeW~ DeeJeMÙekeâ nesves hej keâ, Ke, ie GuuesKe keâj mekeâles nQ~
1. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S Deewj veerÛes YeeJevee Yeer meerefcele nesleer nw, peyeefkeâ hetCe& Oece& meceef° kesâ keâuÙeeCe mes
efueKes ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS~ Deeveefvole neslee nw~ hetCe& Ùee ueeskeâ Oece& keâe ØekeâšerkeâjCe meÛÛes meeOekeâeW
efkeâmeer heefjefcele Jeie& mes keâuÙeeCe mes mecyevOe jKeves Jeeues Oece& keâer Éeje ner mecYeJe nw~ GÛÛe Ùee efvecve keâesefš keâer Yetefce Oece& kesâ DeeÛejCe
Dehes#ee efJemle=le pevemecetn kesâ keâuÙeeCe mes mecyevOe jKeves Jeeuee Oece&, keâe efveOee&jCe veneR keâj mekeâleer nw~ Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Oece& meoeÛejCe keâe
GÛÛe keâesefš keâe nw~ Oece& keâer GÛÛelee Gmekesâ ue#Ùe kesâ JÙeehekeâlJe kesâ veneR yeefukeâ efoKeeJes keâer efJe<eÙe-Jemleg yeve keâj jn ieÙee nw~
Devegmeej mecePeer peeleer nw~ ie=nOece& Ùee kegâue Oece& mes meceepe Oece& ßes‰ nw, Gòej- (Ke)
meceepe-Oece& mes ueeskeâOece&, ueeskeâOece& mes efJeMJeOece&, efpemeceW Oece& Deheves Oece& ceveg<ÙeeW ceW Ssmes iegCeeW keâe efJekeâeme keâjlee nw efpemekeâe mecyevOe
Megæ Deewj hetCe& mJe¤he ceW efoKeeF& heÌ[lee nw~ Ùen hetCe& Oece& Debieer nw ceeveJelee keâer mLeehevee Deewj DeefKeue efJeMJe keâer j#ee mes nw~ Oece& ceveg<ÙeeW
Deewj Mes<e Oece& Debie~ hetCe& Oece&, efpemekeâe mecyevOe DeefKeue efJeMJe keâer ceW meoeÛeej SJeb hejeshekeâej pewmes iegCeeW kesâ efJekeâeme kesâ ceeOÙece mes meceepe
efmLeefle j#ee mes nw, Jemlegle: hetCe& heg®<e Ùee heg®<eesòece ceW ner jnlee nw, keâuÙeeCe kesâ keâeÙe& keâes keâjves keâer ØesjCee oslee nw~ Oece& JewÙeefkeälekeâ mJeeLeeX
efpemekeâer ceeefce&keâ DevegYetefle meÛÛes YekeäleeW keâes ner ngDee keâjleer nw, Fmeer Deewj efnleeW keâer Dehes#ee meceepe kesâ efnle keâer yeele keâjlee nw~ Oece& meceef°
DevegYetefle kesâ Deveg™he Gvekesâ DeeÛejCe keâe Yeer Gòejesòej efJekeâeme nes peelee kesâ keâuÙeeCe keâer yeele keâjlee nw~ Fme Øekeâej Oece& JÙeefòeâ ceW ‘JemegOewJe
nw~ ie=n Oece& hej Âef° jKeves Jeeuee, ueeskeâ Ùee mecemle Ùee efkeâmeer heefjJeej kegâšgcyekeâced’ keâer YeeJevee keâes peeieefjle keâj meceepe keâuÙeeCe keâe keâeÙe&
keâer j#ee osKekeâj, Jeie& Oece& hej Âef° jKeves Jeeuee, efkeâmeer Jeie& Ùee meceepe keâjlee nw~
keâer j#ee osKekeâj Deewj ueeskeâ Oece& hej Âef<š jKeves Jeeuee ueeskeâ Ùee Gòej- (ie)
mecemle ceveg<Ùe-peeefle keâer j#ee osKekeâj Deevevo keâe DevegYeJe keâjlee nw~ jsKeebefkeâle hebefkeäleÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee–
hetCe& Ùee Megæ Oece& keâe mJe™he meÛÛes Yeòeâ ner Deheves Deewj otmejeW kesâ (1) efkeâmeer heefjefcele ..................... keâesefš keâe nw~
meeceves ueeÙee keâjles nQ, efpevekesâ YeieJeeve hetCe& Oece& mJe™he nQ, Dele: Ùes JÙeeKÙee– Gòeâ jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ ves meerefcele
keâeršhelebie mes ueskeâj ceveg<Ùe lekeâ meye ØeeefCeÙeeW keâer j#ee osKekeâj Deevevo Jeie& kesâ keâuÙeeCe mes mecyeefvOele Oece& keâer leguevee ceW JÙeehekeâ peve mecetn kesâ
Øeehle keâjles nQ~ efJe<eÙe keâer JÙeehekeâlee kesâ Devegmeej Gvekeâe Deevevo Yeer keâuÙeeCe mes mecyeefvOele Oece& keâes ßes‰ yeleeÙee nw~ uesKekeâ keâe ceevevee nw
GÛÛe keâesefš keâe neslee nw~ GÛÛe mes GÛÛe Yetefce kesâ Oece& keâe DeeÛejCe efkeâ meceef° cetuekeâ Oece& mes DeefOekeâlece JÙeefòeâÙeeW kesâ keâuÙeeCe keâe ceeie&
DelÙevle meeOeejCe keâesefš keâe nes mekeâlee nw~ Fmeer Øekeâej efvecve Yetefce kesâ ØeMemle neslee nw Deewj peve-peve keâe keâuÙeeCe mecYeJe neslee nw~ meerefcele
Oece& keâe DeeÛejCe GÛÛe mes GÛÛe keâesefš keâe nes mekeâlee nw~ iejeryeeW keâe Jeie& mes mecyeefvOele Oece&, #es$e efJeMes<e kesâ keâuÙeeCe keâer yeele keâjlee nw leLee
ieuee keâešves Jeeues ÛeerefšÙeeW kesâ efyeueeW hej Deeše Heâwueeles osKes peeles nQ, otmejs Jeie& mes mecyevOe jKeves Jeeues Oece& kesâ Øeefle ueesieeW ceW efJeefYeVe Øekeâej
Dekeâeue-heerefÌ[leeW keâer meneÙelee ceW Skeâ hewmee Ûevoe ve osves Jeeues Deheves keâer mebkeâerCe&leeDeeW keâe efJekeâeme Yeer keâjlee nw~ peyeefkeâ efJemle=le pevemecetn mes
[tyeles efce$e keâes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS ØeeCe mebkeâš ceW [eueles osKes peeles nQ~ mecyevOe jKeves Jeeuee Oece&, ceeveJelee keâer mLeehevee hej yeue osles ngS ‘meJe&s
(keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe YeeJeeLe& Deheves MeyoeW ceW efueefKeS~ YeJevleg megefKeve: meJex mevleg efvejeceÙee:’ pewmeer YeeJevee keâes yeue Øeoeve keâjlee
(Ke) Oece& meceepe keâuÙeeCe kewâmes keâjlee nw? Fmes ieÅeebMe kesâ DeeOeej nw~ FmeefueS uesKekeâ ves meceef° cetuekeâ Oece& keâes GÛÛe keâesefš keâe
hej mhe° keâerefpeS~ yeleeÙee nw~
(ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâer jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee keâerefpeS~ (2) hetCe& Oece& ............................. ceW ner jnlee nw~
Gòej- (keâ) JÙeeKÙee– Gòeâ jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ hetCe& Oece&
YeeJeeLe&- keâe mecyevOe mechetCe& peiele keâer j#ee mes mLeeefhele keâjles ngS Gmes heg®<eeW ceW
ueeskeâ-keâuÙeeCe keâer YeeJevee ner efkeâmeer Yeer Oece& keâes ßes‰lece ™he Gòece DeLee&led heg®<eesòece ceW JÙeehle yeleelee nw~ hetCe& Oece& keâes Deelcemeeled
Øeoeve keâjleer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen DevÙe OeceeX keâer Dehes#ee Deheves Megælece SJeb keâjves Jeeuee heg®<e ner efJeMJe j#ee nsleg Øeefleyeæ neslee nw~ efJeMJe kesâ
hetCe&lece mJe™he ceW mLeeefhele nesleer nw~ Ùener hetCe&lee meYeer OeceeX keâe cetue mecemle ØeeefCeÙeeW keâe keâuÙeeCe ner Gmekesâ peerJeve keâe efveefnleeLe& neslee nw~
nw~ ueeskeâ keâuÙeeCe keâer YeeJevee hetCe& heg®<e ceW ner efJeÅeceeve nesleer nw, hetCe& heg®<e menveMeerue, OewÙe&Jeeve, oÙeeueg, efce$eJele Deewj vesle=lJe #ecelee
efpemekeâer ceeefce&keâ DevegYetefle meÛÛes YeòeâeW kesâ meoeÛejCe ceW Gòejesòej Je=efæ pewmes iegCeeW mes heefjhetCe& neslee nw~ FvneR iegCeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej Jen hetCe& Oece&
keâe ceeOÙece yeveleer nw, meerefcele Âef° jKeves Jeeues Oece& ceW keâuÙeeCe keâer keâes mechetCe& peiele kesâ mece#e mLeeefhele keâjlee nw Deewj keâuÙeeCe keâe ceeie&
UPPCS Mains 2021 General Hindi 161 YCT
ØeMemle keâjlee nw~ hetCe& heg®<e kesâ ™he ceW YeieJeeve jece keâes osKee pee DebkegâMe mes Deheveer mechetCe& FbefõÙeeW keâes JeMe ceW jKeles nQ~ ueesefYeÙeeW!
mekeâlee nw efpevneWves ueeskeâ Oece& keâer mLeehevee keâjles ngS efJeMJe-keâuÙeeCe keâe legcneje De›eâesOe, legcneje FefvõÙe-efve«en, legcneje ceeveeheceeve-mecelee, legcneje
keâeÙe& efkeâÙee~ lehe DevegkeâjCeerÙe nw~ legcnejer efve‰gjlee, legcnejer efveue&ppelee, legcneje DeefJeJeskeâ,
(3) iejeryeeW keâe .......................... osKes peeles nQ~ legcneje DevÙeeÙe efJeien&CeerÙe nw~ legce OevÙe nes! legcnW efOekeäkeâej nw!~
JÙeeKÙee– Øemlegle jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ ves Ssmes (keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe kesâ efueS GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS~
JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâe GuuesKe efkeâÙee nw, pees hejeshekeâeefjlee Deewj oÙeeueglee keâe (Ke) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe kesâ DeeOeej hej ueesefYeÙeeW kesâ ue#eCe yeleeFS~
Pet"e efoKeeJee keâjles nQ~ Oece& keâe DeeJejCe DeesÌ{keâj Skeâ lejHeâ lees Jes (ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe keâerefpeS~
ÛeeRšer pewmes Úesšs peerJe hej oÙee keâjves keâe efoKeeJee keâjles nQ lees otmejer Gòej- (keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ –
lejHeâ iejeryeeW kesâ peerJeve mes efKeueJeeÌ[ keâjles nQ~ mebkeâš«emle JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâer ‘ueesefYeÙeeW keâe JÙeefòeâlJe’
meneÙelee ve keâjkesâ Jes kesâJeue DeheveeW kesâ mebkeâš efveJeejCe nsleg lelhej Gòej- (Ke)
efoKeeF& osles nQ~ Jes kesâJeue Dehevee mJeeLe& meeOeves kesâ efueS Ssmes keâeÙeeX keâes GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe ceW uesKekeâ ves ueesefYeÙeeW kesâ efpeve ue#eCeeW keâes
mecheeefole keâjles nQ efpemeceW kesâJeue Gvekeâe ueeYe nes~ Ssmes JÙeefòeâ ceeveJelee jsKeebefkeâle efkeâÙee nw, GveceW efve‰gjlee, efveo&Ùelee, efveue&ppelee, ke=âheCelee,
keâer mLeehevee ceW Skeâ yeeOekeâ kesâ ™he ceW nesles nQ pees meceepe-keâuÙeeCe kesâ DeefJeJeskeâerheve pewmes- ue#eCe ØecegKe nQ~ ueesYeer JÙeefòeâ ueesYe kesâ yeue hej
ceeie& keâes DeJe®æ keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~ Ssmes JÙeefòeâ ‘hejefnle’ kesâ keâece Deewj ›eâesOe keâes peerleles nQ, megKe keâer Jeemevee keâe lÙeeie keâjles nQ leLee
yepeeÙe ‘mJeefnle’ hej ner Deelcekesâefvõle jnles nQ~ ceeve-Deheceeve ceW meceeve YeeJe jKeles nQ~ ueesYe kesâ yeue hej Jes Deheveer
2. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{keâj efveoxMeevegmeej Gòej mechetCe&& FefvõÙeeW keâes Deheves JeMe ceW jKeles nQ~
efueefKeS~ Gòej– (ie)
ueesefYeÙeeW keâe oceve ÙeesefieÙeeW kesâ oceve mes efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâce veneR meb#esheCe–
neslee nw~ ueesYe kesâ yeue mes Jes, keâece Deewj ›eâesOe keâes peerleles nQ, megKe keâer ‘ueesefYeÙeeW kesâ iegCe’
Jeemevee keâe lÙeeie keâjles nQ, ceeve-Deheceeve ceW meceeve YeeJe jKeles nQ~ Deye ueesefYeÙeeW Deewj ÙeesefieÙeeW keâe mebÙece ueieYeie meceeve ØeJe=efòe keâe neslee
Deewj ÛeeefnS keäÙee? efpememes Jes kegâÚ heeves keâer DeeMee jKeles nQ Jen Ùeefo nw~ ueesYeer JÙeefkeäle ueesYe kesâ yeue hej keâece, ›eâesOe Deewj megKe keâer FÛÚe
GvnW ome ieeefueÙeeB Yeer oslee nw lees Gvekeâer Deeke=âefle hej ve jes<e keâe keâesF& hej efJepeÙe Øeehle keâjles ngS ceeve-Deheceeve mes Deheves Deehe keâes cegòeâ jKeles
efÛeÖ Øekeâš neslee nw Deewj ve ceve ceW iueeefve nesleer nw~ ve GvnW cekeäKeer nQ~ kegâÚ Øeehle keâjves keâer FÛÚe GvnW efveue&ppe Deewj efveo&Ùe yevee osleer nw~
Ûetmeves ceW Ie=Cee nesleer nw Deewj ve jòeâ Ûetmeves ceW oÙee~ megvoj mes megvoj
™he osKekeâj Jes Deheveer Skeâ keâew[Ì er Yeer veneR Yetueles~ keâ®Ce mes keâ®Ce ›eâesOe, oÙee, keâ®Cee, Ie=Cee FlÙeeefo kesâ efueS Gvekesâ peerJeve ceW keâesF&
mJej megvekeâj Jes Dehevee Skeâ hewmee Yeer efkeâmeer kesâ ÙeneB veneR ÚesÌ[les~ legÛÚ mLeeve veneR neslee nw~ efpeme keâeÙe& mes Gvnbs kegâÚ Øeehle veneR neslee nw, Jen
mes legÛÚ JÙeefòeâ kesâ meeceves neLe Hewâueeves mes Jes ueefppele veneR nesles~ ›eâesOe, keâeÙe& Gvekesâ efueS efvejLe&keâ nw, Ûeens Jen efkeâmeer Yeer keâesefš keâe keäÙeeW ve
oÙee, Ie=Cee, ueppee Deeefo keâjves mes keäÙee efceuelee nw efkeâ Jes keâjves peeÙeW? nes~ DeÛÚer peerJeveMewueer keâer Deekeâeb#ee ve jKeles ngS Jes Deheves Mejerj hej
efpeme yeele mes GvnW kegâÚ efceuelee veneR peyeefkeâ Gmekesâ efueS Gvekesâ ceve kesâ OÙeeve veneR osles leLee Deheveer mechetCe& FefvõÙeeW keâe efve«en keâj uesles nQ~
efkeâmeer keâesves ceW peien veneR nesleer, leye efpeme yeele mes heeme keâe kegâÚ peelee ueesefYeÙeeW ceW JÙeehle mekeâejelcekeâ iegCe DevegkeâjCeerÙe leLee vekeâejelcekeâ iegCe
nw, Jen yeele GvnW kewâmeer ueieleer nesieer, Ùen ÙeeW ner mecePee pee mekeâlee nw~ efveobveerÙe ØeJe=efòe kesâ nesles nQ FmeefueS OevÙe nesves kesâ yeeJepeto Yeer GvnW
efpeme yeele ceW kegâÚ ueies Jen Gvekesâ efkeâmeer keâece keâer veneR Ûeens Jen keâ° efOekeäkeâej nw~
efveJeejCe nes Ùee megKe-Øeeefhle, Oece& nes Ùee vÙeeÙe~ Jes Mejerj megKeeles nQ,
DeÛÚs Yeespeve, DeÛÚs JeŒe Deeefo keâer Deekeâeb#ee veneR keâjles~ ueesYe kesâ
3. efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS~
(keâ)Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e efkeâmes keânles nQ? Ùen mejkeâejer he$e mes efkeâme Øekeâej efYeVe neslee nw? oesveeW keâe Deueie-Deueie Øee™he lewÙeej
keâerefpeS~
(Ke) veiej ceneheewj keâer Deesj mes ceneveiej ceW [Wiet mes nes jner ce=lÙeg mebyebOeer Skeâ mejkeâejer he$e Gòej ØeosMe Meemeve keâes efueefKeS~

Gòej–(keâ)
Deæ& mejkeâejer he$e– he$e DeeuesKeve keâe Jen DeewheÛeeefjkeâ Øee™he efpemekesâ ceeOÙece mes ØeeÙe: meceeve mlej kesâ DeefOekeâeefjÙeeW kesâ ceOÙe
MeemekeâerÙe ØeÙeespeveeLe& efJeÛeej-efJeceMe&, Jeelee&-yew"keâ, keâefleheÙe ieesheveerÙe ceeceueeW FlÙeeefo meboefYe&le he$e JÙeJenej efkeâÙee peelee nw, Deæ& mejkeâejer
he$e keânueelee nw~
Deæ& mejkeâejer he$e keâer mejkeâejer he$e mes efYeVelee–
Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e keâe Godiece heoeefOekeâejer kesâ mlej mes neslee nw, peyeefkeâ mejkeâejer he$e keâe Godiece heo kesâ mlej mes neslee nw~
Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e keâe ievleJÙe Meemeve kesâ Yeerlej leLee Meemeve kesâ yeenj Yeer neslee nw, peyeefkeâ mejkeâejer he$e keâe ievleJÙe Meemeve kesâ
Yeerlej ner neslee nw~
Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e keâer efJe<eÙe-Jemleg MeemekeâerÙe ØeÙeespeveeLe& Jeelee&/efJeceMe&/megPeeJe/meueen FlÙeeefo mes pegÌ[er nesleer nw, peyeefkeâ mejkeâejer he$e
keâer efJe<eÙe-Jemleg efkeâmeer MeemekeâerÙe keâeÙe& JÙeJenej mes mecyeefvOele DeeosMe/efveoxMe/veerefle/efveCe&Ùe FlÙeeefo mes pegÌ[er nesleer nw~
Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e keâer Yee<ee Mewueer Gòece-heg®<e keâer DeelceerÙe Je cew$eer YeeJe leLee Deeoj metÛekeâ Jeeueer nesleer nw peyeefkeâ mejkeâejer he$e keâer
Yee<ee lešmLe, DevÙe heg®<e leLee DeeosMeelcekeâ hegš Jeeueer nesleer nw~
Deæ&-mejkeâejer he$e keâe mecyeesOeve DeelceerÙelee kesâ meeLe ‘efØeÙe ßeer cenesoÙe’ mes neslee nw peyeefkeâ mejkeâejer he$e keâe mecyeesOeve DeewheÛeeefjkeâ
MeyoeJeueer ‘cenesoÙe’ mes neslee nw~
UPPCS Mains 2021 General Hindi 162 YCT
 Deæ& mejkeâejer he$e keâe Øee™he
Deæ& me.he.meb.–..............
efJeYeeie–......................
veece................, cegnj DevegYeeie–....................
heo veece ..........~ efo.–.........,mLeeve–.......
efJe<eÙe– .......................................................................................... kesâ mevoYe& ceW~
efØeÙe ßeer cenesoÙe,
Gòeâ efJe<eÙe ceW Deehemes Dehes#ee nw efkeâ .......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................~
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................~
meeoj,
YeJeefve‰
mebueivekeâ–GheÙeg&òeâevegmeej~ n0.............
(veece ........)
mesJee ceW,
ßeer .................,
heo .................,
Mee.helee ............,
.......................~
mejkeâejer he$e keâe Øee™he
he$eebkeâ ......................
Øes<ekeâ,
veece ...............,
heo ................,
Mee0 helee ............,
.........................~
mesJee ceW,
heo ................,
Mee0 helee ............,~
DevegYeeie .......... efoveebkeâ .............., mLeeve ...........
efJe<eÙe–...........................................................................kesâ mevoYe&~
cenesoÙe,
Gòeâ efJe<eÙe ceW Deehekeâes efveosefMele nw efkeâ ........................................................................................................
...................................................................~
2. .............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................~
3. Gòeâ keâe Devegheeueve lelkeâeue ØeYeeJe mes megefveefMÛele keâjW~
YeJeoerÙe
mebueivekeâ– ÙeLeesòeâ~ n0 ..............
(veece ..........)
heo ..............~
Øeefleefueefhe efvecve keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg Øesef<ele :–
1. ............................~
2. ............................~
Dee%ee mes
n0 ..............
(veece ..........)
heo ............~
UPPCS Mains 2021 General Hindi 163 YCT
Gòej– (Ke)
he$eebkeâ–12keâ/2Ûe/2021-22
Øes<ekeâ,
keâ.Ke.ie.,
veiej DeeÙegòeâ,
ØeÙeeiejepe~
mesJee ceW,
cegKÙe meefÛeJe,
G0Øe0 Meemeve,
ueKeveT~ efo0-12 DeØewue, 2022, ØeÙeeiejepe
DevegYeeie–1
efJe<eÙe– ceneveiej ceW yeÌ{les [Wiet kesâ Øekeâeshe Deewj Gmemes nesves Jeeueer ceewleeW kesâ mevoYe& ceW~
cenesoÙe,
Gòeâ efJe<eÙe ceW Deehekeâes efveosefMele keâjves keâe DeeosMe ngDee nw efkeâ veiej ceW [Wiet keâe Deelebkeâ Leceves keâe veece ner veneR ues jne nw, efpememes
[Wiet mes nesves Jeeueer ceewleeW keâe DeeBkeâÌ[e efove-Øeefleefove yeÌ{lee pee jne nw~ efpeues kesâ [e@keäšjeW leLee veiejheeefuekeâe kesâ meceJesle ØeÙeeme Yeer Fmes
jeskeâves ceW keâejiej meeefyele veneR nes jns nQ~
2. [Wiet kesâ yeÌ{les Øekeâeshe Deewj Gmemes nesves Jeeueer ceewleeW keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS DevegYeJeer [e@keäšjeW keâer Skeâ šerce efpeues mlej hej yeveeÙeer
peeS leLee Fme mecyevOe ceW veeieefjkeâeW keâes peeie™keâ Yeer efkeâÙee pee peeS leeefkeâ Fme YeÙeeJen yeerceejer keâer jeskeâLeece megefveefMÛele nes mekesâ~
YeJeoerÙe
mebueivekeâ– ceewleeW mes mecyeefvOele DeeBkeâÌ[eW keâer ÚeÙee Øeefle~ n0 .............
(keâ.Ke.ie.)
veiej DeeÙegòeâ~
Øeefleefueefhe efvecve keâes metÛeveeLe& Øesef<ele–
1. meefÛeJe, mJeemLÙe SJeb heefjJeej keâuÙeeCe ceb$eeueÙe, G0Øe0~
2. ceg0 efÛeefkeâlmee DeefOekeâejer, ØeÙeeiejepe, G0Øe0~

Dee%ee mes
n0.............
(keâ.Ke.ie.)
veiej DeeÙegòeâ~
4. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce efueefKeS~ Gòej-(keâ)
Devegef›eâÙee, DeefOeef‰le, Jeeoer, Deeieceve, meppeve, megheg$e, Meyo Ghemeie&
jeie, meccegKe, meueppe, Goeòe Gheemevee Ghe
Gòej– Meyo efJeueesce ogmmeeOÙe ogmed
Devegef›eâÙee Øeefleef›eâÙee efveceerefuele efve
DeefOeef‰le DeveefOeef‰le meg h eg $e meg
Jeeoer ØeefleJeeoer Dehemceej Dehe
Deeieceve ØemLeeve Gòej– (Ke )
meppeve ogpe&ve Meyo ØelÙeÙe
megheg$e kegâheg$e Deheveehee Deehee
jeie És<e, efJejeie Jew e f o keâ Fkeâ
meccegKe efJecegKe jeOesÙe SÙe
meueppe efveue&ppe ieg®lee lee
«eeceerCe F&ve
Goeòe Devegoeòe 6. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeebMeeW Ùee heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ
5. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ GhemeieeX keâe efveoxMe
Meyo efueefKeS~
keâerefpeS~ (1) GòejeefOekeâej ceW Øeehle mecheefòe
Gheemevee, ogmmeeOÙe, efveceerefuele, megheg$e, Dehemceej (2) Me$egDeeW keâe nveve keâjves Jeeuee
(Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙeeW keâes Deueie (3) cegkeâocee oeÙej keâjves Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ
keâerefpeS~ (4) Ùegæ keâer Øeyeue FÛÚe nes efpemeceW
Deheveehee, Jewefokeâ, jeOesÙe, ieg®lee, «eeceerCe (5) Gòej oskeâj KeC[ve keâjvee
UPPCS Mains 2021 General Hindi 164 YCT
Gòej– (2) efpemekeâe keâece Gmeer keâes meepew
JeekeäÙeebMeeW Ùee heoyevOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ Meyo– DeLe&– ÙeesiÙelee kesâ Devegmeej keâeÙe& keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
(1) GòejeefOekeâej ceW Øeehle mecheefòe – efjkeäLe JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– ve=lÙe keâuee ceW ØeJeerCe ve nesves kesâ yeeJepeto ceesnve
(2) Me$egDeeW keâe nveve keâjves Jeeuee – Me$egnblee ve=lÙe keâer ØeefleÙeesefieleeDeeW ceW Yeeie ueslee jnlee nw~ efpemekeâe keâece
(3) cegkeâocee oeÙej keâjves Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ – Jeeoer Gmeer keâes meepew keâneJele mes DeveefYe%e ceesnve meowJe Gheneme keâe hee$e
(4) Ùegæ keâer Øeyeue FÛÚe nes efpemeceW – ÙegÙeglmeg yevelee jnlee nw~
(5) Gòej oskeâj KeC[ve keâjvee – ØelÙegòeâ (3) efÛele Yeer cesjer, heš Yeer cesjer~
7. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS~ DeLe&– Ûelegefo&keâ mJeÙeb kesâ ueeYe keâe oeJee keâjvee~
(1) legce legcnejer efkeâleeye ues peeDees~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– efyeÇefšMe keâeue kesâ oewjeve YeejleerÙe MeemekeâeW mes
(2) Ùener mejkeâejer ceefnueeDeeW keâe Demheleeue nw~ Deb«espeeW Éeje keâer peeves Jeeueer mebefOeÙeeB kesâJeue veece cee$e keâer LeeR~ Jes
(3) Ùen Skeâ ienjer mecemÙee nw~ efmeHe&â efÛele Yeer cesjer, heš Yeer cesjer DeJeOeejCee keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj
(4) ceesnve Deeieeceer Je<e& keâuekeâòee ieÙee Lee~ Ùes mebefOeÙeeB keâjles Les~
(5) ieefCele Skeâ keâ"esj efJe<eÙe nw~ (4) Pet" kesâ heeBJe veneR nesles~
(Ke) efvecve MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer keâe mebMeesOeve keâerefpeS~ DeLe&– Pet" DeefOekeâ meceÙe lekeâ mLeeÙeer veneR jnlee~
JÙeJeneefjkeâ, lelkeâeueerkeâ, DeeMeerJee&o, hegpÙeveerÙe, FefÛÚkeâ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– cenelcee ieebOeer ves Dehevee peerJeve melÙe keâer
Gòej–(keâ) JeekeäÙeeW keâe Megæ ™he– JÙeehekeâ Keespe ceW ueiee efoÙee~ GvneWves meowJe melÙe keâe DevegMeerueve
(1) legce Deheveer efkeâleeye ues peeDees~ efkeâÙee keäÙeeWefkeâ Gvekeâe ceevevee Lee efkeâ Pet" kesâ heeBJe veneR nesles~ melÙe
(2) Ùener ceefnueeDeeW keâe mejkeâejer Demheleeue nw~ Gvekesâ efueS meJeexheefj cetuÙe Lee~
(3) Ùen Skeâ iecYeerj mecemÙee nw~ (5) neLe kebâieve keâes Deejmeer keäÙee~
(4) ceesnve efJeiele Je<e& keâuekeâòee ieÙee Lee~ DeLe&– ØelÙe#e keâes ØeceeCe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer~
(5) ieefCele Skeâ keâef"ve efJe<eÙe nw~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– osMe ceW ÛeejeW lejHeâ Yeü°eÛeej keâe yeesue-yeeuee nw,
Gòej–(Ke) efpemes efkeâmeer Yeer keâeÙee&ueÙe ceW peekeâj osKee pee mekeâlee nw~ pewmee efkeâ
DeMegæ Megæ keâne Yeer ieÙee nw ‘neLe kebâieve keâes Deejmeer keäÙee~’
JÙeJeneefjkeâ JÙeeJeneefjkeâ (6) DeeÌ[s Deevee~
lelkeâeueerkeâ leelkeâeefuekeâ DeLe&– yeeOekeâ nesvee/yevevee~
DeeMeerJee&o DeeMeerJee&o JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– ceveg<Ùe keâe Denbkeâej Gmekesâ efJekeâeme ceW DeeÌ[s
hegpÙeveerÙe hetpeveerÙe Deelee nw~ Ùeefo ceveg<Ùe Deheves Denbkeâej keâes ÚesÌ[keâj Dehevee keâece
FefÛÚkeâ SsefÛÚkeâ F&ceeveoejer mes keâjs lees Gmekeâe Ûelegefo&keâ efJekeâeme mecYeJe nesiee~
veesš : DeeÙeesie Éeje hetÚs ieÙes ØeMve ceW DeeMeerJee&o Meyo keâer (7) DeeBKes efyeÚevee~
Jele&veer Megæ nw~ DeLe&– DeeojhetJe&keâ mJeeiele keâjvee~
8. efvecveefueefKele cegneJejeW/ueekeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& efueefKeS
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– veerjpe ÛeesheÌ[e ves šeskeäÙees Deesueefchekeâ ceW mJeCe&
Deewj Gvekeâe JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS~
heokeâ peerlekeâj YeejleerÙe pevelee keâe efmej ieJe& mes GBâÛee keâj efoÙee~
(1) peye lekeâ meeBme leye lekeâ Deeme
Yeejle Jeehemeer hej pevelee Gvekesâ efueS DeeBKes efyeÚeÙes KeÌ[er Leer~
(2) efpemekeâe keâece Gmeer keâes meepes
(8) Keekeâ Úevevee~
(3) efÛele Yeer cesjer heš Yeer cesjer
DeLe&– JÙeLe& FOej-GOej Yeškeâvee~
(4) Pet" kesâ heeBJe veneR nesles
(5) neLe kebâieve keâes Deejmeer keäÙee
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie–Deepe keâue kesâ ÙegJee Deheves YeefJe<Ùe keâer hejJeen
(6) DeeÌ[s Deevee efkeâS efyevee Keekeâ Úeveles jnles nQ efpemekesâ keâejCe YeefJe<Ùe ceW Gvekesâ
(7) DeeBKes efyeÚevee efJekeâeme keâer jenW DeJe®æ nes peeleer nQ~
(8) Keekeâ Úevevee (9) "ve-"ve ieesheeue~
(9) "ve-"ve ieesheeue DeLe&– yengle iejerye~
(10) Mewleeve keâer DeeBle JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– YeejleerÙe efkeâmeeveeW keâe mJeeYeeJe keâce&Ùeesieer keâer
Gòej– lejn neslee nw~ "ve-"ve ieesheeue nesves kesâ yeeJepeto Jes Deheves
(1) peye lekeâ meeBme leye lekeâ Deeme~ keâce&Ùeesie ceW ueies jnles nQ~
DeLe&– DeeefKejer #eCe lekeâ GösMÙe keâer Øeeefhle nsleg ØeÙeemejle jnvee~ (10) Mewleeve keâer DeeBle~
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie– ØeÙelveMeerue ceveg<Ùe Deheves ue#ÙeeW keâes Øeehle keâjves DeLe&– yengle uecyeer/ve Kelce nesves Jeeueer~
kesâ efueS meowJe ØeÙeemejle jnlee nw~ peye lekeâ meeBme, leye lekeâ Deeme JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie–ueesYeer ØeJe=efòe kesâ ceveg<Ùe keâer FÛÚeSB Mewleeve keâer
keâer keâneJele keâes ÛeefjleeLe& keâjlee Jen leye lekeâ veneR ®keâlee, peye DeeBle keâer lejn nesleer nw~ Fvekeâer FÛÚeDeeW keâe oceve efkeâmeer Yeer
lekeâ Gmes Dehevee ue#Ùe Øeehle veneR nes peelee nw~ ceeOÙece mes mecYeJe veneR nw~
UPPCS Mains 2021 General Hindi 165 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION-2021
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Note: (i) The Question paper is divided into three Sections. Write three essays in Hindi or English or
Urdu language, selecting one topic from each section.
(ii) Words limit each essay is 700 words.
(iii) Each essay carries 50 marks.

SECTION-A Social liberty-

Liberty can best be exemplified by the phrase–"Live
Q. 1 : Art and social liberty. and let live". That is, I can live the way I would like to
Ans. : Creative minds come together and form art in as long as my actions do not cause disturbances in other
so many ways. It expresses one's self and opens up a lives. Although liberty allows me the luxury of doing
world of individuality. This world would mean nothing what I want, it also has some restraints that are imposed
without the existence of art. The human body itself has inherently to facilitate smooth functioning of a society,
been labeled a master piece. You can't say it that the art
where human interaction is a must. By extension, liberty
only has to do with painting, sculpting and drawing,
to me in a virtue of a man living in society. Liberty can
singing, dancing, writing (poetry and books),
be expressed in many forms. It could include social
architecture, fashion etc.
liberty, political and economic liberty among others.
Importance of Art-
Without using imagination, we would not have the Social liberty in a democratic State asserts my right
technology, style in clothing, variety of music, diversity to live, right to own property, right to express my views
in architecture or life itself. We were meant to have a among others.
sound mind and voice to reflect our point of view, amaze In other words, social liberty refers to the State or
others and establish creativity. According to Jonathan quality of being free, freedom from any physical
Harris (Arts History : The Key Concepts) “there is limitations, the power to do as you please and freedom
more to it than just thinking of an idea”.These from despotic or arbitrary control.
procedures and terms are indispensable to the general Someone who is free enjoys various political,
activity of students and scholars of art history and visual economic and social rights and privileges. Freedom,
culture. Age is ageless. It existed even before the advent therefore, protects people from the tyranny of the other
of humans on this earth in various forms and ways. It people.
existed in the primitive organisms, in nature and its many This State is fundamental for philosophic,
different manifestations. Scientists have found drawings intellectual, spiritual and economic diversity that ensures
and letters that has been here for ages. This is a part of there is the adequate free play of ideas in the entire
life, just like the air we breathe. "Throughout history, society for the best solutions to emerge.
mankind has motivated its creative pursuits in different Importance of Social Liberty :
ways. The need for expression through artistic language,
• Free societies that lay emphasis on individual liberty
art thus gaining a large number of different functions".
and freedom produce both creative thinking and
Man's imagination cannot be controlled or confined,
economic prosperity.
so its creative expression and art is just another way of
expressing its creative skills. • When citizens are free to express their frustrations they
Art demands recognition because if it did not exist, often air their grievances to the authorities leading to
we could not say, we are all different but yet alike in so more mature and stable society.
many ways. The imagination would be dead, we would • Liberty increase contentment of citizens. It motivates
not function in this world or have choices in visualizing people to take more risks artistically leading to a more
ideas. "Everybody has a story to tell", it is imperative vibrant society.
that art stays with us, we all deserve to tell our story • The resulting political liberty increase cultural
whether it is through song, paintings, dance, building, expression, which encourage everyone to explore their
film, photography or sculptures. limits.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 166 YCT
• Freedom leads to personal transcendence. It is difficult secularism define it as inherently and exclusively
to attain higher spiritual matters when individuals are western, Christian and Foreign to India. There are
worried about being impressed for no reason. several constraints before secularism or secular politics.
• Social liberty produces an enhanced level of • The discrimination of one community or its members
interpersonal cooperation and creativity that enable by another community or its members on account of
human beings to flourish. their religious identity are the instances of religious
• Life without social liberty is improbable. Living with persecution and they reflect inter-religious domination.
the constant fear of harm from the armed and powerful • Secularism is the first and foremost doctrine that
in detrimental. opposes all such forms of interreligious domination.
• Freedom gives rise to the availability of diverse, • Separation, loss and sufferings are endemic to the
cultural and artistic pursuits in the form of literatures, human condition, while large part of our suffering is
innovative dance forms, unique sculptures, abstract man-made and hence eliminable; at least some of our
paintings and murals. suffering is not manmade. Religion, art and philosophy
• Social liberty allows citizens in liberal societies focus are responses to such sufferings. Secularism too
their energies on more economically rewarding accepts this and therefore it is not anti-religious.
activities as opposed to those that foster their mere • Religion has its own share of some deep rooted
existence. problems. In religions such as Hinduism, some
• Social liberty promotes national unity. People are free sections have been persistently discriminated. For
to express their views and support for certain members example–Dalits have been barred from entering Hindu
without fearing victimization from the authorities. Temples.
• Social freedom facilitates self-definition because it is So secular politics means separating religious
important to comprehending one's place in society. freedom from political freedom or dissecting religions
• Freedom is vitally important to the research of from the realm of political rights and practices.
philosophers and thinkers; major contributors of • Many religions are fragmented into sects, which leads
philosophy expressed their opinions without any fear. to frequent sectarian violence and persecution of
• The State promotes self-discipline, a higher State of dissenting minorities. This religious domination is
human behaviour. Self discipline in turn reduces known as inter-religious domination.
lawlessness. • As Secular Politics is opposed to all forms of
• With social liberty in place, people are free to pursue institutionalised religious domination, it challenges not
success (through various economic activities) and merely inter-religious domination but intra religious
happiness. dominations. It (secularism) promotes freedom within
• The freedom to decide what you want to be, when you religions or promotes equality between as well as
grow up increase your motivation to work hard and within religions.
attain your life goals. What kind of State is necessary to realise these goals?
• When the power in place restrains citizens from • To prevent intrusion of religious fundamentalism into
criticizing, if people develop a negative attitude secular politics following measures and peremptory
towards those in power regardless of their motives. steps must be adopted–
• Social liberty and freedom promotes interactions 1. State should be non-theocratic–A State must not
among different community members. The interaction, be run by the heads of any particular religion. A
in turn, promotes the exchange of ideas. State governed directly by a priestly order is called
Conclusion–Liberty to make important decisions as theocratic. For example–Papal States of Europe
about our lives, to express our opinion about anyone in medieval period and Taliban controlled Islamic
regardless of their position makes the society dynamic emirate of Afghanistan.
and fulfilling. It increases economic choices necessary So, here States lacking separation between religions
for eradication of poverty, political participation and and political institutions are known for their
artistic freedom with the political, economic, social and hierarchies and oppressions and reluctance to allow
cultural frameworks all rooted in freedom, people can freedom of religion to members of other religious
truly explore their highest levels of transcendence and groups. For this, States should delineate religion at
productivity. the primary level but this is not sufficient.
Q. 2 : Secular Politics: Needs and Challenges. 2. States should have no formal, legal alliance with
Ans. : Indian secularism appears to be in a crisis. any religion–Many non-theocratic States has close
The development of the idea of secularism has been alliance with a particular religion. For example–
started because both the opponents and the proponents of England in 17th century was not run by a priestly
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 167 YCT
 class but clearly favoured the Anglican Church and • Critics have alleged that the Indian polity has not been
its members. England had an established Anglican able to develop along true secular lines and it suffers
religion, which was the official religion of the State. from serious short comings.
Today Pakistan has an official State religion, Some of the important factors which have impeded
namely Islam. the growth of normal secularism in India are as follows–
• Such regimes may leave little scope for internal dissent 1. Problem of Uniform Civil Code–A problem of
on religious equality and is a big impediment in the uniform civil code is a big hurdle in the direction of
path of promoting secular politics. bringing about national identity and the integration of
• A secular State must be committed to principles and members of all religious communities into one bond
goals which are at least partly derived from non- of common citizenship.
religious sources (i.e. means). These ends should 2. Politics and Religion–The political parties in India
include peace, religious freedom and freedom from tended to use religion and caste factors for the
religiously grounded oppressions, discriminations and promotion of their political interests and thus greatly
exclusions as also inter-religious and intra-religious undermined the secular values.
equality. The growing communalism has also greatly
hampered the growth of genuine secularism in India,
• To promote these ends the State must be separated
despite abandonment of communal electorates and a
from the organized religion and its institutions for the
ban on the use of communal gimmicks to get into
sake of some of these values. There is no defined
power.
pattern or form to suggest this separation.
3. Failure of the Government in evolving a just
Challenges before secular politics in India–It is
economic order–The failure of the government to
undoubtable to say that we are moving from religiosity to
evolve a just economic order and eliminate poverty
adopting and evolving a secular way of practicing
also gave a serious setback to growth of secularism
national or State politics.
and secular politics.
However, evidences show that religious beliefs have
The common masses suffering from deprivation and
not fully declined in our society. grinding poverty could not develop any faith in the
Communalism, fundamentalism and Sikhism in polity which has failed to provide them basic
India suggest that no necessary connection exists necessities and consequently did not attach much
between modernisation and secularisation. importance to secular values.
• Super natural elements are being revived and 4. Minority Group Perceptions–Apart from education
revitalized. Thus India is tending towards and jobs, prejudice and discrimination are perceived
desecularisation. as operating in the matter of intergroup violence and
Dr. Radhakrishnan wrote–"We should not confuse conflict. There is now ample evidence to show that at
secularism. We are trying to achieve this very much in times the administrative machinery of the State does
consonance with the old religious ideals as Smith has not operate impartially at the time of communal riots;
noted–"Most of Hindu legislations, regard temple those responsible for ensuring law and order act in a
entry laws as measures of social reform motivated by non-secular way and tend to victimize members of
humanitarian considerations and concern for social minority groups.
justice. They fail to appreciate the predominant Q. 3 : Status of Higher Education and Research
religious aspect in this area of reform". in India: Ways of Future.
• Donald Smith defines a secular State as one, which Ans. : Higher Education is a very important sector
guarantees individual and corporate freedom of for the growth and development of human resource
religion, deals with individual as citizen irrespective of which can take responsibility for social, economic and
religion, nor does it seek to promote or interfere with scientific development of the country.
religion. This has been incorporated in the Indian While higher education gives India an edge in the
Constitution. However; Luthera contends that Indian world economy as evident from the availability of the
State is not secular since it does not clearly demarcate skilled manpower and research scholars, working abroad;
between the State and the Church in the manner in unemployment, illiteracy and relative poverty continue to
which for example the United States of America does. be the major deterrents to realize its potential in human
• Despite claims made for religious neutrality, the State resources. The higher education system in India has
of India has often intervened in the religious matters, grown in a remarkable way, particularly in the post-
this particularly holds in case of management of independence period to become one of the largest system
temples and religious institutions, such as monasteries of its kind. However, the system has many issues of
and monastic heads. concern at present like financing and management
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 168 YCT
including access, equity and relevance, reorientation of for supporting education to weaker and disadvantaged
programs by laying emphasis on health consciousness, classes, particularly for women. These institutions
values and ethics and quality of higher education and other developmental programs for weaker classes
together with the assessment of institutions and their are still facing resource constraints which are further
accreditation. These issues are important for the country aggravated by ignorance, poverty and disadvantages
as it is now engaged in the use of higher education as a of people they serve.
powerful tool to build a knowledge based information 5. Weak linkage of education with developmental
society of the 21st century. process is creating frustration amongst graduates
Indian Higher Education- when they find that education is not so useful in
India has successfully created one the largest higher employment and in work situations–A challenge is
education systems in the world. Quality of many top to transform the system from its present model of
institutions is recognized to be comparable to the best in education to developmental or progressive education,
the world. However Indian education system faces linking education to developments in society, industry
problems and issues that originate from disparities and and services sectors.
developmental models adopted with all the impressive 6. High Cost of Higher Education–The unit cost of
development in the areas of Information Technology, traditional education, particularly of professional
space science, nuclear technology, oil exploration, education is quiet high and has gone out of reach of
industrial production etc. India could not solve its the Indian middle and lower classes. Many private
problems of poverty, ignorance and underdevelopment, entrepreneurs have started educational institutions for
completely and successfully due to various reasons.
offering creamy courses with marketing approach and
Nearly 25% people are still below poverty line; one
have raised fees, not affordable to majority of
third are illiterate and disparities among rich poor, urban
students. Subsidy to the education sector by the State
rural educated uneducated are high, which are creating
Government is not the right solution in the present
enormous social tensions. The country has to face
situation, when numbers of students aspiring for
challenges of globalization and pressures of
higher education is large and ever increasing.
liberalization while continuing its fight against poverty,
illiteracy and disadvantages. The major problems and Higher education and the 12th Five Year Plan-
challenges before Indian Higher Education are– Based on the information from the studies conducted
1. Commoditization of Education–Higher Education is by UGC and other sources, the UGC had put together a
becoming a marketing commodity. It is a multibillion report akin to a road map for higher education in the
dollar business. Foreign Universities are trying to country. The UGC report had suggested following issues
have a share of Indian Educational markets and have to be addressed under the 12th plan–
prepared for this during the last decade or more. This • Lower enrolment in higher education.
shift from education as a social good to marketable • Inter-State and inter-district disparities and rural urban
commodity is against the Indian culture and sufferers differences in the access to higher education.
in these changes will be poor and disadvantaged • Inter-caste, inter-religion, male-female, poor-non poor
people of India. disparities in access to higher education.
2. Global Competitiveness–The competition will • Issue of quality in higher education.
essentially be for offering quality education • Issue of providing relevant education.
recognized at the International level and relevant to
• Academic reforms in universities and colleges.
the local needs. The major issue is how to raise the
• Regulation of private educational institutions.
quality and standards of Indian education and make it
globally competitive, locally relevant and enable it to Although most of these issues have been resolved in
offer marketing paradigm appropriate for developing the Eleventh plan and have managed to develop policies
societies. and programs accordingly. Its main focus is on
3. Concerns of weaker institutions–Higher disparities expansion of higher education with inclusiveness,
in educational standards and quality of education quality, relevance and with adequate academic reform.
offered by Indian universities and colleges are of Much greater challenges continue to exist with
great concern to all. National and global competition respect to quality and the provision of relevant education,
may create problems of survival of average curricular reforms leading to regular revision and
performing universities and colleges. upgrading of curricular, introduction of semester system,
4. Developmental disparities and unresolved Indian choke based credit system, examination reforms are yet
problems–Many colleges and universities were to take place in all higher education institutions across
started in India for removing regional imbalances and the country.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 169 YCT
Status of Higher Education and Research in India- anyone and anywhere and fetch higher price. There will
Critical appraisal of Indian higher education system be no APMC market fee or cess on transactions in such
reveals that though there is proliferation of higher trade areas. APMCs will also continue its functioning.
education institutions in India, however due to the Now APMCs have to compete with these alternative
prevailing systemic deficiencies, continues to produce platforms and farmers will have a choice for selling their
graduates that are unemployable despite emerging farm products to any private/corporate companies. These
shortages of skilled manpower in an increasing number bills gave power to farmers to sell their products directly
of sectors. Deterioration of standards of education and to the corporate or export oriented companies dealing in
research, inadequate infrastructure and facilities, large agro-products. The Farm Bill, 2020 does not annihilate
vacancies in faculty positions, low student enrolment rate current MSP based procurement system of food grains.
etc. are the manifested consequences. The unwisely The MSP based Procurement system will be continued
affiliation system, inflexible academic structure, uneven and farmers can also sell their crop products in Mandi on
capacity across various subjects, eroding autonomy of existing MSP.
academic institutions, the accreditation system that has Government's motive towards Farm Bill 2020-
low coverage and no consequences. From time to time government has launched
numerous schemes for welfare of farmers and growth of
SECTION-B agriculture sector. Government has introduced these
Q. 4 : New Agricultural Laws and Peasant Farm Bulls to transform agriculture and ensure well
Movement. being of farmers. This step has been taken by the
Ans. : India is an agriculture dominated country. Government to boost agriculture sector and double the
More than 70% of India's population is either directly or farmer’s income by 2022. It is thought that freeing of
indirectly involved in agricultural activities. Due to the agriculture sector will eventually help in better pricing
hard work of these farmers we are having enough stock due to competitiveness in the market. When farmers will
of food grains to feed our 1.36 crore population. sell their products to corporate and exporters directly, it
Although these farmers feed entire nation but it is a will induce corporate sector to invest in the agri-
saddening fact that they are entangled in the fetters of ecosystem. This will provide farmers better access to
starvation and poverty. Recently Central Government has modern technology and farmers will be largely benefited
passed new bills for heralding reforms in the agriculture by it.
sector. But farmers and several State governments are Why Farmer's are protesting against agriculture bill
opposing these bills. Farmers across the country have 2020?
protested against these bills. Farmers across the country • Farmers are apprehensive about getting MSP for their
have protested against these bills in streets and on roads. produce as New Farm Bill 2020 opens the way for
Punjab and Haryana State farmers took out tractor rallies farmers to sell their produce in the open market and fix
in July 2020 and lodged protests in Delhi and NCR price by themselves on mutual understanding of
region. On 28th August, 2020 Punjab assembly also corporate and farmer.
passed a resolution rejecting the Central Government • Farmers also fear that large retailers and corporate
ordinances. Due to the huge protest from the farmers, could dominate agriculture sector with money power.
government has taken back all these three bills.
Farmers doubt that APMCs may become unavailable
What is Farm Bill 2020?
and have to shutdown in future if trade moves
Farm Bill 2020 or Agriculture Bill 2020 is a
substantially to other alternate platforms. Farmers fear
combination of three bills passed by Parliament recently.
that mandis will become redundant just like BSNL and
These bills are Farmers produce and Commerce
MTNL in future days.
(promotion and facilitation) Bill, 2020, Farmers
Agreement (Empowerment and protection) on Price • The Price Assurance Bill does not prescribe any
Assurance and Farm Services Bill 2020 and Essential mechanism for price-fixation. Thus there is an
Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020. These bills make apprehension in farmers that free hand and full
big structural changes in agriculture sector. These bills autonomy given to corporate houses could lead to
also encourage corporate investments in agriculture eco- farmer's exploitation.
system to make agriculture more profitable for farmers. The essential commodities (Amendment) Ordinance
Benefits of Farmers from Farm Bills 2020- removes pulses, oil seeds, edible oils, onion and potatoes
The Farm Bill 2020 envisages a path for farmers as from the essential commodities list. Thus the amendment
an alternative platform to sell their produce in open deregulates the production, movement, storage and
market. New farmers can sell their products freely to distribution of these food commodities.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 170 YCT
 Farmers Demands– The key demand is the Laws governing illegal immigrants-
withdrawal of the three laws which deregulate the sale of Illegal immigrants can be deported or imprisoned
their crops. The farmer unions could also settle for a according to the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920
legal assurance that the MSP system will continue, Foreigners Act, 1946. These Acts provide for regulation
ideally through an amendment to the laws. They are also regarding entry, exit and residence of foreigners by the
Central Government.
pressing for the withdrawal of the proposed Electricity
Foreigner's Act, 1946– Under Section 3(2)(c) of the
(Amendment) Bill 2020 fearing it will lead to an end to
Foreigners Act, the Central Government has the power to
subsidized electricity. Farmers say rules against stubble order the deportation of a foreign national. This power to
burning should also not apply to them. deport or identify foreign nationals has also been given
Q. 5 : Citizenship Amendment Act and Inclusive to State Governments, Union Territories and the Bureau
India. of Immigration.
Ans. : The Indian Parliament has passed the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920-
Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA) on 11th Section 5 of this Act says that the Central
December, 2019. In the amendment, persons belonging Government has the power to directly remove any person
to minority communities of Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, who has entered into India illegally. It covers such a
Christians, Buddhists and Parsis from Afghanistan, person who has entered without a passport or has not
Pakistan and Bangladesh, who have entered into India on complied with the conditions of the passport.
What was the need for amending the Citizenship
or before 31st December, 2014 have been excluded from
Amendment Act, 1955
the definition of "illegal immigrant" given in Section The need for amending the Act was to give an
2(1)(b) of the Citizenship Act, 1955. It has also reduced identity to a certain specific class of immigrants. There
the period of acquisition required for getting citizenship are thousands of people who have faced religious
through naturalisation from eleven years to five years for persecution in the countries of Afghanistan, Pakistan and
these communities. The amendment is facing several Bangladesh. As a result of which, they fled to India to
backlashes across India, majority being from the North- get a safe heaven. Before this Act, these immigrants were
eastern States. The main objection is regarding the not allowed to apply for Indian Citizenship as they came
religious inclement of the amendment as violative of to India illegally. Also, the previous Act did not allow
Article 14 of the Constitution which guarantees the right people to get citizenship by naturalisation unless they are
to equality. able to show that they have been residing in India for
In Assam, the amendment has started a lot of violent eleven years.
So the Amendment Act seeks to give these people
protests as it is in conflict with the Assam Accord 1985,
Indian citizenship, who have come to India after facing
which asks for identification and deportation of illegal
persecution in the three countries.
immigrants who have come to Assam from Bangladesh, There was no provision to cancel the registration of
in order to protect their culture and tradition. Several a Overseas Citizen of India (OCI where such a person
petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court has violated the provisions of the Act or any other law
challenging the Constitutional validity of the Citizenship for the time being in force and the opportunity of being
(Amendment) Act, 2019. heard in force and the opportunity of being heard was
What is the Citizenship Act, 1955? also not available to them. Therefore, the 1955 Act
The Citizenship Act, 1955 envisages the ways by needed reforms.
which Citizenship of India can be acquired. It says that What is Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016?
citizenship in India can be acquired by five ways–by The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was
birth, by descent, registration, naturalisation (increased brought to change the definition of illegal immigrants.
residence) and by the incorporation of a territory into The bill provided for citizenship to illegal migrants from
Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who belonged to
India.
these religions–Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Parsi or
Who are illegal immigrants under the Citizenship
Christian.
Act, 1955? The bill also reduced the number of continuous
According to Section 2(1)(b) of the Act, "illegal years of stay in India that is needed to get citizenship by
immigrant" means a foreigner who enters India: naturalisation from eleven to six years. The bill added
1. Without a valid passport or other travel documents one more ground for the cancellation of registration of
and such other document or authority as may be overseas citizenship by the Central Government under
prescribed by or under any law in their behalf; or Section 7D of the 1955 Act. i.e. if the OCI has violated
2. With valid documents but stays in India beyond the any provision of this Act or any other law for the time
permitted period of time. being in force.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 171 YCT
Was the bill passed by Lok Sabha? Greenhouse gases are like a blanket around the earth,
The bill was introduced in Lok Sabha on 19th July, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to
2016. It was then referred to a Joint Parliamentary warm. This is called the greenhouse effect.
Committee (JPC) which submitted its report on 7th However, while greenhouse gases build up the
January, 2019. The bill was subsequently passed by the climate changes and result in dangerous effects to human
Lok Sabha on 8th January, 2019. It was referred to Rajya health and ecosystems. People have adapted to the stable
Sabha but consequently due to the dissolution of 16th climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age which
Lok Sabha, the bill lapsed. ended several thousand years ago. A warmer climate can
What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019? bring changes that can affect our water supplies,
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 seeks to agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural
amend the Citizenship Act, 1955 by giving citizenship environment and even our own health and safety. There
rights to illegal immigrants belonging to certain religious are some climate changes that are unavoidable and
minorities who have entered India on or before 31st nothing can be done about it. For example, CO2 can stay
December, 2014 after facing persecution in the countries in the atmosphere for nearly a century, so earth will
of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. It has also continue to warm in the future.
relaxed the time limit for getting citizenship by • Global warming has really taken effect in the world
naturalisation from eleven years to five years for these over the last century. It is unusually rapid increase in
communities. The amendment has also made new the earth's average surface temperature over the past
provisions regarding OCI cardholders. century primarily due to the enhancing greenhouse
gases emissions and build up in the earth's
Q. 6 : Effect of change in Global Environment:
environment. The gases that have an influence on the
Challenges and ways to go out.
atmosphere are water vapour, CO2, dinitrogen-oxide
Ans. : Climate change or change in global
and methane. Almost 30% of incoming sunlight is
environment affects all regions around the world. Polar
reflected back into space, other 70% most is absorbed
ice shields are melting and the sea levels are rising.
by the land, ocean and atmosphere. The absorbed solar
In some regions, extreme weather events and rainfall
energy warms our planet. This absorption and
are becoming more common while others are
radiation of heat by the atmosphere is beneficial for
experiencing more extreme heat waves and drought
life on earth. Some of the factors that have an effect on
spells. We need climate action now or these impacts will climate, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the
only intensify climate change which is a very serious amount of solar energy are natural. Climate can change
threat and its consequences impact many different if there is a change in the amount of solar energy that
aspects of our lives. gets to the earth.
Consequences on Environment and weather patterns- The inter-governmental Panel on climate change
Drought and changing global rainfall patterns are (IPCC) Stated that the extent climate change effects on
leading to crop failures and rising food prices which for individual regions will vary over time and with ability of
the poor mean food insecurity and nutritional different societal and environmental systems mitigate or
deprivations that can have the potential to destroy adapt to change.
livelihoods, drive migration and conflict, cripple • Climate has cooled and warmed throughout the earth
opportunities of employment for young people and history for various reasons. Rapid warming like we see
endangering future or children. If the current scenario of today is unusually in the history of our planet.
climate change goes unabated then it will impact all Scientists have confidence that global temperatures
forms of life on the earth. The earth temperature will will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to
rise, the monsoon patterns will change, sea levels will greenhouse gases produced by human activities. The
rise and storms, volcanic eruptions and natural disasters earth could warm by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit
will occur frequently. The biological and ecological during the 21st century if we fail to reduce emissions
balance of the earth will get disturbed. The environment from burning fossil fuels (The Natural Oceanic and
will get polluted and humans will not be able to get fresh Atmospheric Administration). The rising of temperature
air to breath and fresh water to drink. will have great effects on the earth's climate patterns and
Causes of climate change- on all living things. Industrial activities that our modern
• During the past century, human activities have civilization depends upon have raised carbon dioxide
released large amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse from 250 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the
gases into the atmosphere. Most of the gases come last 150 years (The Intergovernmental panel on climate
from burning fossil fuels to produce energy. change).
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 172 YCT
• Furthermore, ocean current is one of the natural cause spread of the virus. In the face of loss of health and
that affects climate changes. The ocean is the major millions of human toll, the economic damage was
component of the climate system. The oceans cover inevitable and it amply depicts the largest economic
about 71% of the earth and absorb about twice as shock the world has ever experienced in past decades.
much of the Sun's radiation as the atmosphere or the • The June, 2020 Global Economic prospects describes
land surface. Winds push horizontally against the sea both the immediate and near term outlook for the
surface and drive ocean current patterns. Besides that impact of the pandemic and the long term damage it
the oceans also play an important role of the has inflicted to prospects of growth.
concentration of CO2. The changes in ocean The baseline forecast envisions a 5.2% contraction is
circulation will affect the climate through the global GDP in 2020, using market exchange rate
movement of carbon dioxide into or out of the weights–the deepest global economic recession in
atmosphere. decades, despite the extraordinary efforts of governments
• Global climate change is caused by the fertilizers that to counter the downturn with fiscal and monetary policy
are used in agricultural activities. As a result of support.
microbial action in the soil, these chemicals will Over the longer horizon, the deep recession
release nitrous oxide. Besides that, the emission of triggered by the pandemic are expected to leave lasting
methane and CO2 will also affect climate changes. scars through lower investment, an erosion of human
How does climate change is affecting the human lives capital through lost work and schooling and
and biodiversity fragmentation of global trade and supply linkages.
Climate change triggered by global warming has • The crisis highlights the need for urgent action to
produced devastating effect on human health and offset the pandemic’s health and economic
biodiversity of our planet. consequences, protect vulnerable populations and set
→ Firstly, climate change in the world affects human the stage for a lasting recovery. For emerging market
health. There are so many past researches that and developing countries many of which face daunting
showed climate change will lead to human health vulnerabilities it is critical to strengthen public health
issues and producing diseases. For example–in the systems, address the challenges posed by informality
research paper by Healey Etal, 2010 "the climate and implement reforms that will support strong and
change is affecting the health of northern people sustainable growth once the health crisis abates.
such as Nanavut, Canada". Contraction in per Capital Income-
• Besides that, Cecchi Etal (2010) have conducted The pandemic is expected to plunge most countries
the research on the effects of climate change on into rescission in 2020, with per capita income
allergic asthma. Moreover, Mickley, 2007 Stated contracting in the largest fraction of countries globally
that "high levels of surface ozone and particles since 1870.
have been implicated in many diseases involving Advanced economies are projected to shrink 7
the cardiac and respiratory systems. percent. That slump will spill over to the outlook for
→ Secondly, climate change will also affect the emerging market and developing economies, who are
biodiversity. Biodiversity is very important for the forecast to contract by 2.5% as they cope with their own
plants and animals to maintain their habitat and domestic outbreaks of the virus. This would represent the
ecosystem. The climate change has resulted in loss weakest showing by this group of economies in at least
of biodiversity. For example, the water sources may sixty years.
change, the food chain may be destroyed and the In the aftermath of the Covid-19 Pandemic fall out
medicinal sources may change. In addition, the every region is subject to substantial growth downgrades.
marine ecosystem will be affected not only by an • The East Asia and the Pacific will grow by a scant
increase in sea temperatures but also ocean 0.5%. South Asia will contract by 2.7%, sub-Saharan
acidification which increases the vulnerability of Africa by 2.8% Middle East and North Africa by
fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs. 4.2%, Europe and Central Asia by 4.7% and Latin
America by 7.2%.
SECTION-C
• These downturns are expected to reverse years of
Q. 7 : Global economy under COVID-19. progress toward development goals and pip tens of
Ans. : millions of people back into extreme poverty.
• The Covid-19 pandemic has spread with an alarming • Emerging market and developing economies will be
speed, infecting millions of people and bringing buffeted by economic headwinds from multiple
economic activity to a near standstill as countries quarters–pressure on weak health care systems, loss of
imposed tight restrictions on movement to halt the trade and tourism, dwindling remittances, suppressed
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 173 YCT
 capital flows and tight financial conditions amid The party which secures the highest number of votes
mounting debt. Exporters of energy or industrial in the election process forms the government for the next
commodities will be particularly hard hit. term. That is why elections are crucial for a democracy.
• The pandemic and efforts to contain it have triggered Election process in a Democracy :
an unprecedented collapse in oil demand and a crash in The election process in a democracy usually similar
oil prices. Demand for metals and transport related in most ways. It is responsible for shaping the
commodities such as rubber and platinum used for government of a democracy. Elections are conducted at
vehicle parts has also tumbled. regular intervals. In a democracy like India, they took
Even worse outcomes is possible– place every 5 years.
Even bleak outlook is subject to great uncertainty • During the election process, various parties enroll
and significant downside risks. themselves to contest in the elections. Dates are
• The forecast predicted that the pandemic recedes in announced by Election Commission of India. People
such a way that domestic mitigation measures can be turn up in great numbers to cast their votes to make
lifted by midyear in advanced economies and later in their candidate or party win.
developing countries. This scenario would envision
• Most importantly in a democracy, the election process
global growth reviving, albeit modestly to 4.2% in
follows the method of a secret ballot. It is very
2021.
beneficial for maintaining the fairness of the contest in
• However this view may be optimistic; should Covid-
elections. Moreover, they also protect the privacy and
19 outbreaks persist, should restrictions on movement
be extended or reintroduced or should disruptions to safety of the voter as they are not liable to answer to
economic activity be prolonged the recession could be anyone regarding their vote. It is one of the fairest
deeper. ways to decide the winning candidate in elections.
• Businesses might fail to service debt, heightened risk Importance of election in democracy :
aversion could lead to rise in borrowing costs and The election procedure just shows how important
bankruptcies and defaults could result in financial and crucial it is for a fair democracy and functioning of
crises in many countries. Under the grim downside democratic institutions.
scenario, global growth was expected to shrink further Elections are the foundation pillar of a strong and
by almost 8% in 2020. sustainable democracy. It endows a strong commitment
Covid-19 recession has seen the fastest, steepest towards the betterment of common people on part of
downgrades in consensus growth projections among elected members of the assembly and parliamentarians.
all global recessions since 1990–A particularly Caste and its role in Indian politics–Indian society
disturbing aspect of the outlook is the humanitarian and is a caste based society and it has been playing a crucial
economic toll the global recession will take on role since long time in shaping the future course of
economies with extensive informal sectors that make up politics in India. But in the modern times the caste
an estimated one-third (1/3rd) of the GDP and about system has degenerated itself. It was felt that after
70% of total employment in emerging market and independence the system will gradually disintegrate and
developing economies. shall have no impact because the Constitution of India
Long-term damage to potential output, envisages a free and fair election devoid of caste
productivity growth–The June 2020 Global economic influence.
prospects looks beyond the near term outlook to what • Infact, making discrimination on the basis of caste and
may be lingering repercussions of the deep global
creed is an offence and a punishable crime. But with
recession. Setbacks to potential output the level of output
the passage of time it has undoubtedly been
an economy can achieve at full capacity and full
established that caste has not ceased to play its part. It
employment and labour productivity. Efforts to contain
still plays an effective role in all walks of political life.
Covid-19 in emerging and developing economies
including low income economies with limited health care • But usually caste is proving a heavy weight on the
capacity could precipitate deeper and longer recessions political system and people under the influence of
exacerbating a multi-decade trend of slowing potential caste do not even vote for the most suitable person
growth and productivity enhancement. which is of different caste than theirs. Not only this,
Q. 8 : Democracy, election and Caste. political parties choose candidates for contesting
Ans. : A democratic government is said to be the elections taking caste structure of constituency into
best kind of government. It ensures the active consideration.
participation of the people where the citizens get the • There is no State which is free from the influence of
chance to choose their government. Therefore, elections caste, though in some cases its hold may be more
play a pivotal role in a democracy. while in others comparatively less.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 174 YCT
 Definition of caste– Caste system finds its origin in in Paris, recently contended that the world was
the Spanish word "Casta" meaning breed or race. Thus, undergoing "profound geopolitical, geo-economics and
basically caste means people belonging to the same technological changes".
breed. The term caste has been defined differently by • There is a broader consensus that the world is no
different people. longer bipolar or unipolar, but there remain
According to Cooley, "When a class is somewhat uncertainties about the features of the emerging
hereditary we call it caste". multipolar world order. Even as the Indian government
• In the words of Risely, "A caste may be defined as a professes a belief that India's interest will be best
collection of families or groups of families bearing a served in a multipolar world order, its gains are not
common name which usually denotes or is associated preordained.
with specific occupation claiming common descent • From non-alignment to multialignment India's primary
from a mythical ancestor, human or divine professing quest has been the practice of strategic autonomy to
to follow the same professional calling and are secure and promote its national interests amid the
regarded by those who are competent to give an world's turbulent and dynamic geopolitics.
opinion as forming single and homogeneous India with its rich material/natural resources is
community". overtly more aspiring in the quest of grabbing its rightful
• Caste and Community–As a large number of people and just place in the International system and forum.
give importance to their caste and community. Even in the period of non-alignment of the cold war
Therefore the political party also selects the candidate era, which the west mistakenly projected as "Neutrality"
on the basis of majority caste. reticence on world affairs has never been in New Delhi's
As a result candidates, who are even incompetent and agenda. Therefore at a time when Delhi's military,
improper, win the elections and honest, hardworking diplomatic and economic resources provide it much more
and competent ones are the loser. leverage than ever before its stand on International issues
• Even though being the biggest democratic nation, is now being watched with close scrutiny.
India still has a long way to go to become the best • As we know Russia relations with the west and the
democratic system in the world. The caste system still United States has reached its lowest ebb in the wake of
prevails in India, which hurts the socialist principle of Russian invasion of Ukraine.
democracy. In the present International scenario, India's foreign
Communalism is also on rise throughout the globe relations is also in a State of dilemma. India in spite of
and also in India which is emerging as a big threat for the
severe International pressure has maintained a neutral
survival of secular politics in India. All these
stand and the first priority of Indian government in the
shortcomings need to be eliminated to ensure a thriving
Ukraine crisis was to evacuate its citizens.
democracy.
However, India's abstention at the United Nations
Q. 9 : India's Foreign Policy at present: condition
carries a deeper geopolitical rationale.
and direction.
• In the recent times India's strategic partnership with
Ans. : India's foreign policy is undergoing a new test
the US and many NATO member States in the Indo-
of choices and partners in the international system. Such
Pacific has grown deeper and broader keeping in view
a dilemma of autonomy and engagement is not new in
the challenge of tackling and containing an assertive
the history of India's dealings with the world.
However, the ongoing crisis in Ukraine and the deep China.
divisions it has created in the international community • Nevertheless India's long term military partnership
stir up new questions about India's multi-alignment, a with Russia is still steady and unwavering and there is
recycled version of its cold war era non-alignment. Like no even alignment between Delhi and Washington on
a square are India's strategic orientations guided by the Russia as a threat perception.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) partnership with • It is undoubtable that India's foreign policy is at
the United States, Japan and Australia in the Indo- crossroads, in wake of its growing relations with the
Pacific. Do the new shifts in the European security order, west and its own conception of dealing with inherent
following Russia's invasion of Ukraine and India's security threat perceptions in its close neighborhood
abstention at the United Nations, create new grounds for and vicinity. New geopolitical currents, primarily
an augmented triangle of Russia, India and China? resulting from China's military and economic
The Multipolar Dilemma- resurgence, have brought New Delhi closer to
Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishanker, speaking at Washington and its strategic interest partners and
the Institute Francais Das Relations Internationals (IFRI) allies.
UPPCS Mains 2021 Essay 175 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2021
General Studies : Paper-I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A (6) In Rig Veda, the tributaries of Indus were

highlighted like Sindhu (Indus), Vitasta (Jhelum), Askini
Q. 1 : Describe the geographical features of India
(Chenab), Parsuni (Ravi), Shutudri (Sutlej) and Bipasha
mentioned in the Vedic literatures.
(Bias). For example–Present day Punjab was known as
Ans. : Vedic literatures have significantly
'Saptasindhu' in the Rig Veda.
mentioned about the geographical features of India. For (7) The most historically framed part of ancient
example–When the early Rig Vedic hymns were written, Bihar was Magadha, also identified as Kikata. While the
the focus of Aryan culture was the region between the word 'Magadha' is not found in the Rig Veda, the word
Yamuna and Sutudri (Modern name–Sutluj) and along Kikata is found in Rig Veda.
the upper course of river Saraswati. (8) Equinox concept is dealt in Veda. Vedic society
In Vedic literature (Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur was known about the relation between agriculture
Veda and Atharva Veda), an important hidden geography and wind.
geographical scenario could be demarcated with respect (9) Vedic Rishi were very scientific and have given
to physical sites of vedic time period. These are as description like Chaitra and Baisakh (identified month).
follows : (10) In Vedic literature different geographical
(1) The available earliest literature of India has observations were made. They knew about the time and
unanimously accepted the four Vedas as revealed to the direction of the sun rise and sun set.
Rishis (Saints) at the time of universe. (11) Vedic literatures glorifies mother Earth by
(2) The geographical information of the Rig Veda saying 'O Prithvi, You give us happiness, reduce sorrow,
more or less pertains to the area from Uttar Pradesh in you are the establisher of mass people, give us shelters.
the east to Afghanistan in the west, the eastern most river They denoted earth as 'O Prithvi’ and mentioned that–the
mentioned in the text being the Ganga and the place where mining have been practiced.
westernmost being the western tributaries of the Indus. With the above mentioned observations, it can be
For example–The Aryans used the term Sapta concluded that the geographical periphery of Vedic
Saindhvas as the region where they settled down. civilization (mentioned in the Vedic literature) have
(3) The Rig Vedic people had the knowledge about vitally contributed to the proper analysis of geographical
the Himalayas. environment and physical outlook.
(4) Rivers and riverine tracts were some attractive Q. 2 : Evaluate the contribution of revolutionaries
concept to vedic people. For example–The river of Uttar Pradesh in the Indian freedom struggle.
Saraswati gets several mention in Vedic literature. Ans. : Uttar Pradesh remained an epicenter of
(5) In Rig Veda, numerous rivers were identified activity during the freedom struggle of India. The name
from which a safe conclusion could be that Vedic culture of the revolutionaries of UP is specifically mentioned
grew along river catchment area. given below:

UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-I 176 YCT

 The above mentioned revolutionaries and freedom The industrial revolution, which started in 18th
fighter paved the way to get freedom from the clutches century in Great Britain, where the pace of change
of British rule. They were the torch bearers, who showed appeared to speed up. This acceleration in the processes
the path of freedom. of technical innovation brought about an array of new
Chittu Pandey (born in Rattuchak, UP) was tools and machines.
described as the Tiger of Ballia by Jawaharlal Nehru and The following are some key examples of the
Subhash Chandra Bose because of his impeccable forces driving change.
leadership during Quit India Movement (1942). In the
(1) Agriculture-
same way, the above mentioned revolutionaries adopted
• Due to the technological advancement, the progress
different approach and various means to topple down the
was made in crop rotation and land use, soil health,
British temple either by adopting the revolutionary tactic
development of new crop varieties and animal
or by helping them with their/intellects (lawyer and
journalist). husbandry. This resulted into sustained increase in
Moreover, Swami Sahjanand Saraswati (born in yields, capable of feeding a rapidly growing
Ghazipur district of UP) who was a social reformer and population with improved nutrition.
revolutionary focused mostly on Bihar in initial days and • This technological revolution brought about a shift
gradually spread to the rest of India with the formation of toward large scale commercial farming.
All India Kisan Sabha. This step actualized the potential Converted–Common use pasture → Market oriented
and power of Kisans (farmers) in letter and spirit. agriculture.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the contribution It led to socio economic revolution. For example–
of the revolutionaries of UP not only sparked the ideas of Many rural workers and families were forced by
freedom but also gave Indian freedom struggle a new circumstances to migrate to the cities to become
colour to uproot British empire. industrial labourers.
Q. 3 : "The Industrial Revolution was not only a (2) Transportation-
technological revolution but also socio-economic Concurrent with the increased output of agriculture
revolution that change the way people lived."
produce and manufactured goods arose the need for more
Comment.
efficient means of delivering these products to market.
Ans. : No one can deny the fact that the Industrial
These changes involved constructing improved overland
Revolution has the most profound revolution in human
roads, railways. Steam engines were recognized as useful
history because of its sweeping impact on people's daily
lives. mechanized tools in locomotion.

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(3) Energy- Science was an integral part of the ancient Indian
The coal fired steam engine was the decisive culture. The past inspires the future in India and the
technology of the Industrial Revolution. The steam ancient Sanskrit texts also reflect shades of twentieth
engine turned the wheels of mechanized factory century thinking.
production. Large enterprises began to unfold concentrate Some observations with respect to scientific
in rapidly growing industrial cities. Ultimately it led to aspects of Indian cultural heritage:
socio-economic revolution. (1) Chalcolithic Harappans developed expertise in
(4) Textiles- copper metallurgy heralding the Bronze Age culture in
The organization of cotton production shifted from a
India.
small-scale cottage industry in which rural families
(2) More than 4000 years ago, parts of India had
performed spinning and weaving talks in their homes to a
scientifically planned towns. For example–Indus Valley
large mechanized, factory based industry.
Civilization (Important towns - Dholavira, Harappa etc.)
In a nutshell, the industrial revolution was the
merger of technology with industry. These changes (3) The very authentic portrayal of India having rich
served to shape virtually every existing sector of human scientific culture is Jantar-Mantar. The stars had a special
activity along the industrial lines. By these changes, it message for Indian astronomers. Constellations were
led to drastic change in socio-economic conditions (life identified and the motion of sun and moon were studied.
style) of public at large. (4) The Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samahita and
However, the industrial revolution began the Astanga Hridaya form the basis of Ayurveda which is
transformation that has led to extraordinary high living practiced by modern doctors.
standards for ordinary people throughout the market (5) In New Delhi, iron pillar which is a rust proof
industrial economies. iron pillar represents an ageless tribute to Indian
Moreover if we add the effects of unemployment, excellence in metallurgy.
poor harvests, war, pollution urban crowding and other (6) A site museum at Lothal and Kalibangan on the
social ills, the modest rise in average income could well early days of ship building may be considered as Indian
have been accompanied by a fall in the standard of living cultural heritage.
of the working class. (7) The site of Bhimbetka paintings help in
In other words, the net effect of the industrial
understanding the themes such as animals, early
revolution was strongly positive but was largely offset by
evidence of dance and hunting.
the negative effects of rapid population growth.
Therefore, it can be said that Indian cultural heritage
Q. 4 : Discuss the scientific aspects of Indian
symbolises what India brings to the world. The scientific
cultural heritage.
culture also guides people to form a correct scientific
Ans. : Indian cultural heritage is one of the richest
and oldest among the world. Indian civilization has a outlook and values.
long recorded history of scientific culture that goes back Q. 5 : Do you agree that urbanization and slums
to more than 5000 years. are inseparable? Explain
Indian cultural heritage has been known for its Ans. : If people say that the formation of slums need
various developments. These various developments are not be inevitable with rapid urbanization. Such an
as follows– argument appears to be contradicted by evidence of large
slum populations in a large number of developing
countries and particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions
like Asia.
To a great extent, urbanization and slums are
inseparable in my view. The reasons are as follows–
(1) Urbanization defined in terms of population
growth in urban areas has been driven by economic
development. Poverty is also urbanizing. This is reflected
through poor housing, urban infrastructural support,
social and reproductive health services.
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 (2) Due to unprecedented and unplanned urbanization, National integration where it compromised–
the slum areas in urban society are rapidly increasing. 1. In recent times, we have seen anti-migrant
This increases posing threat to sustainable sentiments being exhibited in States such as Gujarat,
development of the country. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Curbing the employment
(3) As much as 60% of employment is in informal opportunities for people outside the given State is a
sector of the urban population. Lack of basic amenities failure of governance. When they failed/fail to do so,
due to overcrowded space; it gives way to dramatic they indulge in the politics of hate and therefore mitigate
growth of slums in urban centers. national integration.
(4) The city authorities faced with rapid urban 2. We see the disputes in the form of anti-North
development lack the capacity to cope with the diverse Indian sentiments in a few South Indian states.
demands for infrastructural provision to meet economic 3. The issues which are based on interstate water
and social needs. disputes between Karnataka, Maharashtra and Karnataka,
(5) City governments are not effectively linking the Tamil Nadu.
economic development trajectory to implications for These are upsetting the regional harmony.
urban growth. 4. India being a diverse country, does not have
(6) Due to the narrow focus on economic growth single national language.
with the consequent proliferation of slum formation as a However, in recent times political parties and
housing solution. governments have focused on the imposition of Hindi in
However, there are basic things; a government can non-Hindi states. This instigated hatred against Hindi
do to prevent new slums from developing. These are as and Hindi speaking people.
follows– 5. Last but not the least, the visceral hatred towards
(1) One is to recognize that urbanization is going to other communities based on inter-state dispute or
happen. regional parties at par with communal lines are also the
(2) Once Government accept the reality of urban
epitome of national disintegration.
growth, the next step is to plan for it and determine
However, national unity is not impaired if the people
where the new residents will live.
of a region have genuine pride in their language and
(3) Identify land and plan it for its settlement.
culture. Unity in diversity is a social fabric of national
Moreover, development and proper implementation
integration. Therefore, the accommodation of pluralistic
of urban policy like (AMRUT) can be adopted to ensure
character of the Indian nation state and multiple
adequate and robust infrastructure to develop this
aspiration of a diverse population need to be preserved.
inseparable menace. Over the time, these steps will
Q. 7 : Describe the main industries and major
address slum formation in the urban areas.
industrial centers of Uttar Pradesh.
Q. 6 : Examine how regionalism affects the
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh being the most populated State
national integration.
in India, is one of the largest industrial State in India.
Ans. : Regionalism refers to the ideology where one
Following are the main industries and major
promotes one's regional identity over the national
industrial center of UP–
identity. If the interest of one region or a State is asserted
1. Mirzapur (Popular for cement plants)
against the country as a whole or against another region
2. Varanasi (Famous for embroidered textiles and
or state in a hostile way, it affects the national
handloom wooven)
integration.
3. Lucknow (The center of Chikan embroidery)
4. Agra and Kanpur (Major production centers for
leather and leather products)
5. Meerut (Leading exporter of musical instruments and
sport-related items)
6. Bulandshahar (For its Khurja pottery)
7. Moradabad (Popular globally for its brass work)
8. Noida (Hub for software and IT industry etc.)
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9. Ghaziabad (Educational and real estate hub) Katarnia Ghat-
10. Aligarh (Popular for locks) • A swathe of pristine forest about 200 km from
11. Barabanki (Agro Based Industries) Lucknow in Bahraich district.
12. Farrukhabad (Milk production, Textile mill and Rice • The Girwa river is home to fresh water gangetic
mill)
dolphins.
13. Gautam Budh Nagar (Export units)
• It has having a roaring experience amidst tigers,
14. Modinagar, Agra, Aligarh (Biscuits)
leopards, deer and antelopes.
15. Kannauj (Popular for Perfume and Fragrance Oil)
16. Unnao (Popular for meat processing units, Quilt Therefore, the government of Uttar Pradesh has
manufacturing units) made available the facility to boost the tourism sector in
17. Firozabad (Popular for Glass and Bangle works) the state making nine special circuits spread across the
18. Mathura (For petroleum refinery) state.
19. Mirzapur (Popular for Carpet manufacturing) Q. 9 : What is water crisis? Suggest suitable
20. Bareilly, Saharanpur (Popular for Matchbox industry) measures for water-resources management.
The above mentioned major industries of Uttar Ans. : A report titled "Composite Water
Pradesh are contributing to the development of the state Management Index" published by NITI Aayog
as well as India at large. mentioned that India was undergoing the worst water
Q. 8 : Illustrate the major features of Wildlife- crisis in its history.
Eco tourism circuits of Uttar Pradesh Water crisis is defined as a water deficiency or a
Ans. : Eco-tourism offers an opportunity for an
lack of safe water supplies. There is nothing more
increase in education and activism among travelers,
essential to life on earth than water and our ability to
making them more effective supporters of conservation.
overcome water scarcity.
Uttar Pradesh is home to a host of wildlife.
As per 2017 Global Risk Report of the World
Major features of wildlife-Eco–Tourism circuits of
Economic Forum, in terms of impact on humanity, the
Uttar Pradesh–
water crisis is ranked as the 3rd most important global
risk. As the population of the world grows and the
environment becomes further affected by climate change,
access to drinking water dwindles.
Measures for water-resource management :
• Rainwater harvesting is an excellent method of
preserving water.
• Construction of dams is also a sustainable method
where water can be maintained at a level to use for the
Dudhwa- long-run.
This national park is home to tigers, leopards,
• Balancing supply and demand is critical to managing
varieties of deer and antelopes, elephants and birds.
the world’s groundwater and surface water sustainably.
• The rich green forests and the rivers flowing through it
• Creating integrated solutions identify potential deficits,
give the complete wilderness experience.
manage demand, optimize current systems and assets,
Pilibhit-
The Pilibhit Tiger Reserve is located in the districts improve water quality and target investment in existing
of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich across the infrastructure.
Indo Nepal border in the foothills of the Himalayas and • There is a need of water framework law for proper
the plains of Tarai. legislation of water as a Resource.
• It is heavily forested, giving a good prey base for tigers • Critical action planning - enhancing water use
survival. efficiency through the adoption of climate re-silent
• It is home to a habitat of over 127 animals, 556 birds agronomic technological, management and
species and 2,100 flowering plants. institutional approaches.
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• Incorporation of watershed-based planning and land SECTION-B
use so as to increase the scope for in situ moisture
conservation and use. Q. 11 : Throw light on the development of science
• There should be a check on using the ground-water in and technology during the Gupta period.
India for irrigated agriculture. As per World Bank Ans. : No one can forget the magnum opus work of
Aryabhatta and Barahamihira which flourished during
data, more than 90% of groundwater in India is used
Gupta period. In addition to this, there are many
for irrigated agriculture.
achievements that were recorded in several fields of
• Last but not the least; water requires active
science and technology.
cooperation at the individual and community user
The lights and shadows of scientific and
levels.
technological development during the Gupta period are
Hence there is a need of comprehensive policies and
as follows–
mission like 'Jal Jeewan Mission' to address the water
Science and Technology during Gupta period–
crisis.
• Astronomy (Aryabhatta and Varahamihira)
Q. 10 : Discuss the patterns of rural settlements
• Mathematics (Aryabhatta)
in Gangetic Plain.
• Geometry (Aryabhatta)
Ans. : Gangetic plains of India presents a mixture of
• Medical Science (Charak Samhita)
settlement types and pattern. For example–linear,
• Veterinary (Palakapya)
circular, compact etc. Over the Upper Ganga Plain,
almost 55 percent of the population lives in medium- • Communication technology
sized villages. In the Rohilkhand Tarai areas settlements Aryabhatta wrote his treatise Aryabhattiyam in 499
are unevenly distributed due to high percentage of A.D. which was the first to treat mathematics as a
forests, marshy lands and seasonal floods. Here, villages separate subject dealing with arithmetic geometry,
algebra and probably trigonometry.
are mostly hamleted located at river bluffs and river
embankments. In the 'Ganga' region, settlement sites • He was the first Indian astronomer to discover that the
follow the drainage lines and the nature of slope. In the earth was a sphere and rotates on its axis. His
areas of older alluvium (Bhangar) the settlements are calculation of the size of the earth was very near to
compact and closely packed. modern estimation.
On the middle Ganga Plain, the distribution and • In his famous book "Suryasiddhanta" he explains that
pattern of rural settlements are largely influenced by the lunar eclipse was due to the shadow of the earth
alluvial morphology. Areas of east Uttar Pradesh and falling on the moon.
West Bihar are marked by small sized but closely spaced • His unique contribution to the world of science was to
villages. Hamleted settlements are typical of the Ganga- place the value of numbers from 1 to 9 and the use of
Ghaghara doab. The Mithila plain exhibits wide variation zero.
in settlement pattern and types as follows. The another astronomer was Varahamihira. He was
Linear in the lower Gandak valley, dispersed in the divided astronomy into three branches.
sub-monstrance tract of Champaran.
The South Bihar plain has more compact settlements
than its northern counterpart.
In the lower Ganga plains, hydrological
characteristics have dominant role in determining their
types and patterns. You get to see the scattered villages Moreover, Brihat-Samhita is an encyclopedia on
which are very common in the Ruhr plain, Duars and astronomy. Brihatjataka and Laghujataka works on
Sundarbans. Linear pattern is apparent along the coast. astrology.
Hence it can be concluded that rural settlements In all, Gupta period can be considered as high
reflect the geography of houses according to their watermark of scientific and technological progress which
distances. is even relevant in modern times.
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 Q. 12 : How did Indian Renaissance Movement of Q. 13 : What do you understand by the Balkan
19 Century help in the development of India? Describe. crisis? What was its role in the First World War?
th

Ans. : Renaissance refers to the revival of classics; Ans. : The Balkan crisis began in 1874. The Balkan
however, in the Indian context, it is more than just a issue is considered to one of the major reasons for the
revival in the strictest sense. It is a fresh start. First World War.
th
Renaissance movement of 19 century helped in The Balkan War (First and Second) was sharp
the development of India in the following ways– conflicts that heralded the onset of World War I. In the
1. It represented the first efforts to redeem India from its first Balkan war a loose alliance of Balkan states
state of all-round degradation and to spread the spirit eliminated the Ottoman empire from most of Europe. In
of revival and recreation from sphere to sphere of the second Balkan war, the erstwhile allies fought
national life. themselves or the Ottoman spoils.
2. With the introduction of printing press in India; Role–
newspapers, magazines and novels could be Bosnia and Herzegovina rebelled against Ottoman
published to inform the people about the social evils rule beginning the first Balkan crisis. When Turkey
in the society. refused to reform its governing structure, Serbia declared
3. It also helped to talk about the British exploitation war on the Ottoman Empire on 30th June, 1876.
and the nationalist movement. • Based on foreign policy of pan-Slavism, between all
4. As there was a wave of independent thought which Slavie peoples of eastern Europe, declared war on the
emerged in Europe and spread across the world Ottomans in due course. Britain, interested in
eventually reaching India. maintaining the balance of power and protecting its
5. Consequently, several European thinkers like Mediterranean holdings that depended upon the status
Maxmuller and William Jones started probing Indian quo, nominally supported the Turkish Sultan. On 31st
literature and several Indian reformers like Raja Ram January, 1878, Sultan Hamid II of Turkey sought
Mohan Roy got access to western thought. peace.
• Over the years, several social evils and undesirable • Otto Von Bismark hosted the peace conference. On the
customs such as idol worship had crept into Indian other hand, Britain concerned that growing Russian
society. These practices distanced many Hindus who power at the expense of the Ottoman Empire would
sought refuge in Islam and Christianity. Therefore, tilt the balance of power in Russia's favour, secured
Hindu reformers tried to bring the Hindus back to their Constantinople and the Balkans away from Moscow's
customs and culture by preaching the Vedas and dominion. Bosnia and Herzegovina were turned over
speaking against Sati system and Dowry system. to Austria-Hungary and Russia pledged to abandon its
• The central inspiration of the renaissance was support of Serbia nationalism - all in the name of the
humanism. By bringing man to the centre stage, balance of power. However, with Serbian claims
humanism spurred the creative energy in all spheres of disregarded continued conflict lay in the future.
social existence–architecture, music, painting and Russia abandon its alliance with Germany in the
philosophical thought. Three Emperor's League as a result of Russia's obvious
• It attracted to focus on the defence of the rights of the political losses at the Congress of Berlin.
under privileged and the marginalized section of the Bismark in turn, recommitted Germany and Austria-
society. For example–Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, Hungary together in a Dual Alliance in 1879. In 1882,
1856. Italy was asked to join the Dual alliance thereby
However, the renaissance was not an event but it converting it into a Triple Alliance that lasted until the
was a process. It underwent changes whenever major beginning of World War I in 1914.
shifts took place in society. The Indian renaissance Q. 14 : Why social empowerment of women is
movement contributed a great deal to the birth of Indian necessary for inclusive development? Elaborate in
nationalism, attacked on institutions like caste and detail.
created a sense of oneness in people. Ans. : The social empowerment of women could
Therefore, it played an important role in the rise of help them to enjoy civil, political and economical rights.
nationalism, tackled all social evils on a national basis. For their overall development, there is a urgent need of
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-I 182 YCT
their inclusive development. As women proved own needs, interests and priorities and larger capacity
themselves as good creators and innovators. to address barriers to women progress.
Social empowerment of women means all women of However, government has taken laudable steps for
society have equal control over their lives and have equal the social empowerment of women with respect to
opportunities whereas inclusive development refers to inclusive development. These are as follows–
growth coupled with equal opportunities and has social,
institutional and economic dimensions.
Why is it necessary?
1. India is home to over 7.5% of the world's female
population. Despite India maintaining, a consistent
performance on gender equality, its rank in this area
in legal terms has declined to 124th among 190
countries in 2022 against 123rd a year ago and 117th in
2020.
2. Deep rooted-systemic challenges for woman remain
unaddressed. Across the world, educating and
empowering women has time and again proven to be
the catalyst for rapid socio-economic growth. Hence, it can be concluded that we will compromise
3. To ensure the objective of SDG-5–that aims to the future of the nation by neglecting the development of
achieve gender equality by ending all forms of women. By investing in women and their education, we
discrimination, violence and any harmful practices are investing in our present and future.
against women and girls in the public and private Q. 15 : Define globalization. Assess its impacts on
spheres. rural social structure in India.
4. It is evident that cultural gender barriers are erected at Ans. : Globalization is the process of interaction and
birth. Prevailing societal perceptions are often the integration among people, companies and governments,
single biggest obstacle in the path of women's worldwide. It has accelerated since 18th century due to
progression in society. Getting beyond this traditional advances in transportation and communications
mindset will finally set the girl/child/women of India technology.
free. It has made the world into a more connected and
5. For example–In India, where close to 70% of the interdependent place. It has captured in its scope the
population lives in rural areas, access to educational economic and social changes that have come about a
opportunities is limited. Moreover, poverty puts the result. It has converted the whole world into a single
women at a greater disadvantage. It is obvious that we society.
need a multi-pronged approach to ensure universal Positive impacts on rural social structure :
women's education. It has led positive impacts as follows:
6. When we educate and empower one woman, we set 1. Abolition of intermediaries such as Zamindar (Land
off a chain reaction that transforms the life of her Lords).
family and the community she lives in. 2. Development of credit facilities and technology. (To
Examples–An exemplary model is the network of spur agrarian economy).
ASHA workers created and the National Rural Health 3. Empowerment of rural women. For example–
Mission. Women are taking the lead in helping the family
• With the above observations (necessity), greater adjusting to new realities and challenges.
gender equality does have the potential to contribute to 4. Increased the awareness of rural mass through faster
inclusive growth when it is achieved in education, flow of information (through Radio, T.V. Internet)
employment and other valued resources. which led to liberalization of attitudes of rural
• Supporting women's organizational capacity can give peoples and reduced their biased and orthodox
them a greater voice and influence in advancing their tendency.
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 Example– Digital education among students in rural include issues like contraception, maternal health,
areas. child survival.
• Modern values are being advocated now. • It aims at curbing the IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) to
For example–Parents no longer impose their authority less than 30 per 1000 live births.
over children and children no longer blindly obey the • The MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) will also be
commands of their parents. Even in joint families, the brought down to less than 100 per 1,00,000 live births.
eldest male consults with children. • More emphasis was given on preventing sexually
• The caste norms are not followed strictly in urban transmitted diseases (STD), unwanted pregnancies.
areas. More and more people are in favour of inter- • It focused on nutritional requirements.
caste marriage. • It seeks to achieve 100% registration of births, deaths,
• It has ushered in better economic status and lifestyle. marriages and pregnancies.
Despite several positive impacts, globalization shows • This policy will actively support a target of 80%
that villages (rural areas) have been neglected from the institutional deliveries and 100% deliveries by trained
sweet fruits of globalization. These are as follows– persons.
1. Rural population is still suffering from • It also emphasises the role of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani,
unemployment as rural labour is mostly uneducated and Siddh and Homeopathy (AYUSH) medicine system to
unskilled. Machines and latest technologies have reduced serve the goals of public health.
the number of manpower a lot. • It will strongly oppose child marriage and promote
2. Government has not done satisfactory work for delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and
promoting of small cottage industries in villages. So preferably after 20 years as the right marriageable age
educated rural youth remains unemployed and migrates for girls.
to urban areas.
• School education up to age of 14 to be made free and
3. Western ideas and culture has started killing the
mandatory. This will also include plan to check
social ethics of Indian mass. More and more people have
dropout rate of boys and girls from school.
become ignorant about social ethical and moral values.
Measure for population control
4. The position of artisans is also bad in villages.
Social measure–
They are also not able to compete with machine-made
• Minimum age of marriage.
goods.
• Raising the status of women, giving opportunities to
However, there are some measures which may be
develop them socially and economically.
fruitful in neutralization of evil effect of globalization.
For example–Government officials and NGOs, both • Spreading of education, avoid frequent pregnancies
private sector and public sector, should encourage rural and thus help in lowering birth rate.
mass to uplift the rural social strata in sustained manner. • Adopting orphan children (those who do not have any
As it is human nature that evils are grasped hurriedly not child)
the merits. • Social outlook of the people should undergo a change.
Q. 16 : Highlight the salient features of India's • More and more people should be covered under social
Population Policy (2000). Suggest some measures for security schemes. So that they do not depend on others
population stabilization. act the old age.
Ans. : Government of India launched the National Economic measure–
Population Policy in 2000. The objective behind • To provide more employment opportunities (checking
National Population Policy was to improve quality of the population growth).
lives of people of India and to provide them with equal • To adopt small family norms.
opportunities to be productive individual of society. • Urban areas have low birth rate urbanization should
Salient features of India's population policy therefore be encouraged.
(2000)– Other measures–
• This policy embarks on a policy outline for the • Late marriages, family planning, publicity of planned
government for next ten years to improve the family through communication media like T.V., radio
reproductive and child health needs of people. Which etc. contraceptive pills.
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 However, Indian government has initiated national shirking. Due to this kinship relationships are getting
helpline in 2008 in India on reproductive, sexual health, confided to two or three generations only.
family planning and infant and child. Yet there is a need • With urbanization, the cast identity and cast pride has
of achieving a balance between population growth and diminished. As the networks of urbanites comprise
available resources. people from all castes.
Q. 17 : Examine the nature of Urbanization in • Here class ties are more important than caste ties.
India and discuss the social implication of fast pace of • The caste norms are not followed strictly in urban
urbanization. areas. We get to see a remarkable change in
Ans. : Urbanization refers to the population shift commensal, marital, social and occupational
from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in relations.
proportion of people living in rural areas and the ways in • More and more people are in favour of inter-caste
which societies adopt to this change. marriage.
Nature of urbanization in India : • The status of women in urban areas is higher in
• In India, the rural to urban migration began during the comparison to rural areas.
thirties of the twentieth century. The pace of such • Average age of marriage of girls is higher in cities.
migration increased manifold during the post Urban women are independent and enjoy greater
independence era as we get to see an increasing freedom.
concentration of people in small, medium and large Despite several positive impacts, fast pace of
sized towns. urbanization brought negative impacts too. These are
• In Indian rural-urban migration may be classed into as follows–
two categories. These are as follows– 1. Higher frequency of divorce and remarriage.
1. The push factor : 2. It attributes to the other form of urban poverty such as
• Better quality of life the concentration of people in slums.
• Higher standards of living 3. Impoverished urban residents may be vulnerable to
• Low agricultural productivity food shortages, unemployment and crime.
• Poverty • An increase in poverty led to an increase in crime,
2. The pull factor : problems in education and an increase in health
• Access to education and public health facilities problems among the poor.
• Better access to markets. • Urban life is also associated with feelings of loneliness
• Greater mobility and isolation. In big cities, we get to see the impact of
• Leisure and entertainment options isolation on mental health.
For example, in India, the countryside is so • Other social problems associated with urbanization are
inhospitable as to force people to leave their Juvenile delinquency, begging etc.
health and home. This is because of push factor. It Although urbanization is often associated with better
is only because of searching the basic amenities.access to basic amenities-health services, education etc.
On the other hand, the people living in the But there is a dark side of urbanization.
countryside are attracted by better opportunities of Hence rapid urbanization is one of the most
employment and good living in urban areas. For important global trends that shaped the 21st century.
example–Farming in India provides seasonal Q. 18 : What is cyclone? Explain the causes of the
employment. So, farmers migrate to urban areas for origin of temperate cyclones.
work. Ans. : Cyclones are huge revolving storms caused
Social implication of fast pace of urbanization : by wind blowing around a central area of low
• Urbanization has affected family structure, intra and atmospheric pressure.
interfamily relations as well as functions of the family. In other words, a cyclone is a large scale air mass
• The urban joint families are being gradually replaced that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric
by nuclear families. So the sizes of the families are pressure.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-I 185 YCT
 Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling • In the northern hemisphere, warm air blows from the
winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. The air south and cold air from the north of the front.
moves anticlockwise in northern hemisphere and • When the pressure drops along the front, the warm air
clockwise in the southern hemisphere. The atmospheric
moves northwards and the cold air moves towards
condition/ phenomena create the condition for the
south setting in motion an anticlockwise cyclonic
development of cyclonic conditions.
circulation. This is due to coriolis force.
Example: Types of cyclones–Tropical cyclone and
• Therefore, cyclonic circulation leads to a well-
temperate cyclone.
Temperate cyclone is also known as extra-tropical developed extra tropical cyclone/temperate cyclone,
cyclone. with a warm front and a cold front.
Causes of the origin of temperate cyclone– • Temperate cyclone covers a larger area and can
• According to Polar-Front theory, the warm humid air originate over the land and sea.
masses from the tropics meet the dry-cold air masses Hence, it can be said that a cyclone is a large air
from the poles and thus a polar front is formed as a mass that rotates around a strong center of low
surface of discontinuity. atmospheric pressure where as temperate cyclone occur
• The above conditions occur over sub-tropical high, in the middle latitudes of the earth.
sub-polar low pressure belts and along the tropopause. Q. 19 : Describe the areas of Uttar Pradesh
• The cold air having weight pushes the warm air
affected by soil erosion and also identify the factors
upwards from underneath. Thus a void is created
responsible for it.
because of lessening of pressure.
Ans. : Soil-erosion means loss of top soil. Especially
• The surrounding air rushed in to occupy this void and
with respect to Uttar Pradesh, rain water is the biggest
coupled with the earth's rotation a cyclone is formed
cause of soil erosion.
which advances with the westerlies.
Effect of Soil Erosion-
1. Loss of vegetation cover (Degradation of soil)
2. Loss of fertile land
3. Clogging waterways
Areas of Uttar Pradesh affected by soil erosion–
Tarai Regions Districts
• Gonda
• Bijnor
• Pilibhit
• Saharanpur
• Gorakhpur
Districts that are affected by soil erosion due to loss
of vegetation cover as follows–
• Mahoba
• Lalitpur
• Jhansi
• Hamirpur
• Mirzapur
• Chitrakoot
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-I 186 YCT
 Districts of Tarai Region (due to the mishandling Uttar Pradesh has a well-developed irrigation
of rainwater) network. Development of irrigation networks helps in
• Gonda bringing more area under cultivation and increase in
• Gorakhpur multi cropping and double cropping.
• Lakhimpur etc. Ground water and surface water both are extensively
Moreover, Chambal river is infamous for bad land used for irrigation in Uttar Pradesh.
topography in its lower course. The river flows causes Tubewells and wells are used for ground water
excessive erosion in a wide area and gives rise to irrigation whereas canals and ponds are used for surface
undulating flood plain gullies and ravines. Every year, water irrigation.
the river vertically erodes loosely bound soil and light Role of irrigation in agricultural development :
vegetation and creates more region. • Concerted and focused development efforts of
Beehad region : irrigation by the regions of Uttar Pradesh emphasized
– Etawah to increase the productivity of land through the
– Fatehpur efficient use of water resources for agriculture.
– Kanpur Dehat. • A fuller use of land and water resources by the
Factors responsible for soil erosion :
development of efficient irrigation systems lead to
– Mining (unsustainable practices)
sustainable increase in food production.
– Construction
• As our Uttar Pradesh, monsoon dependent region,
– Wind, slope of land
there is a need of irrigation for agricultural production
– Absence of conservation measures
and sustainability.
– Intensity of rainfall
• Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, a drought prone
– Deforestation
– Over-irrigation area is traditionally dependent on tanks for irrigation
and drinking water. So, a large number of ponds and
• Unscientific farming methods
lakes were constructed in Bundelkhand since ancient
Hence, there is a need of sustainable practices such
as placing crushed stone, wood chips and other similar times. These lakes and ponds are used for collecting
materials in heavily used areas where vegetation is hard rainwater and later utilising it.
to establish and maintain. • Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops maintain
Q. 20 : What are the means of irrigation in Uttar land scapes and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas
Pradesh? Discuss the role of irrigation in agricultural and during period of less than average rainfall.
development. • Its uses are in crop production, including frost
Ans. : Agriculture is the primary occupation in India protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields
which supports by irrigation facilities. Irrigation sources and preventing soil consolidation.
are not even everywhere in Uttar Pradesh. However the district wise disparity in Uttar Pradesh
is more severe. Meerut, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar,
Hapur and Shamli have 100% net irrigated area to the net
sown area. On the other hand Mahoba and Sonebhadra
have 25% and 32.2% of the net sown area of under
irrigation.
Moreover, there is a need of optimum water use and
uniform water application for the agricultural
development suitability to various topography and soil
type.

UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-I 187 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2021
General Studies : Paper-II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the

process of policy formulation–
Q. 1 : Discuss the role of Non-governmental • Policy making is a continuous process, a collective
Organizations in the process of Policy formulation.
activity, a co-operative endeavor and an effort in
Ans. : NGOs (Non-governmental Organization) are
voluntary organizations that work toward a social cause which official and non-official agencies participate.
and social justice. Different agencies are involved in the • NGOs in India try to sensitize, organize and mobilise
process of policy formulation. NGO is among the one people of villages, local community level and various
which play an important role in policy making. other levels and also interested groups particularly the
The given below figure clearly denotes the public poor.
policy formulation–
• It enable them to pursue self-development, fight for
their rights and apply pressure or the government
where needed.
• NGOs can initiate social change processes online by
creating salience using agenda setting, inviting and
public to participate grass-root activism and debate.
Hence, NGOs have played an immense role in
bringing social change developing society, improving
communities and promoting citizen participation.
Q. 2 : 'Citizen Charter in India could not become
effective. There is a need to make it effective and
meaningful'-Evaluate.
Ans. : A citizen's charter represents the commitment
of the organization towards standard, quality and time
frame of service delivery, grievance redress mechanism,
transparency and accountability.
Citizen charter in India could not become effective
due to the old bureaucratic set up and the rigid attitude of
the work force.
The reasons that make citizen charter
ineffective–
(1) While formulating the citizen charter, the
consultation process was minimal because there was
a direction from the top.
(2) It was observed in many cases, the concerned staff
was not sufficiently trained and sensitized.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 188 YCT
 Because commitment of the charter cannot be (3) Poverty eradication and hunger are burning electoral
expected to be delivered by a workforce that is issue.
unaware of the spirit and content of the charter. (4) An important result of the right to food movement
(3) Awareness campaigns to teach clients about the and the resulting judicial activism was the enactment
charter were not conducted systematically. of the National Food Security Act in 2013.
(4) In some cases, the norms of services mentioned in (5) The country has the unenviable record of being
citizens charter were either too intelligent or too home to a third of the world poor.
light. Sometimes norm were impractical and created Although substantial improvements have taken place
an unfavourable impression on the clients of the in the past six decades through electoral politics.
charter. However, overcoming poverty (by electoral politics)
• The issues with citizen charter in India is an absence of is not a gesture of charity but is an act of justice. It is the
legal backing. protection of a fundamental human right, right to dignity
• Complex systems for lodging complaints or poor and a decent life.
access to officers for redressal of grievances defeat the Poverty and hunger are inextricably linked. Poverty
purpose and spirit of the charter. causes hunger. Hunger can be viewed as a dimension of
To address the above issues of citizen charter and extreme poverty. It is the often called the most severe
make it effective and meaningful, following measures and critical manifestation of poverty. Poverty and hunger
can be taken into account. are the core concern in Indian electoral politics.
Hence it is true that poverty and hunger have long
been the unfortunate part of the human condition. It is
the need of hour to keep this concern out with the
qualitative and ethical electoral politics at par with Goal
1 and Goal 2 of SDG.
Q. 4 : The Preamble of the Constitution affirms
the basic features of the Constitution and the
promotion of human dignity elucidate.
Ans. : The Preamble of the Constitution of India is
an introduction of the Constitution which includes the set
of rules and regulations to guide the people of the
In addition to the above measures, there is a need to country.
adopt best practices such as the SEVOTTAM model of It provides a way of life which includes fraternity,
the postal department can be replicated in other liberty and equality as a notion of a happy and dignified
departments to make it effective and meaningful. life. It can also be called as the soul of the Constitution
Q. 3 : How the issues related to hunger and because in S.R. Bommai case, the Preamble was
poverty in India are impinging upon election politics? indicated as a basic structure of the constitution.
Ans. : The nature of electoral politics in India The Preamble of the constitution contains the
denotes that poverty and hunger alleviation are not just basic objectives of the Constitution which are the
an economic imperative but a political necessity. source of promoting the human dignity as follows–
Elections in India seek overwhelming popular 1. To secure to all its citizens, social, economic and
participation where electoral candidates try to woo the political justice.
voters by promising long term reforms, such as better 2. Liberty of thought, expression, belief faith and
governance, poverty alleviation bringing greater socio worship.
economic equity. 3. Equality of status and opportunity
Issues related to hunger and poverty in India that 4. To promote among them fraternity so as to secure the
are impinging upon electoral politics as follows– dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of
(1) To lure the poor and marginalised section of the the nation.
society, freebies are promised. These promises may Moreover, after the judgment of the Kesavanand
be targeted at particular groups of electorate such as Bharati case, it was accepted that the Preamble of the
BPL (Below Poverty Line) families, weaker sections Constitution, as a part of the Constitution, can be
of the society, women and handicapped. amended under Article 368 of the constitution, but the
(2) To improve the food security. As per the report of basic structure of the Preamble cannot be amended
Global Hunger Index, India ranks 101st out of the because the structure of the constitution is based on the
116 countries in the year 2021. basic elements of the Preamble.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 189 YCT
 However as of now, the Preamble is only amended afford to operate without the active financial support of
once through the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act, the federal government.
1976. The words 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were Q. 6 : Critically examine the impact and role of
added to the Preamble to protect economic justice and political parties in the Indian political system.
eliminate discrimination whatsoever. Ans. : Political parties reflect fundamental political
Q. 5 : Describe the financial relations between the divisions in a society. Parties are about a party of the
centre and states in India. society and thus involve partnership. Thus a party is
Ans. : It is evident that in the financial sphere, the known by which part it stands for which policies it
states cannot act in complete isolation and have to work supports and whose interests it upholds.
under the directions and in cooperation with the center. Role of Impact of political parties in the
Financial relations between Center/State– functioning of Indian Parliament:
• Political parties contest elections. In most
democracies, elections are fought mainly among the
candidates put by political parties. In countries like
India, top party leaders choose candidates for
contesting elections when they won, they play
• Article 268 to 293 deals with the provisions of
important role in functioning of Indian Parliament.
financial relation between center and states.
• Political parties put forward different policies and
• The constitution divides the taxing powers between the
programmes. "A government is expected to base its
center and the states as follows–
policies on the line taken by the ruling party.
(1) Parliament has exclusive power to levy taxes on
• Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for
subjects enumerated in the Union List.
a country. Laws are debated and passed in the
(2) The State Legislature has exclusive power to levy
legislature.
taxes on subjects enumerated in the state list.
Both (Center and State) can levy taxes on the • Political parties form and run governments. Parties
subjects enumerated in concurrent list where as residuary recruit leaders, train them and then make them
power of taxation lies with Parliament only. ministers to run the government in the way they want.
• Under distribution of the tax-revenue, service taxes are • Political parties shape public opinion.
levied by the center but collected and appropriated by • Political parties provide people access to the
the center and the states. government machinery and welfare schemes
• With the latest 101st Amendment, a new Article 269A implemented by governments.
was inserted which brought some considerable • Political parties that lose in the election, play
changes in tax regime (GST). significant role by voicing different views and
• Besides sharing of taxes between the center and the criticising government for its failures or wrong
states, the Constitution provides for Grants-in-aid to policies.
the states from the central resources. However, the rise of political parties is directly
Statutory Grants are given by the Parliament out of linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
the Consolidated Fund of India to such states which are The impact of parties on democratic responsiveness
in need of assistance. hinges on what parties are their objectives and
Discretionary Grants–The center provides certain organization.
grants to the states on the recommendations of NITI Q. 7 : Describe the role played by Parliamentary
Aayog which are at the discretion of the Union committees in the functioning of Indian Parliament.
Government (Article 282). Ans. : Parliament's functions are diverse, complex
For fulfilling the financial aid, the Constitution and extensive. It lacks the time and expertise to conduct
provides for the establishment of a Finance Commission a thorough examination of all legislative actions. As a
(Under Article 280). result, a number of parliamentary committees assist it in
• The President of India is authorized to set up a Finance fulfilling its responsibilities. The Parliamentary
Commission every five years to make recommendation Committees may be classified into following categories-
regarding distribution of financial resources between 1. Financial Committee
the Union and the States. 2. Departmentally Related Standing Committees;
To conclude, the center state relations constitute the 3. Other Parliamentary Standing Committees
core elements of the federalism in India. No state can 4. Ad hoc Committees
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 190 YCT
 There are various roles played by parliamentary It enabled to provide equitable, worldwide access to
committees in the functioning of Indian Parliament. diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines while building up
These are as follows– resilience to future health-related shocks.
The theme of the G-20 can be accessed in following
ways–
People Planet Prosperity
• Vaccines • Climate • Global
leaders vowed change leaders Economy G-
to support the committed to 20 leaders
WHO's goal the Key Paris pledged to
of vaccinating Agreement goal remain
at least 40% of limiting vigilant to the
of the World's global warming global
population to 1.5ºC above challenges
Parliamentary committees are smaller units of MPs against her industrial that impact on
from both Houses of Parliament, across political parties COVID-19 by levels. the economies
and they function throughout the year. These smaller 2021 and 70% such as
groups of MPs study and deliberate on a range of subject by the middle disruptions in
matters, bills and budget of all the ministries. of next year. supply chains
Committees help with this by providing a forum and monitor
where members can engage with domain expertise with and address
domain experts and government officials during the these issues
course of their study. and an our
For example– economies
The committee on Health and Family Welfare recover.
studied the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 which • Affirmed to • Agreed to • Meeting as
prohibited commercial surrogacy but allowed altruistic boost the stop funding rising
surrogacy. The committee called upon a range of supply of new dirty coal inflation,
stakeholders including the National commission for vaccines in plants abroad pushed by
women doctors and government officials to better their developing by the end of spiking
understanding of the issues before finalizing the report. countries and 2021. energy prices,
• Parliamentary committees provide a forum for removing G-20 leaders
building consensus across political parties. supply and ruled out a
• Committees also examine policy issues in their financing hasty removal
respective ministries and make suggestions to the constraints. of national
government. stimulus
Hence it can be said that parliamentary committees measures.
are an instrument for parliament's efficient operation.
• Leaders set • Leaders first
Q. 8 : Comment on the main theme of the G-20
a new target time
Summit held in 2021 (Rome).
of channeling acknowledged
Ans. : The Group of Twenty (G-20) Leader's
$100 bn the use of
Summit 2021 convened in October 2021 in Rome, Italy.
towards carbon pricing
G-20 for 2021 under the leadership of Italian Presidency,
poorest mechanisms
focus on the theme broadly interconnected pillars of
nations and uncentives
action : People, Planet, Prosperity.
as possible tool
Within the three pillars of the 2021(G-20), the forum
against climate
aims to take the lead in ensuring a swift international
change
response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 191 YCT
 In all, it can be said that meeting in person for the Q. 10 : What are the major challenges before the
first time in two years, G-20 leaders had a full agenda revenue system of Uttar Pradesh?
including climate change, the COVID pandemic, a Ans. : Revenue is used as an indication of earnings
landmark tax deal of global economy worries. quality. The amount of revenue collected often
Q. 9 : Discuss the role of Chinese factor behind determines the state's economic growth and
strained relations between India and Nepal. development.
Ans. : Nepal, though a small land-locked developing Major challenges before the revenue system of
country is located in strategically important place, Uttar Pradesh are as follows–
China's engagement in Nepal is not new. • Lack of speedy implementation of Land Reforms and
providing land to the needy and eligible persons.
Now-a-days, the role of Chinese factor behind
• The freebies announced by both the parties in their bid
strained relations between India and Nepal are as
to come to power will also add to the financial burden.
follows–
Though, it is very surprising for many experts that
(1) Nepal recently acknowledged that the Taiwan was
Uttar-Pradesh which was counted in the category of
an inalienable part of China and promised not to
BIMARU state till recent years is moving ahead at a
allow any anti-China activities on Nepalese territory. rapid pace with the exponential growth rate of the
(2) China is offering 100 training opportunities to the national economy and is now the third largest country in
Nepalese law enforcement officers each year. the country after Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh is on the
(3) China is luring Nepalese as she agreed to build way to become an one trillion dollar economy.
Madan Bhandari University for Science and • The state is an agriculture based economy.
Technology as a mark of respect for the late leader • There is a problem in agricultural income receipt due
of the communist party of Nepal. to exemption in agricultural income.
(4) China has agreed to facilitate Nepal's export to • At the same time, due to the slow pace of capital
China and support product development and post formation in Uttar Pradesh, the dependence on the
harvest technology in agro-products and wants to tap centre for loans remains high.
Nepal's resources such as construction materials, • The tax to CDP ratio is low in comparison to taxes.
water conservation and hydropower and organic The main complexity of tax laws is nothing else but
agriculture and herbs. tax evasion and problem of paying taxes (window).
(5) Recently China is seen as tacitly supporting what is • Due to the small size of agricultural holdings, the
seen by Nepal as India encroachment in Kalapani. scope of 1 and revenue is also limited.
Even though Lipulekh is acknowledged to be a tri- • Corruption, black-money and illegal mining are also a
junction point, most Nepalis have grown up believing major challenges in revenue income in the state.
that the rest of Kalapani region belongs entirely to Nepal. • Along with this, the lock of digitization of the
• Since 2009 India and China have repeatedly tried to complete revenue system also created a problem in the
develop Lipulekh Pass as a bilateral trade route by revenue system.
passing Nepal, supposedly. One the above grounds it can be said that some
improvement like technological upgradation,
• China's growing inroads in Nepal is an important
infrastructure development, adoption of neno
factor behind strained relationship.
technologies in agriculture, skill development in fames
• Pro-china policy adopted by Oli government.
could be done to improve the revenue system in the most
Although China factors are the concern for the Indo- populous state, Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, the income of
Nepal relationship, India should maintain a policy of the state will exponentially increase of it will also help in
keeping away from the internal affairs of Nepal and reducing corruption in tax collection.
Nepalese considered Indian foreign policy towards her
'Big Brother Attitude' while at the same time in the spirit SECTION-B
of friendship, India should guide the nation towards a
Long Answer questions (Answer 200 words)
more inclusive democracy.
Q. 11. Discuss the role of civil Services in a
It is true that their geographical proximity common democratic set-up with special reference to India.
agendas for development and their involvement in Ans. : The civil service officials are neither judicial
different international and regional forums has opened nor political but it is a body of government officials.
several possibilities for tritateralism adopting There role may be similar to that of a servant to their
dehyphenation policy. king in history. But it was substantially modified to suit
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 192 YCT
the development requirements of the newly formed Moreover, number of recommendations made by
democracy. Hota committee to protect honest civil servants and
Role of Civil Services in a democratic set up with Surinder Nath committee (for performance appraisal) to
respect to India– are under process to strengthen the democratic values
• The civil services by quality of its knowledge and public service values.
experience and understanding of public affairs support Q. 12 : Describing the composition and functions
the chosen representatives to device effectual policy. of the Central vigilance Commission, analyse it's
• They have great responsibility to implement these limitation.
policies for the welfare of society and enhancement of Ans. : Central Vigilance Commission is an apex
nation. Indian Governmental body created in 1964 to address
governmental corruption. However in 2003, the
• Parliamentary democracies (like India) are generally
Parliament enacted a law conferring statutory status on
pigeon holed by a permanent civil service which helps
the CVC.
the political policy makers and political executives.
Composition :
• The civil service is a subdivision of government which
• The CVC is a multimember body.
is usually grouped with the executive and without
• It consists of Central Vigilance Commissioner
which governments cannot function.
(Chairperson) and not more than two vigilance
• It provide "continuity and change" to the commissioners.
administration. • The term of office of the Central Vigilance
• It provides service delivery at the cutting edge level. Commissioner would be four years from the date on
• It provides non-partisan advice to the political which they enter their office or till they attain the age
leadership in the midst of political instability and of 65 years whichever is earlier.
uncertainities. Function of CVC :
• It makes effective coordination between institutions of 1. To ensure prompt surveillance of conduct rules
governance. relating to integrity of the officers.
• It spurs the effective policy making and regulation in 2. To enquire or investigation to be conducted on a
Indian democratic set up. reference made by the Central Government wherein it
is alleged that a public servant being an employee of
• It serves throughout the country and builds strong
the Central Government has committed an offence
character in national building.
under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
• The prime responsibility of civil services executive to
3. To review the progress of applications pending with
society is to serve the government, it has elected. It the competent authorities for sanction of prosecution
brings prime standard of free, frank, impartial and under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
responsive advice and the same level of 4. To tender advise to the Central Government audits
professionalism in services irrespective of political authorities on such matters as are referred to it by
party in power. Although the role of civil service in a them.
country like India is praiseworthy but sometimes it 5. To exercise superintendence over the vigilance
gets criticism as follows: administration in the ministries of the Central
Government or its authorities.
6. The Central Vigilance Commissioner is also the
chairperson of the two committees on whose
recommendations the Central Government appoints
the Director of the Delhi Special Police Establishment
and the Director of Enforcement.
7. The committee concerned with the appointment of the
Director of CBI is also empowered to recommend,
after consultation with the Director (CBI),
appointment of officers to the posts of the level of S.P.
and above in DSPE.
Despite undue political interference, Indian 8. Moreover, it undertake an inquiry into complaints
government is introducing several reforms like 'Mission received under the Public Interest Disclosure and
Karmayogi' to create a citizen centric civil service which Protection of Informers Resolution and recommend
focuses on behavioural change. appropriate action.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 193 YCT
 Even though detection and punishment of corruption (3) It is intended to enhance the livelihood securities
and other malpractices are certainly important, what is of the people in rural areas by supplementary
more important is taking preventing measures instead of wage employment opportunities to the unskilled
hunting for the guilty in the post corruption stage. labour force.
Hence, it has some limitations which hinder its • It is kind of right based employment that protect from
core-spirit. These are as follows– vulnerabilities in extreme weather conditions.
• In case of creation of employment is not possible, the
rural people are entitled to get unemployment
allowance.
• It plays a key role for sustainable development of an
agricultural economy as agriculture is the considered
as the backbone of the rural economy.
• It has the provision of social safety net for the
vulnerable groups by providing a fall back
employment source, when other employment
alternatives are inadequate.
• Some permissible kinds of works are as follows that
empowers the rural strata–
Moreover, the appointments to CVC are indirectly (1) Rural connectivity to provide all weather access.
under the control of the Union Government though the (2) Irrigation of canals, provision of irrigation facility
leader of the opposition (in Lok Sabha) is a member of to land owned by households belonging to the SC
the committee to select CVC and VCS, as the candidates and ST land beneficiaries under the Indira Awas
that are to be put up before it are decided by the Union Yojana.
Government, the committee can only consider the (3) Land development, water conservation and water
candidates put up before it. harvesting.
Therefore, the CVC has neither resources nor Besides, ensuring durable quality assets, the
powers to enquire and take action on complaints of expansion of MGNREGAs, works is likely to improve
corruption that may act as an effective deterrence against the socio-economic conditions of marginalized sections
corruption. Yet its role and function could not ignored at of social.
all for curbing corruption. In this context it is worth mentioning here that
Q. 13 : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Water
Employment Guarantee Act empowers rural to Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of
alleviate poverty, comment on it. Environment and forests have taken initiative for
Ans. : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment convergence of MGNREGAs with the programmes of
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) reduced 14 million people other partner ministries.
Hence, MGNREGA provides livelihood security to
from falling into poverty, a study of the National Council
the rural people in rural development. To strengthen its
of Applied Economic Research and University of
spirit, focus should be the auditing process of its ground
Maryland using data from 26,000 rural households
level implementation.
through two rounds of survey conducted in 2004-05 and
Q. 14 : 'The structure of the Indian Constitution
2011-12 found.
is federal but its soul is Unitary'. Elucidate it.
MGNREGA is a rural employment scheme that puts Ans. : B.N. Banerjee has stated that the Constitution
cash in hands of the most vulnerable and builds their of India is federal in form but unitary in spirit. Following
resilience to extreme weather events. provision proves though India is federal in nature but its
How MGNREGA empowers rural poor to soul is unitary–
alleviate poverty– Federal features of the Constitution–
• MGNREGA Act, 2005 came into effect in 2006 has • Dual polity
manifold objectives to empower the rural • Written Constitution
poor/household or to alleviate them from the clutches • Division of powers
of poverty. • Supremacy of the Constitution
(1) It is a social protection measure that provide • Rigid constitution
guarantee employment in rural areas (100 days). • Bicameralism
(2) It also seeks to improve labour market outcomes. • Independent Judiciary
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 194 YCT
Unitary features of the Constitution– Q. 15 : Discuss the main methods by which the
• States not indestructible Parliament of India controls the executive.
• Strong Center Ans. : The three parts of the system, namely the
• Single constitution legislative, judiciary and executive are theoretically
• Flexibility of the Constitution separate but in practice, the executive is a component of
the legislature.
• No equality of state representation
In a parliamentary democracy like India, the
• Emergency provisions
executive remains accountable to parliament. In India
• Single citizenship
Parliamentary control over executive can be accessed
• Integrated judiciary through various means as follows:
• All India services
• Parliament's Authority over state list
• Integrated Audit Machinery
• Veto over state bills.
The Union Parliament is very powerful in legislative
matters. It has not only exclusive control over the union
list and the residuary powers, but it has also dominance If we talk about legislative control, parliament
over the concurrent list and state list. comes into picture. When a law is enacted in Parliament,
If we talk about administrative matters the central the government must explain all of its provisions and
government has been made more powerful than the respond to queries from MPs. As a result, it prevents the
states. The State Governments have to work under the executive from taking arbitrary decision.
supervision and control of the Central Government. The The Parliament controls over the executive as
states should exercise its executive powers in accordance follows:
with the laws made by the Parliament. It can control the
State Governments by directing them to take necessary
steps for proper running of administration. If the state
fails to work properly according to the constitution, it
• Question hour is the most important hour of the two
can imposed President's rule their under Article 356 and
houses. The first hour of a sitting in both the houses is
take over its (the states) administration and then the
allotted for asking questions and answering of
whole states legislature is dissolved and normal division questions. This is done to get information on matters
of power is suspended. of public importance to ventilate a grievance.
• Financial matters, the President of India has the power • Adjournment motion is aimed at censuring the acts
to make alterations in the distribution of revenues of omission and commission of the ministers
earned from income tax between the center and the (executive body).
states (Article 280). • If a government does not act with the constitutional
The center has also the power to grant loans and grant provisions, it can be voted out of office by passing a
in aid to the state governments. non-confidence motion. In such a case, the whole
• The Comptroller and Auditor General India and the ministry has to resign from office.
Finance Commission of India which are the central Censure motion is moved against a group of
agencies also have control over the state finances. Ministers or an individual minister that expresses
Hence, the above observations, it can be said that disapproval against his policies. Adoption of this motion
Indian Constitution is mainly federal with unique results in the resignation of the government.
safeguards for enforcing national unity and growth. Both houses must approve the government's budget
Article 355 of the Indian Constitution clearly state and financial bills. Without parliamentary approval, the
that it is the duty of the union to protect states against government cannot withdraw any funds from the
external aggression and internal disturbance. Therefore, consolidated fund.
no doubt Indian Constitution is federal in nature but its Moreover, for every action done by any of the
soul is unitary. It can be seen it under Article 312 (All ministers, the entire council of ministers is accountable
India services). to the Lok Sabha. Article 75 also contains the principle
Therefore, Indian Constitution is mainly federal with of individual responsibility. However, the control is not
some unitary features for national unit of growth that as effective as it should be. Hence, steps like building a
makers unitary feature a soul of the Indian Constitution. better image of Parliament, improving the quality of
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 195 YCT
members, strengthening the committee system etc. will 1. Due to 73rd Constitutional Amendment, state election
help in increasing the effectiveness of parliamentary commissions were in charge of the infrastructure
control over executive. required to elect local representatives.
Q. 16 : Analyse the problems that have restricted 2. The amendment required that no less than one-third of
the successes of Panchayati Raj System in India. How the total seats in local bodies should be reserved for
far has the seventy third Constitutional Amendment women. The success of this can be quoted with
been successful in countering these problems? example. In India, approx 1.4 million has the most
Ans. : Panchayat Raj system in India signifies the women in elected position.
system of rural local self government. It was • Seats and Sarpanch/pradhan were also reserved for
constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional SC/ST candidates. While India has always had
Amendment act of 1992. reservations for elected representatives from
Panchayati Raj systems are simultaneously a disadvantaged groups like SC/STs, this is the only
remarkable success and a staggering failure. level of government with reservation with women.
The problems that have restricted the success of • Female PRI leaders are more likely to focus on issues
Panchayat Raj system in India as follow– pertinent to women. For example R. Chattopadhyay
1. The basic problem is that the institution faces the and E. Duflo show that in districts with female
problem of lack of finances. The lack of financial sarpanch/pradhans significantly greater investments
resources hinders their functions and growth. are made in drinking water, a priority public goods
2. There is a little devolution of authority. It cannot issues for women.
govern unless they are given the authority to actually • Now that there are millions of elected representatives
perform functions related to governance. giving voice to Indians at the grass roots level, these
3. There are variations in remuneration under different representatives need clear mandates of local functions
schemes functioning at the rural level which leads to and the ability to raise their own revenue to foster
the migration of employees from one state to another. better local governance. Without the functions and
For example, the daily payment under MGNREGA in finances, PRIs will only be an expensive failure.
Haryana is 309 whereas in Madhya Pradesh and Q. 17 : Examine the role of the Comptroller and
Chhattisgarh, it is less than Rs. 200. Auditor General (CAG) in India as the custodian of
• Even though the personnel at the Gram Panchayat public money.
level deliver crucial services like education, health and Ans. : Comptroller and Auditor General of India
livelihood generation, they are, in most cases not (under Article 148 of Indian Constitution) popularly
accountable to the Gram Panchayat and the Gram known as the CAG of India, is the apex authority
Sabha. responsible for external and internal audits of the
• It is evident that women constitute a major share of expenses of the National and State Governments.
total elected representatives in Panchayat Raj The role of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)–
Institutions they face challenges as follows– • Article 149 of the Indian Constitution deal with duties
1. Even after getting elected most of their work in and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General of
panchayat is done by their husbands. India where as Article 150 states that the accounts of
2. The general absence of women represented from the union and the states shall be kept in such form as
panchayat's meeting out to the discouraging the President may on the advice of the CAG, prescribe.
attitude of the family members in another issue of • He is an agent of the Parliament and conducts audits of
concern. expenditure on its behalf. Hence the CAG has to
• The three tiers do not operate as functional authorities. ascertain whether money shown in the accounts as
The tendency on the part of the higher structure to treat having been disbursed was legally available for and
the lower structure as its subordinate is markedly the purpose to which they have been charged and
visible. whether the expenditure conforms to the authority that
Therefore it is not in commensurate with the genuine governs it.
spirit of democratic decentralization. • The three CAG reports deal with different facts of
Despite several problems and challenges, the 73rd public audits.
Constitutional Amendment Act has been successful to (1) Audit Report on Appropriation Accounts
mitigate the problems in Panchayati Raj System as (2) Audit Report on Finance Accounts
follows– (3) Audit Report on Public Undertakings
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 196 YCT
 The audit reports of CAG contains a narration of 2. Six permanent participants namely–Aleut
cases involving financial irregularities, losses, frauds, International Association, Arctic Athabaskan Council,
wasteful expenditure and comments thereon. Gwichin Council International, Inuit Circum polar
• The CAG provides "audit paras" criticizing public council, Russian Arctic Indigenous People of North
expenditure of the departments and the 'paras' are and Saami Council.
developed during post event scrutiny by the CAG staff 3. Six working groups–They carry out the council's
and detailed discussions with the senior staff of the activities.
department concerned. Therefore the finalized 'paras' 4. Thirty eight observers non-arctic countries, NGOs and
are brought before the Parliament. other organizations who share their expertise.
Functions of the Arctic Council :
• The public has a large s take in the running of the
• The Council's Strategic Plan 2021-2030 guides its
Public Undertakings as vast public funds are involved.
work towards the Arctic as a "region of peace, stability
In the case of departmental undertakings, the CAG is
and constructive cooperation.
the sole auditor.
• The home of all its habitants including indigenous
• It is the prime task of the CAG to audit all expenditure
peoples and their rights, well-beings are respected.
incurred from the revenue of the union and the states.
• This council regularly produces comprehensive,
The audit by this office is not an administrative but a
cutting edge, environmental, ecological and social
financial audit. The CAG is concerned only with the
assessments through its working groups.
financial aspects.
• The council has also provided a forum for the
• In practice, the discretionary powers of CAG have
negotiation of three important legally binding
become more powerful than the ones laid down by agreements among the eight Arctic states.
the statute. It may be mentioned that discretionary Examples are as follows–
audits lays emphasis on undertaking investigation and 1. Agreement on cooperation on Aeronautical and
reporting on any wasteful and uneconomical maritime search and rescue in the Arctic.
expenditure regarding contracts and major deals. 2. Agreement on cooperation on Marine Oil
Ex–In its second report of 2021, the CAG underlined Pollution Preparedness and Response in the
the inadequacies including the faults in the utilization Arctic.
of funds and poor waste management in Uttar Pradesh 3. Agreement on enhancing International Scientific
Governments organization of 2019 Kumbh in Cooperation.
Prayagraj. Moreover, the Arctic council is a forum, it has no
• Hence it can be said that the CAG protects public programming budgets. All projects or initiatives are
funds from the reach of arbitrary power. Moreover the sponsored by one or more Arctic states.
reforms suggested by former CAG (Vinod Rai) should However, the Arctic council's mandate, as
be included in its mandate for better efficacy and articulated in the Ottawa Declaration explicitly excludes
transparency. The suggested reforms are to bring all military security.
private public partnership, PRI and government funded Q. 19 : Evaluate the reasons of India's Soft Power
societies within the ambit of the CAG along with diplomacy in Afghanistan.
amending the CAG Act of 1971 to keep pace with the Ans. : Afghanistan is known for its geostrategic
changes in governance. importance and abundance of natural resources. The
Q. 18 : Write a short note on the structure and most important thing is that India shares border with
functioning of the Arctic council. Afghanistan. Hence, a stable Afghanistan is crucial for
regional and domestic security and stability for India.
Ans. : The Arctic council is a high level inter-
Soft power diplomacy rests primarily on three
governmental forum that addresses issues faced by the
resources as follows–
Arctic governments and the indigenous peoples of the
Arctic. It was formed in September 19, 1996 by Ottawa
Declaration.
Structure of Arctic Council :
The Arctic Council comprises of
1. Eight Arctic states viz–Canada, Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia and the US.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 197 YCT
 Reasons of India's Soft Power diplomacy in Q. 20 : Abraham Accords are a new beginning in
Afghanistan– the politics of West Asia. Explain.
• India through its soft power approach try to define its Ans. : The Abraham Accords are a joint statement
interests aligned with Afghan interests, encompassing made between Israel, the United States and the United
strategic, political as well as economic aspects that Arab Emirates in 2020. It clearly marks a new beginning
both countries could benefit from. in the relations between Sunni-ruled Gulf kingdoms and
• India tried to influence Afghanistan for the promotion the Jewish state.
of democracy and democratic institutions such as Under this agreement, the UAE and Bahrain would
construction of its parliament and providing assistance normalize ties with Israel. Therefore, it would herald
in conduct of elections for the win-win situation. economic, political and security engagement.
• Other areas where India extended assistance in Significance of the Abraham Accords
development of T.V. networks, promotion of cultural
exchanges, bollywood, sports including men's and
women's cricket and football, all repugnant to the new
Taliban regime. This extended assistance would spur
the India's regional hegemony.
• It would win 'hearts and minds' of the Afghanistan and
strengthen its cultural as well as political relations with
Afghanistan, backed with the ideas of nation building
and political stability.
• India is adopting this soft power because Pakistan has
century old ties the nation which it could use to
influence Afghanistan. Though of historical and geo-political significance,
• Pakistan primarily relies on military means an hard it is too early to say whether the accords will have any
power completely neglects the use of soft power meaningful impact on West Asia's Myriad conflicts. The
methods such as art, culture, education to promote reasons are given below:
their foreign policy objectives. Hence it is India's 1. Gulf countries are not frontline states in the Arab-
opportunity to lure Afghanistan with cultural ties. Israeli conflict. They had established backroom
The soft power diplomacy could be seen in contacts with Israel years ago. It is mere a normalcy.
following examples– 2. This agreement leave the Palestinian question largely
1. India hosted the Indo-Afghanistan friendship series in unaddressed.
Bengaluru. With Arab countries signing diplomatic agreements
2. India declared the Greater Noida stadium as the with Israel bilaterally, the Arab collective support for the
Afghan's team's official training facility. Palestinian movement for nationhood which has been the
3. Stories such as the Kabuliwala by Rabindranath basis of the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, is crumbling. But
Tagore, display the cultural links between India and it does not mean that the Palestinian question would fade
Afghanistan. way. The vacuum left by the retreat of the Arab powers
4. India has tried to build ties with the ethnic from the Israel-Palestine conflict is being filled by the
communities of Afghanistan specially the Pasthun non-Arab Muslim powers–Iran, Turkey and their allies.
Community that is present on Indo-Afghan Pak
3. The UAE-Bahrain agreements are in fact endorsing
borders. it serves a buffer between Pakistan and
the region's emerging order.
India.
However, Abraham Accords could be recognized as
However, recently Afghanistan fell into chao due to
the importance of maintaining and strengthening peace in
Taliban controlled over Afghanistan. Seemingly India's
the Middle East. Therefore, it would encourage efforts to
soft power, investments in Afghanistan led to diplomatic
dead end. India is shunned by the Taliban quick take promote interfaith and intellectual dialogue to advance a
over. Despite come chaos in Afghanistan, India has culture of peace among the three Abrahmic religions and
maintained good relation with this immediate all humanity.
neighbouring country. Hence, the principles of Abraham Accords will
Hence, no doubt India's use of soft power has greatly consolidate and expand amicable and peace relation and
benefitted the nation with Afghanistan but a balance of spure the new beginning of politics in West Asia based
hard and soft power is required to achieve the required on shared interests and a shared commitment to a better
goal in recent scenario. future.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-II 198 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2021
General Studies : Paper-III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A 4. e-Governance: Reforming Government through

Technology
Q. 1 : Discuss the Digital India Programme of India. 5. e-Kranti-Electronic Delivery of Services
Ans. : Digital India is a flagship programme of the 6. Information for All
Government of India launched in 2015 with a vision to 7. Electronics manufacturing
transform India into a digitally empowered society and 8. IT for Jobs
knowledge economy. 9. Early Harvest Programmes
This umbrella programme covers multiple In addition to this, the government has taken up
Government Ministries and Departments. It weaves many initiatives under the Digital India Programme. Ex–
together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a Digi-lockers, E-hospitals, E-pathshala (developed by
single, comprehensive vision so that each of them can be NCERT, BHIM (to make payment transactions simple,
implemented as a part of larger goal. easy and quick using UPI).
The Digital India Programme is centered on Hence, the Digital India Programme aims for the
three key vision areas– digital revolution to help in pushing all sectors towards
advancement. This advances in governance reforms, start
ups and demographic advantage will push India towards
being the fastest growing digital economy.
Q. 2 : Examine the impact of globalization on
employment of formal sector of India.
Ans. : With the 1991 economic reforms, India
opened its door for the world and embraced
globalisation. This step allowed Indian economy to
engage with others.
This impact of globalisation enabled the global
integration of production and the market across the
Moreover, Digital India Programme aims to nations. In addition to this, globalization has led to the
provide the much needed thrust to the nine pillars of informalisation of the economy and reduced formal
growth areas as follows– employment. Although informalisation has provided
1. Broadband highways livelihood to many, it has not raised the living standard
2. Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity as was expected. The impact of globalisation on
3. Public Internet Access Programme employment of formal sector of India is as follows–
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 199 YCT
 incorporating the unbanked masses into the financial
sector and has increased financial inclusion.
4. In addition to this, inclusive growth are broad based,
shared and pro-poor growth. The growth which is
inclusive and pro-poor, it will benefit to the
marginalized section upto the optimum level. Hence,
by focusing on inequality, it will lead to optimal
outcomes for both poor and non-poor households.
Adopting the better approach of wealth distribution
and environment friendly sources such as LPG over
wood, cow dung etc. further improves environmental
sustainability. Therefore, the inclusive growth is
No doubt, the informal economy/sector contributes intended to realize the dream of.
significantly to production employment and income Q. 4 : What is Sustainable Development Goal-
generation in developing countries. It is a source of 2030? Discuss the relevance of different agenda
livelihoods to a majority of poor but the example like associated with it.
contract labour has no affinity towards the company. Ans. : The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Therefore, it hampers productivity and economy are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to
development. Arab spring is such an example which be a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable
began when a young street trader set fire to himself due future for all. It is the successor of MDGs. The SDGs
to continued harassment and humiliation of police. were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General
Thus, increased informalisation is determental as it Assembly and are intended to be achieved by 2030.
impacts the long term goals. Steps must be taken to
create more formal jobs.
Q. 3 : How does the strategy of inclusive growth
intend to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and
sustainability together? Explain
Ans. : Inclusive growth as the economic growth that
is distributed fairly across the society and creates
opportunities for all whereas inclusiveness encompasses
equity, equality of opportunity and protection in market It will address the global challenges we face,
and employment transitions. However, sustainability including poverty, inequality climate change
meets the needs of the present without compromising the environmental degradation, peace and justice.
ability to future generations to meet their own needs. The relevance of different agenda associated with
The strategy of inclusive growth intends to meet it can be taken into account based on the following
the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability beliefs and principles:
together in following manner– • Commitment to international conventions regarding
1. The inclusive growth leads to a wider distribution of the climate change and global warming considering
wealth which creates a demand in the country and climate challenge on the universal level.
hence leads to domestic demand driven growth. • Guarantee mobilization of resources for countries with
2. Inclusive growth addresses the structural and limited resources and ability for development by
fundamental problems in society and the economy. employing efforts and financing to reach sustainable
Ex–Current strategy to empower women 'Beti development.
Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme', UJJAWALA etc. • Provide special aid and attention to areas affected by
3. Over the last few years, the government is emergency or terrorism.
aggressively focusing on the strategy of inclusive • Work on collecting data on gender, income, age, race,
growth in its various programs and policies. For ethnicity, migration status, disability and geographic
example–Jan Dhan Yojana has focused on location in order to better implement the SDGs and
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 200 YCT
 improve the accessibility to this data to monitor the 2. National micro irrigation mission provides capital
implementation of the SDGs. subsidy to implement micro irrigation infrastructure
• Improve governance and the rule of law at the national which increases fertilizer absorption in farms leading
and international levels for a sustained, inclusive and to better soil health, lower fertilizer subsidy bill and
equitable economic growth, sustainable development conservation of water.
and the eradication of poverty and hunger. Hence, India's agriculture productivity is nearly half
Its objective is to create a just, equitable and of the best in class, there is a need to scale up our efforts
inclusive model of sustainable development for to increase technology into agriculture.
everyone. The main focus is on children and youth Q. 6 : What are the constraints in the
regardless of their gender, race, ethnicity, disability, development of infrastructural projects in Uttar
religion, culture and situation. Pradesh? Explain the steps taken by the state
Hence, SDGs and its agenda is a plan of action for Government to remove the constraints.
people, planet and prosperity seeking to strengthen Ans. : India is 6th largest economy in the world with
universal peace in sustainable and qualitative USD 3 trillion Gross Domestic Product (2022) and
development for present and future generations. defined its position of being World's fastest growing
Q. 5 : What is technology mission in agriculture? economy.
State its usefulness. Development aspiration of Uttar Pradesh are
Ans. : Technology Mission in Agriculture tries to
manifold and infrastructure development makes the base
induce technology law in mission mode. It means
pillar of it. Infrastructure investment thereby holds the
adherence to a plan having a clear purpose, policies and
role in accelerating the economic growth of Uttar
implemented following the timelines for completion with
Pradesh but there are also some constraints in
equisetic control and feedback.
infrastructure development.
In Agriculture, technology missions are most
important steps to increase the productivity and farmers
incomes.
1. To increase productivity–Productivity is extremely
low due to lack of irrigation facilities, quality of seeds
and fertilizers.
2. For more efficiency we are facing acute shortage of
land, water, increased subsidy burden and reduced 1. Lack of sustainable finances–The budget allocation
soil quality. for infrastructure development in Uttar Pradesh is a
3. To increase effectiveness of crops in line with considerable amount but it is not enough until
cropping patterns and not follow cereals led augmented with market such as FDI.
agriculture growth.
2. Land uses–Land is the basis issue in Uttar Pradesh
4. To experience equitable growth, more than 55% are
because most of the land is use by farmers. Land
engaged in agriculture.
acquisition in Uttar Pradesh is contentious and how
Usefulness of technology mission in agriculture–
not a very speedy process.
3. Ineffective dispute resolution mechanism– Lots of
infrastructure projects are on hold due to litigation
between the executing agencies and the authorities.
Steps taken by Uttar Pradesh government for
infrastructure development–
In any state, infrastructure development depends on
the political will by the state head. So on this line, a lot
of new steps were taken in past.
1. National live stock mission includes selective 1. Uttar Pradesh Defence Corridor was launched by PM
breeding of cows, development of sheds for poultry, Modi in 2018 and has six nodes Aligarh, Agra,
forward linkages for cold storage chains. Kanpur, Chitrakoot, Jhansi and Lucknow.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 201 YCT
2. Ganga Expressway will run parallel to the Ganga Q. 8 : Explain different types and works of
river, covering all the prominent cities in Uttar disaster management.
Pradesh. Ans. : A disaster is defined at a disruption a massive
3. The Purvanchal Expressway is one of the biggest scale, either natural or manmade, occurring in short or
development project in the underdeveloped eastern long period.
UP region. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 defines
4. The Saryu Canal Project is stated to be a solution for Disaster Management as an integrated process of
the problem of floods in certain area of purvanchal by
planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing
linking main and tributory canals to the barranges
measures which are necessary for–
built an rivers Ghaghra, Sanju, Rapti, Banganga and
Rohin.
5. Gorakhpur Fertilizer Factory will provide direct and
indirect employment to 8000 people while bringing
happiness to scores of farmers residing in the district
and the entire purvanchal regions.
Although, if Uttar Pradesh is aiming at world class
infrastructure there are several things that need to
increased attention and encouragement such as industry
and academic partnership.
Q. 7. "Uttar Pradesh has prominent position in
the production of food crops in the country."
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh is an agrarian economy where
47% of population is directly depended on agriculture for
their livelihood. Disaster can be classified into the following
Uttar Pradesh is the top producer of food grain in the categories–
country. It produces all weather crops i.e. (Rabi, Kharif
and Zayed).
"Uttar Pradesh has prominent position in the
production of food crops in the country".
Uttar Pradesh is blessed with the fertile into Gangeti
plains and given the size of the state's geographical area.
It is a significant contributor to the food security of the
nation.
1. About 28% of India's wheat and 12% of rice is
produced by Uttar Pradesh.
2. Sugarcane is also produced in large quantity
accounting for 44% of the country's total production.
3. Gram is the largest growing crop among all cereal
crops in the state. Hamirpur is the largest producer of
gram in the state. Hence, during and immediately after on emergency,
4. Barley is grown best in Sandy and alluvial soils. Uttar disaster management focuses an delivery help and
Pradesh is the second largest producers of barley after interventions that can save lives safeguard health and
Rajasthan. protect building, animals and community property.
5. Maize ranked third in the production of maize in Therefore, it has to be shifted to playing the role of better
India. It is grown in the district like Meerut, synergy in risk management.
Ghaziabad, Gonda, Jaunpur. Q. 9 : What is meant by insurgency? Explain.
Hence, in the financial year 2016-17 food grain Ans. : Insurgency is defined as an act of rebellion
production in the state was 49000 thousand tonnes. Uttar and armed struggle by a section of society with a view to
Pradesh occupies the top position in the production of the overthrow the government and there is public support for
wheat, barley, sugarcane, potato and lentils. the insurgent.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 202 YCT
 There are different reasons for insurgency as Q. 10 : Role of media and social networking is
follows– important in internal security. Analyse.
Ans. : Social media can be defined as any web or
mobile based platform that enables an individual or
agency to communicate interactively where as social
networking is the practice of using a dedicated online
plat from to maintain contact, interact and collaborate
with likeminded individuals, peers, friends and family.
Positive parts of social media and social networking :
1. It has helped to build national consciousness and
unity.
2. It has exposed the loophole & makes the
establishment less susceptible to revolt.
In case of Indian scenario, it can be seen as 3. It has helped in strengthening the composite society
violent protests against Indian Government or of India.
authority. 4. It has helped to vent of social anger and channeling it
1. Sense of isolation, depreciation and exploitation through legal means.
larger distance between North East and Delhi and also Ex. Twitter compaign for SIT investigation in paper-
meager representation of North Eastern States in the leakeges (UP SI).
Lok Sabha. However, there are lot of advantages of social media
2. Demographic changes–The influx of refugees from but social media is also posing threat to internal security
former East Pakistan (Bangladesh) into Assam led to in various ways:
drastic changes in demography.
3. Internal displacement–From 1990 to the start of 2011,
more than 800000 people were forced to flee their
homes during inter ethnic violence in western Assam,
along the border between Assam, Meghalaya and
Tripura.
4. Lack of Economic Development–Government's
economic policies has also filled resentment and
insecurity amongst the people. The development of
North-East has lagged behind there by resulting in
lack of employment opportunities. Different Internal Security threats due to social
5. External Support–There is increasing evidence of media are–
support from external forces in the region. 1. Cyber Terrorism–Youths are especially targeted for
Although, the government has taken steps to propaganda, incitement and recruitment purposes by
control the insurgency as follows terrorist groups.
1. It has enhanced communication, connectivity, 2. Criminal Activity and Money Laundering–It
infrastructure improvement for better integration of creates a threat to a company's security because of
the region. what employees might disclose and they are on prime
2. It has laid stringent law and fast criminal justice targets.
system for quick disposal of cases. 3. Fraud–Social networking sites also invite fraudster to
3. It has evolved greater co-ordination between different take excellent opportunities to become wealthy by
central process and state forces. Ex–SAMADHAN applying deceive schemes.
4. It has increased greater cultural interaction with the 4. International users–The other national and
rest of the country and socio-economic development. international users such as the political parties,
Hence, decentralisation with alertness, improving NGOs, hackers pose a serious threat using social
administrative efficiency, pro-people governance and media.
coping up with regional aspiration need to tackle the Ex–During the civil turmoil in the Arab Spring
insurgency issue in India. Uprising.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 203 YCT
5. Virtual community–Virtual communities are it becomes prohibitive to use, even if the models are
growing increasingly popular all over the world highly accurate.
especially among younger demographics. • There are certain sector specific frameworks that have
6. Hacking–Hackers write or use readymade computer been identified for development and use of AI. In
programs to attack the target computer. finance, SEBI issued a circular in Jan 2019 to Stock
7. Surveillance project–Internet Spy system Network Brokers, Depository Participants, Recognized Stock
and traffic analysis system (NETRA) of India Cyber Exchanges and Depositories.
Attack Crisis Management plan of India. • India currently does not have overarching legislation
Moreover, there are many challenges in monitoring specific to AI. The closest to this is the draft Personal
social media: Data Protection Bill (2019) (PDP) designed as
comprehensive legislation outlining various facets of
privacy protections that AI solutions need to comply
with. It covers limitations on data processing, security
safeguards to protect against data breaches and the
provision of special provisions relating to vulnerable
users such as children.
• Highlighted the need for collaborative research in
Responsible AI. The Government may consider
Therefore, in a globalized society, social media identifying relevant areas for research in responsible
becomes a lethal weapon against the enemy and the AI tools and techniques and incentivise creation and
populace as well. adoption.
Hence the government must keep surveillance/an Therefore, this national policy is based on the
eye on the social media & social networking for fighting underlying principle of ensuring AI systems are designed
with wrong use of its menace along with updating their in a manner that enables fundamental rights.
security apparatus. Q. 12 : What are various types of cyber crimes?
How can you protect yourself against cyber crimes?
SECTION-B Ans. : Cybercrime is criminal activity that either
Q.11 : What is National Policy in India related to targets a computer, a computer network or a networked
Artificial Intelligence? Explain in detail. device. Most, but not all, cybercrime is committed by
Ans. : NSAI (National Strategy for Artificial cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money.
Intelligence) underlines the need for a robust ecosystem Cybercrime is carried out by individuals or
that facilitates cutting edge research to not only solve for organizations.
these societal problems and serve as the test bed of AI Most cybercrime falls under two main categories :
innovations but at the same time enable India to take a • Criminal activity that targets
strategic global leadership by scaling these solutions • Criminal activity that uses computers to commit other
globally. crimes.
• The NSAI (2018) also advocated for managing the AI There are some specific examples of the different
systems responsibly. Around the world, instances of types of cybercrime:
harm caused by deployment of AI systems have been • Email and internet fraud.
realised. • Identity fraud (where personal information is stolen
• Examines the potential risks, followed by a study of and used).
legislative practices and technology approaches of • Theft of financial or card payment data.
managing them and goes on to recommend Principles • Theft and sale of corporate data.
for responsible management of AI systems. The • Cyberextortion (demanding money to prevent a
Principles are expected to safeguard public interest and threatened attack).
also promote innovation through increased trust and • Ransomware attacks (a type of cyber extortion).
increased adoption. • Crypto jacking (where hackers mine cryptocurrency
• It has explored ethical considerations. In cases where using resources they do not own).Cyber espionage
the law requires an explanation of individual decisions, (where hackers access government or company data).
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 204 YCT
You can protect yourself against cybercrime opting protect ourselves as an individual or as a business.
the following ways– Prevention is your best defense against sophisticated cum
Keep software and operating system updated carefully targeted attacks.
Keeping your software and operating system up to Q. 13 : Do you agree with the statement that
date ensures that you benefit from the latest security success of "Make in India" programme depends can
patches to protect your computer. the success of "Skill India" programme and radical
Use anti-virus software and keep it updated labour reforms? Discuss with logical arguments.
Using anti-virus or a comprehensive internet Ans. : Make in India, launched on 25th September,
security solution like Kaspersky. is an initiative of the Government of India to
If you use anti-virus software, make sure you keep it encourage multinational, as well as domestic, companies
updated to get the best level of protection. to manufacture their products in India. Whereas Skill
Use strong passwords India launched in 2015 is an initiative of the
Be sure to use strong passwords that people will not Government of India to train over 40 crore Indians in
guess and do not record them anywhere. different industry related jobs.
Never open attachments in spam emails. The success of the given statement can be accessed in
A classic way that computers get infected by following manner :
malware attacks and other forms of cybercrime is via • Key idea behind Make in India is to attract more
investment and to create employment opportunities.
email attachments in spam emails. Never open an
For this PM is projecting India as land of 3D
attachment from a sender you do not know.
(democracy, demand and demography).
Do not click on links in spam emails or untrusted
• The central problem with scheme is that demography
websites
is not skilled as less than 5% of our potential work
Another way people become victims of cybercrime
force gets formal skill training to be employable.
is by clicking on links in spam emails or other messages,
(While the corresponding figures are 96%, 80% and
or unfamiliar websites. Avoid doing this to stay safe
75% respectively for Korea, Japan and Germany).
online.
• Reason for this is problem with ITI’s, i.e., Poor
Do not give out personal information unless secure
training of trainers. (Training capacity is only 3.1
Never give out personal data over the phone or via
million per annum whereas requirement is to train 13
email unless you are completely sure the line or email is
million), weak institute and industry interaction,
secure. Make certain that you are speaking to the person Curriculum not upgraded, New courses not introduced,
you think you are. Poor infrastructure (laboratories lack modern
Contact companies directly about suspicious requests equipment and testing facilities).
If you get asked for data from a company who has • In this background, government has launched
called you, hang up. Call them back using the number on a National Skill Development Mission to provide skill
their official website to ensure you are speaking to them training to 40.02 crore people by 2022.
and not a cybercriminal. • Another challenge to make in India is problem with
Ideally, use a different phone because labour sector. However there is a significant skill gap
cybercriminals can hold the line open. When you think that needs to be bridged.
you’ve re-dialed, they can pretend to be from the bank or • Most of these labor laws were enacted 40-70 yrs ago
other organization that you think you’re speaking to. and thus are not in tune with present era.
Be mindful of which website URLs you visit • Multiplicity of labor laws (Around 45 labour laws by
Keep an eye on the URLs you are clicking on. center, 100 under state governments) leads to problem
Avoid clicking on links with unfamiliar or spammy of implementation.
looking URLs. • They are very rigid/inflexible. Example- currently,
Keep an eye on your bank statements factories employing 100 workers or more need
Keep an eye on your bank statements and query any approval for layoffs.
unfamiliar transactions with the bank. In this background, central government has taken
Hence, cybercrime is vastly growing in the world of steps like launching of Shram Suvidha Portal, Transparent
technology today.Therefore there is a need to use a Labour Inspection Scheme etc. but these are not radical
multilayer approach and preventive measures (Cyber enough. So it should learn from Rajasthan so as to sort
Swacchta Kendra operated by CERT-In) in order to out the above problems through bold reforms.

UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 205 YCT

 Q. 14 : Examine the impacts of new schemes Many provisions in the budget 2021-22 have also
introduced in the 2021-22 budget of the Uttar been affected from the government's experiences during
Pradesh State Government on the socio-economic the pandemic like the proposal to develop the institute of
system of the State. virology and infectious disease in Lucknow on the lines
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh government's efforts for of the National Institute of Virology in Pune.
doubling the farmers income by 2022 amid a prologed Therefore, all above mentioned schemes in budget
farmer's agitation is likely to get push.
2021-22 to help and support in socio-economic benefits
This would be Uttar Pradesh's first paperless budget
to the people like–
(2021-22) and its size is likely to cross previous year's
Rs. 5.12 lakh crore despite Covid-19 pandemic. U.P.
Government has presented a Rs. 5,50,270.78 crore
budget for the financial year 2021-22.
Budget for 2021-22 financial year, saying the
provisions were aimed at making the state 'atmamirbhar'
or "self-reliant".
• The budget makes a provision of Rs. 101 crore for the
under construction airport in Ayodhya, which will be
named 'Maryada Purushottam Sriram Airport'. It will
generate employment opportunities and push up the
tourism sectors.
• An outlay of Rs. 100 crore has proposed for 'Atma
Nirbhar Ksishak Samanvit Vikas Yojana' for doubling No doubt, Uttar Pradesh is playing critical role in
farmers income. It will give additional economic boosting investment for socio-economic benefits and
benefits to the farmers.
encouraging “One District One Product” for localization.
• The budget has made provisions for women welfare
If it does happen, UP will again get to taste the high
that includes Rs. 100 crore for new scheme
growth rates, provided that these schemes are
'Mukhyamantri Saksham Suraksha Yojana' aiming at
implemented on ground level successfully.
solving the malnutrition problem among women and
Q. 15 : What are the various types of
children. If this problem is resolved, the pocket
expenditure on hospital will get reduced. unemployment? Examine the various steps taken by
Mahila Samarthya Yojana aimed to women the government to overcome the problems of
empowerment as well as Rs. 32 crore for establishing unemployment in India.
'Mahila Shakti Kendras'. Ans. : National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
The budget proposes Rs. 1200 crore for the define unemployment as a situation in which all those
implementation of "Mukhyamantri Kanya Sumangla who owing to lack of work, are not working but seek
Yojana'. work through employment exchanges, intermediaries,
For youth development, the budget makes a friends or relatives. The most frequent measure of
provision for the distribution of tablets to eligible student unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the
under the government's ambitious Mukhyamatri number of unemployed people divided by the number of
Abhyudaya Yojana, for free coaching for competitive
people in the labour force.
exams and for setting up model carrier centers in 12
Types of unemployment in India
other districts. This will give due opportunity to the
marginalised and poor students to explore themselves.
Thus, they will raise their potential for the betterment of
the country. Hence, they will get employment and reduce
their vulnerabilities.
The budget provides Rs. 100 crore for providing
employment and self-employment to migrant workers
under the "Mukhyamantri Pravasishramic Udyamita
Vikas Yojana".
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 206 YCT
Disguised unemployment– Besides these intiatives, various flagship programme
This is a type of unemployment where people of the Government such as Make in India, Start-up India,
employed are more than actually needed. Digital India, Smart City Mission AMRUT, Housing for
Disguised unemployment is generally traced in All, Infrastructure Development and Industrial Corridors
unorganized sectors or the agricultural sectors. are also oriented towards generating employment
Structural unemployment- opportunities.
Unemployment arises when there is a mismatch Q. 16 : Discuss the growth of major industries in
between the worker's skill and availability of jobs in the Uttar Pradesh and also highlights its various
market. challenges.
Seasonal unemployment- Ans. : Uttar Pradesh had shown a rapid
That situation of unemployment when people do not improvement in terms of case of doing business in recent
have work during certain seasons of the year such times. According to the latest Ease of Doing Business
labourers in India rarely have occupation throughout the report Uttar Pradesh was ranked second. Textile, Sugar
year. food processing and cement are the major industries of
Vulnerable unemployment- the states but today states industries also toeing some
People are deemed unemployed under this challenged in their own areas.
unemployment, people are employed but informally i.e. Major Industries of Uttar Pradesh–
without proper job contracts and thus records of their There are different types of industries are working in
work are never maintained. It is one of the main types of the states–
unemployment in India.
Cyclical unemployment-
Unemployment caused due to business cycle, where
the number of unemployed heads rises during recessions
and declines with the growth of the economy.
Steps take to reduce unemployment-
• In 1979 the government launched TRYSEM–Training
of Rural Youth for Self-Employment. The objective of
this scheme was to help unemployed youth of rural
areas aged between 18 and 35 years to acquire skills
1. Sugar Industry–There has been record sugar
for self-employment.
production in Uttar Pradesh in current year 2020-21. It
• Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) has been
led to the state achieving the first position in the sector in
launched with effect from 1st October, 2020 (Part of
the country. Uttar Pradesh above contributes nearly
ABP (3.0)) to incentivise employers for creation of
30.76% in the total sugar produced in India. Major areas
new employment along with social security benefits
are Merrut, Kanpur, Shahjahanpur, Gorakhpur, Deoria,
and restoration of loss of employment during COVID-
Kushinagar, Ghazipur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Ayodhya,
19 pandemic.
Prayagraj, Basti and Bareily. However, this is facing
• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana is being implemented some challenges. Some solution can be taken into
by the Government for facilitating self employment. account to address loopholes.
On 20th June 2020, Government had launched the
Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan of 125 days to boost
employment and livelihood opportunities for returnee
workers and similarly affected persons including youth
in rural areas.
Now a days, the government has put emphasis on
railways, roads, urban transport, power, telecom, textiles
and affordable housing amid continued focus on the
National Infrastructure Pipeline. All these initiatives are
expected to collectively generate employment and boost
out in the medium to long term through multiplier
effects.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 207 YCT
 3. Woolen Clothes Industry–High quality woolen
apparels of Uttar Pradesh, especially Kanpur based Lal
Imli and Dhariwal were in high demand domestically
and intermatically. However, practically the majority of
these mills are either closed or to be sold to private firms.
4. Cement Industry–The cement industry of Uttar
Pradesh is mainly located at Chunar, Mirzapur,
Raebareily, Agra, Prayagraj, Kanpur and Lucknow.
There are some issues like financial support, technology
based industry and back of skilled labour.
5. Leather Industry–Kanpur is well known for its
leather industry. Kanpur alone contributed approximately
2. Cotton Textile Industry–Uttar Pradesh is ranked 20% of the total export of leather and leather product.
4th on cotton textile industry. Maharashtra, Gujarat and This industry also facing many issues like power
Tamil Nadu are ranked first, second and third availability technology based mechanical, skilled worker,
respectively. land allotment etc.
• Textile is the second largest employer in the state after 6. Paper Industry–The first paper mill in Uttar
agriculture. Pradesh was established at Lucknow in 1879. However,
There are some issues which can be addressed with industries are facing many problems like skilled labour,
opting solution– tree availability, lake of market etc.
7. Electronic Industry–The electronic industry is
expanding rapidly in the state. Approximately 65% of the
total mobile phone production in the country is being
done in Uttar Pradesh. Presently, electronics
manufacturing units are limited to Noida, Greater Noida
and Yamuna Expressway in the state. These are many
years are also facing this industry like financial
availability and skilled worker.
The creation of many inventions that improved
manufacturing capabilities of certain industries and
improved the economy of Uttar Pradesh. However, this
also led to a rise in poverty and unemployment as
dependence on manual labour was reduced. So, it need to
be addressed carefully.
Q. 17 : Discuss the impact of lockdown on the
Indian Economy and review the budgetary strategy
for combating the recessionary trends in economy
during this period.
Ans. : India has been hit hard by the Pandemic
severely. As per the official data released by the Ministry
of Statistics and Program implementation, the Indian
economy contracted by 7.3% in April-June quarter of the
year 2021. This is the worst decline over observed since
the ministry had started compiling GDP stats quarterly in
1996.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 208 YCT
 The impact of COVID-19 on Indian economy can
be observed as follows–

As agriculture is the backbone of the country.

However, it has heavily impacted. Online food grocery
platforms were heavily impacted due to unclear
restrictions on movements and stoppage of logistics
vehicles. The rural economy was highly impacted due to
the lockdown as the vegetables are low shelf-life.
Despite all the disruptions caused by the global
Aviation and Tourism were the first industries that
pandemic, India's balance of payments remained in
were hit significantly by the pandemic. The impact went
surplus throughout the last two years. Moreover, India's
on both white and blue collar jobs. However, the
response has been an emphasis on supply side reforms
pandemic has also brought about a wave of innovation in
rather than a total reliance on demand management.
the fields of contactless boarding and travel technologies.
These supply side reforms include deregulation of
The pharmaceutical industry struggled because of
numerous sectors, simplification of process, removal of
the government-imposed bans on the export of critical
legacy like retrospective tax. In addition to this, India's
drugs equipment and PPE kits to ensure sufficient
consumer Price Index inflation stood at 5.6% YoY in
quantities for the country. Though the crude prices
December 2021 which was within the targeted tolerance
dipped in this period, the government increased the
band.
excise and special excise duty to make up for the revenue No doubt, Indian economy was impacted heavily
loss. due to pandemic but Government of India opted to use
School education and official work were severely safety nets for the vulnerable section along with
affected by the lockdown restrictions. However, 'online emphasing on supply-side constraints.
study' and 'work from home' were given as options. Q. 18. Terrorism and corruption hinder the
Increased broadband usage had a direct impact and internal security of any nation. Critically examine.
resulted in pressure on the network. Ans. : Internal security can be defined as the
In view of the scale of disruption caused by the management of security within the border of a country.
pandemic, it is evident that the current down turn is Fighting corruption has become a significant component
fundamentally different from recessions. Keep in view of of the battle against terrorism and organized crimes.
this, the Union Finance Minister announced a slew of Corruption has become the enabler by which groups who
measures to provide relief to diverse sector affected by commit conspiracies on a global scale may threaten
COVID-19 pandemic. internal security with relative impunity.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 209 YCT
 There are different factors responsible for
internal security of any nation :

Cross border terrorism is when the soil of another

country is used to create terror or engage in terrorism
against its measuring countries across the border. India is
a victim of cross border terrorism, whose source is
Pakistan.
Corruption passes a serious threat to internal
security of the state as if destabilizes social evaluation
and has a deleterious effect on the political system,
negatively affecting legislation and the economy in
particular.
Hence, some legislative measures and office are
developed to curtail nip in the bud.

According to the Global Terrorism Index 2019 also Hence, there is a need of establishing the
place India on the 7th rank in terms of most affected mechanisms and measures to develop like–Effective
country by terrorism. grievance redressal mechanism, focusing on economic
Measures to combat terrorism–India has been development, empowering the Narcotics Control Bureau,
consistently working toward fighting the menace of reducing the inequalities along with framing National
terrorism at both global and national front, thus adopting Security Council and Cabinet Committee on security to
certain measures of policy level. combat with internal security disruption.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 210 YCT
 Q. 19 : Discuss the kinds and function of civil • During Kumbh Mela of Prayagraj, civil defence
defence. How much is its effective in Uttar Pradesh? volunteer were roped in for traffic duty.
Explain. At present, there are 1,08,878 civil defence
volunteers in the state.
Ans. : Civil defence or Civil Protection is an effort
to protect the citizens of a state from manmade and Hence, civil defence is the defence of the citizens by
natural disaster. It used the Principles of emergency the citizens.
operation, prevention, mitigation, preparation, response Q. 20 : Describe about cyber Dome. Explain how
or emergency evaluation and recovery. it can be useful in controlling internet crimes in India.
Ans. : Cyber dome Project is conceived by
Technological Research and Development Centre of
Kerala Police as a public-police participation model. It is
aimed at combating emerging cyber threats through
effective policing that will escalate the safety of our
cyberspace.
In the rapidly growing and changing the digital
world, the investigation of cybercrimes and ensuring
cyber security for citizens is one of the most challenging
areas for the Law Enforcement Agencies .
It is a combinational crew of ethical hackers, expert
coders, youth prodigies skilled in software, law
enforcers, and civilian volunteers who huddle behind
flickering computer terminals at the office.
Functions of Civil Defence– It can be useful in controlling internet crimes in
Civil defence reforms many roles with district India as follows:
administration which are following as– • Cyber Dome Project is started to meet the objective of
• To make sure that the public is warned of danger and tackling the long-term security challenges in the digital
provided with instructions on how to avoid hazards. battleground of the modern world by viaduct the gap
• Advice people to protect themselves by either between the latest & sophisticated innovations in
evaluating the area or remain and take shelter. cyberspace and the skill set of Kerala Police.
• Organizing immediate relief to the survivor. • Under the Cyber Dome Project, various activities are
to be performed which will play an important in
• Support emergency services.
controlling crimes in India. Some of them are listed
• Assist in recovery operations.
below.

Uttar Pradesh Civil Defence played the different

role with district administration which are following
as–
• During the recent protest in the state (UP) against the
New Citizenship Law, Civil defence volunteers
assisted their respective district administration in
The good example of its importance can be seen
ensuring that rumours are not spread.
as follows :
• Responsibility to disseminate correct information by
In March 2017, Cyberdome notched up a remarkable
distributing Citizenship (Amendment) Act to peoples. victory when it forewarned the Kerala government of a
• During 2019 Loksabha elections civil defence possible ransom ware attack. In all, they are the first line
volunteers were roped in for voter education and of defense of State law enforcement, against a range of
electoral participation activities in various district of online threats.
the state. Hence, Cyber dome is to provide continuous
• During Covid-19, civil defence volunteers were roped attention that is required to protect sensitive government
in for vaccination process and food distribution. and personal digital assets to safeguard national security.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-III 211 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2021
General Studies : Paper-IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

Q. 1 : Does individual morality have a bearing rules are not followed, then the public life would be
effect on the decision of public life? converted into anarchy because of lack of rules and
Ans. : Reliable moral judgments must be based on regulations.
sound principles that can withstand critical scrutiny and Example–The unethical and immoral behaviour of
rational criticism. Therefore, individual of morality have corrupt officials of Tunisia compelled the public for anti-
a bearing effect on the decision of public life. It can be government protest known as Arab spring. It started in
assayed under following heads– response to corruption.
• Individual factors such as gender, intent, locus of Example–Public office is abused for private gain
control and organization factors affect the decision, when an individual officer/official accept bribes.
taken by the individual. One wrong decision would Hence, individual morality must be grounded in
have serious repercussions over the public at large. human nature emphasizing on the public good adopting
• Morality, rules and virtues provide standards for Nolan principles and an understanding of the public
morally acceptable decisions without prescribing how organizations of which they are members.
we should reach them. Hence, individual of morality Q. 2 : What are the essential virtues which are
has much more effect on the decision of public life. responsible for an ideal human ethical behaviour
• Aristotle says, "Good of society's is greater than good according to Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss.
of individual. We are driven by our conscience to do Ans. : Gandhi known as practical idealist to build a
what is morally right for public life. Without morals strong and moral society. Gandhiji believed that as
there would be no public life. For example–If a human beings, men can never reach the perfection of
complainant came to an officer and makes request for divine virtues. Even so, they should strive with all their
lodging an FIR against the accused, but it is being strength to follow the virtues of truth, love, non-violence,
ignored by the officer. This will impact not only the tolerance, fearlessness charity and service to mankind.
applicant. But also the members of his/her family. The According to Mahatma Gandhi, there are some
family will suffer mental trauma. Along with this cardinal virtues which are responsible for an ideal human
negligence/or unethical individual behaviour, it will ethical behaviour as follows–
encourage the accused to do crime again without any 1. Ahimsa–According to Gandhiji, it is the most
hesitation. important virtue. The moral aspect of ahimsa is nothing
To a great extent individual way of acting, feeling but tolerance and love. The reason of its preference is as
and thinking are controlled by the group. What is follows–
customary becomes the habit of the individual. Morality (a) No virtue can be practiced unless all human
of individual makes us what we are as an individual and beings are allowed to live.
as a society. In order to have a prosperous public life, we (b) All virtual require some amount of self sacrifice
must do what is morally good in any instance. If moral and this is not possible without love.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 212 YCT
 2. Truthfulness– Gandhiji is also aware that in the related to matters such as time limits force the
present day world falsehood appears to be more paying entrepreneurs to overcome the red tapism through
and beneficial. By speaking lies people do get success. bribery. It is the manifestation of corruption in public
Falsehood succeeds only when falsehood presented as domain. These tendencies halt the national development.
the 'Truth'. That shows it is truthfulness and not Lack of political will and resistance within the
falsehood that has the intrinsic power of goodness. bureaucracy has led to failure of major reforms like
Imbibing this, this kind of human behaviour would be a citizen charter, RTI and e-governance.
responsible and ideal human behaviour. With the changing lifestyle, officials are willing to
3. Non-stealing (Asteya)– adopt even the unethical means with no consideration of
There are two meanings of Asteya– others. Moreover, the poor and marginalized due to their
a. Not taking away the other belongings. lack of awareness and high dependence on the state
b. Forbids the keeping or holding of such things becomes the easy target of exploitation by corrupt
which are not needed. officials.
Therefore, to rob one's property is to take away his Therefore, the above observations become the
outer life. Non-stealing is a virtue also because stealing obstruction in the national development.
is not compatible with the highest virtue of love. Remedial measures suggested curbing the
4. Aparigraha (Non-Acceptance)–Non-acceptance corruption–
has a positive significance. This for Gandhi means
contentment being contended with the necessities of life
and not to pine for more. Example–Non-acceptance
curbs the ill practice of bribery.
5. Celibacy (Brahmacharya)–He adds its meaning
more than that (absence from sexual relations) i.e. such
habits which do not allow amorous and undesirable urges
to arise.
Fearlessness–It is the virtue of having moral
courage even in face of adversity and danger. Gandhiji
repeatedly asserts that cowards can never be moral.
In all, there are attributes like honesty, tolerance,
truthfulness, humility etc. make us responsible towards
other which is more important for an ideal human ethical However, the 2nd administrative reform commission
behaviour. suggested some measures to curb the corruption in the
Q. 3 : Corruption causes misuse of government report titled 'Ethics in Governance' should be followed in
treasury, administrative inefficiency and obstruction letter and spirit. Hence it can be said that corruption is an
in national development. Give suggestion for errant and deviant behaviour which should not be
prevention of corruption in public life in the context disincentivize but punished appropriately to achieve the
of the statement given. goal of welfare of nation and national development.
Ans. : Corruption refers to the act of misuse and Q. 4 : Describe the relevance of the following in
abuse of power especially by those in the government for the context of civil services:
personal gains either pecuniary or a favour. (a) Ethical governance
It has been a challenge for administration since (b) Probity in public life
ancient times. Once Kautilya remarked that government Ans. : (a) Ethical governance–Ethical governance
servants being in a position of power would embezzle is formulating implementing and complying with the
some of the amount from government treasury for policies, rules, laws and orders in an organization in such
themselves. a manner that it does not merely concentrate on
The plethora of approvals required to start and run a administrative efficiency but uphold universal values
business with no transparency and legal accountability such as truth, honesty, integrity, dedication to duty etc.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 213 YCT
Relevance of ethical governance in the context of civil
service–

Relevance of probity in public life for civil service–

• It is the societal expectation which the citizens demand
from the government.
Example–M. Vishvesvarya never used his office for
personal favours. He never went late anywhere. The
qualities of having strong moral principles, honesty
and integrity was reflected in every sphere of his
activities.
• It makes civil servants to take decision concerned with
procedures, processes, systems rather than outcomes.
• It will infuse values of equity justice human rights,
Ethical governance becomes important for ensuring–
gender equality and compassion in civil servants to
• Social justice–Constitution of India envisages social serve public at large.
justice for the people of India thus it ensures that • It will maintain public trust in the administrative
inequalities are reduced in the country. decision making process.
• Upholding basic human rights–Ethical governance • It will be helpful to avoid potential for fraud,
corruption and misconduct.
based on atriums and welfare ensures that citizens are
Therefore, probity in public life grooms the civil
given basic right. servants to serve the public for the welfares.
Example–National Food Security Act ensures that Q. 5 : A peaceful protest was being carried out by
poor section of the society gets their right to food. a group of milk traders. The Superintendent of Police
• Upholding universal value system and efficiency instructs the Police Official to prevent the group from
committing any type of violence. He, however tells
Ethical governance is based on objectivity and fairness
them to 'teach them a lesson', if situation warrants. A
absorbs the pressure of nepotism and extending Police Official on duty indulges into an argument
favours in the governance. with a protestor and beats him up. When inquired
Example–It reduces the chances corruption in the about his action, he says that he was told to teach
them by the Superintendent of Police. Give you
governance.
comment on ethical behaviour of both the
• Compassion–Ethical governance based on Superintendent of Police and the Police Official in the
compassion would lead the civil servant to ensure the light of above mentioned incident.
public money spent for the purpose. Ans. :
Example–Affordable rental housing scheme by Ethical Mapping/Decision Premises
government ensures housing for migrant workers at • Law and order Vs. Ethical issue
affordable cost. • Lack of adherence to Central Civil Services
Conduct Rules, 1964
(b) Probity in public life–Probity literally means
• Casualness and Indiscipline
"the quality of having strong moral principles, honesty
• Dereliction of duty
and decency". • Objectivity and courage of conviction
In public life, probity espouses the principles of • Role of civil servant in democratic political set
equality before law and respect for the rights and duties up
towards citizens. • Issue of accountability and moral conduct.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 214 YCT
 In the given case study, the ethical behaviour of emotional intelligence, empathy, compassion,
both the Superintendent of police and the police and leadership which are very vital for social development.
the police official can be accessed as follows– Example–Traditional values are inculcated
As an officer (civil servants), he should follow the historically.
order of superior (S.P.) without questioning them. This is While the importance of aptitude also needs to be
because of discipline and efficiency (to maintain law and emphasized. Attitude alone is not sufficient, one must
order). However, as an officer, he should not merely be certain that he has learned the required skills.
follow superior order without questioning in certain • Many opportunities are lost and forfeited because of
situations such as– attitude than from any other can make a student fail in
• If the order is manifestly unconstitutional or illegal an exam but never give up attitude can make him
• When police official knows that the order/action will successful.
result into negative consequences he/she/officer should • Attitude is the key to success because it can push one
politely ask the reasons of the orders by explaining forward or slow you down. Whereas, in a constantly
reasons. changing work environment, aptitude is crucial if one
• If conscience of the officer is not allowing taking wants to succeed. If you have the potential to learn
action as the order was prima-facie unethical to treat new skills and develop them over a time success will
the protestor (group of milk traders), the office should not so far. For example–M.S. Dhoni is able to take
have refrained from the order. Hence, the officer leadership in any format or team because of his right
should have committed to constitutional values and attitude of remaining patient and supportive towards
public interest as doing protest is the right of the his team mates with having great aptitude of cricket.
citizen. Thus, there is a need of a balanced approach. Both
• If a protestor misbehaves with the officer or is attitude and aptitude are important and emphasizing one
violating the law and order or committing any type of over the other has definite drawbacks.
violence, the police officer should have taken legal and Q. 7 : Define empathy and discuss the role of
stringent actions as per the law of land in place of empathy in solving problems of weaker section.
beating him. Ans. : Empathy is the ability to understand the
• Last but not the least, the police official taught the other's feeling or understanding the circumstances of
lesson as per case study. He should take responsibility other people. It is the cornerstone of moral and vibrant
morally on his own part in place of avoiding his own society.
responsibility naming the statement given by the S.P. In a bureaucratic administration which is driven by
Therefore, the official is shirking work from the duty. rules and often blamed to be rigid, empathy is a tool
Hence, laws conduct rules and conscience which would increase flexibility. For example–Tribes
constitutional provision; act as a source of ethical have certain customary values which are contradictory to
guidance for police official in deciding whether to follow the rules of government. Here, empathy in public
superior order. services would act as saviour for tribal population.
Q. 6 : Define attitude in historical perspective Role of empathy in solving problems of weaker section :
and discuss the relationship between aptitude and • With emotional empathy, you actually experience a
attitude. weaker degree of what somebody else feels. It helps in
Ans. : Attitudes are views, beliefs or evaluations of synchronization to attain the results in order to
people about something. The attitude object can be a beneficial of scheme.
person, place, thing, ideology or an event. Attitudes can • An empathetic civil servant would understand the
be positive or negative. grievances of poor who approach him and take action
Example–I hate men with long moustache. accordingly. The reason is that empathy is putting
In the above example, the person is having a yourself in someone else's position and feeling what
negative attitude towards men who grow long they must be feeling.
moustache. • Weaker sections are groups of people who suffer from
• Attitude often takes precedence because the right some disability due to social biological (eg. sex)
attitude helps in influencing others aspect like physical and other such factors.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 215 YCT
• Women, scheduled castes and tribals, transgender, 2. It promotes empathy, tolerance and compassion to
divyangjan etc. come under weaker section. These weaker section and minority in the society.
sections that experience a relative weakness in terms Ex–'A road' built in Manipur by young IAS officer
of their ability to access their rights and entitlements. with his save money to help the people at large.
Hence to empathy here plays an important role to solve 3. It brings dedication to public service and reduce
their problems of their fear and apprehension and corruption and bring accountability in the
unspoken pain. administration. Ex–Some brave officers who fought
• Empathetic civil servants are sensitive towards the against mining mafia in UP and NHAI scam in
problems of weaker section. As civil servants are often Gujarat.
accused of bureaucratic apathy. It is the basis of the social skills of administrators
• Empathy motivates the government servants to that contribute to organizational effectiveness.
perform duty with utmost dedication. For example–P. • It involves recognizing various aspects of your feelings
Narhari, officer of Madhya Pradesh was able to create and emotions of self-awareness, self-regulation,
a Disabled friendly infrastructure in the district. motivation empathy and social skills. However, the
• It will spur in the implementation of the schemes that five elements of emotional intelligence positively
can be synchronized with bringing solutions to the affect administrative practices as follows:
problems of vulnerable sections.
For example–Vikranta Raja, officer of Kavaik
district used MGNREGA to rejuvenate the water bodies
which was a drought affected area. It helped farmers in
restarting agricultural activities and getting their
livelihoods back.
In a nutshell, empathetic attitude creates
opportunities amidst challenges. It also helps in creating
an ecosystem of grievance redressal mechanisms which
are rebust and simpler in solving the problems of the
weaker sections.
Q. 8 : "Emotional intelligence is very important
in effective administrative practices." Throw light on
Hence, the above observations highlight the
this statement.
importance of emotional intelligence in effective
Ans. : Emotional intelligence is the ability to
administration. Therefore, it is true that
understand and manage emotions effectively. No doubt,
knowledge with intelligence are needed to make
it is very important in effective administration practices
'right decision' in administration but applying
because emotionally intelligent administrator is more
emotional intelligence in administrative practices,
likely to successfully manage many relationships in a
crisis. one can achieve best results along with common
For example–It is easier for those administrators good.
who can connect on a deeper level via EQ. Q. 9 : How can tolerance and compassion be
Administrators with high EQ know themselves. They can fostered among civil servants? Give your opinion.
effectively self-regulate and self-motivate through a Ans. : Tolerance is respect, acceptance and
difficult uncertain time. appreciation for those whose opinions, practices,
Emotional intelligence (EI) in the administration nationality race, religion where as compassion is
domain is practices in the following ways that is very understanding or empathy for the suffering of others.
important. Tolerance and compassion are a desired value in
1. EI can be applied to enhance integrity impartiality every civil servant because it celebrates democracy,
and non partisanship. Ex–Fast reimbursement of promotes diversity upholds human rights and creates
pension to elders/widows, crop insurance to farmers. lasting peace.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 216 YCT
 Tolerance and compassion can be fostered among Moreover, it provides information and advice
civil servants in following ways– including advice to anyone/administrator on the basis of
1. Good and strong work culture could promote strong the evidence, takes decisions on the merits of the case.
values. Therefore tolerant and compassionate attitude Where as dedication is an important personality
can be generated. characteristic of an individual. It is the quality of being
2. It can be developed through regular ethical auditing. dedicated or committed to a task or purpose, thought or
3. It can be fostered by knowledge, openness, action. It can also be said to be commitment with
communication and freedom of thought, conscience passion. It has emotion attached with it.
and belief. For example–MG Rajmanikyam carried rice sacks
4. Tolerance can be instilled among the civil servants by on his shoulder without hesitation during Kerala flood.
teach them high ideal of secularism enshrined in the Kannan Gopinathan did extraordinary work during
constitution, thereby promoting fraternity and Kerala flood.
(ii) Attitudes are views, beliefs or evaluations of
harmony among all.
people about something. The attitude object can be a
5. Preventing tendency of intimidation coercion,
person, ideology even or thing. It can be positive or
oppression etc. For example–The tolerance of Dr.
negative.
APJ Abdul Kalam towards different sections of
For example–I hate boys with long hair. In the
society was transformed into love so much that he
above example, the person is having a negative attitude
was called 'People's President'.
towards boys who grow long hair.
6. To applaud example of exemplary behaviour of
Hence, attitudes are often the result of social
compassion. For example–Compassion of civil influence, experience or upbringing.
servants in handling citizens and societal fabric Second and Backman point out those attitudes are
together during COVID-19 is exemplary. comprised of three components–
For example–Compassion and tolerance of 1. An effective component–It reflects the person's
Mohandas Gandhi was the defining feature that feelings about or valuing of the object.
strengthened his resolve to use Ahimsa and 2. A behaviroural component–It is sometimes called the
Satyagrahaas means to attain Swaraj. conative aspect, how the person behaves towards the
• By giving examples among them and appreciate with object.
whole heartedly. 3. A cognitive component–It is the beliefs about the
Example–A civil servant from Kozhikode started the attitude object.
"Compassionate Kozhikode" and "Compassionate Functions of attitudes–
Keralam" winning the trust and volunteer help from Katz suggests that every attitude serves at least
the locals to successfully clean ponds, feed the hungry one of four functions–
help and improving lives after the recent floods and 1. Adaptive–The attitude helps us to avoid unpleasant
involving youth for the betterment of the society. This things and obtain.
appreciation would attract them to be compassionate 2. Knowledge–The attitude helps us to understand the
for the public at large. otherwise overwhelming amount of information in
Q. 10 : Differentiate between : the world. They are short-cuts, helping us to simplify
our perceptions of the world so that it becomes more
(i) Objectivity and dedication.
manageable, predictable and safer.
(ii) Structure and functions of attitudes.
3. Self-expressive–Attitudes help us to relate to
Ans. :
ourselves and to others, presenting a fairly unified
(i) Objectivity is a concept of having reason which is
image with which others can interact and which help
devoid of individual preferences, emotions and opinions.
to establish our identity for ourselves and for others.
In other words, objectivity means taking decisions based
4. Ego-defensive–Attitudes help to protect us from
upon established facts and figures. ourselves from others to explain why we have done
For example–Preparing a statistical analysis on something that could be seen as undesirable.
poverty in India by Tendulkar Committee based on For example–Your racist friend may be unable to
basket of items and certain parameters and drawing accept his or her own hostile feelings and so blame
conclusions based on it, is objective evaluation of the object of the racism instead for the feelings (ego-
poverty. defensive).
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 217 YCT
 SECTION-B Ex–Self imposed rules to help maintain order and
harmony.
Q. 11 : What are the traditional values in Indian Some traditional values stems from religious ideas
society? How does it differ from modern values? such as 'Karma and Samskara' whereas modesty and
Explain. conservativeness are noticeable in people's behaviour
Ans. : India is home to over a billion people, and dress. However, traditional values in Indian society
accommodating incredible cultural diversity between are changing under the influence of technological,
languages, geographic regions, religious traditions and political and economic forces in modern times. The
social stratification. forces of modernization have altered the balance of
Traditional values are the values that are common to Indian traditional social values as follows–
all traditions that have thrived as man has thrived. Traditional values stress on–
The traditional values in Indian society are as Collectivism, Submissive self-restriction, Preservation
follows–
of traditional practices, Protection of ethnic practices,
Harmony through stability, Modern values stress on
Traditional values in Indian society is characterized
by–
Ritual, Custom, Collectivity, Community ownership,
Status quo and continuity, Mythical thought.
Modern values in Indian society is characterized by–
Rise of science, Emphasis on reason and rationality,
Belief in progress with the passage of time. Different
type of adaptability.
Ex–Acceptance of LGBT (transgender), The decline
of religion and rise of a secular materialistic culture, the
decline of social order based on simple division of labour
(vision of labour based on specialisation).
Despite various differences, Indian society have
managed the values in a cheerful cooperative and
innovative manner celebrating adaptability.
The above mentioned values have been part of our Q. 12 : What are the ethical perversions of
traditional value system since time immemorial. private section? Describe the three options of ethical
Broadly, the ethnicities of India can be broken down life.
in two group namely–Indo Aryan and Dravidian. Both Ans. : Ethical perversion refers to the disavowal and
have different languages. For example–Aryan subjugation of established ethical truths. It is often seen
languages–Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, Odia and Dravidian in private sector.
languages–Tamil, Kannada, Telugu etc. It is the Waning ethics in private sector is not just a moral
important traditional source of identity. Partition reflects problem but the practices which are without integrity.
the complexities in Indian identity with respect to The ethical perversions of private sector are as follows–
religion. Every religion follow their own tradition values. 1. Unethical practices that are bribe and corruption
Ex–Prayer pattern and celebration of festivals. The occur widely in private sector.
caste system is an ancient institution that is known as 2. Red-tapism and the inconsistent and arbitrary
'Varna system'. This traditional varna system was viewed manner in which our governments have administered
by some members of society as the ideal social structure. taxes and investment rules and regulations.
Indians generally place a high value on harmony and 3. Lobbying and campaign financing are also the
unity with others, keeping a strong nexus with others, ethical perversions of private sector.
keeping a strong nexus with their community and 4. The morals of white collar employees are
relatives. increasingly no better than business people.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 218 YCT
5. The professional ethics of large swathes of the legal Q. 13 : Is change in work–Culture necessary for
and financial communities is compromised. providing quality service delivery in present
6. Economic and individual causes of corruption can administrative structure? Answer with arguments.
lead to the development a corporate culture of Ans. : The key to a successful organization is to
corruption. have a culture based on strongly held and widely shared
set of beliefs that are supported by strategy and structure.
7. Due to multiplicity of factors such as competition
• To avoid leakages infusing e-governance.
and grow orientation complicated leadership
• To improve moral of employees and commitment
structures and high levels of autonomy and discretion
towards the organizational rules and regulations.
paved the way for unethical practices in private
• For collective discussion among employees which
sector.
leads.
8. Personal gain is also one of the most frequent cause Anything and everything we do, must be done with a
of public sector corruption. Where they have commitment to meet and exceed the expectations of the
occurred liberalization and deregulation have fostered public.
a market driven by intense competition, leading For example– By encouraging customer feedback
companies to engage in corruption to maximize or citizen feedback we need to have means for our
efficiency and safeguard development and conquer citizens to tell us what they want and why they want it.
new markets. We then need to able to digest that information and being
As the trust in public sector erodes, the cost of doing implementing appropriate changes to help us to meet the
business will soar, affecting India's competitiveness and citizens expectations.
Currently government sectors are facing
attractiveness as an investment destination.
transformational change involving the emerging
Unfortunately, stricter rules and regulation and better
importance of quality development worldwide.
policing of business are no solution for ethical
Therefore, changes have become necessary for
perversions. Hence, no amount of compliance and providing quality service delivery in present
governance can substitute for sound moral fibre. administrative structure. The reasons are as follows–
Three options of ethical life are as follows– • There is a significant relationship between rankings of
satisfaction with public service delivery by district for
all service categories.
• It is important for public service delivery to improve a
citizen's self confidence. For example–e-governance
in India by improvising the service delivery and
enhancing quality and performance.
• Performance Appraisal System is a good strategy that
has been implemented to ensure the quality as it moves
faster in the working environment.
Example–Mission karmyogi is a new experiment of its
kind in the direction of capacity building. Through this
Utilitarian ethics compel us to be ethical in life mission, the government employees have to modernize
their thinking, approach and improve their skill set. No
because it makes a decision based on what will benefit
doubt it will reform the administrative structure.
the majority.
• With the pandemic's honeymoon period for trust in
Deontological ethics makes us ethical life intact
authority being over delivering complex public health
because it identifies one's duty and acting accordingly. messages and maintaining confidence in significant
Whereas virtue ethics helps us to take a decision in decisions and request becomes crucial. The
light of the favoured virtues for public at large. administrative authority must be vigilant in
Hence, the above mentioned virtues and options of maintaining the asset that is public trust and
ethical life, will deter/wipe out the perversion spreading confidence. The Nolan Principles offer to maintain
in private sector. quality service delivery through–

UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 219 YCT

 public officials in the modern welfare states. It is to
be noted that the courts cannot interfere in the
administrative activities of their own accord.
However, judicial intervention in administrative
activities is confined to the cases like lack of jurisdiction,
; error of law, error of fact, error of procedure and abuse
of authority. Hence the rights of the individual as well as
public at large could not be abrogated as a result of some
quoted actions of the public official.
Forms of Judicial Control over public
Administration–

Therefore, citizen oriented work culture giving high

quality services delivery by eliminating defects and
incorporating continuous changes and improvements in
the system is the need of hour in the present These writs are as follows–
administrative structure. Habeaus Corpus–This writ is issued by the court
Q. 14 : Is judicial control necessary in public against a person who had detained another to produce the
Administration? Explain the various possible forms latter before the court and submit to its orders.
of judicial control over the Public Administration.
Mandamus–If a public official fails to perform an
Ans. : Today administration is not concerned with
act which is a part of his public duty and thereby violates
only pure administrative function but also involved with
the right of an individual he/she will be commanded to
a large number of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial
perform the act through this writ.
functions. In this respect, they have a number of chances
Prohibition–It is a judicial writ issued by a superior
to become arbitrary or master of the citizens.
court to an inferior court, preventing it from usurping
Therefore, judicial control is very necessary in
jurisdiction.
public administration because of the following reasons–
1. By judicial control is meant the power of the courts to Certiorari–It is issued by a superior court for
examine the legality of the officials and thereby to transferring the records of proceedings of a case from an
safeguard the fundamental and other essential rights inferior court or quasi-judicial authority to the superior
of the citizens. court for determining the legality of the proceedings.
2. The underlying object of judicial review is to ensure Quo-Warranto–When any person acts in a 'public
that the authority does not abuse its power and the office' in which he/she is not entitled to act, the court by
individual receives just and fair treatment. Along with the issue of this writ, will enquire into the legality of the
it is not to ensure that the authority reaches a claim of the person to that office.
conclusion which is correct in the eye of law but just However, the effectiveness of judicial control over
and fair treatment intact. administration is limited by various factors such as
3. The role of judiciary in protecting the citizens against unmanageable volume of work. Yet the control
the excesses of officials has become more important exercised by the courts is a surveillance to keep the
with the increase in the powers and discretion of the administrative acts within the limits of law.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 220 YCT
• The judicial review implies the power of the court to • Empathy and individual conscience
examine the legality and constitutionality of • Human values such as human dignity respect and
administrative acts of officials and also the executive compassion
orders and the legislative enactments. This is very • Indian traditional norms and values
important method of judicial control. • Subtle exploitation of the orphan child in the name of
Example–Judicial Review is governed by the principle livelihood, cost saving and services.
of 'Procedure established by law' as given in Article 21 However, the decision taken by Ram Murti can be
of the Indian Constitution. assayed as follows–
• In India, civil proceedings can be instituted against a Decision as per case Action details of Ram
public official for anything done in his official Murti (Analysis)
capacity after giving two months notice where as the Positive–Knowing the
criminal proceedings are to be instituted against an age of child and
official for the acts done in his official capacity, situation, he took one of
previous sanctions of the Head of State the best decision
(President/Governor) is required. because–
In addition to this, there are several writs which are (1) The orphan child
available under the provisions of the constitution in India will be saved from the
while the Supreme Court is empowered to issue these child labor or other
writs only for the enforcement of fundamental rights, the criminal indulgence due
High Courts are empowered to issue these writs not only to scarcity of money.
for the enforcement of fundamental rights but also for (2) The orphan child
other rights. would brought up in
Q. 15 : Ram Murti is a Government servant and • Decision of bringing family. He would be
lives with his old aged parents in Indore. One day the orphan at his home. able to get love from
the old-aged parents as
during a field-visit he meets a 11 year old orphan boy.
a father-son
He was in a miserable condition and homeless, with
relationship.
no one to take care of him. Ram Murti brings the boy
Negative–As he agreed
to home and proposes him that if he takes care of his
to give them money in
aged parents, he will give him daily wage according to
lieu of services given to
his needs and will arrange for his education too.
the old-aged parents, is
Evaluate Ram Murti is conduct from ethical
a matter of concern - a
perspective.
serious exploitation in
Ans. : In the given case, the stakeholders are Ram
the name of livelihood
Murti (a government servant), old aged parents and an child labour and against
orphan boy. the code of conduct.
Evaluation of the conduct of Ram Murthi from
ethical perspective– However, there is a ethical dilemma, that if Ram
Murti goes directly as per law then livelihood of the
As a government servant, he comes across such
child, upbringing in the family's environment, taking care
situation as follows–
of his old aged parents (as none is at his home to take
• Fighting against child labour
care his parent) get affected.
• Livelihood and social justice.
It was one of the his course of actions to send that
• Individual interest and social justice boy in orphanage. However, his action is upto the mark
• Civil services code of conduct and code of ethics. as the orphan boy will get affection from the old-aged
• Leadership and collective responsibility (pioneer parents and proper education in the amicable
desire) environment compassionately.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 221 YCT
 Q. 16 : What do you understand by moral and ways. Practices such as early marriage, sexual
political attitude of human? How will you justify harassment can lead to girls leaving their studies early.
these in the present political scenario? As per UNICEF report, it was said that the rigidity
Ans. : Moral attitudes are grounded in moral beliefs towards the gender (female) have an impact on overall
of "Right" and "Wrong" action. It is stronger than moral development.
principles. For example–Family, society, religion and Root causes of gender related negative attitude
education play important role in framing those moral are as follows–
convictions. 1. Discriminatory Family Code–Formal and informal
A person who is tied up with strong emotions will be laws, social norms and practices that restrict women
able to overcome the challenges. Moral attitude prevents and girls. Ex-Son preferences over daughter.
deviant behaviours among normal folks due to fear of 2. Restricted Resources and Entitlements–The social
social osctricization. Example–Child molestation, Incest. institutions that restrict women's access to control of
Whereas political attitude are those directed towards an entitlement over economic and natural resources.
political objects such as political candidates, political
For example–Access to land, Access to credit,
issues, political parties and political institutions. Certain
Access to property other than land.
personality traits influence our political leanings and
3. Restricted Physical Integrity–The social institutions
orientation.
that limit and restrict women and girls control over
Justification of moral and political attitude of
their bodies. Ex–Violence against women laws,
human in the present politician scenario is as follows–
attitudes and prevalence, reproductive integrity.
1. Religion shapes a person's moral attitude. Example–
4. Son Bias–The social institutions that foster intra-
Christianity defines marriage as a union between man
household bias towards sons and the devaluation of
and a woman. Therefore, a devout Christian will
oppose same-sex marriage. daughters. Ex-Fertility preferences.
Moral attitude will predict political attitude.
Example–Devout Christian more likely to vote for
Republican party in USA.
2. Poor people will allign towards socialist ideology. He
will vote for a party promising to get food, fertilizer
and kerosene subsidy. Example–In India, many
political parties announce freebies. This changes the
moral attitude of the individual towards vested
interest.
3. Children are more likely to espouse the political
For instance–Discrimination against women in the
ideology of their parents. Example–Family.
Muzaffarnagar riots were a result of a viral video family and household limits their decision-making ability
about eve-teasing. Here, moral attitude regarding dignity regarding the health, education and welfare of their
of women and religious scenario cum politics created a children resulting in negative inter-generational effect of
deadly stew. poor educational attainment along with over development.
Therefore, political on positive side can lead to Hence to address to full complexity of gender
showing zero tolerance towards corruption, pro poor, related negative attitude the development should take a
welfare for weaker sections but on negative side political holistic approach. The development agenda should
attitude can take shape immoral and unethical means include the dimensions of gender inequality that were
such as regionalism, communalising public to polarise over looked by the MDG framework such as violence
them during election. against women, women's status and role in the family
Q. 17 : Discuss the root causes of gender related and women's access to and control over assets. But
negative attitude. Why is it so rigid? recently, SDG-5 of United Nation's are well equipped
Ans. : Discriminatory social institutions can with to address this negative attitude towards women in
negatively influence education attainment in several recent case beating the patriarchy.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 222 YCT
5. Restricted Civil Liberties–The social institutions Contrasting attitude about caste system have become
that restricted women's access to, participation and a norm. These social problems can be seen in form of as
voice in the public and social spheres. follows–
Example–Limited access to public space, limited 1. Not accepting intercaste marriages leading to honour
political voice. killing.
Moreover, there are some regional differences in 2. Taking stand for equality but not allowing own
discriminatory social institutions. Ex–We get to see children to sit and dine with lower caste people.
attitudinal differences related to women in Kerala and 3. Promoting same caste people in your influence area.
Bihar. We can see the gender related negative attitude in Example–Giving promotion based on caste than on
the three economic sectors of agriculture industry and merit.
services across India. Values are inculcated through socialisation. It is
Q. 18 : Discuss the factors which influence the developed through education either in school or peer
formation of individual's attitude towards social groups. Through education, person is able to understand
problems with the help of suitable examples. the world and tries to find solution from them. People are
Ans. : Attitude is the evaluation of a particular influenced by their peer groups.
object which can be a physical object, idea or ideology. However, after the advent of globalisation,
There are many factors which influence the formation of individual attitude changed but incompletely.
individuals attitude towards social problem as follows– For example–The younger generation does not
adhere to caste-based structure of society and this can be
particularly seen in urban areas. But the younger
generation of rural areas (stereotypes) are quite serious
about caste-based structure due to close vicinity of elders
or lack of education.
As, it is evident from the above quoted examples,
attitudes have a valance and they affect our behaviour or
such attitudes need to be changed to ensure the
'egalitarian interface' envisioned as constitutional values.
Q. 19 : "Today objectivity and dedication is the
need of the hour in civil services."– Justify the
statement.
A person who first experience of the world is his Ans. : Objectivity and dedication is considered as
family. It contributes a lot towards developing a lot the foundational values for civil services.
towards developing his mindset on any issue. It is the need of the hour to serve the public at large.
For example–A child is learned socialisation from Its importance can be taken into account with
parents and his/her family. following reasons–
• A person who has faced racism in his life develops a Objectivity is considered one of the most
negative attitude towards it. fundamental values in governance because it helps the
Example–Mahatma Gandhi evicted from train by a public authorities (civil servants etc.) to make correct
white man stand against apartheid policies. decision on the merit of evidence. It compliments several
• Our society does exhibit contrasting attitudes towards other values such as–Empathy, Integrity, Impartiality,
the complex system in India. Non-partisanship, tolerance, compassion in governance.
Contrasting attitudes have been observed regarding Therefore, governance decisions are to be taken based on
social problems. merit and after rigorous analysis of evidence. Objectivity
Example–Keshub Chandra Sen was a active reformer in civil services enhances professionalism, improve
against child marriage but he married his daughter public service delivery. It also increases resource
below marriageable age. utilization efficiency.
UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 223 YCT
 It checks the corruption to overcome biases to hospital and due to excessive bleeding, he died. If
favouritism and helps in the management of conflict of you were in place of Rajeev, what would you have
interest. done for driver's irresponsible driving? often people
Example–(1) Rescuring vulnerable people at the show indifferent or passive attitude towards such
time of disaster. road accidents and accident victims. Discuss its
(2) Convincing slum dwellers near chemical causes and suggest the remedies.
industries to relocate based on threat to their lives. Ans. :
Last but not least, it helps in maintaining Ethical Mapping/Decision Premises
situational awareness while discharging duties. • Civic sense and civic duties
Example–During communal riots and maintaining law • Lack of respect to life of people
and order. • Lack of respect to law of land (rule of law)
Dedication is the quality of being dedicated or • Dignity and respect of the individual
committed to a task, thought or action. It can also be said • Issues of inferiority complex
to be the commitment with passion.
• Conscience (internal), self check, self
Here dedication to public service refers to keeping accountability, inner voice, responsible
public good above all and working for it even in adverse behaviour v. laws/rules/regulation (external).
situation.
In the given case study, there are some decision
For example–M.G. Rajamanikyan carried rick
premises as follows–
sacks on his shoulder without hesitation during Kerala
If I were in place of Rajeev, my course of actions
flood.
would be as follows–
Moreover, civil service is a body of government 1. I will simply note down the car's number and lodge an
officials who are employed in civil occupations that are FIR in the nearest police station against the driver's
neither political nor judicial. Civil servants run the irresponsible behaviour.
administrative machinery of the country collectively and 2. As we know, individuals are outraged in critical
with a dedication to serve the citizens. If it does so, they situation; I would have controlled over my
will serve its purpose. uncontrolled negative emotions and get saved from
Now days, corruption is at peak. Sometimes civil the unethical tone like abuses.
servants take decision based on perception emotions or The reason behind the passive attitude towards
imaginations. This type of decision making processes such road accidents and accident victims because of
affect large number of people. Hence, civil services following enumerated causes.
aspire to be complete objective and dedicative while 1. Fear of police harassment
taking decisions or delivering services. 2. Police detained them at the police station and calls
Example–For appointment of computer operator is them again and again
office of civil servants, he/she should be objective while 3. People avoid helping as they do not want to be a
recruitment. It means he/she must not favour his/her kith party in the given case (Sucked into long judicial
and kins. processes).
However, objectivity and dedication are very Remedies of passive attitude towards such road
important especially country like India. There are many accidents–
internal and external factors which will force the civil 1. There should be a provision of the protection of good
servants to deviate from the goal or serving the public at Samaritans.
large. Under such condition, it is the objectivity and 2. Awareness is spread about the directive of the
dedication towards the public and constitution as well as honourable Supreme Court not to annoy/discourage
towards the policies, check the public wrong. the good samaritans for his mere help.
Q. 20 : Rajeev was a migrant labour. One day 3. It is not only about the people but also the
when he was going on the road by his bicycle a car enforcement agencies (quick and smart action by the
pushed his bicycle. Rajeev dragged the driver out of police officials) then the things will change.
car and began abusing him. The driver took out a However, the police do record of the witness
knife and after stabbing him three-four times he fled statement check his background as it is part of procedure
away from the spot. Onlookers delayed rush Rajeev not to harass or making them scapegoat.

UPPCS Mains 2021 GS Paper-IV 224 YCT

 Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie Éeje DeeÙeesefpele heer.meer.Sme cegKÙe hejer#ee, 2022

meeceevÙe efnvoer
efveOee&efjle meceÙe : leerve Iebšs DeefOekeâlece Debkeâ : 150
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

veesš : (i) meYeer ØeMve DeefveJeeÙe& nQ~

(ii) ØelÙeskeâ ØeMve kesâ Deble ceW efveOee&efjle Debkeâ Debefkeâle nQ~
(iii) he$e, ØeeLe&vee-he$e Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe ØeMve kesâ Gòej kesâ meeLe Dehevee DeLeJee DevÙe efkeâmeer keâe veece, helee SJeb Deveg›eâceebkeâ ve
efueKeW~ DeeJeMÙekeâ nesves hej keâ, Ke, ie GuuesKe keâj mekeâles nQ~

1. efvecveefueefKele iebÅeeMe keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S Deewj veerÛes Gòej- (keâ)

efueKes ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS~ peerJeve keâes Gmekeâer --------- henÛeeve Kees os~
peerJeve keâes Gmekeâer mece«elee ceW meesÛevee Deewj peerJeve keâes Skeâ ]Keeme YeeJeeLe&-
Fjeos mes meesÛevee oes Deueie lejn keâer lewÙeeefjÙeeB nQ Deewj Fme ceeves ceW meeefnlÙekeâej Yee<ee keâes meYeer mJeeLeeX Deewj efJemebieefleÙeeW mes yeÛeeles ngS
meeefnlÙe peye Yeer jepeveerefle keâer lejn Yee<ee keâe Skeâlejheâe Ùee Fkeânje Gmes Gmekeâer Meefòeâ kesâ ™he ceW mLeeefhele keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ meeefnlÙe cee$e
Fmlesceeue keâjlee nw, lees Jen Deheveer cetue Meefòeâ keâes meerefcele Ùee kegbâef"le jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee veneR nw, yeefukeâ jepeveerefle meeefnlÙe mes Yee<ee keâer ceeBie
keâjlee nw~ jepeveerefle kesâ cegneJejs ceW yeesueles meceÙe nce Skeâ Ssmes Jeie& keâer keâjs Ùen DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ jepeveerefle Yee<ee keâe Skeâebieer ØeÙeesie keâjleer nw,
Yee<ee yeesue jns nesles nQ efpemekesâ efueS Yee<ee ØecegKe Ûeer]pe veneR nw, Jen Gmes Yee<ee kesâ DeLe& ieecYeerÙe& mes keâesF& celeueye veneR nw~ jepeveerefle kesâ efueS
Yee<ee keâe otmejs Ùee leermejs opex keâe Fmlesceeue nw : Jen Skeâ Keeme Yee<ee efmehe&â mJeeLe& hetefle& keâe ceeOÙece nw~ meeefneflÙekeâ Yee<ee keâe meeceLÙe&
cekeâmeo lekeâ hengBÛeves keâe meeOeve cee$e nw~ Gmes Yee<ee keâer meeceLÙe&, jepeveereflekeâ Yee<ee efveOee&efjle veneR keâj mekeâleer nw~
ØeeceefCekeâlee Ùee meÛeeF& ceW Gme lejn efoueÛemheer veneR jnleer efpeme lejn Gòej-(Ke)
meeefnlÙe keâer~ Gmekeâer Yee<ee ØeÛeej-ØecegKe jsšeefjkeâue Deewj vekeâueer jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee keâe ue#Ùe Skeâ Keeme cekeâmeo lekeâ hengBÛevee
JÙeefòeâlJe keâer Yee<ee nes mekeâleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ jepeveerefle kesâ efueS Yee<ee Skeâ neslee nw~ Gmekesâ efueS Yee<ee Skeâ JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Deewj keâeceÛeueeT ceeOÙece
JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Deewj keâeceÛeueeT Ûeer]pe nw peyeefkeâ meeefnlÙekeâej kesâ efueS nesleer nw pees Gmekesâ mJeeLe& hetefle& ceW meneÙekeâ keâer Yetefcekeâe efveYeeleer nw~
Yee<ee Gme efpeboieer keâer meÛeeF& keâe Skeâ peerlee-peeielee efnmmee nw efpemes Jen jepeveerefle keâes Yee<ee keâer ØeeceeefCekeâlee Ùee melÙelee ceW keâesF& efoueÛemheer veneR
jepeveereflekeâ, JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ, JÙeeJeneefjkeâ Ùee mJeeLeeX keâer efnbmee, leesÌ[-heâesÌ[ nesleer nw~
Deewj Øeot<eCe mes yeÛee keâjkesâ Gmekeâer cetue ieefjcee Deewj Meefòeâ ceW mLeeefhele Gòej-(ie)
Ùee hegvemLee&efhele keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ meeefnlÙe keâe keâece Deheveer henÛeeve keâes jsKeebefkeâle heefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee-
jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee ceW Kees osvee veneR, yeefukeâ Gme Yee<ee kesâ Úodce mes (i) meeefnlÙe peye................................kegbâef"le keâjlee nw~
Deheves keâes ueieYeie yesieevee keâjkesâ Dekeâsuee keâj uesvee nw, Skeâ mevle keâer JÙeeKÙee- Gòeâ JÙeeKÙesÙe hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ meeefnlÙe keâer
lejn Dekesâuee, efkeâ jepeveerefle keâer efueS pe™jer nes peeS efkeâ Jen yeejyeej cetue Meefòeâ Deewj #ecelee keâes kegbâef"le Ùee meerefcele keâjves kesâ keâejCe kesâ ™he
Deheveer ØeeceefCekeâlee Deewj meÛeeF& kesâ efueS meeefnlÙe mes Yee<ee ceeBies ve efkeâ ceW jepeveerefle keâer lejn Yee<ee kesâ Skeâebieer ØeÙeesie keâes GòejoeÙeer yeleelee nw~
meeefnlÙe ner jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee yevekeâj Deheveer henÛeeve Kees os~ meeefnlÙe keâer Yee<ee Deheves-Deehe ceW mece«elee keâes OeejCe efkeâÙes nesleer nw,
(keâ) Øemlegle ieÅe keâe YeeJeeLe& Deheves MeyoeW ceW efueefKeS~ efkeâvleg peye Ùen jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee yeveleer nw lees Gmekeâer mece«elee Oetefceue
(Ke) jepeveerefle keâer Yee<ee keâe ue#Ùe keäÙee neslee nw? nesves ueieleer nw~ FmeefueS meeefnlÙe keâes Yee<ee keâe ØeÙeesie jepeveerefle keâer
(ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâer jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee lejn Skeâlejheâe ve keâjkesâ Gmekeâer cetue Meefòeâ Deewj meeceLÙe& kesâ ™he ceW
keâerefpeS~ keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
UPPCS Mains 2022 General Hindi 225 YCT
 (ii) Gmes Yee<ee.................................meeefnlÙe keâer~ ÛeeefnS~ otmejer yeele mecelee keâer nw~ mece Meyo keâe JÙeglheefòe mes Øeehle
JÙeeKÙee- Gòeâ hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ keâe keânvee nw efkeâ DeLe&-pees meled cee$e nes, DeLee&led Megæ meòee nes, FmeefueS mecelee keâes
Yee<ee keâer meeceLÙe&, melÙelee Ùee ØeeceeefCekeâlee keâe cenlJe efpelevee meeefnlÙe DeLee&led Megæ mecelee keâes meJe&$e osKevee~ mecelee Fme Øekeâej SkeâlJe nw,
kesâ efueS nw, jepeveerefle kesâ efueS Glevee veneR nw~ Yee<ee keâer ØeeceeefCekeâlee SkeâlJe yegefæ nw, yejeyejer veneR nQ, keäÙeeWefkeâ he=LekeâlJe kesâ efyevee yejeyejer keâr
ner Skeâ Glke=â° meeefnlÙe Deewj meeefnlÙekeâej keâes pevce osleer nw~ Yee<ee kesâ yeele ner vener meesÛeer pee mekeâleer, oes JemlegSB Deueie neWieer, leYeer Jes yejeyej
ceeOÙece mes ner meeefnlÙe melÙe keâe mebYee<eCe keânlee nw efkeâvleg jepeveerefle Ùee iewj-yejeyej efoKeWieer, peye Skeâ nQ lees efheâj yejeyejer Ùee iewj-yejeyejer
Yee<ee keâer meeceLÙe& SJeb melÙelee kesâ yepeeÙe Gmekesâ meeLe Skeâlejheâe JÙeJenej keâe meJeeue ner veneR G"lee~
keâjles ngS Yee<ee keâe ØeÙeesie cee$e mJeeLe& hetefle& leLee yeveeJešer JÙeefòeâlJe keâes GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{keâj efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej
Øekeâš keâjves keâe ceeOÙece yeve keâj jn peeleer nw~ efueefKeS :
(iii) meeefnlÙekeâej................................Ûeenlee nw~ (keâ) Øemlegle ieÅeebMe kesâ efueS GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS~
JÙeeKÙee- Gòeâ hebefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes uesKekeâ keânlee nw efkeâ Yee<ee (Ke) veS YeejleerÙe meceepeMeem$e, keâer jÛevee keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
efkeâmeer meeefnlÙekeâej kesâ efueS Gme melÙe keâer YeeBefle nw efpemes Jen efkeâmeer Yeer keäÙeeW nw?
oMee ceW Gmekesâ cetue™he ceW mLeeefhele keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ efpeme Øekeâej (ie) GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe keâerefpeS~
peerJeve keâer melÙelee keâe ceveg<Ùe Deheves peerJeve ceW Deeves Jeeueer efJemebieefleÙeeW, Gòej- (keâ)
ogieg&CeeW FlÙeeefo mes yeÛeekeâj hegvemLee&efhele keâjlee nw, Gmeer Øekeâej Øemlegle ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ nw-
meeefnlÙekeâej Yeer Yee<ee kesâ ØekeâšerkeâjCe ceW Deeves Jeeueer yeeOeeDeeW, Ûeens Jen ‘veJeerve YeejleerÙe meceepeMeem$e’
jepeveereflekeâ mlej keâer nes, Ùee efheâj JÙeeJeneefjkeâ peerJeve keâer, meyekeâes
Gòej-(Ke)
ojefkeâveej keâj Gmekesâ Kees Ûegkesâ mJe™he keâes hegvemLee&efhele keâjlee nw~
heeMÛeelÙe meceepeMeem$e ceeveJe keâes kesâvõ ceW jKekeâj Gmemes pegÌ[er
hetJee&«en, mJeeLe& efmeefæ Ùee efheâj DemelÙe keâe mecYee<eCe meeefneqlÙekeâ Yee<ee
ieefleefJeefOeÙeeW keâer ner yeele keâjlee nw~ Ssmes ceW ceeveJe peerJeve keâes ØeYeeefJele
keâe iegCe veneR yeefukeâ hetJee&«en jefnle neskeâj hejefnle keâer YeeJevee meeefnlÙe
keâjves Jeeues Deewj Gvemes ØeYeeefJele nesves Jeeues ØeeefCeÙeeW keâer Ghes#ee nesleer nw~
keâe cetue nw efpemes Jen Yee<ee kesâ ceeOÙece mes ner Øekeâš keâjlee nw~ Dele:
ÛetBefkeâ ceveg<Ùe Deheves Deeme-heeme kesâ Ûej-DeÛej peerJeve mes DeesleØeesle nw~
Yee<eeÙeer iejercee leLee ØeceeefCekeâlee Yee<ee kesâ DeeJeMÙekeâ lelJe nw~
Dele: Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW ceeveJe kesâ meeLe-meeLe Gmekesâ Deeme-heeme kesâ Ûej-
2.
DeÛej peerJeve keâes kesâvõerÙe cenlJe Øeoeve keâjves nsleg veS YeejleerÙe
Yeejle ceW Dehevee meceepeMeem$e jÛeves keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ heefMÛece
meceepeMeem$e keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw efpemeceW meYeer keâe efnle meceeefnle nes~
keâe meceepeMeem$e efpeme ceeveJe-kesâefvõle meeceeefpekeâlee Deewj Gmekeâer
Gòej-(ie)
DeeOeejYetle mecelee keâer yeele keâjlee nw, Jen efkebâefÛeled DeheÙee&hle nw~ ceveg<Ùe
meb#esheCe-
lekeâ ner peerJeve keâer meercee veneR nw~ ceveg<Ùe peye Deheves Deemeheeme kesâ Ûej-
DeÛej peerJeve kesâ meeLe DeesleØeesle nw, Deemeheeme keâer #eefle mes peye Gmekeâer ‘veJeerve YeejleerÙe meceepeMeem$e’
Yeer #eefle nesleer nw, lees Gmekeâe oeefÙelJe lees yeÌ{ peelee nw~ Ùen mener nw efkeâ veJeerve YeejleerÙe meceepeMeem$e keâer jÛevee Deepe DeeJeMÙekeâ nes ieÙeer nw
efpeme Øekeâej keâer leke&â-Øe%ee ceveg<Ùe keâes Øeehle nw, Jen DevÙe ØeeCeer keâes keäÙeeWefkeâ heeMÛeelÙe meceepeMeem$e kesâJeue ceeveJe kesâefvõle nw~ meceepe ceW jnles
veneR; hej Gme DevÙe keâes Yeer kegâÚ Ssmee Øeehle nw, pees ceveg<Ùe keâes veneR- ngS ceveg<Ùe Deheves Deeme-heeme kesâ heÙee&JejCe mes ØeYeeefJele neslee jnlee nw~
Deewj Gme DeØeehle kesâ Øeefle ceveg<Ùe keâes ßeæe nesveer ÛeeefnS~ nceeje mebie"ve Ssmes ceW Deheves Deeme-heeme kesâ Ûej-DeÛej peerJeve keâer Ghes#ee veneR keâer pee
Gvekeâer meòee keâes vekeâejkeâj Ùee nsÙe ceevekeâj nesiee; pewmee efheÚues leerve meew mekeâleer~ Dele: veJeerve meceepeMeem$e meyekesâ efnle leLee mecelee hej kesâefvõle
Je<eeX mes ngDee nw, lees Ùen efpeleveer Gvekeâer #eefle keâjsiee Gmemes DeefOekeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS~ yeewefækeâ mlej hej mecelee kesâ meeLe JÙeeJeneefjkeâ mlej hej
ceveg<Ùe keâer #eefle nesieer, Ùen yeele lees Deye ØeceeefCele nes Ûegkeâer nw~ FmeefueS DeueieeJe Yeer DeeJeMÙekeâ nw leYeer mecelee Deewj efJe<ecelee keâe efveOee&jCe
meceepeMeem$e keâer ceeveJe-kesâefvõle Âef° keâe OÙeeve meJe&Yetleefnle hej peevee efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
UPPCS Mains 2022 General Hindi 226 YCT
3. efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej oerefpeS~
(keâ) DeefOemetÛevee efkeâmes keânles nQ? efnvoer ØeosMe kesâ vÙeeÙeeueÙeeW ceW efnvoer kesâ ØeÙeesie keâes DeefveJeeÙe& keâjves keâer Skeâ DeefOemetÛevee efJeefOe
ceb$eeueÙe Éeje oer ieF& nw~ Gmekeâe GheÙegòeâ Øee™he lewÙeej keâerefpeS~
(Ke) heefjhe$e efkeâmes keânles nQ? efpeuee DeefOekeâejer keâer Deesj mes efpeues kesâ meYeer «eece ØeOeeveeW kesâ efueS meheâeF& JÙeJemLee hej OÙeeve jKeves kesâ
efueS Skeâ heefjhe$e keâe Øee™he lewÙeej keâerefpeS~
Gòej-(keâ)
heefjYee<ee- DeefOemetÛevee DeeuesKeve keâe Jen Øee™he neslee nw, efpemekesâ ceeOÙece mes ueeskeâ efJe<eÙekeâ cenlJehetCe& ceeceueeW, MeemekeâerÙe efveCe&ÙeeW,
metÛeveeDeeW SJeb DevÙe meebefJeefOekeâ DeeosMeeW keâes meJe& meeOeejCe kesâ metÛeveeLe& peejer efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemekeâe ØekeâeMeve iepeš ceW DeefveJeeÙe& ™he mes efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
efJeefOe ceb$eeueÙe, Yeejle mejkeâej
DevegYeeie -1
meb.-12keâ/2 Ûe/ 2022-23
efo.- 20 peveJejer, 2022, veF& efouueer

DeefOemetÛevee/Yee<eeÙeer DeefveJeeÙe&lee

efJeefOe ceb$eeueÙe, Yeejle mejkeâej Éeje efnvoer ØeosMe kesâ vÙeeÙeeueÙeeW ceW efnvoer kesâ ØeÙeesie keâes DeefveJeeÙe& efkeâÙes peeves keâe efveCe&Ùe efueÙee ieÙee nw~ Ùen
efveCe&Ùe efnvoer Yee<eer #es$e kesâ ueesieeW lekeâ vÙeeÙe keâer hengBÛe keâes megefveefMÛele keâjves Jeeuee nw
2. Gòeâ efveCe&Ùe 1 heâjJejer, 2023 mes ØeYeeJeer nesiee
Dee%ee mes
n°.........
(keâ. Ke. ie)
meefÛeJe~
Øeefleefueefhe efvecve keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg Øesef<ele-
1. DevegYeeie DeefOekeâejer, DeefYeuesKeeieej~
2. DevegYeeie DeefOekeâejer, ØekeâeMeve DevegYeeie~
3. ØecegKe meceeÛeej he$eeW cesW ØekeâeMeve nsleg~
Dee%ee mes
n°........
(keâ. Ke. ie)
meefÛeJe~
Gòej-(Ke)
heefjYee<ee- he$e DeuesKeve keâe Jen DeewheÛeeefjkeâ Øee™he, efpemekesâ ceeOÙece mes MeemekeâerÙe veerefleÙeeW, efveCe&Ùees, DeeosMeeW, Jeelee&-yew"keâ, efJeÛeej-efJeceMe&
mes mecyeefvOele metÛeveeDeeW keâes efJe<eÙe yeveekeâj Skeâ meeLe keâF& Øesef<eefleÙeeW keâes Øeefleefueefhe kesâ ceeOÙece mes Øesef<ele efkeâÙee peelee nw, heefjhe$e keânueelee nw~
mebKÙee- 10keâ/12Ûe/2022-23
Øes<ekeâ,
keâ. Ke. ie.,
efpeueeefOekeâejer,
ØeÙeeiejepe~
UPPCS Mains 2022 General Hindi 227 YCT
 mesJee ceW,
mecemle «eece meefÛeJe,
ØeÙeeiejepe,
Gòej ØeosMe~
DevegYeeie-1 efo-20 peveJejer, 2023, ØeÙeeiejepe
efJe<eÙe- ieeBJeeW keâer meeheâ-meheâeF& hej efJeMes<e OÙeeve osves nsleg «eece ØeOeeveeW keâes heefjhe$e~
cenesoÙe,
Gòeâ efJe<eÙe ceW Deehekeâes efveosefMele nw efkeâ «eeceerCe heefjJesMe keâes meeheâ-megLeje jKevee Deefle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Fme DeeMeÙe nsleg «eece ØeOeeveeW keâer
Skeâ yew"keâ DeeÙeesefpele keâjles ngS ieeBJe keâer meheâeF& JÙeJemLee hej OÙeeve jKeves nsleg peeie®keâlee DeefYeÙeeve ÛeueeÙee peeS leeefkeâ ieeBJe kesâ ueesieeW kesâ
mJemLÙe kesâ meeLe-meeLe «eeceerCe heefjJesMe keâer mJeÛÚlee lees Yeer megefveefMÛele efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
2. Gòeâ keâe Devegheeueve lelkeâeue ØeYeeJe mes megefveefMÛele keâjles ngS keâeÙee&ueÙe keâes metefÛele keâjW~
YeJeoerÙe
n°........
(keâ. Ke. ie.)
efpeueeefOekeâejer~

4. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce efueefKeS~ Gòej-(Ke)

efJeheVe, cenòee, mleglÙe, meodYeeJe, efJejue, Meer<e&, meceef°, Meyo ØelÙeÙe
DehejeOeer, DeJeMes<e, Skeâ$e osJe De
Gòej-Meyo efJeueesce hetpÙe Ùe
efJeheVe mecheVe keâewvlesÙe SÙe
cenòee ueIeglee heewjefCekeâ Fkeâ
mleglÙe efvevodÙe levõeueg ueg
6. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeebMeeW Ùee heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ
meodYeeJe ogjYeeJe
Meyo efueefKeS~
efJejue meIeve
(1) pees pegÌ[e Ùee efceuee ve nes~
Meer<e& leue
(2) Dehevee hesš Yejves Jeeuee~
meceef° JÙeef°
(3) efpeme hej efJeMJeeme efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
DehejeOeer efvejhejeOe
(4) efpemekeâe jeskeâvee keâef"ve nes~
DeJeMes<e efve:Mes<e
(5) lewjkeâj heej keâjves keâer FÛÚe Jeeuee~
Skeâ$e efJekeâerCe&
Gòej- JeekeäÙeebMe Ùee heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ Meyo –
5.
(1) pees peg[ Ì e Ùee efceuee ve nes – he=Lekeâd
(keâ) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ GhemeieeX keâe efveoxMe keâerefpeS~
(2) Dehevee hesš Yejves Jeeuee – GojbYeefj
God«eerJe, ogo&Mee, efveceerefuele, efveMÛeue, DelÙeble
(3) efpeme hej efJeMJeeme efkeâÙee ieÙee nw – efJeMJemle
(Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙeeW keâes Deueie keâerefpeS
(4) efpemekeâe jeskeâvee keâef"ve nes – ogefve&JeeÙe&
osJe, hetpÙe, keâewvlesÙe, heewjeefCekeâ, levõeueg (5) lewjkeâj heej keâjves keâer FÛÚe Jeeuee – efleleer<eg&
Gòej-(keâ) Meyo Ghemeie& 7. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS~
God«eerJe Gled (1) legcnejs nj keâece ieuele nesles nQ~
ogo&Mee ogjd (2) obies ceW keâF& efvejhejeOeer JÙeefòeâ ceejs ieS~
efveceerefuele efve (3) legce keâewve ieeBJe ceW jnles nes?
efveMÛeue efveMed (4) Ùen yeele GoenjCe mes mhe° efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
DelÙeble Deefle (5) ØeÇsceÛevo DeÛÚer keâneveer efueKes nQ~
UPPCS Mains 2022 General Hindi 228 YCT
(Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW keâer Jele&veer keâe mebMeesOeve keâerefpeS~ (4) hejeS Oeve hej ue#ceer veejeÙeCe~
DevegmetFÙee, Jeefnie&ceve, ceOÙeevn, ØeppJeue, ke=âMeebefieveer DeLe&- otmejs kesâ Oeve hej DeefOekeâej peceevee~
Gòej-(keâ) JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Megæ ™he efvecveefueefKele nQ– JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW nceejs Deeme-heeme yengle mes
1. legcneje nj keâece ieuele neslee nw~ JÙeefòeâ Oeve-ueesueghe Øeke=âefle kesâ efceue peeles nQ~ Ssmes JÙeefòeâ
2. obies ceW keâF& efvejhejeOe JÙeefòeâ ceejs ieÙes~ DeehejeefOekeâ mJeeYeeJe kesâ meeLe-meeLe hejeS Oeve hej ue#ceerveejeÙeCe
3. legce efkeâme ieeBJe ceW jnles nes~ yeveves Jeeues nesles nQ~
4. Ùen yeele GoenjCe mes mhe° keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ (5) Skeâ ner uekeâÌ[er mes meyekeâes neBkeâvee~
5. ØesceÛevo ves DeÛÚer keâneefveÙeeB efueKeer nQ~ DeLe&- meyekeâes Skeâ meceeve mecePevee~
(Ke) Jele&veer keâe mebMeesefOele ™he efvecveefueefKele nw–
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- nceejer efMe#ee ØeCeeueer ceW yengle mes efMe#ekeâ Ssmes
DeMegæ Megæ
heeÙes peeles nQ pees meYeer efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ Øeefle Skeâ uekeâÌ[er mes meyekeâes
DevegmetFÙee DevemetÙee
neBkeâves Jeeueer ØeJe=efòe DeheveeÙes ngS nQ~ Ssmes ceW yeewefækeâ ™he mes
Jeefnie&ceve yeefnie&ceve keâcepeesj efJeÅeeLeea keâe efJekeâeme DeeMee kesâ Deveg™he veneR nes
ceOÙeevn ceOÙeeÖ heelee nw~
ØeppJeue ØepJeue
(6) DeOepeue ieiejer Úuekeâle peeS~
ke=âMeebefieveer ke=âMeebieer
DeLe&- Deuhe%eeveer keâe yeÌ[yeesueeheve~
8. efvecveefueefKele cegnejeW/ ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& efueefKeS Deewj
Gvekeâe JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâerefpeS~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- keâefleheÙe ueesie Fefleneme keâer Yeüecekeâ yeeleeW Deewj
(1) Ûetns kesâ Ûeece mes veieeÌ[e veneR yevelee DeeOes-DeOetjs %eeve kesâ keâejCe cenelcee ieeBOeer peer hej JÙeLe&
(2) KetBšs kesâ yeue yeÚÌ[e ketâos~ efšhheefCeÙeeB keâjles jnles nQ, peyeefkeâ GveceW JeemleefJekeâ %eeve keâe
(3) oeueYeele ceW cetmejÛebo~
DeYeeJe neslee nw~ Ssmes ueesie DeOepeue ieiejer Úuekeâle peeS Jeeueer
keâneJele keâes ÛeefjleeLe& keâjles nQ~
(4) hejeS Oeve hej ue#ceerveejeÙeCe~
(5) Skeâ ner uekeâÌ[er mes meyekeâes neBkeâvee~
(7) uent kesâ DeeBmet heervee~
(6) DeOepeue ieiejer Úuekeâle peeS~ DeLe&- ›eâesOe men peevee~
(7) uent kesâ DeeBmet heervee~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- je°^Jeeoer veslee Yeejle keâe efJeYeepeve veneR Ûeenles
(8) ceer"er Úgjer Ûeueevee~ Les~ Yeejle kesâ efJeYeepeve mes Gvekeâer DeKeC[ Yeejle keâer mebkeâuhevee
(9) efvevÙeeveyes kesâ hesâj ceW heÌ[vee~ Oejer-keâer- Oejer jn ieÙeer Deewj Jes uent kesâ DeeBmet heerkeâj jn ieÙes~
(10) peyeeve ceW ueieece ve osvee~ (8) ceer"er Úgjer Ûeueevee~
Gòej : cegneJejs SJeb ueeskeâesefòeâÙeeW kesâ DeLe& Je ØeÙeesie – DeLe&- efJeMJeemeIeele keâjvee~
(1) Ûetns kesâ Ûeece mes veieeÌ[e veneR yevelee~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- efce$elee keâe efoKeeJee keâjves Jeeues JÙeefòeâÙeeW mes
DeLe&- meerefcele mebmeeOevees mes yeÌ[e keâece veneR neslee~ ceveg<Ùe keâes meowJe meeJeOeeve jnvee ÛeeefnS keäÙeeWefkeâ Ssmee JÙeefòeâ
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- heÙee&hle hegmlekeâeW kesâ DeYeeJe ceW yengle mes efJeÅeeLeea ceer"er Úgjer Ûeueeves ceW ceeefnj neslee nw~
ØeefleÙeesieer hejer#eeDeeW keâer lewÙeejer Meg™ keâj osles nQ~ efkeâvleg Ùeefo GvnW (9) efvevÙeeveyes kesâ hesâj ceW heÌ[vee~
meheâuelee Deefpe&le keâjveer nw lees Ùen mecePevee nesiee efkeâ Ûetns kesâ DeLe&- Oeve keâceeves ceW ueies jnvee~
Ûeece mes veieeÌ[e veneR yevelee~
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW JÙeefòeâ kesâJeue efvevÙeeveyes kesâ
(2) KetBšs kesâ yeue hej ketâovee~
hesâj ceW heÌ[e jnlee nw~ Ssmes ceW ve lees Jen Deheves heefjJeej keâes
DeLe&- otmejs kesâ yeue hej DeefYeceeve keâjvee~
meceÙe os heelee nw Deewj ve ner Gmekeâe meeceeefpekeâ efJekeâeme nes
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Ûeerve heeefkeâmleeve keâe DeeefLe&keâ
heelee nw~
meneÙekeâ yevee ngDee nw~ FmeefueS JewefMJekeâ hešue hej heeefkeâmleeve
KetBšs kesâ yeue hej ketâolee jnlee nw~ (10) peyeeve ceW ueieece ve osvee~
(3) oeueYeele ceW cetmeueÛebo~ DeLe&- DeveeJeMÙekeâ ™he mes yeesuevee~
DeLe&- yeerÛe ceW oKeue osves Jeeuee~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- YeejleerÙe jepeveerefle kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW Dekeämej Ùen
JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie- megj#ee heefj<eo ceW Yeejle peye Yeer DeelebkeâJeeo hej osKeves keâes efceuelee nw efkeâ kegâÚ JeeÛeeue ØeJe=efòe kesâ #es$eerÙe Deewj
ØeefleyevOe ueieeves Deewj Meebefle yeneueer keâer yeele keâjlee nw lees Úesšs mlej kesâ vesleeDeeW Éeje peyeeve ceW ueieece ve osves kesâ keâejCe
heeefkeâmleeve meowJe oeueYeele ceW cetmeueÛevo yeve peelee nw~ heešea ØeJeòeâeDeeW keâes ceeheâer ceeBieveer heÌ[leer nw~
UPPCS Mains 2022 General Hindi 229 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION-2022
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Note: (i) The Question paper is divided into three Sections. Write three essays in Hindi or English or
Urdu language, selecting one topic from each section.
(ii) Words limit each essay is 700 words.
(iii) Each essay carries 50 marks.
SECTION-A person acquires moral values by learning in which
literature has the biggest contribution. All the literature
Q. 1 : New standard for the excellent literature. of India has one aspect of morality. No doubt, literature
"Kewal Manoranjan Na Kavi Ko Karm Hona is a source of morality. When a person is born, his mind
Chahiye is a blank paper. His family teaches him the first lesson
Usme Uchit Updesh Ka Bhi Marm Hona of life but when he grows up and is associated with
Chahiye." literature, the thread of morality and values are
Ans. : The above lines of national poet Maithili developed.
Sharan Gupta underlines the standard of literature. It Compassion, tolerance, fairness, empathy, justice
means 'Only entertainment should not be the work of etc. are the main moral values. These moral values are
poet. It should also have the essence of proper preaching.' considered necessary to be in every person. If it is
It is aptly said that literature is the mirror of society. observed carefully, the source of these moral values is of
In such a situation, literature play an important role in literature. Be it the writings of Surdas, Tulsidas, Kabir or
solving the problems prevailing in the society and acts as Jain, Buddhist literature, all have prominently emphasized
a guide. the concept of moral values.
If we look at the literacy development from ancient The modern period in Hindi literature commenced in
th
times till date, it has not only described beauty/ecology the middle of the 19 century. The age of Bharatendu is
but also warned the society from many evils like exquisitely redefined by Bhartendu Harischandra who is
stereotypes, contradictions, misogyny, deteriorated considered the Father of Modern India. Harishchandra
through the magnum opus work 'Bharat Durdasha' had
condition of women and prevailing corruption in the
brought in a complete outlook in Hindi literature, hence
society. No doubt, the new standard of excellent totally justifies his title. Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi was an
literature should be the welfare of human life. It has out and out reformist and who had ushered in an elegant
proved it time to time. and graceful style of writing in Hindi poetry which later
Literature not only embraces progressiveness at the acquired a much deeper moral tone. This was the age of
scientific level but also strongly refutes the anti- revival when the stateliness and magnificence of ancient
progressive orthodoxy of ideology of its time. Literature Indian culture was fully embraced to enrich modern life.
is progressive in its forms and imbibes progressive Social, political and economic problems were gradually
elements. Due to this, humanity is protected. This can be mirrored in society while songs that were composed,
seen in the context of various revolutions that took place emoted a theme of social awakening.
in Europe and other continents. In the Indian medieval The period of incessant and contemporary growth in
period, when problems like communal disharmony, the Adhunik Kal of Hindi literature is represented by
casteism, pathetic condition of women, religious Jayashankar Prasad, Munshi Premchand. The person
conservatism and other social evils were present, who ushered in an era of realism in the Hindi prose
devotional literature had hit hard on these orthodox literature, was Munshi Premchand who is considered the
traditions and practices and tried to infuse vitality and most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and
ethusiasm in the society. progressive movement. Before Munshi Premchand,
Literature is related to a particular era. Literature is Hindi literature, in fact, had pivoted around fairy or
the reflection of human attitudes. These mindsets keep magical tales, stories of entertainment and religious
on changing from time to time. Therefore, it is a natural themes.
process to see changes in literature as well. In ancient In modern period, literatures did the work of binding
era, the literatures were based on entertainment not for the country in unity through Maratha, Hind Swaraj,
hit harding on orthodoxy. They were court poets and Bhawani Mandir etc. Today, we are standing to become
their writings were based on eulogy of the King or its the Vishwaguru once again in the 21st century.
courtiers. Gradually, it shifted towards personal to social. The literature does not come on the streets leading to
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ramananda, Kabir, Raidas, revolution rather it exposes the short comings of the
Tulsidas emerged as the great proponents of the Bhakti system through writing. Be it thoughts of Rousseau,
cult. They helped the common people through their Voltaire, Marx, Gandhi, Lohia, it always saved the
literatures and teachings to shed age old superstitions and society from being hopeless disillusioned and has given a
attain salvation through Bhakti or pure devotion. A new direction. It is the core responsibility of literature to
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 230 YCT
inspire the society to wake it up and to lead it on the right In a lower middle class family, most of the
path. In fact, the main aim of the writer is to examine the household chores are also her responsibility. She has also
social disparities and give proper solutions to them. to keep her husband happy no matter what her situation
With respect to the above defined standard, the is. How can a man know about the pain and discomfort
following lines of Dushyant Kumar are visible– that comes every month during menstrual period? In
'Ho Gayi Hai Pir Parbat Si Pighalni Chahiye' addition to this, the woman has to keep the child in her
'Iss Himalaya Se Koi Ganga Nikalni Chahiye' womb for nine months. Only a woman knows the mental
The condition of Women and Dalits in Indian and physical condition of that period. She also has to go
society has always been pathetic. There is no poetess in through the terrible labour pains, then, the care of the
the entire Hindi literature before the modern period child, breast feeding, waking up late in night for
except Meerabai. But at present, there is a significant household works.
increase in the number of women in feminist literature. She stands by husband in all crisis as well as she
For example–Krishna Sobti, Mridula Garg, Gitanjali shares with him all success and attainments. She is the
Shree. They are beautiful example of women person to whom he turns for love, sympathy,
empowerment. On the other hand, at present, Dalit understanding, comfort and recognition.
literature is playing an intense role in the expression of As a mother, she is the family health officer. She is
Dalits. Kanwar Jharti, Om Prakash are those who have very much concerned with about the physical well being
tried to uplift Dalits through their literature. of every member of the family, helpless parent, the
The depiction of present social problems, sickly child, the adolescent youth and parents. She is the
environmental problems which have become the first teacher of the child. She transmits social heritage to
concern of 21st century may become the new the child. It is the mother that the child learns the laws of
standard for the excellent literature. The goal of the the race, the manner of society, moral code and ideals.
literature is to expose the bitter truths of life and the The mother, because of her intimate and sustained
corrupt practices within the society. contact with the child, is able to discover and nurture
In conclusion, it can be said that social problems, child's special traits, aptitudes and attitudes which
new emerging environmental problems have distorted subsequently play a key role in the shaping of his
the nature of the society but not obstructed its dynamism. personality.
Literature has always been sensitive to these problems.
Many burning issues like prevalence of caste system, While playing the role of a housewife, she also has
untouchability, child-marriage, Dalit's upliftment, to work in office if she is employed. She cannot deny to
environmental related issues such as global warming, ice work in kitchen after returning from the office while a
melting, should be the core concern of the literature. As, man mostly do the official work. The dual personality of
literature plays an important role in the disclosure of women such as working as house-wife and working as an
social problems with their solutions. It will not be an employed woman in office, comes into picture. She has
exaggeration if it is said that literature has saved and to face several kinds of mishappening or fear of danger
revived the society which was disintegrating due to the while coming late from the office. Women in her life has
prevalence of social evils. more heavier responsibilities than men. Double role of
Q. 2 : Women divided in double personality. woman today has not only responsibilities at home as a
Ans. : Women are the pioneers of the nation. Indian housewife, but also out of the door as career woman.
culture attaches great importance to women. There is a • Being member of a country with regard to civil
great respect towards women but there are some things rights and politics, it includes fair deal to female
which should be noted. Women are the key to labour force participation also called as external
sustainable development and quality of life in the family. function.
The varieties of role which the women assume in the • Being a mother in a family and wife in the
family are those of wife, manager of family income, husband-wife household, also called as internal
administrator. They play double role as a guardian to function.
serve the family as well as working woman in offices for These internal and external functions are foundation
livelihood. This is called double personality. No doubt, for woman, especially for those who have career, so
living a women's life is a challenge in itself.
woman has to be capable of managing roles to prevent
Today's women's roles are emerging differently with two sides' roles negligence. Negligence will bring
new commitment and career oriented as well as imbalance when some women frequently prefers one role
commitment to families. So, this in turn leads to a
number of stress and strain among working women. and leave the others. If career is preferred, some of them,
face threat of broken home or worse divorce. There are
A woman's life is full of tragedy, struggle and some women who prefer their career in comparison to
suffering. She has to suffer from the childhood to
adulthood. Due to some special harmones, the physical marriage where the person concerned lives alone and
and mental makeup of a woman is definitely different remain unmarried. For those married women who prefer
from that of a man. A woman is hit twice by nature and the second role, they sacrificed their career or resigned
man whereas a man does not have to bear. from an occupation to be a housewife who keep staying
Woman is man's helpmate, and partner. She at home. It is regrettable since inner potential ability of
sacrifices her personal pleasure and ambitions, sets these women will be sunk or buried foever. Therefore,
standard of morality, relieves stress and strain tension of woman who takes one role only is not so favourable for
husband, maintains peace and order in the household. life establishment. For this reason, those outstanding and
Thereby, she creates necessary environment for her male unbeatable women shall fight for meeting the challenge
partner to think more about the economic upliftment of a if they take both roles. However, there must be mutual
family. She is the source of inspiration to man for high understanding between husband and wife and they have
endeavour and worth achievements in life. to complement each other in their family.
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 231 YCT
 There is a woman who takes a golden mean because Education is one of the best investments, you can
she has a job and responsibility in the family, so she make for yourself. It's not about numbers or grades but
accepts her double role by trying to combine both duties about learning to think critically, communicate well and
her best. There are some widespread taboo regarding understand the world around you.
women's responsibility. Frequently, as a leader woman According to the International Labour Organization
faces many objection from cultural attitude of society (ILO), there are about 71 million unemployed 15-to-24
considering that man functions as guard and head of a years old around the globe, many of them facing long-
family. So, it does physical obstacle when woman is term unemployment. This is close to an historic peak of
underestimated by her incapability of performing heavy 13%.
duties. Nearly every country in the world grapple with this
Second, socio-cultural obstacles:–It mainly forms a challenge, but it hits low-income countries especially
stereotype. It is thought where woman is passive weak, hard. And even where there is work, much of it is low-
sensitive, dependent and surrender person. Just the paying. The ILO estimates that about 156 million (or
opposite man is regarded as active, strong, intelligent. 38%) employed youth in emerging and developing
Third obstacles are of point of view:–This obstacle countries were living in extreme or, moderate poverty in
for example, emerges as the consequence of 2016 -- equivalent to less than $3.10 per day.
dichotomous thinking between responsibilities of men Without work experience and income, these young
and women. Woman is accounted as homebody while people are vulnerable to a lifetime of continued poverty.
man is seen as out of home person. Such dichotomous Desperately searching for a more promising future, they
point of view might take woman uncomfortable to go out migrate to other countries where they will likely to
while man disregards household matters because they are struggle to find work and a better life. Their plight also
inappropriate for them. Whereas, statistics tell opposite. has major implications for national companies and global
According to Hive, women work 10 percent harder than businesses seeking to expand or invest in frontier
men in today's offices based on assigned task. markets that hold economic promise. Chronic youth
In traditional Indian families, daughters are kept unemployment puts a brake on national economies, and
suppressed from the beginning, don't laugh too much, the lack of a literate and skilled young workforce limits
don't speak loudly, have to go other's house. If we talk businesses ability to generate higher growth, better
about the mentality of a man, he always wants a virgin profits and more jobs.
girl. A wife should be of good character even if the Furthermore, businesses ability to innovate and
husband has an extramartial affair. A female has to face modernize is inhibited when so many young workers
challenges from womb to tomb. But the today's world of don't have the skills they need to succeed in increasingly
women is changing. Women consciousness has automated workplaces. As the International Commission
developed now. In many fields she is working as par for Financing Global Education Opportunities reported
with man. They are touching new heights in the field of last year, about 40% of employees worldwide find it
education, literature, art, space. It is said that India could difficult to recruit people with the skills they need.
add USD 700 billion by 2025 if there is an improvement Shockingly, for example, donor aid to basic
of women's participation by 10 percentage points. education in developing countries has dropped by more
Women are able to play double responsibility with ease, than 14% in real terms between 2010 and 2014. The
proper care and support of husband, family and society. good news is that we know what it will take to get more
Strengthening economic citizenship of women involves of these students into school. This is at the core of the
meeting her personal aspirations while she contributes to work of the Global Partnership for Education:
household's income and is a caregiver. Persuit of Education plays a vital role in eradicating
inclusive growth involves the role of the state (country) unemployment. Education at all the levels should be job
as a regulator while providing public goods services, oriented. It should not be merely jamming the head of the
reservation for giving them proper opportunity, social student with a lot of irrelevant information. It should be
protection alongwith liberal socio-cultural norms, oriented towards global markets but concentrate on the
behavioural changes mitigating stereotypes within the local level jobs too. The students are given hands on
household/ community. Therefore, women would excel training with prospective employers. Nowadays, the
in performing double personality with ease and balanced
manner. skills training have started by the School Education as a
part of the curriculum.
Q. : 3 : Role of Education in the eradication of
unemployment. Education helps in enhancing chances of getting
suitable jobs. An educated person does not remain
Ans. : Education, without a doubt, has an important unemployed. India has booming opportunities of
functional instrumental and utilitarian dimension. This is employment for every level of education.
revealed when one asks question such as what is the
purpose of education? The answers to often are to Education is mere qualification that would not be the
acquire qualifications for employment/upward mobility, only criterion for getting a job. Its role as of now is
wider/higher opportunities and to meet the need for minimal in eradicating unemployment.
trained human power in diverse fields for not only in the The role of education should be to get the individual
eradication for unemployment but also for national student job ready when he leaves the educational field
development. and this is the only way to eradicate unemployment in
Unemployment in India remains a subject of India. The present situation in the educational field is not
concern since it was first recognized in 1950s. Education serving the goal. It is amazing how the modern educated
is a lifelong journey. The way you approach learning has youth with low level of education are competing in the
a huge impact on your future. If you want to succeed in global market and succeeding.
life, you need to invest time and effort into learning new The following steps have been taken by Govt, to
things. increase employment opportunities:
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 232 YCT
 In 1978-79, government of India introduced IRDP to the result of the constant need and greed of the human
create full employment opportunities in rural areas. being. The industries include–transportation and
Under this programme agriculture, animal husbandry, manufacturing which are exhausting the earth's
forests, fisheries, small and cottage industries, resources, but also causing tremendous stress on the
construction of roads and canals etc. are to be developed. environment and ecological system.
Training for Self-Employment : Industrialization is the process of social and
This programme was launched on 15th August, 1979 economic change that transforms a human group from an
by the Government of India. It is called National Scheme agriculture land to an industrial one. With the coming of
of Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment industrial revolution, humans were able to advance
(TRYSEM). further into the 21st century. Technology developed
The main aim of the Make in India programme was rapidly, science became advanced and the manufacturing
to generate employment in the manufacturing sector. The age came into picture. With all of these came one more
target was to increase the share of manufacturing to 25% effect, viz-industrial pollution. Blind industrialization
of GDP by 2020 from 15% under the UPA-led and large scale anthropogenic activities have led to
government. However, the parliamentary standing environmental pollution. Dust, smoke, fumes and toxic
committee of commerce (2017) indicated that "the gas emissions occur because of high polluting industries
manufacturing sector has grown only by an average of such as thermal power plants, coal mines, cement,
1.6% in the last 5 years till 2015-2016". sponge iron, steel and ferroalloys, petroleum and
The government aimed to stress on automation chemicals.
through the introduction of Digital India. As a result, Causes of environmental pollution–
major IT companies such as WIPRO, Tech Mahindra and Unplanned urbanization–Resources like land, water,
HCL Technologies hardly hired any new employees forest etc. are excessively used while growing an
from 2015-16. unplanned city. People try to meet their requirements in
Under Start-up India programme, the Modi whatever the way that can. Due to air, land, water
government encouraged banks to provide finance to pollution, decline in the qualitative aspect of the
young entrepreneurs to start their own business ventures. environment can be seen.
However, lack of innovation and lack of skilled labour Because of unplanned urbanization, random
resulted in the shutdown of many new start ups. In the settlement increases. The drainage system, drinking
last two years, a total of 25 start ups have shut down. water, road traffic etc. are poorly managed. It brings
Startups such as TinyOwl, Dazo and Peppertap had to adverse impact on health and atmosphere.
close down due to lack of funds and appropriate skill set.
In particular, due to Start up India, many existing Many small scale industries and factories that don't
employees left their present jobs and turned have enough capital and rely on government grants to
entrepreneurs. However, since many of the start ups run their day to day businesses often escape environment
failed, they are now unemployed. It could be suggested regulations and release a number of toxic gases in the
that not only did Startup India fail to create more jobs, it atmosphere.
may have actually resulted in a lot of individuals losing Due to blind industrialization imitating western
their jobs. world, we have installed several industries without
With the level of rising umemployment and given proper check and balance. This led to adverse impact on
India's high youth population, it is important for the the environment.
government to create gainful opportunities. With three Construction industry emit carbon dioxide, methane
years now behind it, unemployment has emerged as a and other waste products that pollute the air and are
major challenge for the Indian Government. believed to contribute to global climate change. Global
Additionally, all its major schemes together have not cement industry contribute 5% of global carbon dioxide
been able to create job. In this context, the government emission.
should focus on the key factors of unemployment, as Electronics industry results in a large amount of
well as develop alternatives that will generate hazardous waste that is often irresponsibly discarded in
employment for the unemployed youth in India. trash. Most industry still rely on old technologies to
India's umemployment rate continues to be below produce products that generate a large amount of waste.
the global average, despite concentrated and prolonged To avoid high cost and expenditure, many companies
efforts. Unemployment is a problem to most nations of still make use of traditional technologies to produce
the world. It is one serious problem facing the high-end products. When electronics are not recycled
developing countries like India. It is one of the main properly, the raw materials leech toxic chemicals into the
issues India has had to deal with since independence. ground, spoiling both water and food supply for decades,
Efforts made by the government have resulted in a slight at least.
drop in the unemployment rate in India. But although we Mining industry become the reason of water
are making some progress, it's not enough. There are still pollution, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and pollution.
so many things we can do to help in eradicating The effect of mining industry are far-reaching and liable
unemployment in our country. to effect the ecosystem for many years to come. As a
SECTION-B result, many of water resources have a high amount of
industrial waste in them seriously impacts the health of
Q. 4 : Blind industrialization is a source of our ecosystem. The same water is then used by farmers
Environment pollution. for irrigation purpose which affects the quality of food
Ans. : Industrial growth has started to affect the that is produced. Moreover, due to mining industry, air
entire environment with its severe downside problems. pollution has led to a step increase in various illness and
The formation of massive pollution making industries are it continues to affect us on a daily basis. With so many
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 233 YCT
small, mid and large scale industries coming up, air countries. With provision of timely and adequate inputs
pollution has taken the toll on the health of the people such as fertilizers, seeds, pesticides and by making
and the environment. available developed affordable credit/crop insurance,
In addition to this, haphazard installation of Indian farmers are going to ensure food and nutritional
chemical industries add up in the quantity of green house security to the nation.
gases which turn into global warming and climate Agriculture and food security are one of the most
changes. important areas for the Government of India. Its main
With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming objective is to ensure food and nutrition security at cost-
has been increasing a steady pace. Melting of glaciers, effective prices in an environment-friendly way.
extinction of polar bears, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are Agriculture also contributes significantly to our fast
few of the effect of global warming. The issue of growing manufacturing sector in terms of supplying raw
industrial pollution concerns every nation on the planet. material. Agriculture sector in India is providing
As a result, many steps have been taken to seek entrepreneurial and employment opportunities to a large
permanent solutions to the problem. Better technology is number of rural people and youth. It will reduce the
being developed for disposal of waste and recycling as unemployment generation. It is noteworthy that India has
much polluted water in the industries as possible. achieved great success and achievement in agriculture
Rapid increase of food and beverage industry has and allied sectors as compared to earlier times.
adversely affected the habitable land. For example– Our performance in the field of horticulture,
Food accounts for over a quarter of global emissions. fisheries and production of pulses has been exemplary.
Even 70% of global fresh water withdrawals are used for The goal of our policies and programmes is to develop
agriculture. Ex–Pepsi, Coke industry. such agricultural techniques, technology and work
By and large, the issue of industrialization shows us system which would ensure food and nutritional security
that it causes natural rhythm and patterns to fail, meaning to all citizens and livelihood security to the farming
that the wild life is getting affected in a severe manner. community.
Habitants are being lost, species are becoming extinct By 1970, the country that was heavily dependent on
and it is harder for the environment to recover from each food imports. At present, it is the top exporter of paddy.
natural disaster. Major industrial accident like oil spills, In 2015-16, it exported 10.50 million tonnes of paddy
fires, the leakage of radioactive material and damage to and surpassed much ahead to the other rice exporting
property are harder to clean up as they have a higher countries.
impact in a shorter span of time. Now we have realized India is the largest producer, largest consumer and
an adverse impact due to blind industrialization, that is a largest importer of pulses. Pulses and oil seeds are the
major source of environment. high valued crops those could be helpful to enhance the
Q. 5 : Contribution of agriculture in the Indian income of the farmers, but the area under pulses had
Economy. increased marginally. Since the inception of the
"True the service and industry sectors are minimum support price policy in agriculture, when the
engines of economic growth, but the fuel that minimum support price (MSP) of both the pulses and oil
powers the engines comes from agriculture. seeds were enhanced significantly, the area and output
That's why the entire economy catches a cold must have increased accordingly. The new crop
when agriculture sneezes." procurement policy announced by the Central
Ans. : The above quote captures the importance of Government looks as a most prudent policy that would
the contribution of agriculture. mitigate the uncertainty as well as fear of volatile and
'Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy' unfavourable prices of these crops.
said Mahatma Gandhi six decades ago. Even today, the There are certain other high value crops which are
situation is still the same, with almost the entire economy being used for medicines and for other necessities. The
being sustained by agriculture which is the mainstay of fruits and vegetables are in the list of high value crops
the villages. It contributes nearly 16% of the overall but those are affected by the big volatility in their prices.
GDP and accounts for employment for approximately Apart from minimizing the post-harvest losses, it is
52% of Indian population. Rapid growth in agriculture is imperative to explore the export potential. Only in the
essential not only for self-reliance but also to earn year of 2017-18, the vegetables worth `5182 crores and
valuable foreign exchange. Agro-products such as tea- fruits of `4229 crores had been exported from the
sugar, rice, tobacco and spices contribute significantly in country. It is often seen that the daily use items like
international trade and India exports these products in a potatoes and onions had much vitality in their prices that
big way. The proper development of the agriculture is why their production had been affected. So many
sector leads to increase in exports and reduction in times, the onions had been imported from other countries
imports. As a result, it helps in balance of payments in to meet the demand of the masses but at the other time,
favour of the country and also saves foreign currency. those had been exported. Operation Green is now place
These savings can be utilized in the import of more to address such price vitality and dependent on imports.
essential items, raw material, machinery, equipment of Now we are going ahead from TOP to TOTAL as a part
other infrastructure related items needed for the country. of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. It will reduce the
Hence, it will accelerate the pace of economic unnecessary burden on foreign exchange reserve for
development and strengthen the economy of the country. import of such perishable items.
Indian farmers are second to none in production and To address the core concern of productivity in
productivity despite the fact the millions are marginal Indian farming, research efforts were focused on
and small farmers. They adopt improved agriculture development of new varieties that give higher yield and
technology as efficiently as farmers in developed add monetary benefit in country's GDP considering the

UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 234 YCT

high cost of seeds of Bt cotton hybrids. Bt cotton The history of our struggle for independence
varieties were developed for the first time for and our faith in our future development are
commercial cultivation. our common bonds."
On the other hand, considering the climate distress, Ans. : The above dictated quote implies that roots
livestock (including poultry and fisheries) will play a of national unity is in India's diversity of regions,
central role in livelihood of farmers by assuring languages, cultures, ethnic groups, communities,
additional income with low investment. It will reduce our religions etc. Regionalism is a political ideology that
country's import of processed poultry and therefore it focuses on the definite interests of a particular region,
will augment India's economy. group of regions, or other sub-national unity.
Fisheries is fast growing sector in India which Regionalism in India is rooted in Indian languages,
provides nutrition and food security to a large population cultures, tribes and religious diversity. It is reinforced by
of the country besides providing income and the geographic concentration of these mentioned
employment to more than 28 million people. identification marks in particular regions (son of soil
Fishing and aquaculture made up over 1.5 trillion theory) and is fueled by a sense of regional deprivation.
Some scholars believe that regionalism is a structure that
Indian rupees. It is gross value added to agriculture is anti-federal anti-system, and against the fundamental
across India in fiscal year 2020. In other words, the interests of the national unity. For example, in recent
fisheries and aquaculture production contribute around times, we have seen anti-migrant sentiments being
1% of India's Gross Domestic Product and over 5% to exhibited in states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat and
the agricultural GDP. There are some challenges in Karnataka. Many states have also implemented laws to
making agricultural sector more competitive in domestic curb employment opportunities for people outside the
as well as international market, such as not adequate given state. This is clearly observed that this type of
cold-storage/warehousing, climatic distress, efficient attitude is mitigating the sense of oneness (national
agriculture marketing, drawbacks of regulatory unity) and encouraging the sense of alienation.
measures, poor transportation system. India is a large country having continental
However, these challenges are tackled by the dimensions and comprising no fewer than 28 states and 8
government opting model APMC Act 2003, Agriculture union territories. There are scores of regional languages,
Produce Marketing Committee Regulation (APMC) Act, various strains of culture and different loyalties, single as
e-Nam giving social economic security to farmers in case well as multiple. Amidst the amazing diversities, it is
of crop failure such as provide credit at reasonable rate natural that regional feelings, regional parties, regional
through institutional credit, Pradhan Mantri Annadata institutions and similar other organizations meant for
Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyaan, (PM-AASHA), Soil Health voicing the aspirations of local people and providing
card scheme, crop insurance i.e. Pradhan Mantri Fascal forums for them should emerge. Indeed the passage of
Bima Yojana and many more. Moreover, the government years, the multi-faceted aspirations which together may
is committed to doubling farmer's income by 2022 and be described as regionalism.
for this it has increased budgetary allocation of For instance, southern India which is itself a region
agriculture and farmers. Therefore, they will be able to of many regions is evidently from the north, the west, the
strengthen the primary sector which not only contributes central and the north-east. Even the east of India is
a lot in India's economy but also boasts about 70 percent different from the North East of India comprising today
of our country's population is directly engaged in seven constituent units of Indian federation with the
agriculture and allied sectors. largest concentration of tribal people.
In fact, Indian agriculture is not just a significance Causes of increasing regionalism:–
for the domestic market but it is a key component of the In the Indian scenario, it can be said that historical
global food supply chain as well. As per World and cultural factors such as way of cultural heritage,
Economic Forum, India exported agriculture and allied folklore, myths, symbolism and historical traditions (son
products valuing $29.815 million in 2020-21. of soil theory) when caste is combined with language
While analyzing the overall situation of cropping conflicts or religious fundamentalism, it breeds regional
feeling that lead to dogmatism, orthodoxy and
pattern and agriculture and allied sector in the country, it obscurantism. Consequently, it became the reason of
can be concluded that the states must identify the various alienation in the country's unity.
zones and adopt new procurement policy which would Uneven development in many parts of the country is
prove much useful for enhancing the farm income, the prime reason of the regionalism and separatism that
reducing the imports of pulses, oil seeds, saving of the became the cause of obstruction in national unity.
foreign exchange. For example–The demand of separate states such as
Moreover, best utilization of the limited resources of Bodoland, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh,
the country should be used for the best interest that could Telangana, Khalistan etc.
contribute in India's GDP. Moreover, the political parties especially the
Q. 6 : Increasing Regionalism and National Unity. regional politics parties as well as local leaders exploit
Our former Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri the regional sentiments, regional deprivation and convert
has aptly said– them to solidify their factional support bases that give
"In the vast country of ours, place to the national disintegration.
People profess different religions, comes from For example–(1) Caste based reservation in poll
different regions, promises during election. Freebies cultures in election
Speak different languages, dress differently manifesto. (2) Region based reservation in employment
and observe different customs; opportunities as recently Chhattisgarh has moved a bill
to expand the reservation upto 76%.
But we are one nation:
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 235 YCT
 Clashes in India which are having colours of hence national policies are now dominated by regional
regionalism that is marring the national unity is as demands. E.g.–MSP was given to sugarcane, it was
follows: helpful for farmers in Maharashtra but it was
The demand of Potti Sriramulu led to the creation of implemented across all states resulting agitations of
Andhra Pradesh state and linguistic recognition of the farmers belonging to Punjab, Haryana, UP etc.
states in India. Consequently, in 1954 a states Meanwhile, it sowed the seed of defection. However, the
Reorganization Committee was formed with Fazal Ali as mainstream Indian nationalism had continuously to
its head, which recommended the formation of 16 new grapple with regional nationalism. The role played by
states and 3 union territories based on the language. Indian federalism in the face of persistent regionalism
The Bodo Agitation is led by the Assamese students often varying on separation, illiteracy, extreme regional
union which is demanding a separate state and has unevenness in development and widespread inequality
resorted to wide scale violence and series of crippling etc.
bandhs to pursue their demand. The basic reason of We can remember the aftermath of the disintegration
Assam agitations was the expansion of education not of multi-ethnic and multinational Soviet Union. But
creating job institutions and lack of industrialization. On Indian federalism is seen as a method of accommodation
the other hand, these unemployed youths are also of regionalism in India. The majority groups should not
attracted by the caste, communal and other sectional become obsessed with power. They should be generous
agitations fighting for the protection of rights on towards the regional aspirations, such as religious,
sectarian lines. cultural and linguistic to bind in a thread of national
ULFA continues to attempt ambushes and sporadic unity.
attacks on government security forces. In 2003, the Not to forget India already adopted a nice provision
ULFA was accused of killing labourers form Bihar in called 'Special provision' in its constitution which deals
response to molestation and raping of many Assamese with states. For example–Part XXI of the Constitution
girls in a train in Bihar. This incident sparked off Anti- consists of important Articles namely–371A to till 371J
Bihar sentiment in Assam which withered away after that define special provisions with regard to specific state
some months though. for safeguarding their religions, tradition customs and
In addition to these, there are several instances their minority avoiding the aspiration of national
where regional integration and national disintegration disintegration.
were observed. The Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Hence, regionalism must not be allowed to become a
(MNS) workers began their violent agitation against shield for militancy, extremism, establishing a region of
North Indians. The targets were vendors and shopkeepers terror, sense of alienation (UP Bhaiya, and Chinky
from North India in various parts of Maharashtra. colouration) which are the anti-national activities to mar
Khalistan movement with its aim to create a Sikh the national unity. The regional aspirations should not be
homeland cropped up in the Punjab region of India and suspected and regionalism does not weaken India.
Pakistan. In fact, this demand has also the colours of
communalism with regional aspiration as their demand is SECTION-C
only for Sikhs. Q.7 : Jan Dhan Scheme is the charioteer of poors.
The people living in the north-east are treated An ancient Sanskrit verse clearly denotes–
differently. They are discriminated on the basis of the
'Sukhasya Moolam Dharma,
language they speak and their physical appearance. They
are the people who fall prey to racism and stereotypical Dharmasya Moolam Artha,
tendencies on a daily basis in our country by our people. Arthasya Moolam Rajyam"
This also sparked the kind of alienation from the north- Ans. : The above verse puts the onus on the state to
east people to the rest of India. They are treated by the involve people in economic activity. The government has
rest of India as Chinese people or Chinky type of girls. accepted this responsibility to serve the poor.
This tendencies sparked the alienation defying national The Jan Dhan Yojana is an extra ordinary effort by
unity. India on financial inclusion of its people. It was
Another form of regionalism in India has found announced by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on
expression in the form of interstate disputes. For 15th August, 2014. It has not only given universal access
example– to banking system but also brought freedom from
Boundary disputes between Karnataka and financial untouchability.
Maharashtra. In India 40% of people, lack access to even basic
Recently, the issue of Assam-Meghalaya border financial services like savings, credit and insurance
firing. facilities. So an inclusive sector should not only serve the
Important dispute regarding the use of water bankable clients but also integrate the non-bankable
namely–Narmada, Krishna and Cauvery water disputes clients, by making them more bankable.
in states. Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the
Therefore, regionalism is often seen as a serious delivery of financial services at affordable costs to
threat to the development, progress and unity of nation. It sections of disadvantaged and low segments of society
gives internal security challenges by the insurgent groups especially poors.
who propagate the feeling of regionalism against the An estimated 2.5 billion working age adults globally
mainstream politico-administrative set up of the country. have no access to the types of financial services
When regional demands become national demands, delivered by regulated financial institutions. It is argued
policies are launched to satisfy regional demands and that as banking services are in nature of public good; the
generally those are extended to all pockets of country availability of banking and payment services to the entire
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 236 YCT
population without discrimination is the prime objective Example–JAM trinity - It is an initiative to link Jan
of financial inclusion public policy. Dhan accounts with mobile numbers and Aadhaar cards
Majority of the population in India resides in rural of Indians to plug the leakages of government subsidies.
areas. Thus development of rural India is a key step • It has offered for the first time in India the
towards economic development for a country like ours. opportunity to harness savings through the formal
Even after 60 years of independence, a large section of sector, thereby creating a valuable avenue where
Indian population still remains unbanked. This malaise households can access their savings without the
has led to generation of financial instability and risk of losing them. Socially, this offers the
pauperism among the lower income groups who do not household an opportunity to channelize their
have access to financial products and services. The issue savings with the banking system to areas like
of financial inclusion is emerging as the new paradigm of education, health and housing rather than lose
economic growth. them when invested in shady pyramid schemes
Why Jan Dhan Scheme, a charioteer of poor? and other informal instruments.
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana lies at the The success of Jan Dhan is not assured. On the
core of our development philosophy of 'Sab ka Sath, Sab contrary, its ultimate success will be indicated only when
ka Vikas'. With a bank account, every household gains the formal banking system eliminates private, informal
access to banking and credit facilities. This will enable money lenders. Two major issues that presently constrain
them to come out of the grip of moneylenders manage to the benefits of PMJDY reaching their intended
keep away from financial crisis caused by emergent beneficiaries quickly include lack of access points and
needs and most importantly, benefit from a range of transaction limits on accounts opened through Banking
financial products. As a first step every account holder correspondents. The lack of access points means that
gets a RuPay Debit Card with a `1,00,000 accident effectively half of India's villages lack banking access.
cover. Those opening accounts under PMJDY till Removing the transaction limits placed on JDY
January 16, 2015 got life insurance cover of `30,000. In accounts will make it more attractive to use the accounts
due course, they are to be covered by other insurance and more frequently. Lack of access of financial services
pension products. hinders the growth of the country.
Overdraft (loan) facility of `5000 would be provided Going forward, we need to dump account-centric
once account holder completes 6 months and has kept approach. From day one, the focus was on increasing the
account active. Overdraft facility would also benefit numbers. Today there are several dormant accounts.
individuals who had been relying on money lenders Higher numbers helped in entering into Guinness World
charging high interest rates. Records. But for meaningful change service should reach
• Farmers dependency on money lenders would the masses efficiently and timely.
reduce as they have been relying on money Q. 8 : For water preservation river co-ordination
lenders especially in rural areas. Once trapped by is demand of todays.
money lenders, whole family's future is ruined. "Water is nature's daughter. She is gentle and
• Mobile banking would be available and technical sweet. If you let her go, we lose the flow and
platform will be built connecting all the banks and end up in retreat.
telecom operators so that customers can access Ans. : The above quote clearly indicates that water
mobile banking facility with ease. is the most crucial natural resource and its availability
• Jan Dhan's potential social impact is its ability to greatly influences the health of the people, preservation
create a comprehensive social security net along of water scarcity problems and development of that area.
with three affordable social security schemes, Therefore, the need for water preservation for river-
viz.–Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, coordination of water resources development is duly
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyothi Bima Yojana and recognized now-a-days.
Atal Pension Yojana. Using JDY account as the India has abundant water resources, but the water
pivot, these schemes can alter the manner in problem is very serious in many states. India got an
which benefits are delivered to citizens while annual rainfall of 1150 mm as compared to the world
concurrently creating social security net for the average of 840 mm and about 400 mm in Israel. Israel is
poor and those working in the unorganized sector. managing the water successfully whereas in Cherrapunji
• Jan Dhan Yojana is a charioteer of the poor as it in India where the rainfall is about 11,000 mm
has provided the platform for Direct Benefits availability is a problem for 2-3 months before the
Transfer (DBT) which in turn, will help in commencement of monsoon every year.
plugging leakages in subsidies and thereby On the other hand, rivers in India are divided into
providing savings to the exchequer. two groups. Northern Indian rivers are perennial where
For example–Under the PAHAL scheme which is as the southern rivers, are mostly rainfied and flow into
the Direct Benefits Transfer in LPG subsidy, an amount the peninsular region. The first one sometimes becomes
of `1,757 crore has been transferred to the beneficiary the reason of flood and the other one is of water scarcity
accounts through the banking network since 15th in summer season. That is why, it is very essential that
November 2014. So far 19 schemes out of 35 DBT the government must take action seriously for the
schemes have been rolled out across the country interlinking of rivers in the country to use all the
including MGNREGS in 300 districts. available water in the rivers. As above discussion, the
It will cut red-tapism as state governments have also water availability in the country is plenty but it is
been requested to transfer cash/benefits directly in the unevenly distributed and hence the water scarcity
bank accounts of beneficiaries, thereby cutting layers in problem exists in many parts of the country particularly
the delivery process. in south and in the western part of the country. This is
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 237 YCT
the reason, for water preservation, river-coordination is (a) Inter linking of Peninsular Rivers–Among the
demand of today. various peninsular rivers, Mahanadi and Godavari do
Why the demand of coordination of rivers? have enough surplus supplies, even after meeting the
Majority of the water is obtained from rivers to meet ultimate projected demand of the basin states. It will
the needs of irrigation cattle rearing and various other provide Mahanadi Godavari link running along east coast
sanitation purposes by our states. These rivers flowing in to transfer excess supplies of Mahanadi and Godavari by
all directions passing through different states in India are gravity flow. It is likely to irrigate drought prone areas of
either intra-state (flowing within a single state from the Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
point of its source to its mouth) or inter-state river (b) Diversion of West flowing rivers to east–In
(which flows through the boundary of two or more Karnataka, the Western Ghats which is about 13 percent
states), which in some cases have even led to disputes of the geographical area of the state has 60 percent of the
among states. state's water resources in terms of quantity due to high
It is also enshrined in our constitution that it is our intensity of rainfall and every drop of its running as
fundamental duty to protect and improve the natural waste into the sea. There is a need of diversion of the
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life west flowing water to the East Tamil Nadu across the
and to have compassion for living creatures. That is why, ghats through pump storage schemes. By this, it is
river coordination is the demand of today without possible to use water in Karnataka and share the excess
compromising with the environmental degradation. One water with Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Hence,
third of India's districts are affected by severe drought, river coordination should be consistent with the laid
affecting some 33 crore people in 256 district in 10 states provisions of Kasturiranjan committee without harming
as per a snapshot of 2016 water crisis. the environment and its creatures.
Agriculture in India is dependent on the monsoon (c) Himalayan River Development–We have
because farmers are not well equipped with modern earlier discussed that Himalayan river is perennial in
methods of manual irrigation. They are still dependent on nature. We should find out the feasibility for all links to
monsoon rains for irrigating their crops. Since January connect Brahmaputra-Ganga to other West and Southern
2015, around 1000 farmers have killed themselves due to rivers to the country to solve the water crisis of the entire
acute drought and debt in Karnataka. The Bundelkhand country. Therefore, water preservation would lead to
districts across Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh benefits. Wherever necessary, we can implement the
continue to reel under the drought in a row. Almost 50 peninsular river development and divert west flowing
percent of its water sources have dried up. Women travel rivers to East to start with.
long distances to collect drinking water. Agriculture is However, the linking of river and river coordination
failing leading to mass migration, poverty and hunger. is not easy as we are thinking. The main problem of
There are some reservoirs that supply water to coordination of river is inter state water dispute as water
Hyderabad city have dried up. In Pune, Maharashtra, the is a state subject. On the other hand, it is expensive
Government in relying on water tankers to meet the project, may cause environmental cost, lead to massive
increasing demand for water. There are reports on displacement of people, wastage of land, change in river
industrial shutdowns due to shortage of water. Around 13 course. Inspite of these issues, judicious use of
sugar mills in Sholapur and Marathawada in Maharashtra coordination, cooperation and collaboration among states
have shut down. Textile industries and dyeing factories will cause benefit in water preservation for the states
are shutting down production during water cuts. Power such as flood control better crop productivity through
production was disrupted in Farakka, West Bengal due to water security, flourishing of tourism and transportation
water shortage. through navigation and waterways, mitigating the
This shortfall of water across the states has led to impacts of recurrent floods in eastern India. No doubt,
crop failure, mass forced migration, suicide, death, these will enhance overall economic growth and
closing down of healthcare facilities and industry. fulfilling the various aspirations of Sustainable
The problem here has been more due to water Development Goals in true sense.
mismanagement than its actual scarcity. Q. 9 : Television is leading bad culture.
Efforts (Under these circumstances, efforts can Robert Kubey and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has
be taken into account):–Concerted, consistent and aptly said:
sustained efforts can lead to drought proofing and "In its easy provision of relaxation and escape,
creating water abundance. The first step in water television can be beneficial in limited doses. Yet
preservation and its management would involve when the habit interferes with the ability to
undertaking comprehensive, consistent and constant grow, to learn new things, to lead an active life,
campaigns to re-establish the relationship between then it does constitute a kind of dependence
people and water. and should be taken seriously." Hence it
The unused water is 65 percent which is flowing reflects that is now leading a bad culture.
into the sea and which should be utilized profitability by Ans. : Television is one of the most popular devices
diverting from surplus areas to deficient parts in the that are used for entertainment all over the world. It is
country. one of the breakthrough inventions of the 20th century. It
To preserve the water, the Government of India had revolutionised the broadcasting of information on the one
created the National Water Development Agency in hand and the processing and impact of this information
1982. It is an autonomous society to control under the on the other.
overall control of the Ministry of Water Resources. River In the beginning, it was all about entertainment. It
co-ordination and inter-linking of river projects can be did not have that many informative channels as it does
done with in following manner : now. Moreover, with this invention, the craze attracted
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 238 YCT
many people to spend all their time watching TV. People TV has brought about a visible negative shift in
started considering it harmful as it attracted the kids the many cultural values.
most. In other words, kids spent most of their time The rise of woman's education and education in
watching television and not studying. Television comes general coupled with rapid industrial growth has been
with a lot of benefits, it also has a negative side. showcased on TV, often deriding living in joint families
Now a days, we see how television is airing on one side and painting a rosy picture of life in a
inappropriate content which promotes all types of social nuclear family in the mega cities of our country. This
evils like violence, eve-teasing and more. Secondly, it is steady trend of rise in nuclear families has led to the
also harmful to our health. If you spend hours in front of disintegration of many family values like respecting old
the television, your eyesight will get weak. Your posture parents and elders, taking care of aging parents,
will cause pain in your neck and back as well. contributing financially and otherwise in joint
How television is leading bad culture:– responsibilities.
There has been overwhelming evidence that suggest The glorification of pursuing a jet set glitzy lifestyle
viewing violent and aggressive behaviour on television at the cost of compromising on almost any moral values
does indeed directly affect children. Children are great can be clearly seen in the increasing number of live-in,
imitator's of imaginary plays and their favourite one night stands and spiralling divorce rates.
characters. This is common place among the young Older generation are often left uncared for and left to
minds. It is often seen these days that children imitate fend for themselves. Many are even abandoned by their
stunts, actions shown on TV screens. Although we see own offspring on the streets of big cities where they are
TV as the means of mass communication, it sometimes easy victims of begging, abuse and organ piracy.
creates a sense of violence in the younger minds as they Changes in culture and social expectations are also
are unable to distinguish what is good and bad. coming about at a fast pace. Wearing western apparel
Nowadays, rather than playing, children are watching like jeans, jumpsuits is now a normal feature in most tier-
television. As a result, children do wrong things. It 1 and tier-2 cities regardless of social or economic status.
should not happen. Children should not be under the In fact, it is perfectly normal to wear short skirts, shorts,
influence of television. They should play. Playing is the halter necks and hot pants in the metros today. The
best exercise. young generation does not want to be seen as behenjis
More murders are happening because of the ideas and aunties which they commonly consider any girl or
we see on TV. People in this age just have no self woman wearing a saree, salwar suit or pavada (in the
control. People watch too much TV and I believe that it south) to be.
is the leading cause. If television series were less violent Anybody speaking Hindi or their mother tongue is
children would grow up to be less aggressive. immediately perceived as a desi backward type and
So, in today's generation, children are glued to the someone spewing choice abuses in English or even
TV. Rather than studying or playing, they are busy breaking the back of English grammar but dressed in
seeing television. This can have a deep impact on the westerns is sadly enough seen to be upmarket and
children's minds and can cause a big hazardous impact modern. So, it is the type of dress worn that typifies and
on their lives. Hence, I believe that TV may be the cause labels a person to be a desi auntie/uncle types rather than
for increase in violence in today's society. The debate the mental makeup, view points and actual behaviour.
over whether or not violence on television causes Reality TV series like Lock Upp, Naked and alone,
aggressive behavior in children has often seen. Mirzapur web series that are more or less another name
As we all know some TV programmes are for sleaze and soft porn have led to a morally permissive
educational. They open our minds by providing society which may always not turn out to be beneficial to
information that are unlikely to be taught in schools and all strata of our society.
other places such as home schools. Some programmes The constant streaming and availability of such
that are not so educational could affect us physically and shows have led to changes in cultural and social
emotionally. Many media channels are now only perceptions. Where at one time, even co-ed education
promoting the propaganda of the governments and was frowned upon even by the so-called educated strata
misinforming citizens. This causes a lot of division of society, today it is almost ok to have friends from the
within the otherwise peaceful community of our country. opposite sex, go on dates and have one night stands even
Thus, it is extremely important to keep the TV watching in the mid-tier towns of our country. This has bred a
in check. Parents must limit the time of their children culture of casual sex without having to shoulder the
watching TV and encouraging them to indulge in responsibility that a marriage entails.
outdoor games. No doubt, every coin has two sides to it. TV shows
In most of the cases, these programmes are being have the power to shape viewers attitudes. Television
watched by young children and can have negative reflects cultural values and it also influences culture.
influence on them. These can affect children's grades, Entertainment programs also play an influential role
sleep and daily activities. Kids are small and their minds within society. By portraying controversial relationships
haven't developed yet. So when a child watched a show such as single parents or gay couples as acceptable that
or a movie, they usually copy everything that is done on are marring the ethos of cultural values and insensitivity
the screen, not even caring whether it's good or bad. For towards social upbringing in the name of freedom of
example, 47% of violent television programmes show choice. Others think it's an entertainment medium, it's
the victim unharmed, especially in cartoons and not that either. It's an advertising medium. It's a method
television shows. Characters get blown by others and to deliver advertising like a cigarette is a method to
they get back up without being harmed. deliver nicotine."
UPPCS Mains 2022 Essay 239 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2022
General Studies : Paper-I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A not just the revival in the strictly speaking terms. It was a
new awakening.
Q. 1 : Describe the salient features of Art and All of a sudden, Uttar Pradesh was exposed to the
Architecture. scientific thoughts, new discoveries, free thinking,
Ans. : The Mauryan rulers were great patrons of art nationalism, national freedom struggle, engaged in socio-
and architecture, the buildings and pillars of this period cultural reformation, progressive and anti-colonial
can be considered as some of the finest specimens. movement.
MauArchitecture is divided into two parts as The impact of Renaissance can be taken into
follows: account in following ways:
19th century socio-religious reform movements–
Aligarh movement–Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
founded this movement in Aligarh in the 1860s. Its
mission was to spread scientific education among India's
Muslim masses.
Deoband movement–Founded in 1867. It was an
anti-British movement that aimed to educate Muslims in
order to lift them up.
Moreover, Madan Mohan Malaviya (Born in
Prayagraj) brought reforms in education promoting
modern education among Indians and co-founded the
Banaras Hindu University at Varanasi.
Bhartendu has depicted the condition of India
through Hindi drama 'Bharat Durdasha'. Bhartendu
Harischandra who was born in Varanasi, dedicated his
life to the development of Hindi literature and cleverly
The tradition of constructing stupas was older but it
used Hindi theatre to take digs at British rule as is
got development and current form during Mauryan
evident in his play 'Andher Nagari'.
period. The animal sculptures which was found on
In addition to these, various impacts of Renaissance
Mauryan pillars made up of stone.
favoured the freedom fighters of UP in raising the voice
Ex–Statue of Yakshini found from Didarganj against the anti-colonial rule.
Patna.
Ex–Asfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad. They
In addition to these, Mauryan art was highly in played significant role in national freedom struggle.
natural form which restricted the appearance of cultural
In UP, social reform did not typically imply a
ethos and other aspects of the society of that period. reorganization of society's overall structure. Instead, it
Q. 2 : Throw light on the nature of Renaissance infused new ways of life and thought into the existing
in Uttar Pradesh in the 19th century. primordial identities i.e. caste and religious based
Ans. : The definition of Renaissance changes with discrimination. Thus, it can be said that the society
reference to Uttar Pradesh. While renaissance means would be preserved and progressive when its members
revival of awakening but in Uttar Pradesh context, it is would be transformed.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 240 YCT
 Q. 3 : Illustrate the contributions of nationalist more children considering as an assets, are the root cause
leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak in the struggle for the of population explosion.
freedom of press. On the other hand, the another factor rapid growth of
Ans. : Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a fiery and population is decreasing the death rate due to
courageous journalist with a straight forward attitude advancement of medical science.
cum easy to read style. He co-founded the newspaper Keeping the causes of population explosion in
Kesari (in Marathi) and Maratha (in English). mind there are some suggestions to combat this
Role of press in the freedom struggle:– problem as follows–
He took over the two papers in 1888 and used
their columns to spread anti-British sentiment and
preached national resistance.
In early 1897, he wrote in the Kesari criticising
the congress for ignoring the peasant. In order to
achieve this goal, he organized a no-tax campaign
in Maharashtra in 1896-97 with the help of the
Poorna Sarvajanik's Sabha's young workers.
He asked the famine-stricken peasants of
Maharashtra to withhold payment of land revenue
if their crops had failed, referring to the official
famine code which he had printed in Marathi and
Moreover, more and more people should be covered
distributed by the thousand.
under-social security schemes. So that they do not
He was one of the first national leaders to depend upon others in the event of old-age, sickness,
recognize the critical role that the lower middle
unemployment etc. with these facilities. Consequently,
classes, peasants, artisans and workers could play
they will have no desire for more children. Therefore,
in the national movement. population explosion can be checked.
He propagated anti-British content using simple Q. 5 : Evaluate the role of Information
but direct language. Technology and Internet in social empowerment.
Last but not least, he began using the traditional Ans. : India has become dominant player in the
religious Ganapati festival to promote nationalist ideas
Information Technology globally. Information
(to seek freedom) through patriotic song and speeches. Technology industry is unique with regard to
He founded the Shivaji festival to instil national pride in
participation of women in the workforce.
young Maharashtrians. Role of Information Technology and Internet in
Through those newspapers, Tilak became widely social empowerment :
known for his bitter criticisms of British rule and
ICT has enabled disadvantaged individuals and
prosecuted Tilak for sedition and sent to jail.
women to participate in the national and global
Hence, due to his contribution in the struggle of policy decisions that can change their lives and
freedom of press and patriotism, Gandhi called him 'the empower them to take actions that can financially,
Maker of Modern India' in his tributes. socially and politically benefit them.
Q. 4 : Discuss the causes of population explosion
Through ICT, women are getting security,
in India and give suggestion to combat this problem.
awareness, knowledge, employment, confidence,
Ans. : Population explosion is the sudden increase popularity etc. For example–Sanchar Shakti
in the size of the population. In India, there are several project is magnum opus project of the department
causes of population explosion as follows: of telecommunications, a suite of mobile value-
added services to provide a variety of useful
information to women and women's Self-help
groups about government schemes and health and
social issues besides inputs related to and training
in livelihood, over the mobile phone.
ICT and internet are instrumental in encouraging
women to be more engaged in politics and get
their voice heard on issues that are at times
sidelined by the traditional media outlets.
Women can file their complain of harassment
through ICT and internet. For example–SHe-Box Online
Due to high illiteracy rate and belief in social Complaint Management System, Kathorthu programme
customs, child marriage, preference of male child i.e. in Kerala for seeking legal advice etc.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 241 YCT
 Despite so many efforts to empower women, there monuments and rivers that dot the length and
are many barriers such as discriminatory social norms breadth of the state. One of the works that the
and culture, limited access to public services (not enough state government has been doing in this regard for
functional literacy), ringing the bell against domestic the past year is beautification of banks of River
violence in India are cause of concern. Gomti in Lucknow.
Hence, there is an urgent need of legal reform and Agra is already known around the world for its
responses and ground level implementation along with architectural marvel such as Taj Mahal.
improving education services for women (increasing However, Uttar Pradesh needs to enhance its
functional literacy) to make empower in real sense. enabling environment tourist service infrastructure and
Q. : Ans. : toter only in the age where they should be environment sustainability for wooing tourist in heritage
involved in education. The ability to dream was arch.
withdrawn as the cultural barrier among groups Q. 8 : What is 'Smart City Mission'? Discuss the
were higher than any change for betterment. main characteristics of cities of Eastern Uttar
It is often seen that low income students achieve poorly Pradesh selected under this scheme.
in school because the socialization in their Ans. : 'Smart City Mission' was launched by the
families and communities does not equip them Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 June
with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and cultural 2015. It is an innovative and new initiative by the
capital essential for academic success in maintain Government of India to drive economic growth and
society. improve the quality of life of people by enabling local
Therefore, poverty which is transmitted over generations development and harnessing technology as a means to
becomes a culture due to the kind of psychological create smart outcomes for citizens.
phenomenon that accompanies living in dire
circumstances.
Q. 7 : What is 'Heritage Arch'? Underline its
importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms of tourism
potential.
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc is a
triangulation network stretching from Agra to Lucknow
and Varanasi in India, covering an area of approximately
700 km.

Main characteristics of cities of Eastern UP

selected under Smart City Mission:
It is noteworthy that Uttar Pradesh has the second
highest number of 11 cities. The cities selected within
eastern Uttar Pradesh are Bareilly, Prayagraj, Lucknow,
Kanpur, Varanasi, Moradabad, Saharanpur.
Prayagraj is an administrative and educational hub.
It houses a high court too.
It is an important step towards promoting tourism in Bareilly lies in the Rohilkhand geographical region.
state.
It is known to be a major market for apparel. Moradabad
Importance of 'Heritage Arch' in terms of is a major industrial city and export hub and home to a
tourism potential–
major handicraft market.
Uttar Pradesh is endowed with rich tourism Kanpur is known for leather goods, spices and
potential. UP has many rivers and historical
hosiery. It is the commercial capital of UP.
monuments which are wooing the tourists. For
ex–Alaknanda cruise in Varanasi. Lucknow is a major metropolitan and a booming
Tier-II Centre. It is an important center for finance,
Heritage Arch by incorporating the city of
pharma commerce, culture etc.
manners and etiquette, Lucknow, "the city of the
Taj" 'Agra' and the religious and cultural centre, Varanasi is an important industrial town of the state
Varanasi will open a new chapter in tourism and is known the world over for its intricate silk
promotion. Ex-Assi Ghat in Varanasi. embroidery.
Regarding the tourism potential in the state, the Q. 9 : Give an account of Irrigation Projects of
state government brought up the various historic Uttar Pradesh in detail with suitable examples.

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 242 YCT

 Ans.: Irrigation projects mainly consists engineering
or hydraulic structures which collect, convey and deliver
water to areas on which crops are grown.
There are following irrigation projects given
below–

In addition to these, there are other canal system Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious day
such as– for Hindus and is celebrated in Uttar Pradesh with great
devotion, fervour and gaiety.
1. Western Canal System Gandak
Ramnavami is celebrated in month of March.
2. Sharda Shayak Project
Buddha Purnima is celebrated as the birthday of
3. Madhya Ganga Project (Phase I)
Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.
4. Madhya Ganga Project (Phase II)
Ganga Dussehra hold special significance of the
5. Eastern Ganga Canal Project. places such as Varanasi, Prayag etc.
To solve the problem of drought, Parichha Dam was Janmashtami celebrated the birth of Lord Krishna.
constructed on the river in 1985 and Betwa canal was The twin cities of Mathura and Vrindawan come alive
created in Bundelkhand region. with cultural events and festivities in the month of
To nuture Dhasan canal system, Lehehura and Bhadohi.
Pahadi dam were constructed on Dhasan river. It Durga Puja, Dussehra, Ramlila, Diwali are the event
benefitted Hamirpur district. which is celebrated with great ethusiasm and devotion.
With the increasing demand of water and with the Ayudh Puja is a regional festival in Uttar Pradesh.
concern to provide more water on Bariyarpur weir, Moreover, Kartik Poornima celebrated in the month
Gangau Dam was created. of November, is the sacred day when the ghats of
Through Western Gandak Canal System, only the Varanasi come alive with thousands of brightly lit
facility of irrigation is made available to the major part earthern lamps.
of Rohin, Rapti and Gandak Doab. Id-ul-Fitra, Eid-ul-Adha and Moharram are the
Last but not least, for the fulfilment of water festivals which are celebrated by Muslims.
shortage in districts located at lower part of Sharda canal In addition to this, Dala Chhath mostly celebrated in
system viz–Lucknow, Raebareilly, Barabanki, Faizabad, Purwanchal belt of Uttar Pradesh cannot be ignored to
Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Prayagraj, mention.
Bhadohi, Mau, Ballia and for making the irrigation Therefore, it can be said that Uttar Pradesh, the most
facility available in rest of the regions of these districts populous state in India, has immense diversity where
while using the water of Ghaghra river, Sharda Shayak every religious, sect are free to celebrate their festival
project was started. amicably.
However, recently, UP Government has launched SECTION-B
several more irrigation projects to serve extensive areas
of millions of hectares. Q. 11 : Why Gupta period is considered as the
Q. 10 : Mention various festivals which are "Golden-Age" of Ancient Indian History?
celebrated in Uttar Pradesh. Ans. : The Gupta is called the 'Golden Age' of
Ans. : Uttar Pradesh is a province famous for its ancient Indian history because art, culture, literature
wonderful celebrations. It is the land of a number of flourished in this period. It also gave contribution
festivities and celebrations. extensively towards science and philosophy that helped
in development of Indian society.
There are several reasons to consider Gupta
period as the 'Golden-age' of Indian history as
follows:
1. During the Gupta Empire, the numeral system
including the concept of zero was invented in
India. The peace and prosperity created under the
leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of
scientific and artistic endeavours in India. This

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 243 YCT

 considerable achievement of Indian in the field of only to free India from bondage but also from the age-
mathematics, astronomy, science, religion and old discriminatory practices of caste, creed, religion and
philosophy pushed to consider this period as superstition.
Golden Age. 'Why I am an Atheist' the most well known article
2. The Gupta Age witnessed political unification of by Bhagat Singh was written while he was in jail.
India after long period of more than 500 years Explaining one of the reasons for his being an atheist,
after the decline of Mauryans. Bhagat Singh writes 'I ask why your omnipotent God
Moreover, a number of strong and efficient rules does not stop every person when he is committing any
came to power who saved territory from foreign sin or offence so on.
invaders. For example–Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, British rule is here not because God willed it, but
Skandgupta. because they possess power. It is because of our apathy
Gupta rulers were largely patrons of art and that they are successfully committing the most
literature. This was the reason, it was flourished. deplorable sin against society, the outrageous
Example– Cave temples were mainly built in the Gupta exploitation of one nation by another. The idea of God is
era. Beautiful images of Buddha were fashioned at helpful to man in distress. Society has to fight this belief
Sarnath and Mathura. It also saw the remarkable as well as idol worship and narrow conception of
religion. This is exactly to my state of affairs and would
production of secular literature. For example–Kalidasa
have to stand like a man with head held high to the last
wrote the classical Sanskrit literature
even to the gallows.
Abhijnanshakuntalam etc. Moreover, many religious
literatures and epics like the Ramayana and the Hence, in Bhagat Singh's view, a revolution does not
mean mere transfer of political power from one set of
Mahabharata, 18 Puranas were written mostly.
rulers to another set of rulers. Instead, a true revolution is
Iron pillar of Mehrauli in Delhi is the distinguished about a radical, transformative, pradigmatic shift in the
feature of craftsmen. Its feature is the magnumopus work realm of political power i.e. from the hands of
of science and technology. exploitative rulers to the hands of a progressive-
Hence, the notable achievements in the field of revolutionary class.
economy, art and literature, science and technology and Q. 13 : Explain the points of ancient Indian
polity compelled us to accept the Gupta age as 'Golden knowledge on the basis of which India was designated
age' of Ancient India. as 'Vishwaguru'.
Q. 12 : Throw light on the 'Revolutionary Ans. : There was a time when India was known as a
Philosophy' formulated by Bhagat Singh. Vishwa Guru, a world leader that may envied. Today, the
Ans. : On the canvas of modern Indian history, time has come for India to designate as 'Vishwaguru'
politics and social thought, Bhagat Singh shines as one once again and emerge as the hub of knowledge and
of the most illustrious and glorious revolutionary stars. innovation.
The revolutionary Bhagat Singh was deeply There are several points of ancient Indian
committed to socialism. It was therefore natural that he knowledge on the basis of that India was designated as
greatly admired the two youth icons of his day Vishwaguru–
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. After 1. India had preserve its rich cultural heritage and
observing the virtues and attributes of both great leaders, legacy for posterity.
Bhagat Singh appealed to the youth of Punjab to ponder 2. Charaka Samhita, Aryabhatiya, Arthashastra,
over these revolutionary thoughts and make up their Shukranitisara and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are
minds keeping in mind not to become blind followers. among the many well known ancient treaties that
He tried to make the youth understand the need of testify to the vast repository of knowledge of
Inquilab in Hindustan and the true meaning of Inquilab. ancient India.
He advised the youth "Crush your individuality first, 3. The message of the idea of India is to consider the
shake off the dreams of personal comfort. No difficulties entire world as one family or Vasudhaiva
and no hardships shall discourage you, no failures and Kutumbakam.
betrayals shall dishearten you. Through the ordeal of This is what makes India aspire to be the knowledge
sufferings and sacrifice, you shall come out victorious. giver of the world.
Bhagat Singh had a message for the press too which We were always a knowledge society indulging in
seems as relevant today as it must have been when debates and exchanges of ideas without gender
written almost a century ago. The real duty of the discrimination.
newspaper is to educate, to cleanse the minds of the For example-Gargi Yagavalkya dialogue.
people, to save them from narrow sectarian divisiveness The Upanishadas are an eloquent testimony to the
and to eradicate communal feeling to promote the idea of constant, constructive dialogue between the teacher and
common nationalism. the taught. Innumerable thinkers, researchers and
His deep commitment to Inquilab was not merely teachers who absorbed the best in the world and charted
political but also social as he wanted a revolution not out a path on their own.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 244 YCT
 India has its own illustrious history of innovations of dysfunctional aspect of major changes rooting out
zero and the decimal system. taboos.
India is geographically diverse and there are many Q. 15 : Define Globalization and Privatization.
climate zones too. Despite various language, dialects, Discuss their objectives.
believe in different ways of worship, the country's Ans. : Globalization and Privatization are two of the
journey towards development, prosperity and stability most important and interesting phenomenon in current
truly remains not just a story but it is a spark of world's economic and political relations.
realisation. Globalization is a process of interaction and
Our ancient apparent diversity is the diverse integration among the people, organizations and
manifestation of our innate unity. governments of different nations to such an extent in one
Hence, sharing the worldview loud, courage of part of the globe affects people in other parts of the
conviction, rich cultural heritage, assimilation of world.
different philosophical views are the clear observation to
Whereas privatisation means transfer of firms from
loud the rich ancient knowledge designated India as
the public to private sector through the transfer of
Vishwaguru.
ownership, management and control. It is intended to
Q. 14 : Throw light on the factors of continuity achieve efficiency, reduce burden on government, attract
and change in Indian society. foreign investment.
Ans. : There are a number of factors which are
Objectives of Globalization and Privatization:–
responsible for continuity and change in Indian society.
It is well known that change may occur through The process of globalization is associated with the
integration and adoptation. free flow of trade, capital across borders,
increasing openness, growing economic
independence. It deepens the economic integration
to the world. However, the main aim of
globalization is to integrate the Indian economy
with the global economy.
Whereas the objective of privatisation is to deter
government influence and aids economic growth.
As, it had been observed that private bodies don't
have a political agenda but rather they focus more
on spurring growth and efficiency within an
Of the various factors which have enabled our organization for a greater generation of revenues.
society to adapt/integrate, the most important ones are–
Privatization can also be viewed from a regulatory
political independence and introduction of democratic
standpoint in the form of deregulation.
values, industralisation urbanisation, increase in
Government regulations often serve to control the
education and social awareness such as feminism,
manner in which a business operates to a certain
globalisation and anti-casteism.
degree. Example–Labour regulations that set
The introduction of democratic values and political
wage and safety standards, environmental
independence has provided opportunity to all individuals
to develop self around conscious and unconscious regulations regarding pollution and consumer
orientation towards vital interests and values involving protection regulation such as mandatory labeling
identity, status, commitment and desires. As of now, and food and drug safety regulations.
individuals are more concerned with individuality. In general, privatization is a good thing because it
The social and cultural resilience, tolerant, allows free market and has been for more efficient
indifference towards Brahmanical tradition, continual compared to the government. However,
involvement in cultural and agrarian movements and a privatization is also susceptible to corruption and
pugnacious utilitarianism provide major role in the create wealth inequality.
country's social and economic development. Further, globalization is bad in the sense that it
Moreover, many changes were seen as follows: encourages core countries to exploit the resources in
Today the caste system in the urban is not as rigid as underdeveloped countries.
in the rural areas. But in village people mediate their Hence, there is a need to make balance between
social, political and cultural goals through caste. privatization and globalization for social cause.
Whereas in cities, the caste panchayats have increasingly Q.16. : Caste alliances emanate from secular and
been transformed into caste associations. political factors and do not spring from primordial
Hence, it can be said that forces of change which identities. Discuss.
Indian society encounters today have not only the
functional aspect (continuity) but they also have the
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 245 YCT
 Ans. : India, at the time of independence, was a
diverse nations with various religions, caste, languages,
lifestyle, art, tradition and culture.
The struggle with positive discrimination has always
been in the tension between the primordial and
constructivist worldviews of different castes, religions
and ethnic groupings. But as of now, caste alliances
emanate from secular and political factors and do not
spring from primordial identities.
The factors are discussed below–
With the caste system as the basis for ritual, social
and economic gradation since the inception of the epic
Hinduism, the crafters of the new democratic, secular
and independent India wanted to seek reparations for
those who were previously tainted as outcasts. In
contemporary Indian scenario, caste mobilisation has
become an important factor in determining Indian A mature tropical cyclone is characterised by the
politics. strong spirally circulating wind around the centre called
This group identity (caste alliances) based on caste the eye. The eye is a region of calm and subsiding air.
that has been reinforced by the advent of political Around the eye is the wall, where there is a strong
consciousness around caste identities is institutionalised spiralling ascent of air to greater height reaching the
by the caste-based political parties that acknowledge to tropopause. The wind reaches maximum velocity in this
region reaching as high as 250 km per hour. Torrential
uphold and protect the interests of specific identities
rain occurs here. From the eye wall rain bands may
including the castes. Hence some caste dominated parties
radiate and trains of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds
implicitly followed the caste pattern to extract distance in may drift into the outer region. With continuous supply
electoral politics. For example–Some caste associations of moisture from the sea, the storm is further
were established with political objectives to compete in strengthened. On reaching the land, the moisture supply
elections. is cut off and the storm dissipates. The place where a
Hence it can be said that caste system was tropical cyclone crosses the coast is called the landfall of
previously based on hierarchy an channelizing the the cyclone. The cyclones which cross 20ºN latitude
potential but as of now it has become an important generally, recurve and they are more destructive.
determinant in Indian society and politics with gesture of However, the cyclone creates storm surges and they
secular outlook. Thereby, it has increased the intensity of inundate the coastal low lands. The storm peters out the
confrontational politics and possibly leading to a land.
growing crisis of governability. Q. 18 : Discuss the factors affecting rural
Q. 17 : Describe the causes of origin, structure settlement pattern in India.
and weather associated with tropical cyclones. Ans. : Rural settlement involves the settlement of
Ans. : Tropical cyclones are violent storms that areas outside cities and towns where population density
originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to is low and the settlement pattern is dispersed.
the coastal areas bringing about large scale destruction There are three factors affecting rural settlement
caused by violent winds very rainfall and storm surges. pattern in India as follows–
Causes of origin of tropical cyclone:–
1. Large sea surface with temperature higher than
27ºC.
2. Presence of Coriolis force - It increases with
latitude which is powerful enough to start a storm
at 5º latitude.
3. Small variations in the vertical wind speed.
4. A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low
level cyclonic circulation.
5. Upper divergence above the sea level system.
Structure and weather associated with tropical
cyclone–

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 246 YCT

 The physical factors like relief, altitude, soil Zone III comprises Kerala, Goa, Lakshadweep
capacity, drainage, climate etc. influence the type and islands, remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and
spacing of dwelling. West Bengal, parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya
Ex–Plain villages, coastal villages etc. people Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra,
choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture. Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
The cultural and ethnic factors like caste, community, The remaining part of the country fall under
ethnicity and religion, work affects the rural settlement moderate to very Low Damage Risk Zone (under Zone
pattern. II). Most of the areas that can be considered safe are
Ex–Lumberjack villages, Fisherman's villages, Land from the stable landmass covered under the Deccan
owning caste periphery. plateau.
In the past mostly border areas of north-western Q. 20 : Presenting the details of the popular folk
plains were conquered or attacked frequently by songs in the 'Purvanchal region' of Uttar Pradesh.
outsiders. People began to live in circular pattern so as to Mention their salient features.
protect the people from invaders. Ans. : Purvanchal is a geographical region of north-
However, planned sites or patterns that are not central India which comprises the eastern end of Uttar
spontaneously chosen by villagers themselves but the Pradesh state.
planned rural settlements were constructed by Purvanchal region enjoys a rich heritage and culture
governments by providing shelter, water and other because of its association with historical places.
infrastructures on acquired lands whereas unplanned
One of the main features of Purvanchal's culture is a
rural settlements are mostly dominated by primary
tradition of folk songs. They are passed on orally from
activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry and
generation to generation.
fishing, suited to livelihood.
Q. 19 : Describe earthquake belts in India.
Ans. : The seismic belt often known as the
earthquake belt, is a narrow geographic band on the
earth's surface where most earthquake activity occurs in
a pattern.
An earthquake in simple words is shaking of the
earth. It is a natural event. Earthquakes are by far the
most unpredictable and highly destructive of all the
natural disasters.
In India, Bureau of Indian Standards has grouped the
Salient features of folk songs of Purvanchal region–
country into for seismic bets as follows:
Kajari–Even though Kajari is sung in a large
Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, Zone V
region, Mirzapur in eastern Uttar Pradesh is considered
to be the real home of the Kajari. There are precisely two
forms of Kajari singing in Purvanchal. The first is the
one that is sung on a performance platform where as
women sing the other one on monsoon evenings. The
later is popularly called 'Dhunmmuniya Kajri'.
Faag–During festival 'Holi' the people of
Purvanchal regions sing the songs in group of phags. Fog
sons once identified with festival colours. Ex–It is more
sung in Ballia, Kushinagar, Azamgarh etc.
Birha–It is another popular folk genre of Purvanchal
Map is only for representation region. Birha is ethnic Bhojpuri folk genre of Ahir
Of these, Zone V is seismically the most active communities. It is composed of two episodes–When one
region, while zone II is the least. side says their point, the other side answers in the same
Zone V regions are very high damage risk zone. verse.
These regions are north-east states areas to the north of Sohar–Sohar songs are sung on the birth of a child
Darbhanga and Araria along the Indo-Nepal border in in the house. It is also sung as a hymn on the day of Ram
Bihar, Uttarakhand, Western Himachal Pradesh and Navami and Krishna Janmashtami. The important places
Kashmir Valley in the Himalayan region and the where it is sung mostly–Mau, Ghazipur, Ballia,
Kuchchh (Gujarat). Gorakhpur.
Zone IV covers the remaining parts of Jammu and It is evident that customs and traditions are an
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern parts of Punjab, important part of the lives of many people in Purvanchal
Eastern parts of Haryana, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh region, particularly in rural areas. Therefore, folk songs
and Northern Bihar fall under the High Damage Risk like Sohar, Fag were able to become a part of the
Zone. countryside cultural tradition.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-I 247 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2022
General Studies : Paper-II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A It can be said that it provides an unified approach

where a person can install one application to avail
Q. 1 : Describe the salient features of "UMANG multiple government agencies. However, UMANG can
Scheme" related to e-governance. be accessed on multiple channels like Web, SMS, mobile
Ans. : UMANG stands for Unified Mobile Application application to avail government services curbing red-
for New-Age Governance. It is conceptualised to bring tapism.
governance on the finger tips of individuals through
mobile first strategy. This application will enable users to Hence, UMANG scheme not only provides a single
access e-Government services from the Central platform for all Indian citizens to access pan India e-
Government, the State Governments, local bodies and Governmentence services but also it has a rich
their agencies. multimedia interface with a focus on maximizing
The salient features of "UMANG Scheme" usability and enriching user experience.
related to e-governance are as follows– Q. 2 : What are the fundamental causes of
• It provides seamless integration with popular poverty and hunger? What are government schemes
customer centric services like Aadhar and which have been implemented to eliminate poverty
Digilocker. and hunger?
• It supports 12 major Indian languages in addition Ans. : Poverty and hunger have been a universal and
to English. increasing menace to humankind.
• It acts as an enabler and facilitator in developing Poverty and hunger are closely linked–those who
overall mobile-based service delivery ecosystem live in poverty are likely to suffer from hunger and
in India. malnutrition. Poverty and hunger are often caused by
Example–The services that are made available lack of education, employment and healthcare.
through the UMANG application are as follows– The fundamental causes of poverty and hunger
are as follows–
Field/ e-Services through UMANG
application 1. Lack of basic needs such as water, healthcare,
Sector
foods, sufficient access to social and economic
Education e-Pathshala (NCERT), National services and few opportunities for formal income
Scholarship portal, National generation.
Digital library etc.
2. Due to improper government policies and the
Agriculture Soil Health Card, Crop Insurance, misuse of the financially weaker section by the
Weather Forecast, Agro Advisory wealthier community. Ex-Poor health services,
Equipment Dealer Information child malnutrition.
Pension Employee Provident Fund, 3. Lack of income and productive resources to
National Pension System, Jeevan ensure sustainable livelihoods.
Praman, Pensioners Welfare
4. Limited access to education and other basic
Services
services, social discrimination and elimination as
Utilities DTH (Direct To Home), Tele- well as the lack of participation in decision
phone/Phone, Electricity, Gas making.
Other Passport, PAN, TRAI-DND, PM 5. Corruption and climate change when leaders and
Services Awas Yojana, Grievance people are not accountable to those who serve.
Redressal Mechanism/ Complaints Corruption hinders development.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 248 YCT
 6. Last but not least, population rise, low Role of NGOs in the process of policy making–
productivity in agriculture, price rise,
unemployment, low rate of income of economic
development are the major causes.
However, the government has done a lot to curb the
menace of poverty and hunger.
The schemes related to poverty and hunger
which has been implemented to eliminate these
problems are as follows–
Schemes that are Schemes that are The political agenda is however agreed by the
related to curb the related to fight government but is shaped by NGOs and group of NGOs
poverty against hunger through campaigns and lobbying for issues, needs and
concerns.
Sansad Aadarsh Gram National Nutrition
NGOs contribute in agenda setting through
Yojana Mission, Poshan advocating, information and awareness building,
National Rural Abhiyan was started in expertise and advice, innovation etc.
Livelihood Mission 2018 by the Ministry of While formulating the public policy, NGOs are often
(provide them jobs and Women and Child involved in areas such as identifying problems,
regular income) Development to reduce proposing solutions and providing evidence, facilitating
the level of under opportunities for consultation should be a key element in
Mahatma Gandhi this step. While formulating, NGO works as watchdog
nutrition and also
National Rural and keeps stakeholder concern in mind.
enhance the nutritional
Employment Guarantee Decision making process is the next step for public
status of the children in policy. Draft laws and motions are open to input and
Act (MGNREGA) (to
the country. participation of NGOs. However the final power of
provide assured
employment every year choice lies with the public authorities.
Implementation is the step in which many NGOs are
to every rural
most active. For example, in service delivery and
household) project execution. At the evaluation level, the role of
National Urban National Food Security NGOs is to monitor and assess the outcomes of the
Livelihood Mission Mission - started in implemented policy. NGOs put forth an effective and
(creating opportunities 2007 to increase transparent monitoring system for intended purpose.
for skill development, production of rice, Hence, NGOs play a crucial role in the process of
policy making promoting citizen participation,
easy access to credit) wheat, pulses and
developing society etc.
coarse cereals in a
Q. 4 : What are the rights within the ambit of
sustainable manner. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution?
Pradhan Mantri Jan Zero Hunger Ans. : Article 21 is the heart of the Indian
Dhan Yojana (aimed to Programme was Constitution because of its most organic and progressive
direct transfer of launched on October provision in own Indian Constitution.
pension, subsidy etc. to 16, 2017 (setting up Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of
his life or personal liberty except according to a
the beneficiaries) genetic gardens for
procedure established by law.
biofortified plants).
Rights within the ambit of Article 21 are as
Hence, issue of food production and distribution as follows–
well as ground level implementation of policies are key 1. Right to life
to the long term solutions to the causes and challenges 2. Right to personal liberty.
posed by poverty and hunger. The right of life under Article 21 of the Indian
Q. 3 : Discuss the role of non-governmental Constitution does not mean animal existence or mere act
of breathing. But it guarantees the right to a dignified
organization in the process of policy making.
life. There are some rights included in the ambit of
Ans. : Policy-making is a continuous process, a Article 21. It was mentioned in Maneka Gandhi case
collective activity, a cooperative endeavour and an effort giving the wider interpretation of Article 21. These are as
in which official and non-official agencies participate. follows–
NGOs have been trying to sensitize, mobilize people and • Right to free legal aid
interested groups particularly the poor to enable them to • Right to privacy
fight for their rights. • Right to health
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 249 YCT
 • Right to a speedy trial The Finance Commission constitutes an important
• Right to shelter channel of Central transfers to the states.
• Right to live with human dignity The role of Finance Commission is examined as
• Right against hand-cuffing follows–
• Right against bonded labour • The constitutional provisions regarding taxation
• Right against custodial harassment and borrowing powers of the centre and the states,
• Right to emergency medical aid place the finance commissioner in a commanding
position. Though the constitution creates a dual
• Right against public hanging polity based on divided governmental powers and
• Right against bar fetters functions, this division is not water tight.
• Right to sleep • Further, the favourable position given to the
• Right to information centre in regard to financial resources reflects the
• Right of appeal from a judgment of conviction strong-centre theme running through the
• Right to travel abroad. constitution and it can be said that this has been an
Hence, the right under Article 21 is not just confined important factor in keeping the country united.
to a guarantee against taking away of individual's life but • On the other hand, recognizing the fact that the
has wider application. Various judgments like Kharak financial resources of the states may prove
Singh vs. State of UP and others, Laxmi Devi vs. inadequate for undertaking welfare, maintenance
Attorney General of India have expanded the scope of and development activities. There is mechanisms
right such as right to privacy and the execution of a death to flow the funds from the centre to the states.
sentence at a public place unconstitutional respectively.
• Finance Commission makes recommendations
Q. 5 : Consider the functions and relations of the
Chief Minister and the Governor of State. regarding the devolution of taxes between the
centre and the states from the divisible pool which
Ans. : The Governor acts as the nominal head
whereas the real power lies with the Chief Minister of includes all central taxes (excluding surcharges
the state. According to Article 164 of the Indian and cesses) which the centre is constitutionally
Constitution, Governor appoints Chief Minister. mandated to share with the states. However, the
Function and relations of the Chief Minister and architect of the constitution probably realized that
the Governor of State– even a share in the proceeds of divisible taxes,
• As per Article 163 of Indian Constitution, there some states might still need financial assistance.
shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Further, they made provision for annual grants in
Minister at the head to aid and advise the aid of revenue under Article 275(1) to such states
Governor in the exercise of functions, except the as may be in need of assistance.
discretion granted by the constitution. Hence, the spirit behind the Financial Commission
• As per Article 167, the Governor can seek and its recommendations is to increase the automatic
information from the Chief Minister about state transfers to the states to give them fiscal autonomy. Yet,
administrative and legislative manners. there is a need of far reaching recommendations of
However the Governor is not bound to act on the aid Finance Commission to envision of co-operative and
and advice of CM and council of ministers while competitive federalism.
performing his duties. Q. 7 : "Lok Adalats have acted as a great catalyst
The Governor can also appoint Chief Minister when for change in the Indian Legal System". Elucidate.
no party has a clear cut majority (during hung assembly). Ans. : Lok Adalat not only provides an efficient
On the other hand, the governor can dismiss the Council substitute to seek redressal but significantly help in
of Ministers when it cannot prove the confidence of the reducing the burden of the courts pertaining to backlog
state assembly and consequently, the one has to tender and pendency of cases.
resignation. There is a famous legal maxim of "Justice delayed is
All Governors while discharging such constitutional justice denied" fits very aptly when it comes to the
functions as appointment of Chief Minister of a state or Indian legal system because even the most trivial matter
sending a report to President about failure of sometimes takes years to get resolved.
constitutional machinery in a state or in respect of
Lok Adalat can be called India's take at alternate
matters relating to assent to a bill passed by legislature,
exercise their own judgment. dispute resolution. They have known to be immensely
efficient, flexible and quick. Lok Adalats have resulted
Therefore, CM being the head of council of minister,
is a link between the governor and the council of in a very positive response as many people have chosen
ministers. The Council of Ministers is collectively to take their grievances to Lok Adalats as they are very
responsible to legislative assembly of the state though cost-effective which results in an increase in accessibility
appointed by Governor. of justice.
Q. 6 : Critically examine the role of Finance For example : Over one crore cases settled in
Commission in the Centre-State Financial relations. National Lok Adalat. (Data third National Lok Adalat of
Ans. : Finance Commission under Article 280 is a the year 2022). The concept of Lok Adalat has originated
unique feature of the Indian Constitution having no following Gandhian Principles of Gram Swaraj and
parallel in the existing federal constitutions of the world. attempts to promote and fulfill the provision of Article

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 250 YCT

39A(e) of the constitution which aims at providing equal topple pro-Moscow Ukrainian President Viktor
justice and free legal aid to everyone without Yanukovych. Putin used the power vacuum to
discrimination. annex crimea and backed separatists in the south-
Lok Adalats function in a more flexible manner as eastern provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk.
the procedures laid down in the CPC and Section 17 of 2. Apart from ideological and political reasons, Putin
Indian Evidence Act are not strictly implemented which sought Ukraine's membership in a Moscow-
also results in speedy justice. dominated free-trade block.
Hence, seeking justice is no longer a luxury, it is a 3. The most important reason is that Russia is
fundamental right and this change has been brought by enraged by the prospect of NATO bases next to
the introduction of Lok Adalats. his border.
Q. 8 : Energy security is the most important part 4. Ukraine is a crucial buffer between Russia and the
of economic progress of India. Analyse India's energy West. The US and Europe are increasingly
policy co-operation with West Asian countries. determined to keep Ukraine away from Russian
Ans. : Energy security, of course, is a key ingredient control.
of India's interest in West Asia. It is dependent on 5. After invading Crimea, which was a part of
imports for 80% of its oil needs of which roughly 55% is Ukraine, Russia began fomenting a separatist
sourced from the Persian Gulf region. Energy security movement in eastern Ukraine which is home to
paves an important role in its economic prosperity many who are ethnically Russian.
including development of industries as well as house- 6. Emotional exploitation of the people who are
hold growth. ethically Russian parts of Ukraine, are being
In order to sustain the continuous supply of energy exploited for electoral and military purposes.
source in the form of petroleum products, India has a 7. Last but not least, the European Economic
very deep and close relationship with western Asian Community (EAEC) united several ex-soviet
countries as follows– republics and was widely seen as a first step to
1. Trade reincarnate the USSR.
2. Investments Despite claiming that Russians and Ukrainians are
India is buying crude oil and natural gas especially "one people" part of the Russian civilization.
from West Asian countries. In addition to this, India is Russia and Ukrainians parted ways linguistically
one of the largest exporter of refined petroleum. historically and most important politically that
Investments by India to West Asian countries has push for arising the conflict.
been centered around petroleum and its component. They Q. 10 : Which are the contentions issues between
are in the form of construction of infrastructure for India and Nepal? Explain.
handling petroleum output such as refineries or pipelines. Ans. : Nepal is an important neighbour of India. It
However, understanding the importance of energy occupies special significance in its foreign policy
security during the crisis and conflict in Middle East, because of the geographical, historical, cultural and
India intends to store crude petroleum in underground economic linkages. But recent times, there are several
reserves known as "strategic reserves". issues which has become the bone of contention between
Further, India is attracting Gulf countries to invest in India and Nepal.
petroleum refinery. For example–Saudi Arabia has
decided to set up a refinery in India which will be the
largest in the world. In addition to this, India has signed
an agreement with Turkmenistan for constructing a
pipeline between India and Turkmenistan. This will
provide piped gas connection to domestic as well as
industrial consumers.
Therefore, India has tried to diversify its petroleum
imports and provided flexibility during times of crisis
considering the importance of energy security. Nepal and India have some contentions issues
Q. 9 : Discuss the causes of Russia-Ukraine relating to border including the two major areas of
conflict. dispute at Susta and Kalapani (India-China-Nepal tri-
Ans. : Ukraine and Russia share hundreds of years junction).
of cultural, linguistic and familial links. On the other Further, there is a widespread perception of big
hand Russia has long resisted Ukraine's move towards brother attitude with respect to India in Nepal that India
European institutions. Recently bilateral tensions rose does not respect the country's sovereignty and it often
due to a Russian military build up near the border with intervenes in Nepal domestic affairs.
Ukraine. On 24th February 2022, Russia launched a full- Last but not least, in recent times, China's presence
scale invasion of Ukraine. has increased in Nepal that has heightened India's
Causes of Russia-Ukraine conflict are as follows– security concerns. For example–Nepal signed the Belt
1. After Ukraine's 2014, Revolution of Dignity and Road Initiative (BRI) Framework agreement with
which saw months - long protests ultimately China. As, China is trying to contest interests by
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 251 YCT
cultivating local interest groups that could advance 5. Adoption of positive attitude towards poor and
China's interests in Nepal. marginalized would lead to the supportive
Moreover, Nepal's new constitution and its environment for the growth and development of
aftermath which gave extensive political privileges to the the SHGs movement.
ruling hill tribes and discriminated against the people 6. Unutilized and underutilized resources of the
living in plains including Madhesis emerged as a community can be mobilized effectively under
contention issue that was seen in form of economic different SHGs initiatives.
blockade such as blockade of gas supply, fuel etc. by Even though, the authorities take measures for
India. creating awareness (Kudumbashree success in
Kerala) about the schemes beneficial to them, still
SECTION-B there is a need to do a lot for awareness and
Q. 11 : Discuss the challenges before Self Help effectiveness.
Groups (SHGs). What are the measures to make it Q. 12 : Describing the objective of the "Mission
effective and beneficial? Shakti" program run by the Government of Uttar
Ans. : Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small voluntary Pradesh, tell how far it has been successful in
association of poor people who come together for the achieving its objectives?
purpose of solving their common problems through self- Ans. : In October 2020, the UP government
help and mutual help. It comprises of very poor people launched the "Mission Shakti" programme to create
who do not have access to formal financial institutions. awareness about women empowerment in the state. For
Despite its role of facilitator and promoter of sustainable and equitable development of the country, it
is crucial to empower protect and ensure wholesome
common purposes infusing environment of growth, it
development of women and children.
has some challenges given below–
1. Financial challenges–Although SHGs are Objective of the "Mission Shakti" :
instrumental in promoting credit-worthiness of 1. To provide self-defense training programmes–
women, there are concerns about the sustainability This initiative was aimed to help young girls
become self-dependent by becoming physically
of SHGs and the graduating of SHGs from
and mentally strong.
microcredit units to microenterprises.
2. Fast-tracked trials and prosecution of the
2. Illiteracy and lack of stability–Improper record
accused - The State Government directed all
keeping of SHGs transactions, lack of district police chiefs not to only curb crime
mechanisms to ensure compulsory repayment and against girls and women but also to speed up fast
inability to pay overdue amounts due to the track trials and prosecution of the accused in court
destitute condition of some of the members. cases.
Capacity building impediments–To be financially 3. Holding 'Jan Sunwai' to resolve women issues–
self reliant by using the credit for their own enterprises, It aims to redress the grievances of women
SHGs members must be trained. victims and where women were sensitized about
Entrepreneurial stumbling block–SHGs often lack female foeticide and gender discrimination.
practical knowledge about the functioning of the market. How far it has been successful–
Socio-cultural limitations–SHG members lack Aimed at empowering girls and imparting self-
support from other family members to carry out SHGs defence skills, the Uttar Pradesh government conducted
activities while executing the domestic responsibilities. so many workshops to ensure safety dignity and self-
Social barrier such as women in villages are still seen a reliance for women from, all sections of society. The
caretaker of children and housewife. They are not objective of the workshop is to empower girls and enable
allowed to participate. This hinders women's them to protect themselves against real life scenarios
participation in SHGs. On the other hand, prevalence of such as sexual assaults, kidnapping, molestation,
patriarchal mindset in the rural areas see women as week bullying etc.
in all respects. • It made them self reliant focusing on improvement
Measures to make SHGs effective and beneficial of economic opportunities.
are as follows– Despite its good initiative and spirit, it has not
1. To create a supportive environment for the growth much more successful in achieving its objectives
and development of the SHGs movement. that are as follows:
2. There is a need of concentration on the • As it was alleged that case are being registered
improvement of the quality of groups rather than against those who are responsible for attacking/
quantitative expansion of phenomenon. burning women after a month.
3. Efforts must be made by removing various taboos • Criminal activities are still rampant in Uttar
and awarding people about increasing role of Pradesh. Ex–Increasing rape incidents in India
women. Gender sensitisation efforts must be and rapid rise of domestic violence.
made. • The irresponsible women constabulary are alleged
4. There is a need to establish a separate SHGs to threaten the victims not to file FIR and even
monitoring cell in every state. The cell should abuses the victims taking money from the other
collect both quantitative and qualitative party. This insincere outlook is marring the spirit
information. of Mission Shakti.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 252 YCT
 • Many women are allegedly said that corrupt • To pay special attention to the sections of our
officers/SI are making wrong report/chargesheet society that may be at risk of not benefitting
to take the favour of ill-doers. This insensitive adequately from economic progress.
behaviour is collapsing the spirit of Mission • To design strategic and long term policy and
Shakti. programme frameworks and initiatives and
• Recently, insensitive talk of IAS officer about monitor their progress and their effacy.
girls sanitary pads dilute the objective. Despite • To provide advice and encourage partnerships
some erroneous activities while implementing the between key stakeholders and national and
Mission Shakti, it has clear objective of providing international like minded think tanks as well as
a safe environment to women and empowering educational and policy research institutions.
them with series of awareness and capacity
• To offer a platform for the resolution of inter-
building workshops.
sectoral and inter departmental issues in order to
Q. 13 : Explain the objectives and composition of
accelerate the implementation of the development
'NITI Aayog'. What are its significance achievements?
agenda.
Ans. : The NITI Aayog formed on 1 January 2015
replacing erstwhile planning commission serves as the • To actively monitor an evaluate the
apex public policy think tank of the Government of implementation of programmes and initiatives.
India. • To focus on technology upgradation and capacity
Composition of NITI Aayog : building for implementation of programmes and
The NITI Aayog comprises all the state Chief initiatives.
Ministers, along with the Chief Ministers of Delhi and • To undertake other activities as may be necessary
Puducherry, Lieutenant Governors of all UTs and a vice to further the execution of the national
chairman nominated by the Prime Minister. In addition development agenda and the objectives mentioned
to this, temporary members are selected from leading above.
universities and research institution. These are as Significance of its achievements :
follows– • It has been entrusted with the twin mandate of
Chairperson Prime Minister overseeing the adoption and monitoring of
Governing Council CMs (States) and Lt Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the
Governors (UTs) country.
Regional Council Formed on need basis, • It promotes competitive and cooperative
comprising CMs and Lt federalism among states and UTs.
Governors of the region • One District, One Product Policy' is a recent
Members Full time basis agenda of the NITI Aayog Governing Council. It
Part-time members Maximum 2, rotational from intends to boost export at the district level.
relevant institutions • The NITI Aayog has framed a Model Act on
conclusive land titles that it will be adopted and
Ex-officio members Max-4 from council of
ministers nominated by PM implemented by states.
• Last but not least, recently, the NITI Aayog vice-
Special invitees Experts, specialists,
chairman had mentioned that the Government will
practitioners with domain
introduce the production-linked incentive (PLI)
knowledge
scheme for more sectors to boost domestic
Chief Executive Appointed by PM for fixed manufacturing. The objective of the PLI scheme is
Officer tenure, Secretary rank to incentivise investors in this country to put up
Secretariat As deemed necessary globally capacity in scale and competitiveness.
Objectives of NITI Aayog– Therefore, with a short span of time, NITI Aayog
• To evolve a shared vision of national development has achieved remarkable success is doing magnificent
priorities, sectors and strategies with the active work to push up other sectors making states competitive
involvement of states. and co-operative.
• To foster cooperative federalism through Q. 14 : Are the committees considered to be
structured support initiatives and mechanisms useful for Parliamentary work? Discuss, in this
with the states on a continuous basis recognizing context, the role of the Estimate Committee.
that strong states makes a strong nation. Ans. : Parliamentary committees are specialized
• To develop mechanisms to formulate credible groups that are constituted to have legislative control on
plans at the village level and aggregate these functions of the executive. They are expected to act as
progressively at high levels of government. second line of deterrence against executive actions.
• To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to Moreover, the parliamentary committees are established
it, that the interests of national security are to study and deal with various matters that cannot be
incorporated in economic strategy and policy. directly handled by the legislature due to their volume.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 253 YCT
 The committees are considered to be useful for To achieve the parity, the number of votes, the
Parliamentary work as follows– number of votes which each elected member of the
• Parliamentary committees act as a monitoring legislative assembly of each state and the Parliament is
body when it comes to executive actions such as entitled to cast at such election shall be determined in the
expenditure, planning etc. For example– following manner.
Committee on public expenditure.
• It also handle functions in the parliament like
carrying out legislative business, maintaining
decorum of the parliament and providing support
to legislatures.
Ex: Ethics Committee.
• They also ensure that elected members are
participating in affairs of the parliament or the
executive in some or the other way. Example–
Housing committee. It is to be noted that the nominated members of both
• In our parliamentary system, opposition parties Houses of Parliament, the nominated assemblies, the
get to play their role in controlling auctions of the members (both elected and nominated) of the state
party in power. legislative councils (in case of the bicameral legislature)
and the nominated members of the legislative assemblies
Example–Public Accounts Committee. It
of Delhi and Puducherry do not participate in the election
reflects that administrative accountability to the
legislature through committees has been the of the President.
hallmark of our political system. A candidate in order to be declared elected to the
The role of estimates committee is as follows– office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes.

Each member of the electoral college is given only

one ballot paper. The voter while casting his vote, is
required to indicate his preference by marking 1, 2, 3, 4
etc. against the names of candidates. In the first phase,
the first preference votes are counted. In case a candidate
secures the required quota in this phase, he is declared
elected. Otherwise the process of transfer of votes is set
Therefore, the estimates committee prevent the in motion. The ballots of the candidate securing the least
executive from misappropriation or diversion of funds number of first preference votes are transferred to the
and provides checks and balances of the unnecessary first preference votes of other candidates. This process
usage of funds. Moreover, it has ambit to study the report continues till a candidate secures the required quota.
from the CAG on the audit of government owned bodies Q. 16 : The concept of "One nation one election"
to ensure that proper guidelines are followed or not. has its own prospects and limitations in India.
Hence, it can be said that the role of estimates Examine.
committee varies from economic calculation to planning Ans. : It is said that the Indian polity is perennially
in order to monitor and regulate the actions of the in an election mode. As of now "One Nation, One
executive. Election" is just a concept rather than a reality. Ideally
Q. 15 : How is the President of India Elected? the collective term of simultaneous election implies that
Ans. : The President of India is recognized as the elections to all the three tiers of constitutional institutions
first citizen of the country and the head of the state. shall take place in a synchronized and co-ordinated
The provisions of the election of the President are manner i.e. a particular voter casts his/her vote for
laid down in Article 54 of the Constitution of India. electing members for all tiers of the Government on a
Election of the President of India– single day and also at the same time.
The President of India is elected indirectly by an Further, the prospects of holding 'One Nation,
Electoral College following the system of proportional One election' is as follows:
representation utilizing a single transferable vote system
and secret ballots. MPs and MLAs vote based on parity
and uniformity values. The voting is by secret ballot.

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 254 YCT

 Despite its own prospects of 'One Nation, One 5. Harmony and balance between fundamental rights
Election, it has some limitations in India as follows– and directive principles
1. Local issues will fade out–It is observed that 6. Separation of power
elections for state assemblies and Lok Sabha are 7. Parliamentary system
fought on different issues. Regional parties target 8. Unity and integrity of the nation
local/regional issues while national parties target 9. Power of High Court under Article 226 and 227
more wholesome national issues. 10. Limited power of parliament to amend the
2. Delay in Election Results–At present, when constitution.
almost all the regional parties are demanding to The basic structure concept got highlighted in
conduct of elections through ballet papers. various judgments of Supreme Court such Indira Nehru
Significant amount of time will be taken. Gandhi, Minerva Mills, I.R. Coelha, Waman Rao etc.
3. Constitutional problems–One time election Impact of basic structure doctrine of the Indian
seems almost impossible due to democratic set up Constitution are as follows–
of the country. Suppose if elections are conducted • The basic structure doctrine saved the Indian
simultaneously but it is not sure that all the state economy as it acts as a limitation of constituent
and central government will be formed by the full power or else unlimited power of parliament
majority. It is also possible that some parties make might have turned India into a totalitarian.
alliance government which can fall any time • It helps us to retain the basic tenets of our
before five years. So, there is a possibility of re- constitution so meticulously framed by the
election in the whole country. founding fathers of our constitution.
Moreover, the constitutional amendments would be • It strengthened our democracy by delineating a
needed for holding simultaneous elections viz. One true separation of power where judiciary is
Nation One Election. Further, The Representation of independent of other two organs.
People Act, 1951 would have to be amended to build in
• It has also given immense untold unbridled power
provisions for stability of tenure for both parliament and
to Supreme Court and made it the most powerful
assemblies. court in the world.
In fact, it is very difficult for not only the Election
• By restraining the amending powers of legislative
Commission but also the general public to keep pace organ of state, it provided basic rights of citizens
with so many elections throughout the year. Alongwith which no organ of state can overrule.
this, requirement of huge machinery and resources would
• Being dynamic in nature, it is more progressive
be needed. Hence, in the present scenario, it seems tough
and open to changes in time unlike the rigid nature
to adopt the system of 'One Nation, One Election' but
of earlier judgments.
there is also a point to ponder upon observing its merits
However, whether the Supreme Court chooses to
closely.
invoke the basic structure doctrine is at its discretion.
Q. 17 : Discuss the evolution and impact of the Further, the doctrine has been invoked in cases that has
"Basic structure doctrine" of the Indian Constitution. been regarded as examples of overreach. Despite this, it
Ans. : The Kesavananada Bharti judgment has strengthened the spirit of democracy.
introduced the basic structure doctrine which limited Q. 18 : Write a critical note on problems and
Parliament's power to make drastic amendments that reforms of administrative system in Uttar Pradesh.
may affect the core values enshrined in the Constitution Ans. : The problem of administrative system in
like secularism and federalism. Uttar Pradesh is obviously a very difficult one, some of
The following four cases are important to the most glaring defects of existing administrative
understand the genesis of 'Basic structure' doctrine– systems are as follows–
1. Faults in administrative organization and structure
2. Delay in the despatch of business.
3. Inefficiency in the administrative machinery
4. Lack of integrity and corruption
5. Red tapism
6. Lack of spirit to implement the schemes like
'Mission Shakti' on the ground level by the
administrative authority.
From time to time basic structure is enhanced with
some new contents and hence the Supreme Court is yet Keeping the above mentioned problems in mind, the
UP government has brought several reforms in the
to define the exact basic structure of the constitution.
administrative system.
1. Supremacy of the constitution
The reforms of administrative system in Uttar
2. Rule of law Pradesh are as follows–
3. Sovereignty, liberty and republic nature of Indian 1. In a bid to improve efficiency, the UP
polity Government is working on a plan to reduce the
4. Judicial Review number of government departments from 95 to 57.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 255 YCT
 2. Under the chairmanship of UP RERA chairman Indo-US - Areas of contention
and former Chief secretary Rajiv Kumar, a new
committee was formed to give recommendation
on the government's systems of rationalisation, the
effectiveness and efficiency of administrative
workforces along with an assessment of their
objectives.
Important suggestions are as follows–
a. Conduct policy research to boost ideological
exchange between departments.
b. Area specific recommendations to manage the law
and order issue across the state in an integrated
The US has moved a step ahead by providing India
manner. with a specific exemption under Countering America's
c. There is a need of integration of the departments. Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA).
d. Reorganizing of posts in the treasury directorate Q. 20 : Evaluate the role of World Bank in
and the local fund audit directorate and the chief sustainable development of India.
audit officer via merger. With an aim to make Ans. : Since independence in 1947, India has been
Uttar Pradesh the state cabinet gave its approval to on a remarkable development journey. India has
restructuring the existing state planning graduated from being a major recipient of concessional
commission on the lines of NITI Aayog. lending to emerge as a donor in its own right.
Therefore, Uttar Pradesh government has taken up The World Bank helped India for sustainable
for reaching efforts like 'Mission Shakti' e- development as follows:
Samiksha' to make reform progressive. 1. The World Bank helped India pioneer path
Q. 19. : What are the areas of contention and breaking reforms in rural water supply where for
cooperation in Indo-USA relations? Discuss. the first time, local communities were involved in
Ans. : Currently, India and the United States enjoy the planning and management of their water
close relations and have often seen eye-to-eye on issues supply systems.
such as counter terrorism and share mutual distrust on 2. The World Bank present engagement with India is
Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and most guided by its country partnership framework for
importantly Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region. FY-18-22. It aims to work with India so that the
Despite cooperation, we have recently seen areas of country's rapidly growing economy makes much
more efficient use of resources, fosters
contention in foreign relationships.
inclusiveness by investing in human capital.
India-US: Areas of Cooperation
3. The World Bank and IFC work together in several
areas, most notably in energy, transport, water and
health. IFC World Bank synergies have been
particularly strong in raising financing for
renewable energy supporting the Government of
Madhya Pradesh in setting up one of the largest
single-site solar project.
4. World Bank had collaboration under the
government's flagship clean Ganga program for
sewage treatment plants using hybrid annuity-
based PPP projects.
5. World Bank helped India for sustainable
China's push to become an economic giant has development in areas as follows:
brought the US closer to India. G-20 summits, QUAD Financial sector reform, Air quality management,
grouping of India and US along with Japan and Australia Poverty eradication.
are areas of cooperation in political domain. Moreover, World Bank Group's soft lending arm
created for developing countries like, India, has
Four agreements in Defense cooperation are
supported activities that have had a considerable impact
GSOMIA, LEMOA, COMCASA and BECA-covering on universalizing primary education (SDG), empowering
areas of Military Information, Logistics exchange, rural communities through a series of rural livelihood
compatibility and security. The above mentioned fields project, revolutionizing agriculture through support of
add to the rising soft power and influence of India in the the Green and White (milk) revolutions and helping to
global world. combat polio, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-II 256 YCT
 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2022
General Studies : Paper-III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A Importance of supply chain management in food

industry in India is as follows–
Q. 1 : What do you understand by digital • It is adopted for the continuous improvement in
agriculture? Comment on its benefits. every part of industry.
Ans. : Digital Agriculture is 'ICT' and data
ecosystems to support the development and delivery of • It removes communication gap between
timely, targeted information and services to make agriculture departments and transport departments
farming profitable and sustainable while delivering safe to avoid delays in deliveries and avoid quality
nutritious and affordable food for all. complaints.
Benefits of Digital Agriculture:– • It reduces export and documentation and customer
Implementing these technological solutions enable clearance and in delays too.
reliable management and monitoring of farms. As • It eliminates supply shortages.
farmers get a complete digital analysis of farms in real • By managing the supply chain, the companies can
time, they can act accordingly and don't have to apply cut excess costs and deliver products to the
excess pesticides, fertilizers and reduce overall water consumer faster and more efficiently.
consumption. • It is especially critical when manufacturers are
Moreover, other benefits are– working with perishable goods.
1. Inhibits soil degradation Hence, supply chain management ensures open
2. Increases agriculture productivity and lowers lines of communication and data analysis in food
production cost. processing industry throughout the chain which
3. Lessens chemical application in crop production increases profitability and efficiency.
4. Promotes effective and efficient use of water Q. 3 : Explain the pillars of PM Gati Shakti
resources. Yojana. Do you think that it will create
5. Reduces environmental and ecological impacts. competitiveness and better connectivity? Discuss.
6. Uplifts socio-economic status of farmers. Ans. : On October 13, 2021, Prime Minister
7. Last but not least, it will augment worker safety. Narendra Modi launched India's first National
Q. 2 : What is supply chain management? Infrastructure Master Plan, the Pradhan Mantri Gati
Highlight its importance in the context of food Shakti Yojana aimed at breaking inter-ministerial silos
processing industry in India. and to integrate the planning of infrastructure projects.
Ans. : Supply-chain management is a non- It is to be noted that PM Gati Shakti is based on
segregated making network that typically includes firm, six pillars as follows :
people, movement, information and assets.
It is more important in food processing industry
because timing play a vital role for productivity with
high quality, low cost and with limited resources of raw
material.

Further, the six pillars will create competitiveness

and better connectivity in following ways:
Comprehensiveness will include all the existing and
planned initiatives of various Ministeries and
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 257 YCT
Departments with one centralized portal. This will help Government of India came out with Make In India and
to address the past issues of lack of coordination between Stand Up India.
departments. It may be evaluated as follows :
Further through prioritization, different departments
will be able to prioritize their projects through cross-
sectoral interactions. Thus it will ensure unprecedented
focus on infrastructure through a holistic outlook.
Consequently, PM Gati Shakti will help in
synchronizing the activities of each department as well
as of different layers of governance in a holistic manner
by ensuring coordination of work between them.
Moreover, this plan will provide the entire data at one
place with GIS based spatial planning and analytical In a very short span of time of its launching, the
tools for enabling better visibility to the executing obsolete and obstructive frameworks of the past have
agency. been dismantled and replaced with a transparent and user
Hence, all ministries of departments will be able to friendly system viz–helping drive investment, foster
visualize, review and monitor the progress of cross- innovation develop skills and build best-in-class
sectoral project through GIS platform. The progress of manufacturing infrastructure.
projects will be updated on a regular basis on the portal.
Therefore, PM Gati Shakti is being executed with a
common vision i.e. to address the past issues of lack of
coordination and wasteful expenditure.
Q. 4 : Financial inclusion is a critical point of the
development process to achieve social justice.
Comment.
Ans. : Financial inclusion is a method of offering
banking and financial services to individuals. It aims to
include everybody in society by giving them basic
financial services regardless of their income or saving.
Certainly, this scheme has been able to benefit more
Financial inclusion is a critical part of the than 1 lakh women promoters in last six years. In
development process to achieve social justice in addition to this, this has not only paved the way for
following ways: wealth creators but also job creators among SC/STs. This
has made significant strides towards building an
Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Despite its worthful response, it has been seen that
Stand up India is not realized in true sense among
SC/STs. It should be paid attention and there should be a
paradigm shift for make in India towards Make for India
for enriching potential in innovation field too.
Q. 6 : Discuss the role of science and technology
in national security.
Ans. : Various modern day tools of war fighting are
driven by science and technology and that make science
and technology main theme to ponder in national
Moreover, financial inclusion is a major step security.
towards inclusive growth that will pave way for Science and technology has played a significant role
achieving social justice. For example, PMJDY, Atal in national security. These are as follows–
Pension Yojana, Varistha Pension Bima Yojana, Stand 1. 21st century defence preparedness for national
up India Scheme, Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled security involves demonstration of technological
Castes under the social sector initiatives etc. strength, display of technologies via various
Hence, effective financial inclusion is needed for the military exercises and building up of an effective
upliftment of the poor and disadvantaged people to deterrence mechanism.
achieve social justice by providing them with the For example–Satellite communications have
modified financial products and services. enabled us to provide services related to military
Q. 5 : Evaluate the present industrial policy of applications in the field of surveillance,
the Government of India with special reference to communications and post-strike damage
'Make In India' and 'Stand Up India'. assessment.
Ans. : Industrial policy is the set of standards and 2. Technological impact has been an exponential
measures set by the Government to evaluate the progress difference in our comprehensive national power.
of the manufacturing sector that ultimately enhances Further, the Armed Forces are steadily acquiring
economic growth and development of the country. the technologies to meet the current security
Keeping in view of the liberalized open industrial policy, challenges through Internet of Things, Advanced
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 258 YCT
 Geographical Information System, CERT-In to Q. 8 : Examine the importance of 'Defence
mitigate cyber security etc. Corridor Project' being built in Uttar Pradesh.
3. Through science and technology, DRDO has Ans. : Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor is
excelled in missile technology and radars. an aspirational project that intends to reduce foreign
4. Science and technology played an important role dependency of Indian Aerospace and defence sector.
to raise national security and defence
preparedness. For instance–Tejas aircraft and
improve quality of life of armed forces like
portable telemedicine system for armed forces,
bullet proof jackets.
5. Possible technologies available-radar sonar, laser,
drones to monitor movements and sounds along
the international border can improve intelligence
collection and prevent infiltration.
Moreover, new fencing technology can better fence
the porous borders on the eastern and western front.
Hence, the role of science and technologies cannot
be undermined in national security but there is a need of
right policies which foster and promote R&D across Gorakhpur Link Expressway is from Meerut to
sectors to harness its optimum potential. Prayagraj. It will boost up the connectivity and required
Q. 7 : Explain E-pollution and space pollution. infrastructure in terms of roads, water etc.
What measures are suggested for its management? • It will give a push to indigenous manufacturing of
Ans. : Informal processing of electronic waste may military goods.
cause serious health problem and pollution which is • It will play crucial role in making India self reliant
called E-pollution. in Defence sector.
Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electronic objects No doubt under this project, UP government has
i.e. the proliferation of digital services is becoming a stressed on 'Swadeshi' companies along with foreign
problem for the planet. Further, the electronic waste ones and yet there are some issue such as–
contains like cadmium, lead, antimony, nickel and
mercury.
On the other hand, space junk or space debris which
orbits around the earth cause space pollution. Space
debris or space junk consists of discarded launch
vehicles or parts of spacecrafts or explosion in space or
when countries conduct missile tests to destroy their own
satellites by missiles. The space polluted matters cause
significant damage to a satellite or a spacecraft in case of Hence, there is a need to address the concern of
a collision. 'Make in India' in addressing the concern of industry,
convenient and adoption of industry friendly incentives,
increasing skill development to reap the fruit of this
ambitious project.
Q. 9 : Analyse Government of India's 'Agniveer'
plan in the light of India's defence needs.
Ans. : On 14th June, 2022 the government of India
initiated the Agnipath scheme. Under this scheme, the
government hire and eligible and passionate aspirants for
post that is below the commissioned officers. That post is
called 'Agniveer'.
'Agniveer' plan can be analysed in the light of
India's defence needs as follows–
• This plan will transform and forces into youthful,
tech-savvy, modern and to harness the youth
potential and aimed at strengthening national
security. Further, soldier recruited through this
will be the best of their capabilities.
• Today with the kind of technological
advancement, war will not remain confined to two
land borders, it will spread to a wide spectrum
opening up multiple fronts for nation to tackle. So,
time has now come to give more emphasis on
technology instead of increasing manpower.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 259 YCT
 • The Indian Armed Forces do not constitute a job
guaranteeing organization. They are meant to
protect the sovereign and sanctity of the borders
so that citizens of the country stay safe and secure.
Hence, the negative narrative of Agniveer plan
should be unnoticed safeguarding own national
core interests above all these–naive youth,
prevailing violent protests against Agniveer.
However, there are some criticism of this scheme.

Moreover, the overall coordination of disaster

management vests with the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Further, NDMA is responsible for the approval of the
National Disaster Management plan and its
Hence, with new forms of warfare, including the use implementation at the national level.
of cyber-tech and artificial intelligence new weapons, SECTION-B
defence needs Agniveer plan that is better well equipped
militaries/forces creating younger profile in the three Q. 11 : "Inclusive growth has now become the
central point of development strategy". Discuss the
defence services. Further, no reform can be full proof
statement in the context of India. Also suggest
and without teething troubles. remedial actions to achieve this growth.
Q. 10 : What are the types of disasters? Elucidate Ans. : The concept of inclusive growth has now
its management in India. become vital to economic development due to rising
Ans. : Generally, disasters can be classified into two economic inequality and its effect on human well being
and prosperity.
types as follows–
In the context of India the employable population
needs vocational training and education for skill
development for better output.

Moreover, there are social issues like gender

disparity, caste system, religious disparity, poverty,
technological backwardness are also causing hindrance
to inclusive growth.
Keeping the above in mined, there are certain
measures which can be taken into account.

Disaster risk management strategies have the

potential to save thousands of lives by adoption of
following measures as follows–
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 260 YCT
 However, India has a long way to go as poverty is
one of the main causes and reasons hindering the
inclusive growth. Yet, the government of India has taken
stringent and innovative measures such as MGNREGA,
PM Employment Generation Programme, Sarva
Siksha Abhiyan, Make in India, Stand up India, Start
up India, Mission Ayushman, PMJDY, Skill India
Mission to tap those who are untapped. Therefore, the UPSDM is mandated to affect
Q. 12 : What is the role of skill development in a synthesis of all skill development programmes and
synergise those appropriate which focus on generating
country's economic development? Highlight the and augmenting employment opportunities for the youth
objectives and main features of Uttar Pradesh Skill and skill training in consonance and alignment with the
Development Mission, 2022. requirements of industry i.e. - to enable the country in
Ans. : Competing in today's global economy is economic development.
complex. Countries not only need advanced technical Q. 13 : Discuss the effects of globalization and
liberalization policies on Indian economy with
and vocational skills but also a flexible work force than particular reference to foreign trade, capital flows
can adjust to rapid shifts in demand That is why and technology transfer.
investing in skills is so vital to a country's economic Ans. : Globalization and liberalization are both
growth and competitiveness. important economic phenomenon. Both the terms allude
to relaxing social and economic policies.
Role of skill development in a country's economic
However, globalization is the last step that is made
development can be assayed as follows– possible by the implementation of liberalization and
privatization.
Therefore, economic reform policies launched in
1991, began to put an end to the limitations and open
multiple areas of the economy.

Hence, globalization and liberalization have

improved access of technologies latecomers to advanced
technologies, technology transfer, opening up of
economics worldwide. It provided scope for research on
the effects of policy reforms on economic performances.
Q. 14 : Examine the financial and technical
viability of solar energy projects in India. Also discuss
the Government Schemes launched to promote solar
energy in the country.
Ans. : Renewable energy like solar energy has
started playing an increasingly important role for
augmentation of reducing consumption on fossil fuels.
Recently, India achieved the 5th global position in
In this order, Uttar Pradesh Government came out
solar power deployment by surpassing Italy. Despite this,
with Uttar Pradesh Skill Development Mission 2020 to some of the most notable financial and technical
meet the objectives and nurturing the skills as follows– challenges for solar energy projects installing in India.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 261 YCT
 Region of low development can be considered after
observing composite index below 71.524. It has pointed
out the reasons as follows–
1. However, eastern UP has fertile land and huge
amount of sugarcane and sugar industry but since
the last three decades, they are facing the
problems. Ex-Sugar Mill located in Ghosi, Mau,
UP.
2. Due to unfavourable government policies, old
machineries, low literacy, out-dated technology,
poverty, problems of industrial sickness (sugar
However, some government initiatives like National mills) infrastructure viability, natural floods.
Clean Energy and Environment Fund, Green Masala
Keeping in view of this disparity, some measures
Bonds, National Solar Mission etc. have slightly resolved
can be taken into account as solutions.
the issue of financing mechanism. For its technical
perspective, it is a need of greater Research Development
and innovation that would increase its viability.
To give impetus to solar energy projects, Indian
Government has launched several schemes as follows–
• Scheme for development of Solar Parks and Ultra
Mega Solar Power Projects.
• Operationalization of 300 MW Solar PV projects
by Defence establishment and para military
forces.
• Scheme for setting up of 750 MW grid connected
solar PV power projects under Batch-1 of phase II Q. 16 : Define nanoscience and nanotechnology.
of JNNSM with viability Gap Funding Support. Explain in detail their potential in different fields of
• Grid Connected Rooftop. science and agriculture.
• Off-Grid scheme - SPV lighting systems and Ans. : Nanoscience is a convergence of physics,
power plants, solar pumps. materials science and biology, which deal with
manipulation of materials at atomic and molecular
• Pilot cum demonstration project for development
scales.
of Grid connected solar PV power plants on canal
banks and canal tops. While, nanotechnology is the ability to observe
measure, manipulate, assemble, control and manufacture
In addition to this, PM-KUSUM aims to add solar
and other renewable energy capacity of 25,750 MW by matter at the nanometer scale.
2022 with total financial support of 34,422 crore
including service charges to the implementing agencies.
It is the nice step towards promoting solar energy in the
country in all walks of life.
Q. 15 : What are the factors responsible for
comparative poor development of Eastern Uttar
Pradesh? Discuss and also suggest solutions for
development of this region.
Ans. : Despite the allocation of significant public
funding, eastern Uttar Pradesh presenting the real picture Moreover, nanotechnology applications are being
of different types of inequality, disparity and poverty tested in food technology and agriculture. The
since last of 70 years of our independence. applications of nanomaterials in agriculture aim to
reduce spraying of plant protection products and to
There are different factors which are responsible for
poor development as follows– increase plant yields.
Nanotechnology derived devices are also explored in
the field of plant breeding and genetic transformation.
Nano-materials act as fertilizers might have the
properties such as crop improvement with less eco-
toxicity.
The antifungal properties of nanoparticles can help
to formulate nanoparticle-based pesticides, soil feature
regulation, packaging.
Therefore, nanomaterials prepared by eco-friendly
and green methods may increase agriculture potential for
improving the fertilization process, plant growth
regulators, pesticides delivery of active component of the
desired target sites, treatment of waste water and also the
enhancing the absorption of nutrients in plants. In
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 262 YCT
addition to this, it helps in early diagnosis and treatment Applications of AI in the civil sectors are as
of neuro-degenerative diseases of cancer in the field of follows–
science (biomedicine).
Hence, nanotechnology has gained importance due
to wide applications in different field such as science
(medical science) and agriculture.
Q. 17 : Discuss the issues related to Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) and how their violation can be
checked?
Ans. : Copying, plagiarism, privacy and other IPR
violations are rampant issues which cause huge losses to
IPR owners.
Issues related to IPR are rife because of poor
enforcement of rights and court cases that could run on
for years. IPR violations cause job and revenue losses.
Today, digital technologies are major tools for creating
and storing information for its speed and easy access.
Consequently, users are able to distribute the work to
new groups through e-mail or on personal website. On
the other hand, India did not sign the 'WIPO Internet
Treaties', there is no corresponding legislation in India to
the US DMCA. Hence, the present copyright law has
many deficits as compared to the west. However, some
provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) may
serve to provide for legal protection for technological
measures.
Keeping in view of the violation of the Intellectual
Property Rights, some stringent measures can be taken
into account as follows–

Therefore, the positive influence and awareness in

the public domain will positively impact the IP
ecosystem in India. The good initiative like IP Nani and Therefore, AI in civil sectors will transform the
collaboration of CIPAM with EU-IPO is definitely a step different arena of life. In addition to this, AI will play
forward in educating the future vigilant and responsible important role in military operations as follows–
citizens of the country about their rights and their
potential to exploit the power of IP as its best and
consequently those who will violate the IPRs would not
go unpunished.
Q. 18 : Explain logically the role and effects of
artificial intelligence in military and civil sectors.
Ans. : Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability
of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking,
perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision Therefore, strategic thinking on and advances in
making. It enables computer system to carry out task on military and civil sectors applications of AI is the need of
their own that otherwise requires human intelligence. the hour. AI in defence can change combat and conflict
Role and effects of Artificial Intelligence : at the deepest levels.
AI has the potential to overcome the physical Hence, there is a need of collaboration between all
limitations of capital and labour and drive growth by stakeholders such as different industry and government is
enabling intelligent automation and innovation diffusion. needed to spur the application of AI for welfare cause.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 263 YCT
 Q. 19 : Explain in detail the state of insurgency in
North-Eastern India after independence.
Ans. : North-east India is the easternmost region of
India and comprises eight states–Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya,
As secessionist and nationalist movements started
Sikkim, Tripura.
sprouting in other north-eastern states, AFSPA started
North-east India has been in turmoil since being extended and imposed to deter this insurgent
independence. The oldest insurgency dates back to 1947 tendency. However, use of force and AFSPA furthered
with the Nagas raising the issue of their sovereignty. the feeling of alienation.
Since then, insurgent movements have sprung up in most Therefore, Union Government has partially
parts of the constituent states of the region. withdrawn the AFSPA-1958 from Assam, Nagaland and
Factors of insurgency : Manipur as it is not the only solution but infusing the
The reasons for insurgency differ from state to state. feeling of oneness and considering the grievances would
be the right choice for socio-economic and political
upliftment for public at large.
Q. 20 : What is the role of Government in
Disaster Management? Will it be appropriate to train
local citizens for this? Give reasons in support of your
answer.
Ans. : The Government has enacted the Disaster
The above are responsible for abetting insurgency in Management Act, 2005 on December 26, 2005 to
the region. In addition, certain other factors specific to provide for institutional mechanisms for drawing up and
states, regions or tribes also acted as abetting factors for monitoring the implementation of the disaster
insurgency in the North-east. The physiographic management plans, ensuring measures by various wings
constraints, the geographical isolation of the region and of Government for prevention and mitigating effects of
the wide communication gap are the primary geopolitical disasters.
factors responsible for mushrooming insurgent groups
and their prolonged struggle against the Indian
government.
The most notable spread of insurgency is given as
follows–
Assam–In 1947, large parts of Bengal were merged
into Assam which started slow immigration into Assam
initially Bengali Hindus. However, there was a major
influx of Bengali Hindus after the massacre in East of
Pakistan. Assam and Tripura bore the brunt of this
influx. Consequently, agitations commenced in 1979
over illegal immigration. It is appropriate to train local citizens for disaster
Moreover, the other factor are as follows : management because of following reasons:
1. The local citizen has the first hand knowledge of
your community, social economic, infrastructure
and environmental needs.
2. The local can provide information on safe places
to seek shelter in the home.
3. The local citizens are accustomed to working in
conventional knowledge of mitigation.
4. Last but not least, local citizens are the one who
respond first.
Example- In Uttarakhand flood disaster, local
citizens helped local government and managed
local disaster operations.
Therefore, disasters affect the well-being and safety
of people, communities and countries as a whole. But the
first respondent most vulnerable is the local citizens.
Hence, they should be given online training courses
generating awareness how to tackle it effectively.

UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-III 264 YCT

 Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
Examination Mains-2021
General Studies : Paper-IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section–A consists of 10 short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section–B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
questions are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A Therefore, democratic attitude underscores the point

that people are the source of power in a democracy
Q. 1 : Differentiate between democratic attitude whereas democratic attitude means performing the job
and bureaucratic attitude of public servants. strictly according to the rules.
Ans. : The attitude of public servants to strictly and Q. 2 : Explain the role of persuasion in relation to
rigidly follow decision making process according to the public protest with proper argument.
laid down rules and guidelines is the bureaucratic Ans. : Persuasion is seen as a cognitive phenomenon
attitude. since every persuasive message intends to change,
The attitude of public servants to encourage modify or coordinate the addressee's system of beliefs,
participation of people in decision making process and values, attitudes and behaviours.
delegate authority to other members of the team is called A public protest can be effective means of enacting
democratic attitude. positive change, but only if it is done right.
The role can be seen as follows–
Democratic Bureaucratic
Attitude Attitude Surrender of Naxalites (once they were holding
protest intermittently) and insurgent is nothing but
Merits 1. It ensures 1. It is connected plausible argument for well-being of society at large
participation in with strict through persuasion.
governance compliance of Persuasion identifies public opinion or appeal of the
2. It involves standard protestors. It needs to get support of other aspects like
values like operating negotiation, active government steps in support of
compassion, procedure. mutual dialogues, effective channel of communication
transparency, 2. It is evident that and credibility of government. This lead to the effective
accountability, public persuasion skill in checking public protest.
tolerance, consultation is For example–For the new capital of Amravathi,
responsiveness. not needed, so government wanted to acquire land from people through
3. It improves decision can be land pooling process. There were several protests but it
effectiveness of taken quickly. became possible only through continuous persuasion.
public service 3. Some basic The other example of effective persuasion was in the
delivery. attributes of this context of 'Agniveer Scheme' launched by government.
4. It allows attitude involve Through several dialogue, discussion, Agnipath protest
flexibility in objectivity, was shut down.
program secrecy, Hence, persuasion is the art of making the other
designing and neutrality, elite party understand your point of view (public view) and
implementation. approach etc. encourage them to agree it. However, it is different from
5. Bottom up 4. Trickle down forcing the public to accept it.
approach approach. Q. 3 : Define impartiality and discuss the role of
impartiality in solving problems of weaker section.
Demerits 1. It involves 1. Red tapism Ans. : Impartiality refers to equal interest and equal
wider 2. Opposed to lack of interest without hatred or passion.
consultation, so changed in the In other words, impartiality is a principle of justice
it, slows down system, leading holding that decisions should be based on objective
decision to stagnation. criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice or
making preferring the benefit to one person over another for
process. improper reasons.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 265 YCT
 People in the weaker sections are the most needy pursue goals recovering well from emotional distress.
and extremely dependent on government support. They Motivation involves using available deepest preferences
look at civil servant with great hope and respect. to move and guide the individual towards desired goals.
Hence, the role of impartiality in solving the Empathy is related to sensing what other people are
problems of weaker section are discussed as follows– feeling, being able to take their perspective and
1. Corruption is the greatest enemy of weaker attunement with a broad diversity of people.
sections. They get adversely affected. Hence, Social skills manifests in handling emotions in
impartial traits like honesty and integrity of a civil relationships well and accurately reading social
servant will help them a lot. situations and networks interacting smoothly using skills
2. People in weaker sections due to absence of to persuade and lead.
formal education and illiteracy, may be unaware Q. 5 : Describe the relevance of the following in
of certain aspect of law or scheme or program. the context of civil servants.
Hence, humility infused in civil servants ease (a) Dedication
them to avail the benefits in real sense. (b) Accountability
3. Historic neglect, communal outcast, social Ans. : (a) Dedication–The quality of being
stigmatisation have left a large proportion of dedicated or committed to a task, purpose, thought or
capable people incapable making them a weaker action is known as dedication. It can also be said to be
section. In light of the above, impartial and commitment with passion.
unbiased approach, will lead to equal treatment in The relevance of dedication in the context of civil
all spheres of public dealing. servants is as follows:
4. Impartiality in bureaucratic character would lead 1. It infuses sense of duty in civil servants that lead
to those who have lagged behind and ensure the to socio-economic development of nation.
rights and all welfare schemes reaches to them 2. Dedication to public service is what ensures a civil
without leakages. Ex–PDS system (leakages servant to oversee a credible and efficient policy
would be curbed). formulation and implementation.
5. Impartiality helps a civil servant/person to uphold 3. With dedication, new innovative ideas and
constitutionalism and prevent authoritarian solutions to problems come out to the welfare of
government. It helps in fulfiling all interests public at large.
equally. 4. It pushes up the foundational values of civil-
In all, impartiality brings in objectivity, a sense of servants.
righteousness, neutrality, fair and non-partisan. (b) Accountability–It leads to the obligation of an
Therefore, it would not favour his/her own interest but individual or an or organization (either in the public or
all the stakeholders including weaker sections based on the private sectors) to accept responsbility for their
needs. activities, and to disclose them in a transparent manner.
Q. 4 : What do you understand by emotional This includes the responsibility for decision making
intelligence? Discuss its dimensions. processes, money or other entrusted property.
Ans. : Emotional Intelligence refers to the capability The relevance of accountability in the context of
of a person to manage and control his or her emotions civil servants is as follows–
and possess the ability to control the emotions of others • It results in answerability (about decisions and
as well. actions) of the civil servants.
In other words, they can influence the emotions of • If there is no accountability, civil servants will
other people also. become despots with no checks and balances.
Golman point out that the five dimensions of • It brings liability, expectation of account-giving in
emotional intelligence. These are as follows– ethics and governance in civil servants.
Q. 6 : "Administration is a moral act and
administrator is a moral agent". Explicate this
statement.
Ans. : Ordway Tead was the one who had said that
Administrator is a moral act and the administrator is a
moral agent.
A moral agent is a person who has the ability to
discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for
his or her own actions. Moral agents have a moral
Self-awareness occurs when the individual knows responsibility not to cause unjustified harm.
what he/she is feeling in the moment and using those Today's times, we are facing a crisis of values in
preferences to guide decision making, having a realistic administration. These are being reflected in lack of
assessment of his own abilities and a well-grounder concern for fellow human beings, a culture of greed and
sense of self-confidence. wide-spread corruption which affects every facet of life.
Self-regulation involves handling our emotions so Therefore, moral act is indispensable for administrator.
that they facilitate rather than interfere with the task at In addition to this, we find a lot of gap between
hand, having conscientious and delaying gratification, to theory and practice, belief and action which leads to
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 266 YCT
hypocrisy in the conduct of public affairs. Even the Voice of conscience helps in performing the duty of
administration and politics widely acknowledge that civil servant in following ways–
corruption of power abuse weaken the nation and steel 1. Conscience tells the civil servants what is right
frame of India. and what is wrong. Therefore, if one uses his/her
Such an administration can be trustworthy only conscience while making decisions, it would be guided
when it is based on deeply felt human values and their by what is the right thing to do and what is wrong.
moral act. 2. It helps to guide civil servants and helps them to
Because unless moral act and its values are figure out how to make good choices.
inculcated within administration, the attitude and 3. It helps the civil servants to keep freeing
behaviour of administrator cannot be changed through themselves from external influences and selfish interests.
superficial efforts. That is why, there is a need of 4. No doubt, a civil servant comes in the domain of
emphasing the moral values to keep moral act intact. ethical dilemmas in the decision making process. Here,
Therefore, it is the primary act of administrator to voice of conscience acts as the guide for taking correct
act as a moral agent to promote moral act in decisions when we have to choose between competing
administration that supports high standard and conduct sets of principles in a given usually undesirable or
and moral values in administration to check arbitrariness perplexing situation.
or whims and fancies. For example–Helping accident victim on your way
Q. 7 : Do you accept that public institutions are to an interview.
successful in preservation of the rights of people? 5. In short, voice of conscience helps the civil
Ans. : Preservation of the rights of the people are servants in avoiding conflict of interest for better
clearly defined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of decision making. It can help in deciding between
the Indigenous peoples. personal gains and public welfare.
In recent times, public institution have come on Thus, voice of conscience acts as a source of ethical
forefront to preserve the rights of the people. decision making in well-performing the duty of civil
The success of the public institutions in the servants.
preservation of the rights of people can be clearly Q. 9 : What are the circumstances which create
observed in following ways– suspicion about an officer's integrity?
1. National Human Rights Commission–It is Ans. : Suspicion about an officers integrity
concerned for the protection and promotion of human undermines the work ethics and puts public resources in
rights. It has its own investigating staffs and open to the danger.
commission to utilize the services of any officer or
investigation agency if any violation of human rights are There are several circumstances which create
done and can take suo motu. suspicion about an officer's integrity as follows–
For example–NHRC took suo motu cognizance of
media reports on burning of 8 persons.
NHRC announced a total compensation of `4.53
crore in 2021-22 in 137 cases of custodial deaths in India.
2. International Labour Organization (ILO)–ILO
standards helped states to preserve the human rights
obligations but not limited to rights relating to
employment under fair conditions of work and rights to
social security and maternity protection as well as
fundamental freedoms including right against forced or
compulsory labour and child labour.
In addition to this UNHRC, United Nations, State
Human Right Commission, National Commission for The above mentioned circumstances give the notion
women, scheduled caste, scheduled tribes, backward of suspicion about an officer's integrity. However,
classes have played a key role in redefining the natural bureaucracy is perceived as a non-political organization
rights and rights enshrined in Indian constitution. maintains neutrality yet, there has been several instances
Despite overwhelming success of the public where political inclination was observed to notify the
institutions, some loopholes have been seen such as suspicious integrity.
advisory body in nature, recommendations which are not Further, it has also been seen that in case of doubtful
legally binding. These loopholes should be uprooted to integrity of the officer reported upon, the procedures
preserve the right of the people intact in reality. prescribed for filling up the integrity column in APARs
Q. 8 : What do you understand by voice of are not being followed approximately. Hence, at the time
conscience? How does it help in performing the duty of recording the annual confidential report, filing the
of civil servants? column about integrity should be clearly followed.
Ans. : Conscience is inner moral sense of a person Last but not least, red-tapism of some acts create a
which guides him/her to regulate his behaviour. blanket to cover the officers unethical act. Therefore,
'Voice of conscience' corresponds to an inner voice some judicious provision followed in the interest of
that judges your behave. It is the source of ethical citizens and healthy democracy, should be opted to root
decision making for many. out the efficiency ails and compromising integrity.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 267 YCT
 Q. 10 : Differentiate between • It is the unbiased • To uphold natural
(a) Code of ethics and code of conduct approach in service rights like-Human
(b) Tolerance and compassion. delivery and rights, democracy,
Ans. : (a) distribution of multiculturalism
Code of Ethics Code of Conduct government pluralism etc.
facilities.
• It refers to a set of • It refers to a
guidelines to bring framework from • It is to respect the • To prevent tendency
about acceptable public officials for affirmative actions of intimidation
behaviours in carrying out their towards the oppression coercion
members of a duties. disadvantaged and etc.
particular group, implementing them
association or with positive attitude.
profession. • To make oneself • Freedom from
• It is essential to • It serves as a tool for accessible to all Bigotry Phobias like
build professional public officials in citizens and seeking Xenophobia,
standards by making right their feedback. Homophobia etc.
ensuring ethical decisions. • To understand the • Last but not least,
practices are needs and protecting the
followed. expectation of constitutional
• It stands for • These are designed to people. principles of
fundamental values prevent certain types For example– fundamental rights
and principle of of behaviours like Compassion of civil which forms basic
public service. conflict of interest, servants in handling structure of
self-dealing & citizens and societal constitutes.
inappropriate actions. fabric together during Ex–Accepting
• It sets out general • It sets out specific COVID-19 was a people's traditions and
principles that rules designed to magnificent step. religious chores.
guide behaviour. outline specific Accepting people's
practices and political instances.
behaviours.
• The codes focus on • The codes lay down SECTION-B
broader issues and guidelines and
Q. 11 : How aptitude is different from interest?
are often framed as procedure to be used
"If one has the interest to become civil servant but
a belief statement to determine whether
regarding its values violation of the code does not have aptitude for it then will he/she be
and expectations have occurred and successful as a civil servant?" Discuss.
for its members. delineate Ans. : Aptitude refers to an individual's potential for
consequences for acquiring some specific skills. Aptitude tests are used to
such violations. predict what an individual will be able to do if given
proper environment and training. In other words,
• However, these • However, the code aptitudes are innate abilities, natural talents, specialized
codes are general are in line with abilities.
and implicit constitutional
idealistic, non- conventions. So, it is Where as interest is an individual's preference for
punishable. regularly updated. engaging in one or more specific activities relative to
others.
Although both the codes are different from each In other words, interests are the result of what you
other yet they are important for a public servant. do, what you learn and whom you know. Interests can be
Ans. : (b) influenced by outside factors. For example–Someone
Compassion Tolerance else might be interested in being a journalist because of a
• To understand needs • To respect and writer father.
of marginalized and accept differences in In my view, if one has the interest to become civil
vulnerable sections other people even if servant but does not have aptitude for it, then, she/he
of society. you don't agree with would not be successful as a civil servant because of
them. following reasons–
• To undertake faster • To help in • Attitude is the key to success because it can push
approach and developing qualities one forward or slow you down. Right attitude
measures to address like respect towards makes capable to know what you are capable of
the issue of society. others, knowledge, accomplishing the expectations of the public at
openness, large.
communication • Determination and commitment are the key notion
between diverse for a successful civil servants. Right attitude fueld
sections in society. these key notions.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 268 YCT
 • Attitude helps to identify's one's interest and core which boosts public faith in government and
strength area. A civil servant can learn and strengthens democracy.
develop skills in working with his strength areas Being tolerant of each other and caring for each
and succeed. other is what makes human. That is why it is strongly
• Interest alone is not sufficient, one must be certain believed that tolerance is important and an essential
that he/she has learned the required skills because aspect of a healthy, livable society that are the
of diverse nature of civil services. fundamental value for civil servants.
Moreover, the kinds of aptitude desired in a civil Q. 13 : What do you understand by social
servant include good communication/interpersonal skills, influence? How social influence and persuation can
leadership, management and organizational skills, critical bring out behavioural change?
thinking and listening ability. Ans. : Social influence involves intentional and
Hence, the mentioned aptitude is necessary and unintentional efforts to change another person's beliefs,
foundational values for civil servants to imbibe the attitudes or behaviour. Unlike persuasion which is
potential to serve the country and countrymen. typically intentional and requires some degree of
Q.12 : 'Tolerance is supreme fundamental value.' awareness on the part of the target, social influence may
Discuss this statement in context of civil servant. be inadvertent or accidental.
Ans. : Tolerance is the ability to appreciate, tolerate
and value others who have different beliefs than oneself,
regardless of their race, religion ethnicity or other
characteristics.
For example–A person may disagree with others on
any topic, from politics to religion, while still treating
them with the utmost respect and recognizing their right
to their view points.
No doubt, tolerance is supreme fundamental value
because it promotes diversity and individuality. It
enables constructive conversation and debate amongst Social influence takes many forms and can be seen
various sectors, leading to democratic outcomes. in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience,
leadership, persuasion, sales and marketing.
Significance of tolerance in the context of civil
services– Social influence and persuasion can bring out
behavioural change in following ways–
• Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human
rights, pluralism, democracy and the rule of law. It Individual behaviour–
involves the rejection of dogmatism and • Persuasion can be used to alter individuals
absolutism and affirms the standards set out in behaviour which is the overt actions regarding an
international human rights instruments. That is object or an issue.
why, it is the basic requirements for civil servants Individual beliefs–
to serve the public at large. • Persuasion can be used to change individual's
• A civil servant posted in a state other than his own beliefs about an object or an issue which includes
if not tolerant may face problem in adapting and attributes interpretation, definition, outcome etc.
dedicating himself to the service of people. Executing Government Schemes–
• Tolerance as virtue is important to pursue high • It is seen that persuasion and social influence
ideal of secularism enshrined in constitution. works better than coercion. Success of the
Whereas intolerance would breed injustice and initiatives like Swacch Bharat Abhiyaan
violence which are antidotes to a balanced (cleanliness drives) and Ujjwala Yojana's, give it
development in a culturally diverse nation like up campaign can be attributed to social influence
India. and persuasion.
• It makes sure that government employees don't • In addition to this, these attributes help in making
use their authority and discretion to harm people. people follow rules which bring inconvenience to
It makes a civil servants receptive to the thoughts them. It also incentivises good behaviour. For
and opinion of others. As a result, the instance–In income declaration schemes, a
organization's productivity and workplace culture window was open to declare black money with
are enhanced. some fine and no legal action that incentivized
• It lessons social strife and can handle problems people instead of penalizing them.
like xenophobia, riots and religious polarization. • Using social influence of celebrities and
• In addition to the above, it aids civil servants in campaigns have been quite effective in persuading
limiting losses and harm by preventing impulsive people to adopt any desired behaviour.
decisions and actions. It guarantees that the For example–1. A selfie campaign was a major
opinions of the powerful are not imposed on the success in promoting the Beti Padhao, Beti
weaker members of society and provides everyone Bachao scheme. 2. United Nations takes help of
the freedom of thought, belief and conscience popular bollywood and hollywood actress/actors
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 269 YCT
 to promote awareness related to the issues like girl Q. 15 : Crowd is a temporary group which
child education, climate change, gender equality. immediately collect at one place in situation of
Therefore, social influence and persuasion are no accident or protest or demonstration. Probability of
doubt, effective attributes to deal with several issues like this crowd creates becoming violent is always
temple entry for women, inter caste marriage, gender possible. Many times this crowd unnecessary
sensitization, gender pay gap. These attributes are situation of violence. Through which persuasion
preferred over coercion in bringing about behavioural method the crowd may be controlled and satisfied?
change keeping intact the dignity and respect of all Explain.
stakeholders. Ans. : In the given question, the situation is
Q. 14 : What are the basic requirements of characterized as probable violence created by crowd.
compassion? What is the need of compassion towards Considering this, I have to choose the relevant method of
weaker section in civil service? persuasion in the given scenario.
Ans. : Compassion is a deeper level of empathy Therefore, handling such issues, I will opt the
demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering following persuasion method–
person. 1. Pathos method
Compassion is recognized as important across many 2. Logos method
sectors of society. As the crowd is becoming violent, it is a necessary
The basic requirements of compassion is as step to know the issue behind the demonstration/ protest.
follows– I will try to establish emotional connection to the
1. Recognizing suffering crowd opting the path of pathos. Because it is the quality
2. Understanding the universality of suffering in of persuasive presentation which appeals to the emotions
human experience. of the audience. Therefore, I would be able to know the
3. Feeling for the person suffering and emotionally grievances of the crowd, therefore problem can be sorted
connecting with their distress. out without violence respecting their grievances
redressed. In this way, mob would be controlled and
4. Tolerating any comfortable feelings (such as fear,
satisfied.
disgust, distress, anger) aroused so that we remain
accepting and open to the person in their On the other hand, it will also try to persue the
suffering. crowd with logos method. Because, it will make me able
to convince the crowded mob with logic and reasoning.
5. Acting or being motivated to act to alleviate the It is most probable, they will be convinced not to opt
suffering. violent path. Hence, the most dangerous tool of protest
Need of compassion towards weaker sections in i.e. violent path would be curtailed down. It is the only
civil service– required persuasive appeal if mob is not satisfied with
• As a civil servant, it is one's moral obligation to ethos or pathos. I believe that I can choose both the
show the compassion towards socially, method to restrict the mob becoming violent and after
economically and religiously weaker sections and convincing them, they will be controlled and satisfied.
work towards improving their quality of life. Q. 16 : 'The Right to Information Act is not only
• It is needed for citizen friendly attitude and pro- about citizen's empowerment but it essentially
people administration for delivering social justice. redefines the concept of accountability.' Discuss.
It is an important quality of a civil servant. Ans. : The Right to Information Act, 2005 is
• The values of equality, welfare state, social and considered to be the greatest tool of citizen
economic justice are enshrined in the constitution empowerment in modern times because of its role which
of India. Moreover, the civil services as a tool to makes the system transparent and accountable.
realize, these must address the grievances and It is evident that transparency and accountability in
concerns for the weaker section (Ex–beggar, administration is the sine qua non of participatory
poor, orphans, senior citizens, persons with democracy.
disabilities, marginalized sections of the society In recent times, RTI has redefined the concept of
etc.) for proper planning evaluation and outcome accountability as follows:
of public policies based on their feedback.
• Compassion builds emotional sensitivity,
morality, humanness. Hence, it drives civil
servants to help the needy and towards a larger
goal than self.
• It helps in building trust, better communication.
Consequently, it actualizes the better
implementation of policies.
For example–Old Aged Pension scheme etc.
Thus civil servants must have compassion for the
effective, efficient administration and better
implementation of laws, schemes and government The strict provisions of RTI ensures dissemination
programs to serve the public (civil service) at large. of information have clearly enhanced and redefined
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 270 YCT
accountability of government agencies. Until this act, the 4. Family Owned Business–Family control also
Official Secrets Act, a legacy of the British colonial rule, brings governance problems like a lack of checks and
led to secrecy and opaqueness in administration and was balances over executive decision making and a lack of
designed to deny information about government transparent reporting.
activities to the people. 5. Non-compliance with disclosure norms–Non-
In addition to this, RTI law provides for proactive compliance with disclosure norms is common in Indian
disclosures for information by government agencies in businesses with hardly any punitive action. While the
public interest. The Act has also provided for penalty on Companies Act provides clear instructions for
the public information officer. Therefore, RTI has laid maintaining and updating registers, in reality minority
the responsibility of information to disseminate. stakeholders have often suffered from irregularities in
RTI has enabled healthy democracy and also share transfers. Therefore, corporate governance is very
contained corruption and held Governments and essential for overall growth of the companies and ethical
accounable to the people. For example–In the model culture is the insurance for successful business. It is a
district of Mochha, Chhattisgarh, people are using RTI to moral duty to implement the ethical codes at ground
secure employment, scholarships and pensions for the
level.
elderly. They also pressured government doctors and
school teachers to show up at work regularly. On the Q. 18 : What steps should be taken according to
other hand, it has developed obligation at village, district, you to prevent corruption in society? Explain.
state or national level to disclose information to the Ans. : Corruption refers to the act of misuse and
people. abuse of power especially by those in the government for
For example–Villagers in Madhubani district, Bihar personal gains either pecuniary or a favour.
used RTI to expose a solar-light scam leading to charges As per my view, following steps should be taken
against 200 corrupt officials. to prevent corruption in society–
Although, there have been several instances of 1. Inculcating moral and ethical virtues to
misuse of this act but it has served the purpose well improve the conduct of human beings–Inculcating
working as an important tool in handling corruption and virtues like integrity and dedication can encourage
inefficiency in the government. people to follow right path and practice self restraint
Q. 17 : Explain with suitable examples the ethical against corruption.
issues in corporate governance. 2. Imposing punishment to deter corruption–
Ans. : Ethics is a field of study dealing with what is Corrupt officials and leaders can be strictly punished so
right or wrong for given situation. Corporate governance that it acts as a lesson to corrupt people, while rewarding
ethics refers to examination of ethical problem that arise officials who follow the highest standards of integrity to
in business corporate environment. encourage such behaviour.
Ethical issues in corporate governance– Example–Name shame campaign.
1. Getting the Board Right–Board and its role act 3. Incentivising good behaviour and punishing
as the cornerstone for good-governance. To this end, the the bad behaviour–It is already acknowledged in
law requires a healthy mix of executive and non- Dharma of ancient Indian society to maintain just social
executive directors and appointment of at least one order. (Confucius and Socrates recorded in their book).
woman director for diversity. Most companies in India 4. Effective implementation of anti-corruption
tend to only comply on paper : board appointments are interventions–The ineffectiveness of anti-corruption
still by way of 'word of mouth' or fellow member interventions has created cynicism among the public
recommendations. For example–Friends and family of which sees corruption as a habit. However, as a part of
promoters and management to be appointed as board good governance, there have been many reforms like
members. RTI Act 2005, Citizen's Charter, Decentralisation of
2. Performance evaluation of directors–For power, Lokpal bill, e-biz portal, Prevention of
performance evaluation to achieve the desired results on Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018 (which clearly
governance practices, there is often a call for results of identifies that giver and taker of bribe both will be
such evaluation are made public. Evaluation is a
punished).
sensitive subject and public disclosures may run counter-
productive. In a peer review situation, to avoid public 5. Follow new innovative measures or best
scrutiny negative feedback may not be shared. So here, practices to make aware people against corrupt
ethical issues are involved where negative feedback is practices inculcating values since childhood–Recently,
not shared. Kerala government launched an innovative measures
3. Insider trading–By the virtue of their position, such as 'school market without seller'. The students
officers, directors and employees have access to who want to buy can take stuffs paying money without
confidential information. Many misappropriate that mediator in school. This will inculcate moral virtues
information is to reap profits. SEBI lacks the thorough since childhood.
investigate mechanism and a vigilant approach. In most In all, public servants have been made accountable
of the cases, SEBI failed to produce evidence and to people and society at large by means like RTI, Citizen
corroborate its stance before the count. Ex–Radia Tapes charter, whistle blower. Hence, citizen participation is
Controversy. need of the hour.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 271 YCT
 Q. 19 : Explain the eightfold path given by From the above brief account of the noble eightfold
Buddha for the purification of conduct. path, one may see that it is a way of life to be followed
Ans. : The eightfold path given by Buddha are practiced and developed by individual which lead to the
grouped into three essential elements of purification of purification of conduct in all spheres of life.
conduct i.e.–moral conduct, mental discipline and Q. 20 : Sanjeev is an idealist. He believes that
wisdom. The Buddha taught the eightfold path in "truth is the greatest virtue and should never be
virtually all his discourses and his directions that are compromised". One day he witnessed a person
clear and practical to his followers as of today since they running away from a mob equipped with sticks and
were, when he first gave them. stones. He watches him hiding in a particular spot.
The mob asked Sanjeev whether he saw the thief?
Sanjeev tells the truth pointing towards the spot,
where he saw the person hiding. The mob gets hold of
the person and beats him till death. In light of above
circumstance, comment on the conduct of Sanjeev.
Ans. : Facts–
• Sanjeev is an idealist considering truth as the
greatest virtue.
• The greatest virtue of truth of Sanjeev became the
reason of death of that thief.
• This case presents a unique situation created a
Right speech means abstention from the dilemma between life of a person and strict
following– adherence to the truthfulness. Ex–Situational or
1. From telling lies circumstantial ethics.
2. From harsh, rude, impolite, malicious and abusive Stakeholders–
language. 1. Sanjeev
3. From backbiting and slander and talk that may 2. Running thief who was beaten to death.
bring about hatred, enmity, disunity and 3. Mob
disharmony among individuals or groups of Ethical Issues Involved–
people.
1. Right to Life vs. Virtue of Truthfulness
4. From useless and foolish babble, gossip idle.
2. Basic human rights and empathy
In all, one should not speak carelessly.
3. Tolerance vs. Mob lynching
Right livelihood means that one should abstain from
4. Carrying out moral policy without favouritism.
making one's living through a profession that brings
harm to others such as killing animals, cheating etc. and 5. Emotional vulnerability i.e. guilt.
should live by a profession which is honourable and This case study invovles the classic case of conflict
blameless. Hence, these three factors (right speech, right between situational ethics and populist interests.
action and right livelihood) of the eightfold path In case of Sanjeev, he took quick decision to point
constitute ethical conduct. No spiritual development is towards the thief after asking from the mob. No doubt,
possible without this moral basis. he spoke truth because truth is the greatest virtue. But he
Right effort is the energetic will to prevent evil and should have understood the repercussion as he knew that
unwholesome states of mind from arising and to develop the mob is well-equipped with sticks and stones.
and bring perfection the good and wholesome states of Hence, avoiding the repercussion of the truth, he
mind already present in a man. Right mindfulness is to committed mistake.
be diligently aware, mindful and attentive with regard to Further truth and love-Ahmisa is the only thing that
the activities of the body, sensations or feeling. In this counts. Where these are present, everything rights is
way, one should be aware of all movements of mind, itself in the end. This is a law to which there is no
how they arise and disappear. Right concentration lead to exception. Even, the ardent supporter of truth, non-
the four stages of Dhyana. Thus, the mind is trained and violence, Mahatma Gandhi supported that 'Hate the sin
disciplined and developed through right effort, right not the sinner'. In all, truth never damages a cause
mindfulness and right concentration. that is just. If a life is saved after telling a lie, it is not
Right thought denotes the thoughts of selfless a lie.
renunciation or detachment, thoughts of love and However, Sanjeev felt guilty of his death (thief).
thoughts of man violence which are extended to all Sanjeev is guided in his conduct by his own inner and
human beings. This shows that true wisdom is endowed prompt response neglecting the basic human rights i.e.
with these noble qualities that lead to the purification of right to life. He should have avoided the promptness
conduct. believing alone in the qualities and morality of
Right understanding is the understanding of things truthfulness but pondered upon the repercussions in the
as they are. Therefore, it is the understanding which sees end too. This above given case gives a lesson 'Whatever
the ultimate reality which is the highest wisdom. As, real you do without thinking, you will regret later'. And
deep understanding is possible only when the mind is the thief has natural rights to life as Honourable Supreme
free from all impurities and is fully developed through Court has ascertained in a specific case 'Every sinner has
meditation. a future'. Hence, it is better to lie to save life.
UPPCS Mains 2022 GS Paper-IV 272 YCT
 Gòej ØeosMe ueeskeâ mesJee DeeÙeesie Éeje DeeÙeesefpele heer.meer.Sme cegKÙe hejer#ee, 2023

meeceevÙe efnvoer
efveOee&efjle meceÙe : leerve Iebšs DeefOekeâlece Debkeâ : 150
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

veesš : (i) meYeer ØeMve DeefveJeeÙe& nQ~

(ii) ØelÙeskeâ ØeMve kesâ Deble ceW efveOee&efjle Debkeâ Debefkeâle nQ~
(iii) he$e, ØeeLe&vee-he$e Ùee efkeâmeer DevÙe ØeMve kesâ Gòej kesâ meeLe Dehevee DeLeJee DevÙe efkeâmeer keâe veece, helee (ØeMvehe$e ceW efoÙes
ieÙes veece, heoveece Deeefo keâes ÚesÌ[keâj) SJeb Deveg›eâceebkeâ ve efueKeW~ DeeJeMÙekeâ nesves hej keâ, Ke, ie GuuesKe keâj mekeâles nQ~

1. efvecveefueefKele ieÅeebMe kesâ DeeOeej hej veerÛes efueKes ØeMveeW kesâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ mebkeâerCe& mJeeLe& mes Øesefjle keâce& nceejs Iej ceW peue jns
Gòej oerefpeS~ Gme oerhekeâ keâer YeeBefle nQ, efpememes kesâJeue nceeR ueeYeeefvJele nesles nQ~ nceeje
nceeje meebmeeefjkeâ peerJeve Skeâ-ve-Skeâ efove Kelce nesiee ner uesefkeâve keâeÙe& JebefÛeleeW leLee DemeneÙeeW kesâ keâuÙeeCe kesâ efueS nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Ùen
nceW mcejCe jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ nceejer osn Skeâ ceMeeue nw pees efvejblej keâeÙe& ve kesâJeue efveye&ueeW kesâ GlLeeve keâe ceeOÙece nesiee Deefheleg otmejeW kesâ
mebmeej keâes, meceepe keâes Deeueesefkeâle keâj Gmekeâe ceeie&oMe&ve keâj mekeâleer nw~ efueS ØesjCee keâe œeesle Yeer yevesiee~
Ùeeveer nceeje Ùen peerJeve efve<ØeÙeespeve veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS, meceepe kesâ efueS Gòej-(Ke)
nceW Skeâ keâce&" SJeb DeespemJeer peerJeve keâe DeefYeuee<eer nesvee ÛeeefnS~ nceW ‘peerJeve efve<ØeÙeespeve veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS’ mes uesKekeâ keâe DeefYeØesle nw
DemeneÙe, efveye&ueeW keâe mebyeue yevevee ÛeeefnS, nceeje mebhetCe& meebmeeefjkeâ efkeâ ceeveJe peerJeve keâce&" SJeb DeespemJeer nes~ nceW DemeneÙe Je efveye&ueeW keâe
peerJeve efkeâmeer Gòece ue#Ùe keâer Øeeefhle ceW JÙeleerle nesvee ÛeeefnS efkeâ nce meneje yeve Gvekesâ GlLeeve kesâ efueS ØeÙelveMeerue jnvee ÛeeefnS~ nceeje
mebmeej mes peeSB lees ueesie nceW mcejCe keâj mekeWâ~ nceejs peerJeve ue#Ùe mechetCe& peerJeve ceeveJeleeJeeoer cetuÙeeW keâer mLeehevee kesâ efueS nes leeefkeâ nceejs
melkeâce& nQ Deewj melkeâce& nceejer osn kesâ ceeOÙece mes ner nes mekeâlee nw~ nce peeves kesâ yeeo Yeer ueesie nceW Ùeeo jKeW~
nceejs keâeÙeeX keâes Deheveer osn kesâ mebÛeeueve kesâ Éeje ner lees mebheeefole keâjles Gòej-(ie)
nQ~ Ùeefo nceejs keâeÙe& Fleves mebkeâerCe& neW, kesâJeue Deheves mJeeLe& keâer hetefle& kesâ
nceejer osn ........................................ Hewâuee mekeâleer nw~
efueS neW lees efHeâj osn nceejs Iej ceW peue jns Skeâ oerhekeâ keâer lejn ner
nesieer efpemekesâ ØekeâeMe keâe ueeYe kesâJeue nceW ner efceuesiee~ efkeâvleg Ùeefo nce ‘‘hejefnle meefjme Oece& veefnb YeeF&, hejheer[ Ì e mece veefnb DeOeceeF&~’’
ueeskeâefnle kesâ keâeÙeeX ceW mebueive nQ lees meceefPeS efkeâ nceejer osn Skeâ GheÙeg&òeâ hebefòeâ uesKekeâ kesâ cebleJÙe keâes Øemlegle keâj jner nw efkeâ Ùeefo
ceMeeue keâer lejn nw efpemekeâer jesMeveer mes otmejs ve kesâJeue ØeYeeefJele nQ nce JebefÛeleeW, iejeryeeW Je DemeneÙeeW kesâ keâuÙeeCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeemejle jnles nQ
yeefukeâ Øesefjle Yeer nQ~ ceMeeue ceW Jen leekeâle nw efkeâ otmejeW ceW Glmeen Yej lees nceeje Ùen keâeÙe& pevekeâuÙeeCe kesâ meeLe otmejs keâes Øesefjle keâjves Jeeuee
keâj DevÙe ceMeeueeW keâes Deecebef$ele keâj mekeâleer nw Deewj DevÙeeÙe-Glheer[Ì ve Yeer yeve peelee nw~ efpeme Øekeâej Skeâ ceMeeue otmejeW keâes jesMeveer osves kesâ
™heer DebOekeâej ceW efJejesOe keâe, Deepeeoer keâe, veÙes heefjJele&ve keâe ØekeâeMe meeLe DevÙe cemeeueeW keâes Glmeeefnle keâj Deecebef$ele keâjleer nw~ "erkeâ Gmeer
Hewâuee mekeâleer nw~ Øekeâej nceejs keâce& Yeer nQ pees DevÙeeÙe-GlheerÌ[ve ™heer DebOekeâej keâes meceehle
(keâ) GheefjefueefKele ieÅe keâe DeeMeÙe Deheves MeyoeW ceW efueefKeS~ 5 keâj veÙes heefjJele&ve keâe ØekeâeMe Hewâueeles nQ~
2.
(Ke) ‘peerJeve efve<ØeÙeespeve veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS’ mes keäÙee DeefYeØesle nw? 5
veweflekeâlee nceejs efueS meeceeefpekeâ ceeveob[ GheefmLele keâjleer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ
(ie) ieÅeebMe keâer jsKeebefkeâle hebefòeâÙeeW keâer JÙeeKÙee Deheves MeyoeW
Ùen GefÛele Deewj DevegefÛele keâe %eeve keâjeleer nw~ veweflekeâ efveÙeceeW ceW Ûeefj$e-
keâerefpeS~ 20
efvecee&Ce keâer cenòee hej peesj efoÙee peelee nw Deewj GvnW ceeveves Jeeues keâòe&JÙe
Gòej-(keâ) keâer YeeJevee mes Øesefjle neskeâj JÙeJenej keâjles nQ~ veweflekeâlee cenpe FmeefueS
ceeveJe peerJeve MeeÕele veneR nw~ nce meye Skeâ-ve-Skeâ efove Kelce veneR ceeveer peeleer efkeâ hetJe&pe Yeer Ssmee ceeveles DeeS nQ, yeefukeâ Jen
nes peeSbieW~ Ssmes ceW nceW Fme yeele keâe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ nceeje FmeefueS ceeveer peeleer nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmekesâ heerÚs vÙeeÙe, heefJe$elee, DeewefÛelÙe
peerJeve efve<ØeÙeespeve ve nesves heeS~ nceeje keâeÙe& mebkeâerCe& mJeeLe& hej kesâefvõle Je ÂÌ{lee nesleer nw~ veweflekeâlee Deelce-Ûeslevee mes Øesefjle nesleer nw~ ™efÌ{ÙeeB lees
UPPCS Mains General Hindi 2023 273 YCT
leke&âhetCe& veneR nesleer, efkeâvleg veweflekeâlee keâe DeeOeej ceveg<Ùe kesâ peerJeve-cetuÙe (Ke) efpeuee efMe#ee DeefOekeâejer keâer Deesj mes Skeâ DeeosMe peejer
nesles nQ efpevekesâ Devegmeej Jes lekeâeX keâe efvecee&Ce keâj uesles nQ~ veweflekeâlee keâerefpeS~ efpemeceW ßeer jece efmebn, JÙeeKÙeelee, ieefCele, GÛÛe
™efÌ{ÙeeW Je pevejerefleÙeeW keâer Dehes#ee mLeeefÙelJe efueS jnleer nw~ veweflekeâlee keâe ceeOÙeefcekeâ efJeÅeeueÙe ‘keâ’ veiej keâes GÛÛe ceeOÙeefcekeâ
Skeâ Deewj DeLe& nes mekeâlee nw efpemekeâe mecyevOe Skeâ mecetn efJeefMe„ mes efJeÅeeueÙe, ‘Ke’ veiej ceW lelkeâeue ØeYeeJe mes oes ceen keâer
neslee nw, pewmes, [e@keäšjeW keâer veweflekeâlee, ØeeOÙeehekeâeW keâer veweflekeâlee Deeefo~ ØeefleefveÙegefòeâ nsleg DeeosefMele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ 10
Ùen DeeÛeejMeem$e kesâ efvekeâš nw~ Oece& Dekeämej veweflekeâ efmeæebleeW keâe Gòej-(keâ)
meceLe&ve keâjlee nw~ veweflekeâ efmeæebleeW keâe heefjheeueve Oece& kesâ YeÙe kesâ keâejCe ØeMveiele efJe<eÙe hej DeeOeeefjle MeemekeâerÙe he$e keâe Øee™he -
neslee nw, keäÙeeWsefkeâ yengle mes veerefle-efveÙeceeW keâer Glheefòe Oece& mes yeleueeÙeer he$eebkeâ- 15keâ/13Ke/2023-24
ieÙeer nw~ Yeejle ceW keâce&, hegvepe&vce SJeb mJeie&-vejkeâ keâer DeJeOeejCeeSB Oece& Øes<ekeâ,
Éeje Øeefleheeefole nQ~ Ùes DeJeOeejCeeSB megJÙeJeefmLele meeceeefpekeâ JÙeJemLee keâ. Ke. ie.,
yeveeS jKeves ceW meneÙekeâ nesleer nQb~ Ùeefo JÙeefòeâ veweflekeâlee keâe heeueve veneR efpeueeOeerMe,
keâjlee nw lees Gmekeâes DehejeOeer ceevee peelee nw, peyeefkeâ Oece& keâe heeueve ve ØeÙeeiejepe~
keâjves hej Jen heehe keâe Yeeieer yevelee nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâ veneR efkeâ meYeer Øekeâej mesJee ceW,
kesâ veweflekeâ JÙeJenejeW keâer Øeke=âefle Oeeefce&keâ nes~ DeeÙegòeâ,
GheÙeg&òeâ ieÅeebMe kesâ DeeOeej hej efvecveefueefKele ØeMveeW kesâ Gòej ØeÙeeiejepe ceC[ue,
efueefKeS : ØeÙeeiejepe~
(keâ) ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ oerefpeS~ 5 DevegYeeie-1 efo. 26 ceeÛe&, 2023, ØeÙeeiejepe
(Ke) Oece& Deewj veweflekeâlee keâe mebyebOe mhe„ keâerefpeS~ 5 efJe<eÙe-mJeÛÚlee mehleen kesâ oewjeve peveheo mlej hej efkeâÙes ieÙes
(ie) ieÅeebMe keâe meb#esheCe (ueieYeie-Skeâ efleneF& MeyoeW ceW) keâeÙeeX kesâ efJeJejCe mes mecyeefvOele~
keâerefpeS~ 20 cenesoÙe,
Gòej-(keâ) Gòeâ efJe<eÙe hej Deehekeâes metefÛele keâjves keâe efveosMe ngDee nw efkeâ efo.
16 mes 22 ceeÛe& 2023 kesâ ceOÙe peveheo mlej hej mJeÛÚlee mehleen keâe
ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele Meer<e&keâ nw- ‘Oece& Je veweflekeâlee’~
DeeÙeespeve efkeâÙee ieÙee~ Fme DeeÙeespeve ceW «eeceerCe #es$e efJeMes<e ™he mes
Gòej-(Ke) kesâefvõle Les~
veweflekeâlee GefÛele-DevegefÛele keâe %eeve keâjeles ngS nceejs efueS mJeÛÚlee mehleen kesâ oewjeve efkeâÙes ieÙes keâeÙe&-
meeceeefpekeâ ceeveoC[ Øemlegle keâjleer nw~ Oece& ØeeÙe: FvneR veweflekeâ efmeæevleeW 1. ieeBJeeW ceW meHeâeF& DeefYeÙeeve ÛeueeÙee ieÙee Deewj veeefueÙeeW Je ieefueÙeeW
keâer mJeerke=âefle oslee nw~ veweflekeâ efmeæevleeW keâe heeueve Oece& kesâ YeÙe mes efkeâÙee keâer meHeâeF& keâer ieÙeer~
peelee nw~ Yeejle ceW keâce&, hegvepe&vce SJeb mJeie&-vejkeâ keâer pees DeJeOeejCeeSB 2. «eeceerCeeW keâes heerves kesâ heeveer kesâ GefÛele jKe-jKeeJe kesâ efueS
efveefce&le keâer ieF& nQ, Gmekeâe GösMÙe ceeveJe keâes veweflekeâ yeveekeâj meceepe ceW peeie™keâ efkeâÙee ieÙee~
Skeâ yesnlej JÙeJemLee yeveevee Lee leeefkeâ megKeo ceeveJeerÙe peerJeve keâer Øeeefhle 3. meeceeefpekeâ keâeÙe&keâlee&, DeeBieveyeeÌ[er, hebÛeeÙele ØeefleefveefOe, DeeMee
nes mekesâ~ keâeÙe&keâlee&DeeW keâer meef›eâÙe Yeeieeroejer jner~
Gòej-(ie) Oece& Deewj veweflekeâlee 4. 17 ceeÛe& keâes peveheo mlej kesâ efJeefYeVe mketâueeW ceW nwC[ Jee@Me [s
veweflekeâlee meeceeefpekeâ cetuÙe nw pees nceW melÙe-DemelÙe keâe %eeve keâjeles ceveeÙee ieÙee~
ngS Ûeefj$e-efvecee&Ce keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjleer nw~ Ùen Deelce-Ûeslevee Øesefjle nw~ YeJeoerÙe
Oece& Dekeämej veweflekeâ efveÙeceeW keâe meceLe&ve keâjlee nw~ ueesie Oece& keâe heeueve .............
YeÙe mes keâjles nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùeefo Jen Oece& mes efJecegKe neWies lees heehe kesâ Yeeieer (keâ. Ke. ie.)
yeve peeSBies~ Yeejle ceW keâce&, hegvepe&vce SJeb mJeie&-vejkeâ keâer DeJeOeejCeeSB efpeueeOeerMe~
pees efveefce&le keâer ieÙeer nQ Fvekeâe GösMÙe ueesieeW keâes veweflekeâ yeveekeâj Skeâ Øeefleefueefhe efvecve keâes metÛeveeLe& SJeb DeeJeMÙekeâ keâeÙe&Jeener nsleg Øesef<ele-
yesnlej meeceeefpekeâ JÙeJemLee keâer mLeehevee keâjvee ner nw~ 1. DevegYeeie DeefOekeâejer DeefYeuesKeeieej~
3. 2. .......................................
(keâ) efpeuee keâueskeäšj keâer Deesj mes ceb[ue DeeÙegòeâ keâes Skeâ he$e Dee%ee mes
efueefKeS~ Fme he$e ceW jepÙe mejkeâej Éeje Ieesef<ele ‘mJeÛÚlee- ...........
mehleen’ kesâ oewjeve efpeues ceW efkeâÙes ieÙes efJeefJeOe keâeÙeeX keâe (keâ. Ke. ie.)
efJeJejCe nes~ 10 efpeueeOeerMe~
UPPCS Mains General Hindi 2023 274 YCT
Gòej-(Ke) 5. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ GhemeieeX keâe efveoxMe
keâeÙee&ueÙe efpeuee efMe#eeefOekeâejer keâerefpeS~ 5
DevegYeeie-2 heÙe&šve, Øeleer#ee, DevJes<eCe, efve™heCe, DeOÙe#e
meb.-12keâ/13ie/2023-24 (Ke) efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeÙeeW keâes he=Lekeâd
efoveeBkeâ- 20 HeâjJejer, 2023, ØeÙeeiejepe keâerefpeS~ 5
Jew<CeJe, «eeceerCe, JeeefCepÙe, ieÌ[efjÙee, keâewvlesÙe
keâeÙee&ueÙe DeeosMe Gòej-5 (keâ) :
ßeer jece efmebn JÙeeKÙeelee, ieefCele, GÛÛe ceeOÙeefcekeâ Meyo Ghemeie&
efJeÅeeueÙe ‘keâ’ veiej keâes efoveeBkeâ 1 ceeÛe&, 2023 mes GÛÛe
heÙe&šve - heefj
ceeOÙeefcekeâ efJeÅeeueÙe ‘Ke’ veiej ceW lelkeâeue ØeYeeJe mes oes ceen
keâer ØeefleefveÙegefòeâ Øeoeve keâer ieÙeer nw~ Øeleer#ee - Øeefle
2. ßeer jece efmebn keâe heo Je Jesleveceeve hetJe&Jeled jnsiee~ DevJes<eCe - Deveg
n0............. efve™heCe - efve
(Ùe. j. ue.) DeOÙe#e - DeefOe
efpeuee efMe#eeefOekeâejer Gòej-5 (Ke) :
Øeefleefueefhe efvecve keâes metÛeveeLe& Øesef<ele- Meyo ØelÙeÙe
1. ßeer jece efmebn, JÙeeKÙeelee, ieefCele~ Jew<CeJe - De
2. Øeefleefueefhe metÛevee hešue hej Ûemhee nsleg~ «eeceerCe - F&ve
3. ØeeÛeeÙe& GÛÛe ceeOÙeefcekeâ efJeÅeeueÙe ‘keâ’ veiej~ JeeefCepÙe - Ùe
4. ØeeÛeeÙe& GÛÛe ceeOÙeefcekeâ efJeÅeeueÙe ‘Ke’ veiej~ ieÌ[efjÙee - FÙee
Dee%ee mes keâewvlesÙe - SÙe
n0 ........... 6. efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeMeeW Ùee heoyebOeeW kesâ efueS Skeâ-Skeâ
(Ùe. j. ue.) Meyo efueefKeS~ 10
efpeuee efMe#eeefOekeâejer~ (1) Deefveef§ele peerefJekeâe~
(2) yeÛÛeeW mes ueskeâj yetÌ{eW lekeâ~
4. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW kesâ efJeueesce efueefKeS~ 10 (3) Ûeej DebieeW Jeeueer mesvee~
ceme=Ce, lÙeepÙe, Gæle, %esÙe, heeÛÙe, ØeKej, Oe=„, mebIešve, (4) hesš keâer Deeie~
DeefYe%e, DeefveJeeÙe&
(5) otmejeW kesâ oes<e efvekeâeueves keâer efpemekeâer ØeJe=efòe nes~
Gòej-
Gòej-
Meyo efJeueesce
(1) Deefveef§ele peerefJekeâe DeekeâeMeJe=efòe
ceme=Ce - ™#e
(2) yeÛÛeeW mes ueskeâj yetÌ{eW lekeâ DeeyeeueJe=æ
lÙeepÙe - «ee¢e
Gæle - efJevele (3) Ûeej DebieeW Jeeueer mesvee ÛelegjbefieCeer
%esÙe - De%esÙe (4) hesš keâer Deeie pe"jeefive
heeÛÙe - DeheeÛÙe (5) otmejeW kesâ oes<e efvekeâeueves keâer efpemekeâer ØeJe=efòe nes efÚvõevJes<eer
ØeKej - cebo 7. (keâ) efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Megæ keâerefpeS~ 5
Oe=„ - efJeveceü (1) peerJeve Deewj meeefnlÙe keâe Ieesj mebyebOe nw~
mebIešve - efJeIešve (2) Fleves ceW nukeâer meer nJee keâe PeeWkeâe DeeÙee~
DeefYe%e - DeveefYe%e (3) pebieueer Heâue Deewj PejveeW keâe heeveer heerkeâj nce Deeies
DeefveJeeÙe& - Jewkeâefuhekeâ/SsefÛÚkeâ yeÌ{s~
UPPCS Mains General Hindi 2023 275 YCT
 (4) meerlee ves ceeuee ietBOe ueer~ JeekeäÙe ØeÙeesie-DeBOeefJeÕeemeeW keâer meceeefhle nsleg mejkeâej Éeje keâevetve
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UPPCS Mains General Hindi 2023 276 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
ESSAY
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150

Role of literature in character building The literature of Shriramcharitmanas has been The
most popular and prestigious Rambhakti poetry stream in
pees jnerce Gòece Øeke=âefle, keâe keâefj mekeâle kegâmebie~ the medieval period. In this Tulsidas has described all
Ûebove efJe<e JÙeehele veneR, efuehešs jnle Yegpebie~~ the situations of human life in a sensitive manner. The
The above line of medieval poet Rahimdas is various character values like Ram’s Just character,
underlining the importance of human character, which Lakshman's obedience, Bharat's sacrifice and Sita's
makes it clear that a person's good character is the basis dedication etc. became basis of mobility in then static
society. The causes of evils prevalent in society is the
of life. It is not affected by evils. This is man's permanent
decline in human character. So Tulsi wanted to establish
assett. The basis of success of a successful person is his
humanity by considering Ram’s character as ideal
good character. Human values like kindness, love, character. It is inspiring even today and will remain the
compassion, philanthropy are related to character. core of human inspiration for eternity. Ram's conduct in
Literature has moved forward with these values since its Ramcharitmanas is exemplary .
inception so that a welfare of all can be achieved and If we talk about Kabir, the second major poet of the
human life can become pleasant. medieval period, it is observed that his complete focus
Literature has welfare intentions in its objective. Man was on upliftment of human character. All the teachings
is the most intelligent among all the creatures in this of Kabir are compiled in Beejak. Although Kabir's words
living world, that is why literature created rules for are harsh but his heart is true. He is desperate for the
human inspiration so that the conscience of man can establishment of humanity, where there is no difference
become moral and build the character of man. of religion, sect or caste. The character of all individuals
be good and may the society be nourished by good
Our ancient religious literature provides inspirational
conduct. Kabir refuted the prevailing stereotypes and
things for character building and upliftment. Vedas, superstitions. His aim of logical refutation was to
Puranas and Upanishads are not only religious and develop good conduct in humans.
ritualistic, but their purpose is to inculcate good character The development of good habits in the child starts in
in the people of the society. It was to be created so that a the family itself. Yes, but it gets its foundation when he
just social system get established and people can live goes to school. The school period is a period of change in
their lives happily. In this context, a prayer mentioned in youth. In school Literature become basis of change.
the Vedas is important. It is a prayer to move from Swami Vivekananda's life philosophy remained centred
untruth to truth- on youth upliftmentso that the youth can be made good
Demelees cee meodieceÙe, citizens. Books compiled on his teachings Rajyoga,
Gyanyoga and Karmayoga Mentions about character
lecemees cee pÙeesefleie&ceÙe, building. Vivekananda himself used to say that my aim is
ce=lÙeescee&ce=leb ieceÙe~ to make humans human. Making human means
Jain and Buddhist literature have also been important development of humanitarian values and character
in the development of literature. They too mentions, the upliftment.
values related to truth, non-violence, compassion and self Premchand has been among the major writers of
modern Hindi literature. His plays, novels and stories
-restraint their purpose is actually to inculcate these
focus on the distortions of social life. The description of
values in human being. In the Jain text
superstitions of society, declining humanitarian character
'Nyayadhammakathasutra' Mahavira's inspirational due to reliogious intolerance, casteism and religious
teachings are described. Whereas in Acharangasutra the intolerance is clearly visible in his works like Thakur Ka
rules and regulations of conduct and Prohibitions are Kuan, Panchparmeshwar, Godaan, Sadgati etc. The
described. Similarly, Buddhist texts like Tripitaka the stereotypes prevailing in the society of that time had
teachings of philosophy of life are described. In 'Vinaya made the society stagnant and meaningless. In such a
Pitaka' conduct rules for Buddhist monks were situation, Premchand, through his literature, developed
mentioned rules by which Buddhist monks should carry that consciousness among the people whose aim was to
out their daily activities. bring positive change in human conduct.
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 277 YCT
 Mahatma Gandhi's goal was Sarvodaya. Its means population pressure and pull factors such as wider
were truth and character values like non-violence and economic opportunities and modern communication
non-possessiveness. In Gandhi's books Hind Swaraj, My cause young people to migrate especially from rural to
Experiment With Truth and his letter Harijan ,'Ram urban areas.
Rajya' of human society has been imagined. This can be With the rapidly increasing number of aged
realized only when character is improved and the person compounded by disintegration of joint families and ever
becomes virtuous. Gandhi considered service to increasing influence of modernization and new life
humanity as true service. He used to say- 'Hate the sin, styles, the care of elderly has emerged as an important
not the sinner. He believed that even the worst person has issue in India. Providing care for the aged has never been
the potential to become good. Gandhi used to talk about a problem in India where a value based joint family
man becoming virtuous by highlighting these system was dominant. However, with a growing trend
possibilities. towards nuclear family set-up, and increasing education,
In essence, it can be said that literary writing has urbanization and industrialization, the vulnerability of
been focused on serving human welfare since ancient elderly is rapidly increasing. The coping capacities of the
times. Literature has originated from society for society. younger and elder family members are now being
This is the basis for developing knowledge, patience, challenged under various circumstances resulting in
modesty, self-confidence and restraint in a human being neglect and abuse of elderly in many ways, both within
who imbibes the values of Satyam, Shivam and the family and outside.
Sundaram. Indian literature, from ancient to modern Sociologically, ageing marks a form of transition
period, has always held the values of 'Sarve Bhavantu from one set of social roles to another, and such roles are
Sukhinah'. Because of these values, it will remain an difficult. Among all role transformation in the course of
inspiration to humans for ages, teaching them character ageing, the shift into the new role of the ‘old’ is one of
lessons. the most complex and complicated. In an agriculture
based traditional society, where children followed their
The problem of old peoples in metropolitan parent’s occupation, it was natural that the expertise and
cities knowledge of each generation were passed on to the
According to the National Commission on next, thus affording older persons a useful role in society.
Population, the share of the elderly in India’s population, However, this is no longer true in modern society, in
close to 9% in 2011, is growing fast and may reach 18% which improved education, rapid technical change and
by 2036. If India is to ensure a decent quality of life for new forms of organization have often rendered obsolete
the elderly in the near future, planning and providing for the knowledge, experience and wisdom of older persons.
it must begin today. Once they retire, elderly people find that their children
are not seeking advice from them anymore, and society
Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since
has not much use for them. This realization often results
Independence from around 32 years in the late 1940s to
in feeling of loss of status, worthlessness and loneliness.
70 years or so today. Many countries have done even
The growth of nuclear families has also meant a need for
better, but this is still a historical achievement.
changes in role relations. Neither having authority in the
Over the same period, the fertility rate has family, nor being needed, they feel frustrated and
declined from about six children per woman to just depressed. If the older person is economically dependent
two, liberating women from the shackles of repeated on the children, the problem is likely to become even
child-bearing and child care. All this is good news, but it worse.
also creates a new challenge —the ageing of the Nuclear households, characterized by individuality,
population. independence, and desire for privacy are gradually
Indian society is undergoing rapid transformation replacing the joint family, which emphasizes the family
under the impact of industrialization, urbanization, as a unit and demands deference to age and authority.
technical and technological change, education and Children who migrate often find it difficult to cope with
globalization. Consequently, the traditional values and city life and elect to leave their old parents in the village,
institutions are in the process of erosion and adaptation, causing problems of loneliness and lack of care givers
resulting in the weakening of intergenerational ties that for old parents. Parents in this circumstance cannot
were the hallmark of the traditional family. always count on financial support from their children and
Industrialization has replaced the simple family may have to take care of themselves. They continue to
production units by the mass production and the factory. work, although at a reduced pace.
Economic transactions are now between individuals. Another development impacting negatively on the
Individual jobs and earnings give rise to income status of older people is the increasing occurrence of dual
differentials within the family. Push factors such as career families. Female participation in economic
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 278 YCT
activity either as workers or as entrepreneurs has social disabilities like widowhood, societal prejudice and
increased considerably in the recent past in the urban segregation aggravate the frustration of elderly people.
informal sector, and the middle class formal sector, as Studies report that conditions of poverty, childlessness,
well as in the rural areas. In the rural informal sectors, disability, in-law conflicts and changing values were
increased expenditure on education, health and better some of the major causes for elder abuse.
food require high incomes. This development has Health problems are supposed to be the major
implications for elderly care. On the one hand, working concern of a society as older people are more prone to
couples find the presence of old parents emotionally suffer from ill health than younger age groups. It is often
bonding and of great help in the caring for their own claimed that ageing is accompanied by multiple illness
children. On the other hand, high costs of housing and and physical ailments. Besides physical illness, the aged
health care are making it harder for children to have are more likely to be victims of poor mental health,
parents live with them. This is true both in rural and which arises from senility, neurosis and extent of life
urban areas. satisfaction. Thus, health status of aged should occupy a
Hence the changing factors in the family in its central place in any study of the elderly population. In
structure and function are undermining the capacity of most of the primary surveys, the Indian elderly in general
the family to provide support to elderly and the and the rural aged in particular are assumed to have some
weakening of the traditional norms underlying such health problems like cough, poor eyesight, anemia and
support’ leading to neglect and abuse of older people in dental problems.
family. Since independence the Indian government has been
The disabilities that a person experiences in the committed to supporting the old people in our society
course of ageing are multiple in nature. For some, ageing with certain interventionist welfare methods. The year
enhances status and enriches life satisfaction, but for 1999 was declared by the UN as the International Year
many others, it may be difficult and problematic. On one of Older Persons followed on 13th Jan 1999, by the
hand, getting old provides opportunity to relax, enjoy Government of India approving the National Policy for
and do things they always wanted to do, but never had Older Persons for accelerating welfare measures and
the time for when they were young. On the other hand, empowering the elderly in ways beneficial to them.
old age also implies increasing physical, mental and Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens
psychological disabilities. Such disabilities are the result Act, 2007 provides legal sanctions to the rights of the
of many factors. With the increasing age and decreasing elderly. In addition constitutional provisions for old age
health, the older person begins to depend unknowingly security, old age pension, establishing old age homes,
physically and psychologically on either the kinship expanding geriatric services, liberalizing housing policy
group or the existing social support network. for elders have also been undertaken.
Economic factors definitely play a major role in
The concept of the old age home, though not very
generating care for elderly people. The economic status,
common in India, is not unknown. The first old age
of the family, as well as that of the care-receiver, the
home was established in Bangalore in 1983 by the
functional ability status of the care receiver and care
Bangalore Friends-in Need society and was called the
giver is an additional factor that appears to contribute to
‘(obb Home)’. According to Help Age India estimates,
the burden. Economic dependence is one of the major
there are 728 institutions at present, perhaps a majority
factors that very often affects the wellbeing of older
of them in urban areas. In recent years, there has been
persons. Economic dependence is manifested in two
rapid increase in the number of old age homes and they
ways. First, the status of economic dependence may be
are gradually gaining acceptance, especially by those
caused by retirement for a person employed in the formal
sector. Secondly, for a person in the rural or urban who see these institutions as a better alternative than
informal sectors, it may result from their declining ability living in a son’s home where you are not wanted.
to work because of decreased physical and mental In spite of the government’s and NGO’s efforts in
abilities. Sometimes older persons are also faced with rehabilitating the aged in India they are still the most
economic dependence when management responsibilities vulnerable group facing multiple problems and hence
for matters relating to finances, property or business are require proper care and attention. Ageing is a natural
shifted to children, pushing the older person into a new process. ‘Old age is an incurable disease’. But more
status of economic dependence. recently J.S. Ross commented, “You do need old age,
The common psychological problems that most of the you protect it, you promote it, and you extend it”. A man
older persons experience are : feeling of powerlessness, is as old as he feels and woman as old as she looks.
feeling of inferiority, depression, uselessness, isolation Hence there is need for proper care and protection for the
and reduced competence. These problems along with elderly in the changing scenario.

UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 279 YCT

 Meaning of G-20 leadership for India This alliance will give a push to Pradhan Mantri Jl-VAN
and GOBARdhan scheme. By this it is possible to
The Group of Twenty (G20) is the premier forum for
increase biofuel capacity by three and a half to five times
international economic cooperation. It plays an important
till the year 2050.
role in shaping and strengthening global architecture and
Inclusivity has been at the heart of India’s
governance on all major international economic issues.
presidency. The inclusion of the African Union (AU) as
♦ The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian a permanent member of the G20 integrated 55 African
financial crisis as a forum for the Finance Ministers nations into the forum, expanding it to encompass 80%
and Central Bank Governors to discuss global
of the global population. This proactive stance has
economic and financial issues.
fostered a more comprehensive dialogue on global
♦ The G20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of challenges and opportunities. This will give a new
State/Government in the wake of the global economic direction to world trade, finance and investment.
and financial crisis of 2007, and, in 2009, was
At the same time, the representation of the Global
designated the “premier forum for international
South within the G-20 will increase. .All this has been
economic cooperation”.
possible only due to the efforts of India. Due to this India
♦ The G20 Summit is held annually, under the and African Union will come closer and bilateral
leadership of a rotating Presidency. The G20 initially relations will be strengthened.
focused largely on broad macroeconomic issues, but
India -Middle East- Europe Economic Corridor has
it has since expanded its agenda to inter-alia include
been a major achievement of this summit. It is part of a
trade, climate change, sustainable development,
broader initiative called Partnership for Global
health, agriculture, energy, environment, climate
Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) for. It aims to
change, and anti-corruption.
develop infrastructure developing countries through
♦ India holds the Presidency of the G20 from 1
public and private investment. The IMEC will comprise
December 2022 to 30 November 2023 and presided
of two separate corridors, the east corridor connecting
over G-20 summit on September 9-10, 2023. This is
India to the Gulf and northern corridor connecting Gulf
the first time that India presided over the G-20
to Europe.
summit. Its theme is “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”
The corridor will provide reliable and cost-effective
which means together 'One Earth, One Family, One
Future’ cross-border ship to rail transit network to supplement
existing maritime routes. It intends to increase efficiency,
♦ G-20 is actually a group of 19 countries the European
reduce costs, secure regional supply chains, increase
Union that account for two-thirds of the global
trade accessibility, enhance economic cooperation,
population and75 percent trade and 85 percent of
generate jobs and lower greenhouse gas emission,
G.D.P. Coming together of superpowers under the
resulting in a transformative integration of Asia, Europe
leadership of India will enhance the image of India
and the Middle East (West Asia). Along with this, this
put it on equal footing as of superpowers.
network will provide an alternative infrastructure to
♦ India led deliberations on geopolitical issues like
Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.
Energy security, food security, Disaster management,
By G-20 presidency India's culture and heritage has
terrorism and their impact on economic growth and
development.. been showcased in world. Bharat Mandapam, Bronze
Nataraja
♦ India also invited the leaders of 9 countries which are
Statue, Konark, wheel representing the wheels of
not members of the grouping. It was India’s far-
Lord Surya’s chariot, Nalanda University and Thanjavur
sighted vision that interests of least developed and
developing countries of global south was included in Paintings etc. have established the cultural image of
G-20 agenda. Along with it India reiterated need to India and has become the basis for increasing tourism
support these countries in terms of food security, activity.
clean energy and finance and established itself as Delhi declaration unanimously approved in G-20
leader of Global south. meeting is an example of India's diplomatic capability.
After the International Solar Alliance the world At the time when the world is divided into two camps on
accepted India's initiative to adopt biofuels. Consensus the Russia-Ukraine issue,
was reached to form Global Biofuel Alliance. World Agreement on various issues has been a reflection of
organizations, Industry and countries agreed to adopt and India’s strength. These issues are international
use of biofuels. This will lead to establishment of humanitarian law, territorial integrity and sovereignty,
biofuels to as a component of the energy transition, upholding the international law, multilateral system for
employment generation and accelerate economic activity. peace and stability etc.

UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 280 YCT

 Therefore, it can be said that for India. The discovered that the Earth is round, rotates around its
implications of G-20 have been broad and wide-ranging. axis, the Sun is stationary, the Moon and other
These include agreements on Semiconductor Supply planets are illuminated by sunlight. Other scholars
Chain between India and America, Space and Artificial included Bhaskar, Brahmagupta and Varahamihir
Intelligence, manufacturing of JET engine F-144. The whose theories benefited the field of astronomy and
consensus reached on Research in health, Finance Track, astrology.
India MERCOUSR Preferential Trade Agreement, After independence, despite being developing
Climate change, food security, energy conservation etc economy and surrounded by problems, India started
will benefit India in future. Now Indian leaders are unprecedented efforts in the field of space science.
confident that by 2047 India will be a developed nation. The era of space research started from the 1960s. In
the year 1962, Space Research Committee was
Space science and India formed under the leadership of Vikram Sarabhai.
India has became a significant global player in space Under his leadership, India's first sounding rocket
science and technological(S&T) developments. The was launched from Thumba, Kerala in the year 1963.
credit goes to ISRO and government’s support for it. 'ISRO' was established in the year 1969 by
reorganizing the Space Research Committee and later
India has formally coordinated its various organisations
in the year 1972, Space Commission and Space
related to space programme in 1972 by constituting the
Department were formed for progress in this field.
space commission and the Development of Space (DOS).
The 1970s were experimental in the field of space
Both of these institutes are Umbrella organisations which
science. During this period satellites like Aryabhata,
direct and regulate India’s space programme.
Rohini and Bhaskar were launched. 'Aryabhata'
In ancient India, the science of astronomy was well
satellite was India's first satellite named after the
advanced. It was called Khagolshastra. Khagol was the famous Indian astronomer. It was completely
famous astronomical observatory at Nalanda, where designed and manufactured in India. It was launched
Aryabhatta studied. In fact science of astronomy was in 1975 with the Soviet Cosmos-3M rocket. Later
highly advanced and our ancestors were proud of it. The after the success of these programs, India started
aim behind the development of the science of astronomy working on launch vehicle technology.
was the need to have accurate calendars, a better Launch Vehicle Technology Development Program
understanding of climate and rainfall patterns for timely started in the year 1979 under the direction of Vikram
sowing and choice of crops, fixing the dates of seasons Sarabhai.
and festivals, navigation, calculation of time and casting India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle was built in
of horoscopes for use in astrology. Knowledge of 1980 , which was used to put the satellite Rohini into
astronomy, particularly knowledge of the tides and the orbit satellites were placed in orbit. To further improve
stars, was of great importance in trade, because of the the launch, for future polar satellites
requirement of crossing the oceans and deserts during Development of PSLV was started.
night time. Disregarding the popular view that our planet
Now PSLV Has established its capability in placing
earth is „Achala‟ (immovable), Aryabhatta stated his satellites in polar orbit. Apart from this, India has
theory that „earth is round and rotates on its own axis‟ developed Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle to place
He explained that the appearance of the sun moving from the satellite in GTO orbit. To further improve the launch
east to west is false by giving examples. One such technology in future, India is working on the
example was: When a person travels in a boat, the trees development of scramjet engine technology and RLDTV.
on the shore appear to move in the opposite direction. He Communication and broadcasting systems are not
also correctly stated that the moon and the planets shined possible without space science. India started working
by reflected sunlight. He also gave a scientific in this direction and launched first Communication
explanation for solar and lunar eclipse clarifying that the Satellite INSAT-1A in 1982
eclipse were not because of Rahhu and/or Ketu or some This satellite system, popularly known as INSAT,
other rakshasa (demon,). Do you realize now, why the provides communication and broadcasting facilities
first satellite sent into in the South Asian region. The revolution in
There was all-round development of astrology and communication that has taken place in India today in
astronomy during the Gupta period. The main the areas of television, radio broadcasting and
astrologers and astronomers of this period are weather is due to INSAT satellites. Along with this,
Aryabhatta, Varahamihir, Brahmagupta. In India has also launched remote sensing satellites to
Aryabhatta's book Aryabhattiyam, the cause of solar study the materials hidden under the earth's surface.
eclipse has been attributed to the Earth's shadow. Under this, satellites like CARTOSAT and
Aryabhata was the first Indian astronomer who OCEANSAT have been important.

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 Apart from geology and atmospheric science, Farmers are plagued by several issues. These directly
astronomy, planetary and astrophysics were the major or indirectly affect the farmer’s life. From procurement
subjects of the Indian space programme. In this of inputs to marketing and post-harvest activities,
context, the first mission 'Chandrayaan-1' was sent in farmers face a lot of challenges. However, the problems
the year 2008 to explore the Moon. In this series, faced by farmers go often unnoticed. Here are some
with the success of Chandrayaan-3, India became the major problems faced by farmers in India.
fourth country along with USA, Russia and China to ♦ According to the 10th Agricultural Census in 2015-
make soft landing on the Moon. Apart from this, 16, marginal and small operational holdings together
India has sent Mangalyaan to Mars in the year 2014 (0 – 2 ha) constituted 86.2% of the total operational
and Aditya-L-1 mission to the Sun in the year 2023. holdings. Due to this fragmentation of land, farmers
do not generate adequate income. This is because of
India has developed its own navigation system for
difficulty in mechanization, practicing usual
terrestrial, aerial, marine navigation, disaster agricultural practices like monocropping and
management, accurate timing and mapping. This products which leads to deterioration of land quality.
regional satellite navigation system of India has been ♦ Problems faced by farmers in agricultural marketing
named 'NAVIK' (IRNSS). It is provides accurate include transportation costs, inadequate market
information to the user up to the distance of 1500 km infrastructure, price fluctuation, lack of proper
from the country's border and is completely under the market information, and the role of exploiting local
control of the Government of India. ISRO and traders and middlemen. Nearly 16% of fruits and
Airports Authority of India have also developed vegetables, 10% of oilseeds, 9% of pulses, and 6% of
'Gagan' for navigation in space area. cereals produced are being wasted every year due to
In the year 1984, Rakesh Sharma became first Indian lack of storage facilities. Since most of the
astronaut who drove Soyuz T-11 to space and became agricultural produce is perishable, farmers are
distressed to sell the produce immediately after
the first Indian to go to space. Presently India is
harvest even at lower prices. This gives them a
working to send its passengers by its own vehicle.
meager income.
The Indian manned space mission has been named
♦ Regardless of the expansion of mechanization in
'Gaganyaan' in which the semi-humanoid robot
India, most of the agricultural operation is still done
'Vyommitra' will be sent in the experimental phase. by labourers. The highest level of mechanization in
In all these ways space programme has given a push India about 60 – 70% is observed in plowing,
to every aspect of our national policies and harvesting, threshing, and irrigation.
programmes contributing widely towards socio- ♦ In the agriculture sector, availability and access to
economic, development of India, besides economic timely, adequate, and low-cost credit from financial
and scientific progress. It is time to make the institutional sources is more important, especially to
application of space technologies to everyday lives. marginal and small farmers. Along with all other
There is lot of scope and potential in this regard. inputs, capital is one of the most crucial inputs for
To conclude it is said that India has become a increasing agricultural production.
significant global player in space science and ♦ In India, irrigation facilities are limited, and the
technological (S&T). From a modest beginning in the majority of farmers are still dependent on rainfall.
1960s, India’s space programme has grown steadily, Rainfed agriculture accounts for about 51% of the net
sown area in our country and occupies nearly 40% of
achieving significant milestones. These include
total production.
fabrication of satellites, space-launch vehicles, and a
♦ In the areas under irrigation, farmers mainly follow
range of associated capabilities.
flood irrigation methods. Even though
microirrigation systems are gaining importance
New possibilities in the nowadays most of their adopters are large farmers.
Poor farmers are unable to afford it.
agricultural sector
♦ After the Green Revolution in the 1960s, the use of
Agriculture plays a significant role in India’s chemical fertilizers has been increased. To get
growing economy. With around 54.6% of the total quicker results, farmers have started using fertilizers
workforce involved in agriculture and allied sector excessively. Excessive usage of chemical fertilizer
activities, the sector contributes to 17.8% of the contributes to reduced organic matter content and
country’s gross value added (GVA). During 2021-22, the humus content, decreased number of beneficial
country recorded US$ 50.2 billion in total agriculture insects, poor growth, increased pest attacks, and
exports with a 20% increase from US$ 41.3 billion in altering of soil pH which ultimately leads to low
2020-21. productivity.
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 282 YCT
♦ Climate change can lead to changes in weather Increasing Trend in Horticulture Production-
patterns, such as increased frequency and intensity of The availability of diverse physiographic, climatic,
extreme weather events like droughts, floods, and and soil characteristics enables India to grow various
storms. These changes can affect soil fertility, crop horticulture crops. It includes fruits, vegetables,
yields and livestock production, leading to reduced spices, cashew, coconut, cocoa, areca etc. The total
productivity and income for farmers horticulture production in FY22 is estimated at
♦ Price volatility can have a significant impact on the 342.333 million tonnes which is an increase of about
livelihoods of farmers, especially small farmers who 7.03 million tonnes (2.10% increase) from 2020-21.
are more vulnerable to market fluctuations. Price Development of Agriculture in Backward Areas-
volatility can lead to income instability for farmers as In the post-green revolution era, the introduction of
sudden drops in prices can reduce their income and new agricultural strategies, research, and technology
profits. was mostly limited to producing specific food
♦ Agricultural extension programmes help farmers by grains, i.e., wheat and rice. However, under the
means of transfer of technology, assisting farmers in wave of liberalization, with the growing demand for
problem-solving and contributing to rural agricultural exports, many new sectors of
development. But extension system in India is not agricultural activities have become favourable and
equally balanced. Without adequate training and profitable.
access to extension services, farmers may not be In some agriculturally backward areas with no
aware of the latest farming practices, techniques and irrigation system and access to fewer resources,
technologies that can help them to increase crop dryland farming has been introduced. Other
yields. This results in reduced yield, which can affect activities were also encouraged such as horticulture,
farmer’s income. floriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc. To
♦ Limited spending on research and development support the development in those areas, various
(R&D) by Government have a negative impact on modern techniques have been installed in the
farmers in agriculture including reduced productivity, backward areas.
increased costs, and reduced profitability. Ariel Imaging-
New Possibilities in Agriculture : Ariel imaging involves the use of geographic
Agricultural Drone Technology- information system (GIS) technology to analyse the
potential of irrigation projects and their impact on
Drones are used widely for medical delivery to
land degradation, erosion, and drainage. The visuals
protection assistance and are used in agriculture to
of this technology allow assessment of an individual
improve the growth of crops, maintenance, and
plant’s foliage. These visuals are actively used to
cultivation methods. For example, these ariel
detect pests and diseases to protect crops from
carriers are used to access crop conditions and
environmental threats. It mostly helps farmers to
execute better fertilization strategies for more yields.
monitor the soil conditions of farms and is useful in
Even the accessibility of hovering robots help
the summer season when there is the least
farmers through a survey of large areas and data
availability of water.
collection to generate better insights about their
farms. Using drones in agriculture has provided Hydroponics and Vertical Farming
more frequent, cost-effective remote monitoring of The concept of hydroponics farming focus towards
crops and livestock. It also helps analyse field better yields, texture, and taste of the final product
conditions and determine appropriate interventions with less water consumption. Plants which are
such as fertilizers, nutrients, and pesticides. grown hydroponically do not need extensive root
systems and it allows them to contribute more
Diversification of Agriculture- energy towards the production of leaves and fruits.
The agricultural sector produces generic Because of indoor cultivation, these plants mature
consumption needs as well as crops like fruits, quickly and possess better immunity against pests
vegetables, spices, cashews, areca nuts, coconuts, and other diseases. In the context of sustainability,
and floral products such as flowers, orchids, etc. vertical farming allows farms to be located near or
With the increasing demand for these products, within areas of high population density which
there’s a huge potential in terms of production and reduces the need for transportation and any harmful
trade of these products. This shows how the emissions. Vertical farming provides the ability to
agricultural sector is being transformed into a grow crops in urban environments and contributes to
dynamic and commercial sector by shifting the mix the availability of fresh foods conveniently. This
of traditional agricultural products towards higher farming significantly reduces the amount of land
quality products, with a high potential to accelerate space required to grow crops compared to
production rates. conventional farming methods.

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 IoT in Agriculture- Globalization and cottage industry
IoT supports agriculture through the installation of
various sensors in agricultural farms. These sensors Consider a person drinking “Turkish Coffee” in
are used to monitor light, humidity, soil moisture, Istanbul. The coffee originated in Ethiopia, the sugar in
temperature, crop health, etc. India, the porcelain cup in China, the table cloth in the
restaurant is made from cotton, which originated from a
The government has taken various initiatives to
plant domesticated in Central America, and the restaurant
enable the potential digitalization of the agricultural
itself is the French invention.
sector in India. It focuses on promoting Agri-tech
businesses which are working towards boosting The above illustration depicts Globalization. It is an
productivity. increasing global inter-connectedness. Basically, it is a
world without borders, involving free movement of
The government has finalised an India Digital
goods, capital, ideas and human beings.
Ecosystem of Agriculture (IDEA) framework that will
establish the architecture for the federated database of It primarily is an interchange of economic, social,
farmers. This database is being built by taking the cultural, political, technological attributes that take place
publicly available data as existing in various schemes between societies when different societies come into
and linking them with the digitalized land records. The contact with each other. Though this interchange is going
IDEA would serve as a foundation to build innovative on for times immemorial this process was termed as
Agri-focused solutions leveraging emerging technologies ‘globalization’ for the first time around the second half
to contribute effectively to creating a better Ecosystem of 20th century while much of the literature on this
for Agriculture in India. This Ecosystem shall help the appeared since the late 1970s and 1980s.It is
Government in effective planning towards increasing the The cottage industry is a small-scale business where
income of farmers and improving the efficiency of the the manufacture of goods takes place mostly from
agriculture sector. home. The workforce consists of family units who
To facilitate agricultural engineering research, typically work part-time with their equipment, using
operations, and technology diffusion, the Central conventional techniques. Products are manufactured
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (ICAR- at a low level, and the workers are skilful at their job.
CIAE) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research The business is operated out of a home, and the
(ICAR) has created the Krishi Yantra App. A web portal equipment/tools are generally run on outdated
has been made available by ICAR-CIAE on their website technology. They produce handcrafted products using
to guarantee that businesses choose the proper traditional methods and techniques. Generally, the
mechanisation technology. This aids current and industry is unorganized and mainly situated in
potential business owners in choosing machines and villages/semi-urban areas. Few cottage industries are
purchasing options. The portal also offers the option of big and situated in urban areas.
user and specialist engagement. The cottage industry is the backbone of the rural
Agriculture is an important sector of the country. It is economy and has a significant role in developing the
one of the market-driven industries that employ a large world's economies. It provides a significant
segment of the country’s population. The new changes contribution to rural development through its
over the last few years have been enormously helpful to employment opportunities on a massive scale. In Pre-
contribute more towards economic growth. Recent Industrial revolution era in entire world including
advancements such as drones, and data-driven facilities India and western countries was cottage industries
help to monitor the process of farming. It has been provided all the goods whether general goods,
supporting farmers to increase productivity and decorative goods or luxury goods.
contribute more towards the agricultural economy. The pace of globalization enhanced when countries
The future of Indian agriculture seems bright and like Spain and Portugal started to establish
promising with the advent of new technologies. The commercial relations with Asian countries. Later on
government has increased its focus on the sector, other European countries like Britain, France,
implementing various policies and initiatives to boost Netherlands also enhanced commercial activities. In
productivity and growth. India’s vast and diverse sixteenth century after arrival of European trading
agricultural landscape, coupled with advancements in companies in India cottage industries increased. India
technology, provides immense opportunities for farmers became exporter of cotton clothes, silk, spices,
to harness their potential and increase yield. In addition, porcelain dishes. Indian economy got a momentum.
start-ups in the agricultural sector are working towards However the phase of momentum was short lived as
providing innovative solutions to farmers in terms of British East India Company followed exploitative
supporting them with better productivity, measuring policies like ‘Dadani Pratha’ to exploit the Indian
tools and other data-driven strategies. artisans. During phase of industrial revolution in
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 284 YCT
 Britain deindustrialization took place in India. Thus Globalization has also adverse impacts on cottage
Period between 1800 -1850 is also known as period industries. Large industries were established due to
of deindustrialisation in India. Erstwhile flourishing which small farmers started migrating towards urban
Indian handicraft got dead thereafter. areas in search of employment. Due to this,
Scholars like Morris D. Morris and Thurner believe traditional handicrafts, knowledge of which have
that the decline of handicrafts was inevitable with the been passed down from generation to generation
Industrial Revolution and it can be observed in all started disappearing. The artisans who remained were
countries. However their views remained one-sided no longer able to compete with the factories. Urban
because the situations in the ruling were different people, who were big consumers of handicraft
from the situation in ruled countries. In the ruling products, shifted towards factory-made products.
countries of Europe, handicrafts declined because This reduced the demand for handicrafts and these
industries were established there, but in the ruled industries were negatively affected.
countries, especially India and African countries, In essence, it is clear that cottage industry has equal
handicrafts declined because industrialists started importance in the economy as small and large scale
selling their goods arbitrarily and at arbitrary prices. industry. Cottage industries in rural areas prevent
The decline of Indian handicrafts continued till the migration to urban areas and reduce the gap between
19th century and the middle of the 20th century. The rural and urban economies. The World Trade
characteristics of Indian handicrafts industry was that Organization's efforts to protect cottage industries
it kept itself alive despite countless adverse through the protection of intellectual property rights
circumstances. The use of Khadi clothes, furniture under the TRIPS Agreement have been commendable.
items, bamboo baskets etc. continued. These local Cottage industry has a special place in the economy and
social structure of India. Today, cottage industries like
industries got some support from the Swadeshi
milk products, handicrafts, oilseed and food processing,
movement. In Gandhian era self sufficiency of
stone cutting are becoming the basis of development of
villages was focussed upon so importance of village
'India living in villages'.
based industries was realised and thus handicraft
industry got rejuvenated. After independence, a The effect of economic crisis in Sri
favourable environment was created for cottage
industries in India, but after 1990, the government Lanka on whole world
liberalization policy started affecting it adversely. Many middle-income and developing countries are
This situation continued until the global economic suffering from a combination of internal political
recession of 2008-09. After this, India pursued the dysfunction and external economic shocks generated
policy of protectionism. At present the Government mainly by COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine. Sri Lanka
of India is working with a balanced approach for the provides a powerful example and a warning for countries
protection of cottage industries along with big in other regions that will face similar predicaments.
industries. Various types of schemes like ‘One Sri Lanka is not a poor country. When adjusted for
Station, One Product’, One District One Product, purchasing power, per capita GDP in this nation of 22
Skill Development Scheme etc. are becoming a major million people is higher than in South Africa, Peru,
part of the government programmes. In the year 2019 Egypt, or Indonesia. But the country now faces a
India kept itself out of the RCEP agreement so that it political crisis powered by severe shortages of food, fuel,
electricity, and medicine. The currency is collapsing, and
could protect its cottage industries.
the government can’t afford imports or to make its debt
Cottage industries have many benefits from payments. At times in recent weeks, violent protests have
globalization. Now, with hard work and skill, small threatened to spiral out of control.
machines are being used on a small scale. Some How did Sri Lanka get here?
cottage industries developed and transformed into
Sri Lanka has had economic trouble for the greater
small and medium industries. With the help of
part of the last decade. It received a bailout from the
information and communication technology, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 2009 and again in
promotion of handicrafts has increased at the national 2016, on the condition that it would control its debt and
and international level, and it provides greater access reduce it to 5 percent of its GDP by 2021. The situation
to wider market. With new learning and knowledge worsened due to the twin impacts of the 2019 Easter
via internet, the products of cottage industries have bombings and Covid-19 on tourism, one of Sri Lanka’s
now become of better quality. Global economic main industries, accounting for approximately 10 percent
connectivity has changed traditional demand. Due to of its GDP. Below are some of the key events and policy
this, cottage industries are also being created as per shifts that led Sri Lanka into the economic turmoil it
the modern demand. faces today.
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 285 YCT
Consolidation of political power - fuel are the natural result of supply worries that have
The Gotabaya Rajapaksa government first came to pushed prices oil above $100 per barrel. Sri Lanka
power in 2019, forming a caretaker government until the also imports more than 80 percent of its medical
2020 parliamentary elections, when Rajapaksa won a supplies. Donors in India and in Europe have helped,
landslide victory as president, and his party, Sri Lanka but there’s a limit to how much they are willing to do.
Podujana Peramuna (SLPP), secured 145 out of 225 Debt Trap Economy-
seats. This landslide victory allowed Rajapaksa to After the civil war ended in 2009, then President
appoint members of his family to key posts including Mahinda Rajapaksa took out massive foreign loans to
that of a prime minister and finance minister. Rajapaksa pay for war expenses and, more importantly, to start
also initiated constitutional reforms that gave the flashy infrastructure projects to attract tourism and
incumbent government the ability to hire and fire judges reward cronies. In a vicious cycle, the government had to
and other members of the judiciary, further consolidating turn to foreign lenders, such as the Chinese, to help
power and paving the way for major policy changes. service already existing debt because they had limited
Hyper-populist policies - foreign reserves. Rather than focus on economic reforms
The Rajapaksa government enacted populist policies, that might increase those reserves, the Rajapaksas
including massive tax breaks, that had an adverse effect implemented several tax cuts to shore up political
on government revenue. The Goods and Services (GST) support.
tax rate was slashed in half from 15 percent to 8 percent. Effect on world
Additionally, the government also cut the income tax by Due to severe economic crisis, people started
increasing the taxable income band by 600 percent from migrating from Sri Lanka. Due to this, there was a
500,000 Sri Lankan Rupees (SLR) to 3,000,000 SLR. refugee problem in the surrounding countries like India,
This resulted in a 33.5 percent decrease in the number of Maldives, Bangladesh and Myanmar as Sri Lankan
tax payers. The loss of revenue to the Sri Lankan refugees started moving there. Being closer to India and
government was estimated at 2 percent of GDP. The being culturally associated with Tamils, conditions are
reduced revenue to the government hindered its path being created for this crisis to become more sevre for
towards lowering its percent of debt of the GDP and India. After the anti-Tamil genocide of 1983, about three
instead increased it, resulting in even higher interest lakh refugees came to Tamil Nadu. In this scenario
payments. probability of smuggling and illegal activities in India
Organic agricultural method- increases.
The government in Sri Lanka ordered a shift to Imports have fallen due to economic instability in Sri
organic methods of farming. They did this in a relatively Lanka. To deal with foreign exchange crisis situations,
short amount of time and in a very stringent manner, the import of 367 goods were banned in March 2022.
without rolling out support and help for the farmers to India, China and Bangladesh are prominent among the
assist them in the change. What followed was a sharp countries that export to Sri Lanka,. In such a situation,
reduction in output in agricultural items such as rubber these countries will have to find other markets to export
and tea. Due to reduced output, Sri Lanka had to stop their goods. India's exports to Sri Lanka were $4.5 billion
exporting these items and instead import them to ensure in 2017, which fell to less than $2 billion by 2022.
enough quantity to sustain domestic demand. This led to Vehicle kits be exported by Indian firms such as Tata
a negative impact on its balance of payments and Motors and TVS Motors were stopped.
increased debt that further weakened its currency, which Sri Lanka has been a major exporter of tea globally.
in turn made these imports even more expensive. Sri But Tea exports stopped due to instability. Due to this,
Lanka was caught in a vicious cycle of rising debt and there was a rise in the prices of tea in the international
rising interest payments due to the mismanagement of its market. To fill the gap of Sri Lanka's shortage in
economy. international market, countries like India and China have
External shocks – tried to intensify tea exports to create opportunities for
tea exports to countries like Iran, Iraq, Turkey and
External shocks like COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine
Russia.
have also played a big role in Sri Lanka’s troubles.
COVID-19 devastated a tourism sector still reeling Sri Lanka's textile exports have declined due to the
from terrorism, a sector that’s critical for government economic crisis. Major textiles orders UK, European
revenue and job creation in the country. The Union and Latin American countries are now received by
pandemic also cut deeply into remittances, money India. Apart from India, companies from China and
sent home by Sri Lankans working abroad. Japan have also started receiving new orders for textiles.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and pushed global food Sri Lanka has been strategically important ally for
and fuel prices higher. Russia and Ukraine are both India. During this situation, India has come forward to
leading exporters of grain, and the war has shut in improve its diplomatic relations with Sri Lanka, which
much of that production. Russia and its ally Belarus was being negatively affected the last few years due to
are leading producers of fertilizer. Higher prices for China. India follows 'Neighborhood First Policy' to
UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 286 YCT
strengthen relations with the neighbouring countries. Continental glaciers:
India provided US$ 4 billion in bilateral assistance last Also known as ice sheets, they form near Polar
year through a number of credit lines and currency Regions and grow into massive size. Their movement is
support. In early 2023, India became the first country to mainly due to their own weight.
pledge its support to the International Monetary Fund for Role and Importance of Glacier :
the financing and debt restructuring of Sri Lanka. Glaciers are an important source of water as they
After getting independence from Britain in 1948, hold about two-thirds of the Earth’s freshwater. Many
2002 is crisis the worst seen by Sri Lanka in74 years. Sri rivers are born from glaciers. The Ganges River in Asia,
Lanka appealed to the international community for its for example, derives mainly from the Gangotri glacier,
debt burden. India, Japan and France join hands to help one of the largest glaciers in the Himalayan Mountains,
Sri Lanka overcome the crisis. difficult An official with about 400 million people depending on it for water.
committee of creditors was formed under the joint Glaciers also provide a lot of nutrients to rivers and
chairmanship of India, Japan and France. Despite such the ocean. When they are formed, they lock in particles
efforts, Sri Lanka's economy is still in a state of and dust that hold nutrients such as iron and nitrogen.
uncertainty and the country has a debt of 80 lakh billion These nutrients are vital to life. In the summer, when
glaciers melt, they feed rivers and the ocean with these
dollars.
nutrients.
To conclude, it can be said that the situation is
Glaciers also have a deep, cultural meaning. Pilgrims
becoming normal since Ranil Wickremesinghe took
gather every year in Sinakara Valley, high up in the
charge of the country after Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who Andes Mountains, to celebrate the Snow Star Festival. It
stepped down after the protests. President is a grand, three-day celebration of the stars that has
Wickremesinghe Managed to get a loan of $ 2.9 billion lasted for hundreds of years. Tens of thousands of
from IMF but the conditions are still serious. Food grains believers dance into the night and pray to the sacred
are expensive, peoples have to spend a large part of their mountains. To the locals, the melting glaciers in the
income on this. Hunger is likely to increase with poverty region are not just a physical loss but a spiritual one,
and the threat of brain drain remains. too. In Switzerland’s Rhone Valley, farmers have
irrigated their crops for hundreds of years by channelling
Melting glaciers danger for human meltwater from glaciers to their fields.
beings. Everywhere on Earth ice is changing. The famed
snows of Kilimanjaro have melted more than 80 percent
A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of since 1912. Glaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya in India
crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid are retreating so fast that researchers believe that most
water that originates on land and moves down slope central and eastern Himalayan glaciers could virtually
under the influence of its own weight and gravity. disappear by 2035. Arctic sea ice has thinned
Typically, glaciers exist and may even form in areas significantly over the past half century, and its extent has
where: declined by about 10 percent in the past 30 years.
1. Mean annual temperatures are close to the freezing NASA's repeated laser altimeter readings show the edges
point of Greenland's ice sheet shrinking. Spring freshwater ice
2. Winter precipitation produces significant breakup in the Northern Hemisphere now occurs nine
accumulations of snow days earlier than it did 150 years ago, and autumn freeze-
3. Temperatures throughout the rest of the year do not up ten days later. Thawing permafrost has caused the
result in the complete loss of the previous winter’s ground to subside more than 15 feet (4.6 meters) in parts
snow accumulation of Alaska. From the Arctic to Peru, from Switzerland to
Over multiple decades this continuing accumulation the equatorial glaciers of Man Jaya in Indonesia, massive
of snow results in the presence of a large enough mass of ice fields, monstrous glaciers, and sea ice are
snow for the metamorphism from snow to glacier ice disappearing, fast.
process to begin. Glaciers are classified by their size (i.e. Impact of melting of Glaciers-
ice sheet, ice cap, valley glacier, cirque glacier), location, Increase in sea level: As glaciers melt, more water
and thermal regime (i.e., polar vs. temperate). Glaciers flows to the seas from glaciers and ocean water
are sensitive indicators of changing climate. warms and expands in volume which can lead to
Glaciers are classified as alpine and continental flooding and erosion of coastal areas affecting life
based on their origin- and livelihood of peoples of coastal regions.
Alpine glaciers: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
These glaciers form at high elevation, especially Change (IPCC) melting of glacier has played the
mountains, and flow downwards through steep valleys major role in raising average global sea level between
due to gravity. They are responsible for shaping the four and eight inches (10 and 20 centimeters) in the
valleys. past hundred years,

UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 287 YCT

 Changes in weather patterns: The melting glaciers Plant more trees: Trees absorb carbon dioxide from
are causing a significant concern as they are adding a the atmosphere, so planting more trees can help
considerable amount of freshwater into the ocean. reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air.
This increase in freshwater has the potential to Reduce waste and recycle: This can reduce the
disturb the Atlantic Meridional Overturning amount of greenhouse gases released through landfill
Circulation (AMOC), which is a crucial system of
and other waste disposal methods.
ocean currents responsible for shaping the Earth’s
climate and weather patterns. Peoples in different Reduce deforestation: Deforestation causes a loss of
regions are adapted to different climate and weather natural carbon sinks, decreasing the earth's capacity
patterns. Any alteration in existing patterns adversely to absorb carbon dioxide. e.g. REDD+
affects mankind. Implement sustainable agriculture practices:
Scarcity of freshwater: The fresh water These practices can help reduce emissions from
available for human consumption is limited to only agricultural activities and preserve water resources.
2% of the total water on Earth, with over 70% of it e.g. conservation tillage.
locked in the form of glaciers and snow. Although Global Cooperation: Governments can work
glaciers are a primary source of fresh water in many together on international agreements to limit carbon
regions of the world, the ever-growing population
emissions and combat global warming. e.g. Paris
and the decreasing mass of glaciers pose a severe
Agreement, Montreal protocol etc.
threat of water scarcity in the future.
Impact on Biodiversity: Melting glaciers can affect Adaptation measures: It is also important to plan
the habitats and migration patterns of many animal and implement adaptation measures to address the
species, which can have cascading effects on entire impacts of melting glaciers, such as flooding, water
ecosystems. E.g., In the Arctic, as sea ice melts, resource management and infrastructure protection
wildlife like walrus are losing their home and polar To conclude it can be said that Glaciers are source of
bears are spending more time on land, causing Fresh Waters and rivers. If immediate steps are not taken
higher rates of conflict between people and bears. to reduce the speed of glacier melting then it will lead to
Increased risk of natural disasters: The retreat of sea level rise, destruction of coastal agriculture. Rise in
glaciers can increase the risk of natural disasters such sea level will increase the possibility of submergence of
as landslides, rockfalls, and glacial lake outburst cities will generate a wave of climate Refugees.
floods.
Loss of cultural heritage: Glaciers are often P.M. Annadata Aay Sanrakshan
important cultural sites and have significant spiritual
and symbolic value to indigenous communities, and
Abhiyan
their loss can result in the loss of cultural heritage. Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan
Economic impacts: The melting of glaciers can have (PM-AASHA) is a transformative agricultural scheme
significant economic impacts, particularly in regions introduced in 2018 under the aegis of the Ministry of
where tourism and recreation are dependent on Agriculture & Farmers Welfare in India. This innovative
glacier-fed rivers and lakes. E.g., Himalayan region. program was born from the pressing need to secure
Increasing global warming: Due to the shrinking of equitable and remunerative prices for the hardworking
high-albedo glaciers and sea ice, more solar radiation
farmers of the nation. PM-A Pradhan Mantri Annadata
is being absorbed by the Earth, which creates a
Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) is as an
dangerous feedback loop, leading to a more rapid
cycle of warming and melting. instrumental tool in protecting farmers’ income and
Strategies to reduce glacier melting : ensuring they receive fair prices for their produce. ASHA
Reduce carbon emissions: This can be done by is a beacon of hope, designed to alleviate the economic
increasing the use of alternative energy sources such challenges faced by those who toil tirelessly to feed the
as wind and solar power, and by implementing nation.
policies to reduce energy consumption. e.g. Features :
fulfilling the net zero emission targets. Here’s a comprehensive look at the critical features of
Promote energy efficiency: This includes measures Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan
such as improving building insulation and promoting (PM-AASHA).
the use of energy-efficient appliances. e.g.
Price Support Scheme (PSS)
Green Housing Scheme by National Housing Bank.
PSS focuses on direct procurement of essential crops
Encourage public transportation: This can reduce
the use of private cars and consequently the emission such as pulses, oilseeds, and Copra from pre-
of greenhouse gases. e.g. Public Transport Fare registered farmers when market prices fall below the
Subsidy Scheme in Hong Kong. Minimum Support Price (MSP).

UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 288 YCT

 Central Nodal Agencies collaborate with state Flexibility for States: States and Union Territories
governments to execute PSS operations. have the flexibility to choose between PSS and PDPS
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) plays a crucial based on the specific agricultural needs of their
role in the efficient functioning of the PSS. regions and the crops in question.
The Central Government shoulders the procurement Technology Integration:
expenditure and covers losses up to 25% of the The direct benefit transfer (DBT) model for PDPS
production. ensures that farmers receive payments directly into their
Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) bank accounts, leveraging technology to streamline the
PDPS encompasses all oilseeds for which MSP is process.
notified. Drawbacks
It guarantees direct payment of the difference Limited Crop Coverage: PM-AASHA primarily
between MSP and the actual selling price directly covers pulses, oilseeds, and Copra. While these are
into the registered bank accounts of farmers. important crops, it doesn’t address the needs of all
Unlike PSS, PDPS doesn’t involve physical agricultural produce. Some crop categories may be
procurement of crops, streamlining the process. left out, potentially leaving farmers of those crops
Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme without the benefits of the scheme.
(PPPS)- Operational Challenges: The successful
PPPS is introduced on a pilot basis for oilseeds in implementation of the scheme relies on efficient
select districts. procurement, logistics, and timely payments.
It bears similarities to PSS, but with the notable Inadequate infrastructure and operational challenges
inclusion of private stockists. in some regions can hinder the scheme’s
Private agencies are authorized to procure effectiveness.
commodities at MSP when market prices dip below Administrative Overhead: The management of the
the MSP. scheme involves significant administrative overhead,
To ensure fair practices, service charges are capped at including the registration of farmers, monitoring of
15% of the notified MSP. procurement, and direct payment processing. These
tasks can be resource-intensive.
Benefits
Market Distortions: Price interventions through PSS
Ensuring Fair Prices: PM-AASHA guarantees can lead to market distortions, as government
Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for crops, providing agencies are procuring large quantities of produce,
a safety net for farmers. This assurance helps prevent potentially crowding out private traders and limiting
exploitation by middlemen and ensures that farmers price discovery in the open market.
receive a reasonable price for their produce.
Resource Allocation: The funds allocated to PM-
Price Stability: The scheme’s Price Support Scheme AASHA can be substantial. Ensuring the efficient
(PSS) component involves direct procurement of allocation of resources and preventing misuse is a
crops when market prices fall below MSP. This critical challenge for the government.
intervention stabilizes prices and helps maintain
Dependency on Government: While the scheme
income levels for farmers, reducing income volatility.
provides critical support, it can lead to farmers’
Direct Payments: The Price Deficiency Payment dependency on government intervention for price
Scheme (PDPS) offers direct payments to farmers. stability and income security, which is not a long-
This eliminates the need for physical procurement, term sustainable solution.
reducing the logistical challenges associated with
traditional procurement schemes. Farmers receive the Conclusion :
difference between MSP and market prices directly Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan
into their bank accounts. (PM-AASHA) stands as a beacon of hope for the
Private Sector Involvement: The Pilot of Private agricultural community of India, working tirelessly to
Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS) encourages feed the nation. With its multifaceted approach
private players to participate in procurement. This encompassing price support, deficiency payments, and
can lead to more competitive markets, better price private procurement, PM-AASHA aims to provide a
discovery, and efficient procurement processes. secure and prosperous environment for our farmers,
Reduced Financial Burden: Under the PSS and ultimately strengthening the backbone of the nation’s
PDPS, the central government bears a portion of the economy. This visionary initiative is emblematic of the
procurement expenses and losses, reducing the government’s commitment to ensuring the well-being of
financial burden on state governments and farmers. its agrarian heroes.

UPPCS Mains 2023 ESSAY 289 YCT

 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION - A Contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan :

Q. 1 : Give an account of Vedic Literature. 1. Promotion of Western Education : Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan recognised the western education in the modern
Ans. : Vedic Literature :
world and advocated for its adoption among Muslims
What are the Vedas?
needed to embrace scientific and technical
Vedic literature, also known as Vedas refers to
knowledge to progress and compete in the rapidly
ancient scriptures of Hinduism, which are considered the
changing world.
oldest and most authoritative texts in Hindu philosophy
and spirituality. 2. Establishment of Aligarh Muslim University
(AMU): One of most notable achievements of sir
Type of Vedic Literature :
Syed Ahmad Khan was the establishment of
Vedic Literature can be divided into two parts Shruti
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in
and Smirti.
1875, which later evolved into Aligarh Muslim
Shurti : Shruti means 'to hear'. It describes the sacred
University. Aligarh Muslim University was the first
texts which describes Vedas, Brahmanas,
modern educational institution for Muslim's in India.
Aranyakas and Upanishads.
3. Promotion of Rational Thinking's : Sir Syed Ahmad
Smirti : The term Smirti means to be remembered. It
Khan emphasized the rational thinking, critical inquiry
includes post Vedic classical Sanskrit
and scientific reasoning in education. He encouraged
literature which consists of Vedanga, Shad
darsana, Puranas. Itihasa, Upveda, Tantras, Muslim's to engage with modern knowledge and not to
Agams and Upangas. The Vedic literature rely solely on traditional learning.
can be classified into the following 4. Advocacy for female educational : Sir Syed Ahmad
categories: Khan was also a pioneer in advocating for the
• The four Vedas includes Rigveda, Samaveda, education of Muslim women. He established school
Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda and their Samhitas. for girls and encouraged their participation in modern
education.
• The Brahmanas
5. Publication of Educational Literature : Sir Syed
• The Aranyakas Ahmad Khan wrote extensively on the importance of
• The Upanishads education and needs for educational reform among
The Brahmanas : These are related to conduct of Muslims. He published various books, Pamphlet
various ceremonies. titled "Asbaab-e-Bhagvat-e-Hind" etc. Sir Syed's
The Aranyakas : These are text related to forest life. Aligarh Institute Gazette, a journal published by him
The Upanishads : These are also known as Vedanta was an organ of scientific society.
(Last chapter of Veda) They are He founded the scientific society of Aligarh to
parts of every Veda and deals promote scientific education and research among
with Metaphysics. Muslims. The society published journals and
In conclusion Vedic literature is a large body of translated scientific work into Urdu, making
religious texts which has been passed from one scientific knowledge more accessible to the Urdu
generation to another. It made an important contribution speaking population.
in the development of civilization and culture. In conclusion Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's contributions
Q. 2 : Write a note on the contribution of Sir Syed to modern education were ground breaking and far
Ahmad Khan in modern education. reaching. He played a crucial role in promoting
Ans. : Sir Syed Ahmad Khan : Sir Syed Ahmad educational reform fostering a sprint of inquiry and
Khan was a prominent 19th century Muslim reformer rationalism and empowering Muslims in India
educator and social activist in British India. through education.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 290 YCT
 Q. 3 : Discuss the Role of Sardar Patel in the Regionalism in India can create several hindrances in
Unification of India after independence. the development of India, which is as follows -
Ans. : Sardar Vallabh Patel, often referred to as the 1. Fragmentation of Resources : Regionalism can lead
"Iron man of India" played an important role in the to competition among different regions for resources,
unification of India after independence. hindering efficient allocation and utilization. This
Role of Sardar Patel in the Unification of India as - competition can sometimes result in conflicts and
1. Vision of Unified India : Sardar Patel firmly hinder overall development efforts.
believed in the idea of a unified India. He recognised 2. Political instability : When regional interest over-
that the division of the country into numerous ride national priorities, it can lead to political
princely states could potentially weaken the fabric of instability. Fragmented political agendas may impede
the nation. His vision was to create a cohesive and the formulation and implementation of coherent
strong Indian Union. national policies necessary for development.
2. Instrument of Accession : After India gained 3. Economic disparity : Regionalism can exacerbate
independence in 1947, there were more than 500 economic disparities between regions. Concentration
princely states, each with the option to join either India of resources and development initiatives in certain
or Pakistan or remain independent. Sardar Patel as the regions can widen the gap between the developed and
Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, skillfully under-developed areas, leading to social unrest and
negotiated with the rulers of these princely state to hindered overall economic growth.
persuade them to accede to India. His persuasive 4. Infrastructure development : Desperate regional
abilities and diplomatic finesse were crucial in covering interests can hinder infrastructural development
many of these states to join the Indian Union. initiatives. Lack of co-ordination and consensus
among regions can delay or stall infrastructure
3. Integration through Diplomacy : Sardar Patel,
projects crucial for economic and connectivity.
employed a combination of diplomacy, negotiations
5. Investment climate: Regionalism can create
and in some cases coercion to integrate the princely
uncertainty in the investment climate. Investors may
states. He assured the rulers of these states that
hesitate to commit resources to regions marked by
joining India would be in their best interests, political or social tensions, leading to reduced
guaranteeing them autonomy and special privileges investment inflows and slower economic development.
within the framework of Indian constitution. 6. Social Cohesion : Regionalism may undermine
4. Operation Polo : Operation Polo was one of the social cohesion and national integration. When people
most notable work of Sardar Patel in integration, of identify more strongly with their region than the nation
Hyderabad, the largest princely state in India. When as whole, it can weaken the sense of belonging and
Nizam of Hyderabad expressed reluctance to accede solidarity necessary for collective progress.
to India. Patel ordered a police action known as 7. Administrative Challenges : Managing diverse
"Operation Polo" this resulted in the swift annexation regional intersects with the federal system like India
of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948. can pose administrative challenges. Conflicting
5. Fostering Unity : Sardar Patel's efforts were not only policies and demands from different regions can
directed towards the rulers of princely states but also strain administrative capacity and resources,
towards fostering unity among the diverse population of hindering effective governance.
India. He worked tirelessly to promote of sense of Addressing these challenges requires concerted
nationalism and unity among the people, transcending efforts to promote national unity equitable development
regional linguistic and religious differences. and inclusive governance that considers the needs and
6. Architect of Indian Union : Sardar Patel's role in the aspirations of all regions within India.
integration of princely states was so significant that
he is often hailed as architect of Indian union. His Q. 5 : Unemployment is the only cause for the
efforts laid the foundation for unified and strong prevalent poverty in India - Comment.
India, which was crucial for the nation's stability and Ans. : Unemployment is undoubtedly a significant
progress in the post-independence ear. factor contributing to poverty in India, but it is not only
cause. India's poverty is multifaceted and influenced by a
In conclusion, Sardar Patel played an indispensable
range of economic social and political factors.
role in the unification of India after independence. His
leadership. Vision and strategic approach were crucial in Here are a few reasons why poverty persists in India
integrating the princely states and laying ground work beyond just unemployment.
for a united and a prosperous nation. Underemployment : Even when individuals are
technically employed, they may not be able to secure
Q. 4 : What Kind of hindrances do regionalism jobs that provide adequate income or utilize their
create in the development of India? skills fully. This underutilization of human resources
Ans. : Regionalism - Regionalism refers to the contribute to poverty.
political, economic and cultural emphasis on the interests Low wages and informal sectors : Many Indians
of a particular region or regions within a larger political work in the informal sectors, where wages are often
entity, such as a nation state. It involves the identification low and job security is minimal this contributes to a
and promotion of unique characteristics, resources and cycle of poverty as families struggle to make ends
priorities of specific geographic area. meet.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 291 YCT
 Lack of education : Limited access to quality National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) to gain a
education results in a workforce that lacks the more accurate understanding of trends overtime.
necessary skills for higher - paying jobs. Education is In conclusion addressing crime against women in
crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty by providing India requires a multifaceted approach that includes legal
individuals with opportunities for better employment. reforms, law enforcement measures, social awareness
Gender inequality : Women in India face significant campaigns and support services for survivors.
barriers to employment and often have limited access Q. 7 : Oceans are the store house of resources .'-
to education and resources. Gender discrimination in Write a short note.
the workforce further exacerbates poverty particularly Ans. : Oceans are often referred to as the "store
in rural areas. house of resources" due to the vast array of valuable
Poor Infrastructure and access to basic services : resources they contain.
Limited access to healthcare, clean water sanitation Some of these resources include-
and transportation infrastructure disproportionately 1. Fisheries : Ocean provides major source of food
effects the poor. This lack of infrastructure impedes through fisheries.
economic development and perpetuates poverty. 2. Minerals : Deep sea mining has the potential to extract
Social inequality : Caste-based discrimination as valuable minerals such as manganese, nickel, copper,
well as disparities based on religions, ethnicity and Cobalt are rare earth elements from the ocean floor.
geography, contribute to unequal access to resources 3. Energy : Ocean hold immense energy potential in
and opportunities, trapping many in poverty. the form of tidal energy. Wave energy and offshore
Ineffective social welfare program : While India wind energy. Harnessing these renewable energy
has implemented various social welfare programs. sources can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Such as public distribution system (PDS) and and mitigate change.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment 4. Transportation : Oceans serve as vital
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) their effectiveness is transportation, route for international trade, with the
often hampered by corruption, inefficiency and majority of global trade being conducted through
inadequate coverage, leaving many still in poverty. maritime shipping. Ports and harbors located along
In conclusion addressing poverty in India requires a coastlines facilitate the movement of goods between
comprehensive, approach that tackles these countries.
underlying causes, including strategies to create more 5. Biodiversity : Ocean supports a rich diversity of
jobs, improve education and skill training, address marine life including various species of plants, animals
social inequalities and strengthen social safety nets. and micro-organism. This biodiversity is not only
Q. 6 : Do you agree with the statement that Crime valuable for maintaining healthy marine ecosystem but
Against Women in India is increasing ? also provides potential for scientific research,
Ans. : Violence against women is a major public biotechnology and pharmaceutical discoveries.
problem in the country, recently a steady increase is being 6. Tourism and Recreation : Coastal areas and marine
seen in the number of crimes against women. The trends environments attracts millions of tourists each year
may vary depending on various factors such as location, for activities such as vacation, scuba diving,
socio-economic status and reporting mechanisms. snorkeling, surfing and whale watching. Tourism
The perception of whether crime against women in generates revenue and supports local economies in
India is increasing depending on factors including. coastal regions.
1. Reporting rates : Increase awareness and improved 7. Medical Resources : Marine Organism are a
reporting mechanism may lead to more incidents potential source to bioactive compounds with
being reported, giving the impression of an increase pharmaceutical applications. Research on Marine
in crime against women. biotechnology has uncovered promising leads for the
2. Legislative changes : Changes in laws and development of new drugs to treat various diseases.
regulation related to crimes against women along 8. Climate Regulation : Ocean play on important role
with increased penalties for offenders may lead to in regulating the earth's climate by absorbing heat and
more cases being registered and reported. carbon-di-oxide from the atmosphere.
3. Media Coverage : Heightened media coverage of Hence, the ocean stands as a boundless reservoir of
incidents of violence against women can contribute to resources, offering invaluable contributions to our well-
the perception of increasing crime rates even if actual being, prosperity and the health of our planet. As stewards
incidence remains relatively stable. of this precious resources, it is our responsibility to protect
4. Cultural and Social factors : Deep-seated cultural and preserve it for generation to come.
attitudes and social norms may influence the Q. 8 : Soil profile plays an important role in
prevalence and reporting of crimes against women agriculture - Do you agree ?
and changes in these attitudes can impact perception Ans. : Yes, I agree that soil profile plays an
of crime trends. important role in agriculture.
While there have been instances where high profile Soil profile refers to the vertical sequence of soil
cases and increased media attention have highlighted layers or horizons, each with its distinct characteristics
the issue. It's important to analyze official crime such as texture, structure, composition and depth. Soil
statistics and data from reliable sources such as profile is vital in agriculture because of-
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 292 YCT
1. Nutrient Availability : Different layers of soil proximity and relatively open border policy. However,
contain varying levels of essential nutrients required the influx of refugees has placed a significant strain on
for plant growth, such as nitrogen phosphorus, Bangladesh's resources and infrastructure, particularly in
potassium and micronutrients. the cox's Bazar district, where the refugee camps are
Understanding the distribution of nutrients within the located. The overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in
soil profile allows farmers to implement appropriate these camps have raised concerns about health, sanitation
featilisation strategies to optimize crop yields. and spread of diseases.
2. Water retention and drainage : Soil profile affects In addition to Bangladesh, Rohingya refugees have
water retention and drainage capabilities. Soil layers also sought asylum in other countries in the region
with different textures and structures can either retain including Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. However,
or drain water at different rates. many of these countries have also faced challenges in
Proper management of soil profile helps to ensure providing adequate protection and support to Rohingyas
adequate water supply for plants while preventing refugees, often subjecting them to detention, exploitation
water logging or drought stress. and other form of abuse.
3. Root Development : The depth and characteristics of Conclusion, the Rohingyas refugee crisis remains a
soil horizons influences root penetration and pressing humanitarian issues in South Asia, requiring
development. Deep well-structured soil profiles continued attention and concentrated efforts from the
facilitate robust root growth, enabling plants to international community to address the root cause of the
access water and nutrients efficiently. crisis and ensure the protection and well-being of
4. Soil Structure and Aeration : Soil structure, which Rohingya refugees.
is influenced by arrangement of soil particles organic Q. 10 : Write a short note on a Nine Number
matter and microbial activity, impacts soil aeration Channel and its strategic importance.
and root respiration. A well-structured soil profile Ans. : The nine number channel, also known as the
promotes adequate oxygenation of roots and 'Nine Dash Line" refers to demarcation line used by
microbial population essential for healthy plants People's Republic of China (PRC) to assert its claims
growth. over vast maritime territories in the South China Sea. It
5. Soil pH and acidity : Soil profile often exhibits encompasses an area rich in natural resources, strategic
variations in pH level across different horizones sea lanes and disputed territories. Originally consisting
understanding these variations is crucial for selecting of nine dashes. It delineates China's historical claims
appropriate crops and implementing pH adjusting over most of South China Sea.
measures to maintain optimal soil conditions for plant
Strategically, the Nine Number Channel holds
growth.
significant, importance for several reasons :-
6. Soil Health and Fertility : Soil profile serves as an
1. Maritime Trade Routes : The South China Sea is
indicator of overall soil health and fertility.
one of the busiest maritime trade routes globally,
Monitoring changes in soil horizons over time helps
with a significant portion of global trade passing
farmers assess soil degradation, nutrient depletion,
through it. Control over this area allows for
erosion and other factors affecting agricultural
dominance in international trade and commerce.
productivity.
2. Resource Riches : The region is believed to hold
In conclusion soil profile plays indeed a vital role in abundant oil and natural gas reserves, as well as
agriculture as it influence fertility, nutrient availability valuable fisheries. Control over these resources
and health of soil. provides economic advantages and energy security.
Q. 9 : Through light on Rohing-ya refugee in 3. Military projection : Control over South China Sea
South Asia. allows for the projection of Military power. By
Ans. : The Rohingya refugee crisis is a long standing establishing Military installation and asserting
and complex issue primarily affecting South Asia, sovereignty, China can extend it's influence and
particularly Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Rohingya control over nearby territories.
people are an ethnic Muslim minority group, primarily Geo political influence :
residing in Myanmar's Rakhine state. They have faced Ownership of Nine Number Channel enhances.
persecution and discrimination for decades, with their China's geopolitical influences in the region. It allows
rights restricted and their citizenship denied under China to assert itself as dominant power in South east
Myanmar's discriminatory policies. Asia and re-enforces it's status as a major player in
The crises escalated dramatically in August 2017 global affairs.
when violence erupted in Rakhine state, driving Dispute Resolution :
hundreds of thousands of Rohingya people to flee across The Nine Number Channel has been a focal point of
the border into Bangladesh. The United Nations territorial disputes between China and several
described the situation as a "textbook example of ethnic southeast Asian nations, including Vietnam, the
cleansing" Rohingyas refugees have faced horrendous Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. The strategic
conditions, including violence, rape and other atrocities. importance of region makes these disputes significant
Bangladesh has been primary destination for with potential implication for regional stability and
Rohingya refugees' fleeing from Myanmar due to its international relations.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 293 YCT
 In conclusion, the nine number channel holds 1. Nationalism and Patriotism : The uprising was
immense strategic importance due to its role in maritime deeply rooted in the sentiments of nationalism and
trade, access to valuable resources, military projection patriotism among the Indian soilderss, sepoy and
capabilities, geopolitical influence and ongoing territorial civilians who felt a strong attachment to their
disputes. Control over this region remains a key priority homeland. They were aggrieved by British policies
for China and other nation with vested interests in the that undermined Indian culture, traditions and
South China Sea. religions, leading to collective desire for
independence from foreign rule.
SECTION - B 2. Anti Colonism : The uprising was a manifestation of
Q. 11 : Describe the Architectural features of the anti-colonial sentiments against the British
temples of Nagar Style. imperialism. Indians were increasingly resentful of
Ans. : The Nagar style of temple architecture is one British economic exploitation, racial discrimination
of the predominant temple architecture style in India, and social injustices. The revolt aimed to over
particularly in the northern regions. It developed during through British rule and regain sovereignty over
the medieval period and is characterized by several Indian territories.
distinctive features :- Religious Revivalism : Religious factors played a
• The temples generally followed the Panchayatan significant role in the uprising, particularly in region
style of temple making which consisted of subsidiary like northern India, where Hindu and Muslim
shrines laid out in a crucified ground plan with communities co-existed. The rebels saw themselves
respect to principle shrines. as defenders of their religious faiths against the
• The presence of assembly halls or mandaps in front perceived British attempts to undermine them. The
of principal shrines. greased cartridges controversy, which allegedly
• Outside the garbhagriha, images of river goddess, required sepoys to bite cartridges greased with animal
Ganga and Yamuna, were placed. fat (offending both Hindu and Muslim religious
• There were no water tanks or reservoirs present in the sentiments) acted as a catalyst for rebellion.
temple premises. Class struggle and socio-economic grievances : The
• The temples were generally built on upraised uprising reflected the socio-economic grievances of
platforms. various section of Indian society, including peasants,
• The porticos had a pillared approach. artisans and landlords. Economic exploitation, land
• The shikharas are generally three types in Nagard revenue policies and high taxation by British had
style rekha prasad : they are square at the base and caused widespread distress among the rural
the walls curve inward to a point on the top. population, motivating them to join the rebellion in
Phamsana : the hope of improving their economic conditions.
They has a broader base and were shorter in height than Redefinition of Authority : The uprising challenges
the latina ones. They slope upward on a straight line. the established authority of British East India
Valabhi : Company and questioned it's legitimacy to govern
They has a rectangular base with the roof rising into India. It aimed to restore indigenous rulership and
vaulted chambers. They were also called wagon authority structures, seeking to reclaim power to
vaulted roofs. traditional rulers such as the Mughal emperor and
Under Nagra School, the following three sub schools local kings and princes.
emerged : Cultural identity and preservation : The uprising
1. Odisha School also sought to preserve and promote Indian cultural
2. Khajuraho School and identity against western cultural hegemony. Rebels
3. Solanki School perceived British cultural imperialism as a threat to
Indian Civilisation and sought to protect indigenous
cultural practices, languages and traditions.
In conclusion, the uprising of 1857 was a complex and
multi-dimensional movement driven by a combination of
nationalism, anti-colonial sentiments, religious socio-
economic and cultural factors. It marked a significant
chapter in the history of India's struggle for independence
and had far reaching consequences for the eventual
dismantling of British colonial rule in the sub-continent.
Q. 13 : Evaluate the role of Bismarck in the
Unification of Germany.
Q. 12 : Underline ideological dimensions of the Ans. : The formation of Germany as a nation state
uprising of 1857. was one of the most important events in the history of
Ans. : The uprising of 1857, also known as the world. Napolean Bonaparte first sowed the seeds of
Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the first war of nationalism in Germany.
Independence had several ideological dimensions that But it was the rise of Bismarck and his diplomacy
faced the revolt against British Colonial rule in India. that led to the unification of Germany as a nation state.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 294 YCT
 Unification Under Bismark : Policy of Blood and particularly sought after for their purported immune-
Iron : Bismarck, the military commander of Prussia. boosting properties.
His policy was the preserve the interest of the landed Spiritual Teachings : Indian spiritual leaders and
aristocracy and the domination of army in affairs of gurus disseminated message of hope, resilience and
the state. Bismarck followed the policy of "Blood compassion during the pandemic. Their teachings on
and Iron" under which he coerced the states into coping with uncertainty, finding inner peace and
union. The policy was implemented swiftly and with serving others resonated with people around the
great strategic expertise. The aim of the policy was to world, irrespective of their religious affiliations.
unite Germany under the Prussian Monarchy and this Philosophical wisdom : India philosophical concept
required bringing down the German confederation. such as Karma, Dharma and mind fullness gained
To implement his policy the followed steps had to be relevance in the global discourse on coping with the
taken by him. pandemic's challenges. These timeless teachings
Step-1 : offered perspectives an acceptance, resilience and
Bismarck's Prussia first fought a war in 1864 in finding meaning in adversity.
alliance with Austria against Denmark to annex most Cultural Practices : Despite the limitation imposed
of territory of German confederation. by lockdowns and social distancing measured, Indian
Step-2 : cultural practices continued to thrive in digital space.
Then the allied with Italy in 1866 to defeat Austria Virtual celebrations of festival like Diwali, Holi and
and removed it from the German confederation. Navaratri allowed people World Wide to experience
Consequently the federation itself was ended. the joy and camrader's associated with these cultural
Step-3 : events.
In 1867, Bismarck formed the North German Humanitarian Aid : Indian played a significant role
confederation. It united 22 German states but in providing humanitarian aid to other countries
excluded the southern German states like Bavaria, during the pandemic. Through initiatives like vaccine
which remained independent. Maitri, India exported COVID-19 vaccines to various
The constitution of this confederation made the nations, contributing to global vaccination efforts.
Prussia king the hereditary head of the state. This gesture of solidarity and co-operation
The southern states followed a pro-Austria policy but exemplified India's commitment to global health
were forced to unite after the German victory in security.
Franco-Prussian war of 1870. Q. 15 : Evaluate the role of woman organisations
Step-4: in woman empowerment.
The Franco-Prussian war in 1870 led to final Ans. The Role of women's organisations in the
unification of Germany. In 1870 the French empowerment of women is pivotal and multifaceted.
monarchy was tattering and the conditions were ripe Contributions of Women's Organisation
for another revolution for the establishment of a Advocacy and Awareness : Women's organisations
democratic republic. The French king Louis serve as advocates for women's rights, gender
Bonaparte declared war on Germany 1870. He equality, and empowerment. They raised awareness
wanted to use a war victory to divert attention of the about issue such as gender based violence,
public and to use the consequent war gains to lend discrimination, like of access to education and
credibility to his regime. On the other hand, Bismarck healthcare and economic disparities.
was also partially responsible for provoking the Through campaigns, workshop and outreach
French for war. The result was that France was programs, they educate both women and society at
defeated and it declared itself republic in 1871. The large about the importance women's empowerment.
war and the consequent German victory allowed
Policy influence : These organisations play a crucial
Bismarck to absorb rest of the German states into a
role in influencing policies and legislation to promote
United Germany in 1871. gender equality and women's rights. They engage
Q. 14 : How did Indian culture affect the world with policymakers, lobby for legal reforms and
during Corona Pandemic Period ? provide inputs on laws related to women's rights,
Ans. : Indian culture had several impacts on the employment, education and healthcare. By
world during the coronavirus pandemic period, both advocating for gender - sensitive policies and holding
directly and indirectly. governments accountable, they contribute in creating
Yoga and Meditation : Indian practices like Yoga an enabling environment for women's empowerment.
and meditation gained more popularity globally Capacity building : Women's organisation provide
during the pandemic with people experiencing training, skill building and leadership development
heightened levels of stress and boosting immunity. programs to empower women economically, socially
Ayurveda and Natural Remedies : Ayurveda, the and politically. They offer workshops on
traditional Indian system of medicine, gained entrepreneurship financial literacy, communication
attention for it's holistic approach to health during the skills and political participation, equipping women
pandemic. Many people explored Ayurvedic with the tools and resources they need to succeed in
remedies and herbal supplements to boost their various spheres of life.
immunity and overall health. Indian spices and herbs Support network : These organisations create safe
like turmeric, ginger and Ashwagandha became spaces and support network where women can share
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 295 YCT
 experiences, seek guidance and access resources. By Technological innovation urban areas tends to be
fostering solidarity and sisterhood, they empower hubs of technological innovation and advancement.
women to overcome challenges, break social barriers The concentration of skilled labour, research
and pursue their aspirations with confidence. Support institutions and technology companies in cities leads
network also play a crucial role in addressing issues to development and adoption of new technologies
such as domestic violence, mental health and which can improve living standards and productivity.
reproductive rights. Cultural exchange : Cities are melting pots of
Economic empowerment : Women's organisations diverse cultures, ideas and life styles. Urbanisation
promote economic empowerment by providing encourage exchange of culture, creativity and social
access to financial resources & training in income diversity enriching society through shared
generating activities and entrepreneurship experiences and perspectives.
development initiations. They support women owned Devastation Aspects:
business microfinance programs and cooperatives, Environmental Degradation Rapid urbanisation
enabling women to generate income gain economics often leads to environmental degradation including
independence and contribute to their families well- pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction and loss
being. of biodiversity. Unplanned expansion; inadequate
Community Development : Women's organisation infrastructure and unsustainable practices can
engage in community development projects that exacerbate environmental problems leading to long
address the specific need and priorities of women and term consequences for both urban and rural areas.
girls. They implement initiatives such as healthcare Urbanisation can social in equality exacerbate social
clinics, education programs, sanitation projects and disparities with marginalised communities often
rural development initiatives tailored to empower bearing the brunt of inadequate housing, lack of
women and improve their quality of life. By access to basic services and discrimination. Rapid
empower women and improve their quality of life. urban growth may lead to gentrification displacement
By investing in community development, these of vulnerable populations and widening income gaps.
organisations create opportunities for women to Overcrowding and stress : Urban areas may suffer
thrive and become agents of change within their from overcrowding, traffic congestion, noise
communities. pollution and a fast paced lifestyle which can
In conclusion, women's organisation play an contribute to stress mental health illness and social
important role in advancing women's empowerment by alienation among residents.
advocating for rights, influencing policies, providing Strain and resources the rapid influx of people into
support and resources, fostering economic opportunities cities can strain resources such as water energy and
food, leading to shortages, price hikes and conflicts
and promotion community Developmental. Their work is
over access to essential resources.
essential for creating a more inclusive, equitable and
In conclusion, while urbanisation has the potential to
empowered society for women and girls.
drive significant development and progress in society, it
Q. 16 : The process of urbanisation leads to also prevents challenges and risks that must be addressed
development or devastation in the society. Write your through sustainable urban planning, equitable
views. development policies, environmental conservation efforts
Ans. : Urbanisation is the process by which an and inclusive governance. Balancing the benefits and
increasing proportion of country's population comes to challenges of urbanisation is essential to ensure that it
live in towns and cities. It involves the growth or urban contributes positively to the overall well-being and
areas, including both the expansion of existing cities and prosperity of society.
creation of new urban centers. Q. 17 : Discuss the causes and consequences of
The impact of urbanisation society can be both internal human migration in India.
developmental and devastation which depends on
Ans. Internal human migration in India is driven by a
various factors.
multitude of factors, each contributing to the complex
Here are some perspectives on both aspects.
patterns of movement within the country. These
Development Aspects :
migrations have significant social economic and political
Economic Growth : urbanisation often fosters
economic development by concentrating human consequences, impacting both the regions of origin and
capital, infrastructure and resources in urban areas. destinations.
Cities become centres for innovation Causes of internal migration :
entrepreneurship and job creation, driving overall Economic disparities Economic inequality between
economic growth. regions is a major driver of migration. People often
Infrastructural improvement : Urbanisation move from rural areas with limited economic
typically results improved infrastructure such as opportunities to urban centres in search of better
roads, transportation system, utilities and employment prospects and higher wages.
communication network. Rural urban divide The allure of urban life styles
These investment enhance connectivity, facilitate better infrastructure and access to services such as
trade and commerce and improve access to essential education and healthcare motivates many to migrate
services like healthcare and education. from rural to urban areas.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 296 YCT
 Environmental factors Natural disasters, climate Q. 18 : Discuss the relationship between El-Nino
change induced events like droughts, floods and and South-East monsoon in India and its impact on
cyclones as well as environmental degradation force agriculture.
people to migrate in search of safer and more Ans. : El Nino and southeast Monsoon in India are
habitable places. indirectly linked weather phenomenon that significantly
Conflict and political instability Internal conflicts, influences each other and consequently, have profound
communal violence and political instability in certain effects on agriculture in the region.
region's can displace population leading to migration El-Nino and Southeast Monsoon :
within the country. El Nino : El-Nino is a climate pattern characterised
Social factors Social factors such as marriage family by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the
re-unification and seeking better social opportunities central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This warming
also contribute to internal migration. alters atmospheric circulation patterns affecting
Infrastructure Development Government led weather around globe.
infrastructure projects often require large scale Southeast Monsoon : The Southeast Monsoon is a
migration population of laborers from rural to urban seasonal wind pattern that brings rainfall to Indian
areas where the projects are located. sub-continent. It typically occurs from June to
Consequences of internal human migration : September, replenishing water sources and irrigating
Urbanisation Internal migration contribute to the crops crucial for agriculture.
rapid urbanisation of Indian cities. This put pressure Impacts of El-Nino on Agriculture in India
on urban infrastructure, leading to issues like 1. Drought condition : El-Nino is often associated with
inadequate housing, sanitation and public services. a weakening of the monsoon rain in India, leading to
Strain on urban resources : The influx of migrants drought condition in many regions.
strains urban resources such as water electricity, 2. Crop Failures : Insufficient rainfall during El Nino
transportation and healthcare often leading to years can lead to crop failures across various
overcrowding and increased competition for limited agricultural region. Crop such as rice, wheat, pulses
resources. and oilseeds are mainly depends on monsoonal
Labor Market Dynamics Migration affects the labor rainfall may suffer from stunt growth and reduced
market dynamics in both rural and urban areas. While yields.
urban areas benefit from a larger workforce rural 3. Shift in cropping patterns : Farmers may need to
areas may face labor shortages affecting agricultural adjust their cropping patterns in response to El-Nino
productivity. induced drought conditions. They may opt for
Social integration and cohesion Migration can drought resistant or short duration crops delay
influence social dynamics by bringing together planting until rainfall improves.
people from diverse cultural backgrounds. This can 4. Increased vulnerability of small holder farmers:
lead to both integration and social tensions Small holder farmers, who often rely solely on
particularly in urban areas. rainfed agriculture are particularly vulnerable to
Remittances Migration contributes to remittance impacts of El-Nino. They may lack access to
inflows, as migrants often send money back to their irrigation facilities, financial resources and support
system to cope with crop failures and economic
families in their places of origin. This can have a
losses.
positive impact of economy of the regions left
El-Nino's impact on southeast monsoon :
behind.
Weakening of Monsoon : During El-Nino events,
Brain drain Vs Brain Gain Migration can lead to
the warming of the Pacific Ocean alters atmospheric
brain drain from rural areas as skilled individuals
circulation, weakening the strength of southeast
move to urban centres. However, it can also result in
monsoonal winds.
a 'brain gain' for urban areas as skilled migrants
Decreased rainfall : This weakening often results in
contribute to innovation and economic growth.
reduced rainfall over the Indian sub-continent leading
Cultural Exchange Migration fosters cultural less rainfall.
exchange as people from different regions come into Delayed onset and withdrawal : El-Nino can delay
contact with each other, leading to exchange of ideas the onset of the monsoon, affecting planting
traditions and languages. schedules and sometimes prolonged its withdrawal,
In conclusion, internal human migration in India is a impacting harvesting.
complex phenomenon driven by a combination of In conclusion, the relationship between El-Nino and
economic, social, environmental and political factors. southeast monsoon in India is crucial for understanding
While it can lead to economic opportunities and cultural and managing the impacts of climate variability on
exchange, it also present challenges related to agriculture. Effective adoption strategies and government
urbanisation resource allocation and social integration. interventions are essential for building resilience in the
Effective manage the consequences of migration and agricultural sectors against adverse effects of these
ensure equitable development across regions. phenomena.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 297 YCT

 Q. 19 : Write a short note on temperate cyclones. north, leading to a drop in temperatures, especially in
Ans. : How it impacts India northern India.
Temperate cyclones, also called as extra tropical 3. Storms and Wind : Temperate cyclones are
cyclones or wave cyclones or simply depressions are associated with strong winds, which can cause
atmospheric disturbances having low pressure in the damage to infrastructure, trees and crops. Coastal
centre and increasing pressure outward. They are infact regions may experience rough seas and high wall due
low pressure centres produced in the middle latitudes to these cyclones.
characterised by converging and rising air, cloudiness 4. Snow fall : At higher altitude region such as
and precipitation. They are formed in the regions Himalayas, temperate cyclones can bring heavy
extending between 35º–65º latitudes in both the snowfall, affecting transportation, communication
hemispheres due to convergence of two contrasting air and daily life in mountainous areas.
masses e.g warm moist and light tropical air masses and 5. Air Quality : The movement of temperate cyclone
cold and dense polar air masses. can influence air quality by dispersing pollutants or
Development of temperate cyclones is a quick bringing in cleaner air from different regions.
process but it passes through a series of successive In conclusion temperate cyclone plays a significant
stages. The period of cyclone from its inception role in shaping the weather patterns of India,
(Cyclogenesis) to it's termination (frontolysis) is called affecting temperature, precipitation and wind patterns
the 'life cycle of cyclone' which is completed through six across various regions. Monitoring and understanding
successive stages. these cyclones are crucial for preparedness and
First stage : Involves the convergence of two air mitigating their impacts on communities,
masses of contrasting physical properties and infrastructure and agriculture.
directions. Initially, the air masses move parallel to Q. 20 : Discuss India's mineral development
each other and a stationary front is formed. policy.
Second stage : In this stage warm and cold air Ans. : The National Mineral Policy, 2019 states that
masses penetrate into the territories of each other and minerals are valuable natural resources, hence needs to
thus a wave like front is formed. bring better regulation that can help in improves
Third Stage : It is mature stage when the cyclone is sustainable mining sector development.
fully developed and isobars become almost circular. The few key aspect of policy as -
Fourth Stage : Warm sector narrowed in extent due Sustainable Development : India aims to balance
to the advancement of cold front comes nearer to mineral extraction with environmental protection and
warm front. socio-economic development. This involves ensuring
Fifth Stage : It starts with occlusion of cyclone when that mineral extraction does not compromise the
the advancing cold front finally overtakes the warm environment or the livelihoods of local communities.
fronts and an occluded front is formed. Resources optimization : The Policy focuses on
Sixth Stage : Warm sector completely disappear, efficient and optimal utilization of mineral resources.
occluded front is eliminated and ultimately cyclone This includes promoting technologies and practices
dies out. that reduce wastage and enhance the recovery of
minerals during extraction and processing.
Legal framework : India's mineral development
policy operates within a legal framework that defines
the rights and responsible of stakeholders, including
government agencies, mining companies and local
communities. This frame work includes laws and
regulations related to mining leases, environmental
protection, labor rights and revenue sharing.
Transparency and Accountability : The policy
emphasizes transparency and accountability in the
allocation of mineral resources, revenue collection
and decision-making processes related to mining sites
to processing facilities and markets.
Technology adoption : India promotes the adoption
In India, temperate cyclones impact the weather of advanced technologies in mining operations to
patterns, particularly during the winter and pre-monsoon improves efficiency safety and environmental
season. performance. This includes the uses of automation
Impacts of temperate cyclone in India: remote sensing and digital tools for exploration
1. Rainfall : Temperate cyclones can bring significant extraction and processing.
rainfall to various parts of India, particularly rainfall Social responsibilities : The policy emphasizes the
is essential for agriculture and replenishing water social responsibility of mining companies towards
reservoirs. local communities, including the provision of
2. Temperature Fluctuations : These cyclones often employment opportunities, infrastructure
result in rapid temperature changes as they move development and support for social welfare
across the region. They can bring colder air from the initiatives.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-I 298 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.
SECTION - A Democratic:- The Indian Constitution provides for
representative parliamentary democracy under which
Q. 1 : Why the Preamble is called the philosophy the executive is responsible to the legislature for all
of the Indian Constitution? its policies and actions. Universal adult franchise,
Ans. : The term preamble refers to the introduction periodic elections, rule of law, independence of
or preface to the constitution. The Preamble to Indian judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain
constitution is based on the objective resolution drafted grounds are the manifestations of the democratic
by Pandit Nehru and adopted by the framers of the character of the Indian polity.
constitution. Republic:- The term ‘republic’ in our Preamble
Philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the indicates that India has an elected head called the
preamble president.
3. Objectives of Indian state: Justice, equality, liberty
and fraternity are most sought concepts embodied
here.
Justice: The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces
three distinct forms—social, economic and political,
secured through various provisions of Fundamental
Rights and Directive Principles.
Liberty:- The Preamble secures to all citizens of
India liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and
worship, through their Fundamental Rights,
enforceable in court of law, in case of violation.
1. Power lies in people: Equality:- The Preamble secures to all citizens of
“We the people of India” suggest ultimate power lies India equality of status and opportunity. This
in the hands of people. It is democracy in the real provision embraces three dimensions of equality—
sense indicating the rule by the people, for the people civic, political and economic.
and of the people. Fraternity:- Fraternity means a sense of
2. Nature of Indian State: Preamble declares India to brotherhood. The Constitution promotes this feeling
be Sovereign, Socialist, Secular democratic republic. of fraternity by the system of single citizenship. Also,
Sovereign- The word Sovereign implies that India is the Fundamental Duties (Article 51-A) say that it
an independent state. There is no authority above it, shall be the duty of every citizen of India to promote
and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
and external).
amongst all the people of India. The Preamble
Socialist: The Indian model of Socialism is
declares that fraternity has to assure two things, the
democratic socialism. Democratic Socialism holds
dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of
faith in mixed economy where both public and
the nation.
private sector coexist side by side.
Secular: The Indian Constitution embodies the As preamble to the India constitution embodies the
positive concept of secularism i.e. all religions in our fundamental values, moral and ideals on which the
country (irrespective of their strength) have the same constitution is based upon thus it is rightly called as
status and support from the state. philosophy of the constitution.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 299 YCT

 Q.2 : Why the 42nd amendment is called a revision Q.3 : Mention three demerits of judicial activism?
of the Indian Constitution? Ans. Judicial activism refers to the idea that judges
Ans. The 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, should actively interpret and shape the law rather than
1976 was enacted during the National Emergency by the simply applying it as it is written.
Indira Gandhi government. It is called as a ‘mini- This can involve interpreting the law in a way that
constitution’ because it amnded the major provisions of expands or limits certain rights or protections or that
the Indian Constitution. resolves legal disputes in ways that are not explicitly
Amendments made by the 42nd Constitutional provided for by the law.
Amendment Act, 1976: Sometimes judicial activism leads to judicial
1. Preamble: Added three new words (socialist, secular overreach which is often criticized due to its impact on
and integrity) in the Preamble. functioning of state machinery and it becomes demerit of
2. Added Fundamental Duties: Under the new Part IV judicial activism Demerits-
A, ten Fundamental Duties were added (later added
11th through 86th Constitutional Amendment Act,
2002).
3. Added new Directive Principles viz., equal justice
and free legal aid, the participation of workers in the
management of industries and protection of the
environment, forests, and wildlife.
4. Parliament:
Raised the term of Loksabha and State legislative
assemblies from 5 to 6 years. This provision was repealed
by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978.
5. Executive: The amendment stated that the President
shall act in accordance to the council of ministers.
6. Centre - State Relations:
(A) Enabled the Centre to deploy armed forces for
dealing with situations of law and order in any ♦ Undermines separation of power: Judicial
state. overreach can undermine the separation of powers and
(B) Shifted five subjects from the state list to the the balance of power among the branches of government.
concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection This can lead to a breakdown of the checks and balances
of wild animals and birds, weights and measures essential to maintaining a healthy democracy. Example-
and administration of justice, constitution and The Supreme Court liquor ban order, 2017 within 500m
organisation of all courts except the Supreme of any national or state highway was argued to be against
Court and the high courts. the spirit of the separation of powers given by our
7. Emergency Provisions constitution.
(A) Authorized the President to declare emergency in ♦ Delays in the justice delivery system:
“a part” of the country. As the judiciary takes on more responsibilities, it can
(B) Extended the one-time duration of the President’s lead to a backlog of cases and delays in the justice
rule in a state from 6 months to one year. delivery system.
8. Judicial: ♦ Lack of accountability:
(A) Made the constitutional amendments beyond Some argue that when the judiciary takes on more
judicial scrutiny. responsibilities, it can lead to a lack of accountability.
(B) Curtailed the power of judicial review and writ There may be no clear mechanism for holding the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high judiciary accountable for its actions.
courts. ♦ Lack of expertise:
(C) Provided for administrative tribunals and Judges may not have the necessary expertise or
tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A). knowledge to make informed decisions on complex
(D) Provided that the laws made for the policy issues. This can lead to decisions that are not
implementation of Directive Principles cannot be well-informed or that do not take into account all of
declared invalid by the courts on the ground of the relevant factors.
violation of some Fundamental Rights. Thus the need of hour is restoration of the balance of
(E) Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial power as even most efficient judiciary cannot be a
Service. replacement of elected legislature and responsible
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 executive. Recently, restrain shown by SC by refusing to
remains the most controversial amendment. Its critics see comment in a case of caste based census is a welcome
it as direct attack on the democratic ideals of the Indian step in this direction.
Polity. Although 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, Q 4. : How the power of the Governor to pardon is
1978 tried to undo some provisions, the 42nd Act has left different from the power of the President under
its marks on the Indian Constitution forever. Article 72 of the Indian Constitution?
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 300 YCT
 Ans.: Indian Constitution under Article 72 empowers ♦ Transparency enables citizens to access and evaluate
the President to grant pardons and Article 161 grants the performance and actions of public agents. It helps
powers to the governor to pardon the sentence except in citizens to monitor how public funds are being
a few cases. It can be granted to individuals who have managed and spent, how decisions are made and
been convicted of any offence against a law or sentenced why, and what outcomes are achieved. Transparency
by a court martial (military court) and for sentence of also facilitates feedback and participation from
death. The objective of pardoning power is to correct citizens, which can improve the quality and
possible judicial errors. responsiveness of public services. Transparency can
also deter corruption, fraud, and waste by exposing
malpractices and holding public agents accountable.
♦ Accountability ensures that public agents are
responsible for their actions and answerable to the
public and institutional stakeholders. Accountability
also involves responsiveness and enforcement, which
means that public agents have to justify their acts,
provide reasons for their choices, and face consequences
if they fail to meet the expectations of the public.
• Accountability can also foster trust, legitimacy, and
confidence in the public sector by demonstrating that
Both the president and governor has pardoning power public agents are acting in the best interest of the
but there are some differences in pardoning power. citizens and delivering effective and efficient public
Difference between pardoning powers of president services.
and governor: The scope of the pardoning power of the ♦ Transparency and accountability are mutually
President under Article 72 is wider than the pardoning reinforcing and complementary. Transparency
power of the Governor under Article 161. The power provides the information necessary for
differs in the following two ways: accountability, while accountability provides the
1. Court martial: The power of the President to grant incentives and mechanisms for transparency.
pardon extends in cases where the punishment or Together, they create a virtuous cycle of good
sentence is by a Court Martial but Article 161 does governance, where citizens can hold public agents
not provide any such power to the Governor. accountable for their actions, and public agents can
2. Death sentence: The President can grant pardon in improve their performance and conduct based on
all cases where the sentence given is sentence of feedback and participation from citizens.
death but pardoning power of Governor does not In public services both transparency and
extend to death sentence cases. Even if a state law accountability are must to ensure good governance. It is
prescribes the death sentence, the power to grant evident that transparency is a pre-condition of
pardon lies with the President and not the governor. accountability. There is a direct link between
The pardoning power is founded on consideration of transparency and accountability, and both strengthen
public good and is to be exercised on the ground of each other. Thus accountability must accompany
public welfare. Pardon may substantially help in saving transparency as if a civil servant is not accountable for
an innocent person from being punished due to his decisions, transparency would not fulfill the purpose.
miscarriage of justice or in cases of doubtful conviction. Q. 6 : Write a analytical note on Self Help Groups
The hope of being pardoned itself serves as an incentive composition and their functions.
for the convict to behave himself in the prison institution Ans. : SHGs are voluntary associations of the
and thus, helps considerably in solving the issue of economically poor, usually drawn from the same socio-
prison discipline. economic background and who resolve to come together
for a common purpose of solving their issues and
Q 5. : Transparency and accountability are problems through self-help and community action.
complimentary to each other. comment- Composition: SHGs typically consist of 10 to 20
Ans. Accountability refers to the obligation of public individuals who belong to a common socio-economic
officials to be answerable for their actions and decisions. background and reside in the same geographical area.
It involves being transparent about the processes and While women are the primary members, some SHGs also
outcomes of decision-making, and being willing to include men or are exclusively composed of men.
accept responsibility for any negative consequences that Functions of Self-Help Groups-
may arise from those decisions. 1. Financial Inclusion:
Transparency, on the other hand, refers to the open Promote effective bookkeeping
and honest disclosure of information to the public.
Capital support for the poor.
It involves making information available to citizens
Culture of prompt loan repayments.
in a timely and accessible manner, and providing
explanations for any decisions or actions that are taken. 2. Livelihood:
The role of transparency and accountability for The focus is on strengthening existing and new
promoting ethical conduct in public services can be income sources and creating opportunities for
discussed as follows: economic growth. Example- SEWA
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 301 YCT
 Women SHGs are empowered to engage in non- While SHGs have made significant strides in poverty
farm livelihood activities.Example- alleviation and empowerment, there are still challenges
Kudumbashree in Kerala that need to be addressed:
3. Social Inclusion and Convergence: ♦ Recognition of beneficiaries: Identifying and
SHG platforms are leveraged to better implement including the poorest of the poor remains a challenge.
various public welfare schemes and programs. ♦ Limited Training, Capacity Building & Skill
They serve as a bridge between SHG members and Upgradation: There is a lack of appropriate training
social safety nets. plans, quality training, and expert training
institutions.
4. Promote Social Cause: Example - Alcholism
♦ Lack of Financial Inclusion: There is a lack of
5. Local Governance: Acts as pressure group in local
financial literacy and proper coverage of members of
government. SHGs by formal institutions.
Advantages of Self-Help Groups- ♦ Lack of market linkages: Poor market linkages and
Low Transaction costs: for both lenders and forward integration hamper the growth of SHGs.
borrowers. ♦ Support Structure in the Community: lack of a
Women Empowerment: Self-help groups empower conducive business environment and value chain
poor people, especially women, in rural areas. additions limits the growth of SHGs.
Decrease informal borrowing: They reduce the ♦ Political interference by political class affects
influence of informal lenders in rural areas. working of SHG
Support by Big corporate houses: they promote ♦ Social discrimination & casteism in society leads to
self-help groups in many places. boycott of products
No collateral required: SHGs help borrowers Further SHG’s should follow PANCHSUTRAS
overcome the lack of collateral. which is Regular meeting, Regular Saving, Regular
Generate Social support: Women can discuss their interloaning, Regular Repayment, Regular updating of
problems and find solutions in the group. book of accounts so that SHG’s become NHG’s (Nation
Problems of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)- Help Group) as recommended by Prime Minister.
Q. 7 : The application of Information and Communication Technology is for delivering government
service. Discuss.
Ans. A new paradigm shift has been developed in the field of governance by the application of ICT in the
processes of governing called Electronic-Governance or E-Governance.
ICT + GOVERNANCE = E governance
Through e-governance, government services are made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient, and
transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government,
citizens, and businesses/interest groups.

Benefits:- it can be easily accessed by all without any

♦ Increased effectiveness and efficiency: discrimination.
Improved government services in terms of ♦ Accessible anytime and anywhere:
accomplishing the government purpose and As e-government services are provided through web-
functioning. enabled technology they can be accessed anytime and
♦ Better services: anywhere.
E-government can provide quick and timely services
♦ User-centred ICT enabled services:
to Citizens.
The services are primarily intended for the use of
♦ Transparency by dissemination and publication of
citizens, businesses, and the government itself.
information on the web:
This provides easy access to information and ♦ Reduced cost and time:
subsequently makes the system publicly accountable. As the services are provided through internet they are
Also as the web enables the free flow of information, effective in terms of time and cost.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 302 YCT

♦ Social Development: 2. At the swearing-in of the Prime Minister during
The access to information empowers the citizens. The May 2019, the leaders of BIMSTEC, not SAARC,
informed citizenry can participate and voice their were invited as honoured guests.
concerns, which can be accommodated in the 3. The BIMSTEC Energy Centre was set up
programme/ project formulation, implementation, in Bengaluru, along with the BIMSTEC Business
monitoring and service delivery. Council, a forum for business organisations to
♦ Reduced bureaucracy: promote regional trade.
E-government minimizes hierarchy of authority for It aims to create free-trade and power grid
availing any government services. interconnectivity agreements, and a masterplan for
transport connectivity in the Bay of Bengal region.
In words of PM E-governance is easy governance,
effective governance, and also economic governance. E- The two organisations SAARC and BIMSTEC focus
governance paves the way for good governance. on geographically overlapping regions. However, this
does not make them equal alternatives. SAARC is a
Q. 8 : The failure of SAARC forced India to purely regional organisation, whereas BIMSTEC is
strengthen BIMSTEC. Explain. interregional and connects both South Asia and ASEAN.
Ans. The South Asian Association for Regional Insofar as their regions of interest overlap, SAARC and
Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political BIMSTEC complement each other in terms of functions
organization of eight countries in South Asia. It was and goals. BIMSTEC provides SAARC countries a unique
established in 1985. opportunity to connect with ASEAN. The success of
SAARC aims to promote regional cooperation, BIMSTEC does not render SAARC pointless; it only adds a
economic growth, social progress and cultural new chapter in regional cooperation in South Asia.
development within the South Asia region.
Q. 9 : Explain the rationale behind the India’s
SAARC is facing following challenges- involvement in QUAD.
1. India- Pakistan Conflict- always impacted the Ans. The Quad, also known as, the ‘Quadrilateral
organization. Example India boycotted 2016 summit Security Dialogue’ (QSD), is an informal strategic forum
due to terrorist attack in URI comprising of four nations, namely, United States of
2. Bilteral Relations between other nations- The America (USA), India, Australia and Japan. One of the
asymmetry between India and other member primary objectives of the Quad is, to work for a free,
countries in terms of geography, economy, military open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
strength and influence in the global arena make the Former Japanese Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe was the
smaller countries apprehensive. They perceive India first to float the idea, for the formation of Quad in 2007.
as “Big Brother” and fear that it might use the Since its formation in 2007, the representatives of the
SAARC to pursue hegemony in the region. The four-member nations have met periodically.
smaller neighbouring countries, therefore, have been
It is considered an alliance of maritime democracies.
reluctant to implement various agreements under
The forum is maintained through meetings, semi-regular
SAARC. summits, information exchanges, and military drills of all
3. Institutional Gap- SAARC does not have any the member countries.
arrangement for resolving disputes or mediating
conflicts. Disputes among the member countries
often hamper consensus building, thus slowing down
the decision-making process. SAARC’s inability in
this regard has been detrimental to its growth.
4. Lack of Funds- SAARC faces a shortage of
resources, and countries have been reluctant to
increase their contributions.
The failure of SAARC to nurture cooperation in
South Asia has pushed regional players to search for
an alternative. BIMSTEC is popularly favored as
viable option.
Bay Of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral technical Rationale Behind India’s Involvement:-
and Economic co-operation is a regional organization ♦ Strategic importance: It is a platform to discuss and
of seven member states. It was established in 1997 address the common challenges faced by the Indo-
through the Bangkok Declaration. BIMSTEC is more Pacific region, such as the rise of China and its
broader than SAARC as it is bridge between South increasing assertiveness in the region through ‘String
and South-East Asia. of pearls’ theory.
India’s efforts: ♦ Economic significance: The member countries have
India also made efforts to enhance the pace of launched several initiatives like the Asia-Africa
BIMSTEC’s progress in recent years. Growth Corridor, the Blue Dot Network, and the
1. India was motivated to join BIMSTEC as it wanted to Supply Chain Resilience Initiative to promote
enhance its connectivity with ASEAN countries: a economic development in the region. India is mostly
major component of its Look East Policy, now at the receiving end of investments by QUAD
rechristened ‘Act East’ policy. countries.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 303 YCT
♦ Maritime security: QUAD is useful for Indian ♦ India’s leadership on climate change: India has
maritime security by conducting joint naval exercises been a strong advocate for climate action. As the
and coordinating on issues like freedom of world grapples with the challenge of climate change,
navigation, piracy, and illegal fishing. India’s presidency helped set the tone for global
♦ Regional stability: QUAD is significant for India in cooperation on this issue.
promoting regional stability in the Indo-Pacific ♦ India’s focus on inclusive growth: By prioritising
region. It is based on the principles of a free, open,
inclusive growth, India’s presidency will focus on
and inclusive Indo-Pacific and aims to promote a
rules-based international order. issues such as infrastructure development, job
♦ Post-COVID diplomacy: Due to disruptions in the creation, and women’s empowerment.
supply chain during the pandemic, Japan and the US ♦ India’s strategic importance: The presidency of the
want to shift their manufacturing companies out of G20 provided a platform for India to engage with other
China in order to curb their imperialistic behaviour, major powers, including the United States, China,
which could be capitalized on by India as well. and Russia, on issues of global importance.
Way Forward:- ♦ Becoming the voice of Global South: By holding
♦ Strengthening Blue Dot Network : All 4 countries the meeting of the Global South countries along with
must pool their resources to check the Economic G20 meetings, India has become the voice of the
might of China, rather than just letting it function as a erstwhile sidelined Global South.
certification agency for infrastructure projects. ♦ India’s role in quality healthcare: India has played
♦ Coherent strategy: All the member countries must a leading role in ensuring that developing and low-
develop a unified approach to tackle China rather
income countries have access to vaccines, financing,
than act in Individual interests.
and other resources they need to recover from the
♦ QUAD can be an effective tool to counter Chinese
pandemic. Thus, India can ensure universal, quality,
adventure and imperialism ambitions in the Indo-Pacific.
and affordable health services.
Q. 10 : What is the significance of India’s ♦ India's Tehcnological Prowess: India showcaset it
presidency in G-20? Discuss. Digital Public Infrastructure eg. ADHHAR.
Ans. The G20 or Group of 20 is Outcomes of India’s Presidency:-
an intergovernmental forum comprising 19
1. Admittance of the African Union (G20 now G21);
countries and the European Union (EU). It works
to address major issues related to the global economy, The G20 leaders agreed to admit the African
such as international financial stability, climate change Union as a permanent member of the G20, which is a
mitigation and sustainable development. major step towards increasing the representation of
Objectives:- developing countries in the forum.
2. Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA):
GBA is an India-led initiative that aims to develop an
alliance of governments, international organizations,
and industry to promote the adoption of biofuels.
3. India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor
(IMEC):
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed
between the Governments of India, the US, Saudi
Arabia, the European Union, the UAE, France,
Germany and Italy to establish the IMEC.
1. Policy coordination between members inorder to
achieve economic stability. SECTION - B
2. Promote financial regulations.
3. Create New International Financial Architecture Q. 11 : Critically examine the increasing power
4. Cooperation to address major challenges such as and role of prime minister. How does it impact other
terrorism, climate change etc. institutions?
The current G20 Presidency offers a unique Ans. Article 74 of the Constitution provides for the
opportunity for India to spearhead a collective approach council of ministers with Prime Minister at its head to
to address various complex economic challenges of the aid and advise the President.PM is the real executive
world as well as putting the aspirations of the developing authority in Parliamentary form of government. The PM
world to the forefront of the platform. is the head of the government.
Significance of India’s G20 Presidency:- In Parliamentary form of government PM is
♦ India’s growing economic influence: As the fastest- considered as Primus inter pares which is first among the
growing large economy, India’s role in the G20 is equals however increasing powers and role of Prime
critical, and its presidency will help it further Minister has become a controversial issue .
strengthen its economic ties with other G20
members. Increasing Power And Role Of Prime Minister-
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 304 YCT
 Ans. Federal structure is institutional mechanism to
accommodate two sets of polity one at national level and
other at regional or state level. It includes
constitutionally allocated distribution of power between
two or more levels of government.
India has adopted Federal structure due to several
reasons like large geographical area cultural diversity,
good governance, security and economic reasons.
federal structure in India accommodates the diverse
needs and aspiration of different states by following
Appointment powers: This refers to the ability of ways-
the Prime Minister to appoint and dismiss ministers, as 1. Division of Power-
well as other senior government officials. This power Constitution has provided for division of power
gives the Prime Minister great influence over the between Union and state in 7th schedule of
government, as they can ensure that it consists of people constitution.
who are loyal to them. 2. Representation in Parliament-
Increase in power of the Prime Minster Office: Constitution ensures representation to states in
The Prime Minister office includes a team of advisors parliament. Seats has been allocated based on
and staff who work directly for the Prime Minister. Its population.
importance has grown over the years, and now plays a 3. Institutional Mechanism-
key role in setting government policy and managing the Institutions like Inter State Council and Zonal
Prime Minister's programme. councils are there to address federal issues.
Direct Communication- Rise of technology, 4. Special Provisions-
Electronic media and social media has provided a For Some states there are special provisions in
platform for direct interaction with citizens. Example- constitution. For example Nagaland has been
Man Ki Baat, MyGov portal etc provided special status under Article 371 A and
Majority Government - Election are centred around Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura has been
an individual and voters sentiment has been shifted provided special status under 6th schedule of
towards majority government. It increased powers of constitution.
leader. 5. Formation of New States-
The growing power of Prime minister has raised the New states has been formed from time to time by
concern of centralization of power, spoil system of bifurcation of states to address regional demands.
appointment, quality of decisions being made. Also it is 6. Developmental Programmes-
impacting the institutions in several ways- Special developmental progrmmes has been
Executive- Decisions are made by few individuals developed to address the backwardness and
than cabinet or Council of ministers. There are developmental challenges like Bundelkhand
concern of centralization of power Developmental programme and North EAST
Parliament- Control of Prime Minister over developmental programmes.
Governments legislative proposals has made it However Indian federal structure is facing issues
difficult for parliament to hold accountability of like-
executive affecting check and balance. ♦ Regionalism- After the formation of Telangana in
Judiciary- PM's control over judicial appointments 2014 the demand of more states has become more
has raised the concern of judicial independence. Recent demands like the creation of Gorkhaland from
Media- There are allegations of media biasness and West Bengal are instances of aggressive regionalism that
selective reporting favorable to PM due to media pose a threat to the federal structure of India.
closeness and control of corporate houses over
Division of Power;-
media.
Civil Services- Control of PMO over civil services ♦ Distribution of power is made under- Three Lists
has made it difficult for civil servants to maintain found in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
neutrality which core value. The distribution of power is in favor of Union as
However, there are certain potential benefits of more subjects are in Union list than state list. Also
increasing power of PM as decisive government, difficult residuary power is with centre and centre has
decisions, and a crisis manager during difficult times. overriding power over concurrent list.
There are potential benefits and challenges due ♦ Control Over States- Article 200 (reservation of
increase in power and role of PM. Its important to have a State Bills by the Governor for consideration of the
system of check and balances in place to check President), emergency provisions under Articles 352,
centralization of power. 356, and 360, and compulsory compliance by the
Q. 12 : How does the federal structure in India States with the executive power of the Centre under
accommodates the diverse needs and aspiration of Articles 256 and 257 amount to centralization of
different states ? Are there any challenges, if yes, then power which has been the major concern among the
how are they addressed? states.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 305 YCT
♦ Language conflict- The tussle for official language • Physical and economic access
in India is still a burning issue. The southern states’ • Affordable
opposition to Hindi as the official language of India • Speedy justice
has led to a deep-seated language crisis in India. 2. Non-adversarial system
♦ Asymmetric federalism- In India, there is no such Under the process parties discuss issues together
provision of an equal representation of states in on same platform so it maintains good relation
the Rajya Sabha, between the parties and there are chances of
♦ Absence of Fiscal federalism- More elastic taxes has restoring relation back.
been assigned Union. 3. Free from technicalities of Courts as informal
Indestructible Union with destructible states- ways are applied
♦ Centre can redraw boundary of any state at its own. 4. Reduce pendency of courts- as presently 4.5
There is no need of states approval. crore cases pending.
As Indian Federation was not a product of the coming 5. Economic growth – increased Ease of doing
together of states to form the federal union of India. It business (EODB) led to increase investment and
was rather a conversion of a unitary system into a federal employment opportunities.
system. Thus The Indian federalism model is called Issues
a quasi-federal system as it contains major features of 1. Lack of awareness among people.
both a federation and a union. It can be better phrased as 2. An arbitration award is binding there is no right to
‘federation sui generis‘ or a federation of its kind.
appeal against the decision.
Q. 13 : What alternative mechanism of dispute
3. Little or no check on power imbalances between
resolution have emerged in recent years ? How far
parties may not protect parties legal rights.
have they been effective?
4. Cross cultural language barriers – widens gap to
Ans. Under Alternative mechanism of dispute
resolve disputes.
resolution disputes are resolved outside the courts. It
resolves all types of matters e.g. civil, commercial and Way Forward-
industrial. It generally involves a neutral third party to ♦ Increase awareness about ADR through seminars,
communicate and resolve disputes. workshop.
♦ Mediation centres in districts help citizens avoid
litigation.
In the modern age of globalization and technology it
is the need of the hour to find better ways of dispute
resolution. Although the ADR system is comparatively
new, it has a great role to play in the future judicial
system. Developed countries already prefer such
methods for settlement of disputes because time is of
essences in the modern era. Our society and Government
must also understand this need and address the
challenges and shortcomings of ADR as soon as possible
Four types of of ADR mechanism has emerged in in a positive and more effective way.
recent years-
Negotiation- It is most informal and non-binding Q. 14 : Describe the law-making process in the
procedure in which discussion between the parties are Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
initiated without involvement of third party with Ans. The State of Uttar Pradesh has a bicameral
objective of arriving at negotiated settlement. legislature comprising of Legislative Council, an upper
Mediation- It is Voluntary process facilitated by a House and Legislative Assembly, the lower house. State
neutral third party called mediator to resolve dispute legislature consist of governor, assembly & council.
amicably. Mediator just make conducive atmosphere
for communication between the parties.
Conciliation- under this an impartial third party
conciliator assists parties to a dispute in reaching
mutually agreed settlement. It is non-binding Law making process in Uttar Pradesh involves
procedure. following stages-
Arbitration- Under this process a dispute is Introduction of a Bill:
submitted to a tribunal. Tribunal gives award based A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or a
on Facts. It is mostly binding procedure. private member in house. If the bill is introduced by a
Advantages- minister, it is known as a Government Bill. If the bill
1. Access to Justice is introduced by a private member, it is known as a
• Effective adjudicatory mechanism private member's bill.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 306 YCT
 time consuming. It is important to note that the law
making process is subject to change, and specific
procedures may vary depending on the type and
circumstances of the bill.
Q. 15 : Clarify the role of Civil Servants in
strengthening the democratic process in India.
Ans. Civil Services in India are career govt. service
manned by permanent executive. Civil Service has been
instrumental in transforming a colonial system of
governance to welfare one. As steel frame of governance
it has ensured years of stability through smooth transition
of governments.
Role of Civil Services : -
1. Foundation of Government - There can be no
government without administrative machinery. Thus
civil services are foundation.
2. Policy Formulation - by providing advice, insights
date to political class.
3. Policy implementation - Policies are translated into
action by civil services. Their tasks varies ranging
First Reading:
from public service delivery to law enforcement.
♦ Bills introduced by reading its title and objective.
4. Continuity of Governance - Elected government
♦ Bill is published in gazette of state. may change but civil services are permanent thus
Second Reading: helping in smooth transition of government and
Has three sub stages- ensures continuity in governance.
♦ Stage of General Discussion - Printed copies of bill 5. Instrument of social changes & economic
distributed to all member. Principles & provisions of development by ensuring effective implementation of
bill is generally discussed but no detailed discussion policies s welfare programme.
takes place and then referred to select committee. 6. Development functions - Involved in all sectors
♦ Committee Stage - Committee examines help from agriculture, infrastructure to services and
thoroughly clause by clause. industries.
♦ Consideration Stage - House considers provisions of Civil servants can strengthen the democratic process
bill clause by clause. Each clause is discussed and in India by:
voted upon separately.
Third Reading:
At this stage bill should be accepted or rejected in full
and no amendments are allowed. When bill is passed
it goes to second house.
Bill in Second House :
After passed by first house bill is sent to second
house where all three readings of first house take
place.
Governor's assent:
Once the bill is passed by the second house, it is sent Being Impartial and Objective:
to the Governor for assent. The Governor may assent Civil servants should be impartial and objective in
to the Bill, return it to the Assembly for their work. They should not be influenced by their
reconsideration, or reserve the Bill for the personal beliefs or political affiliations.
consideration of the President of India. Being Responsive :
Commencement of Act: Civil servants should be responsive to the needs of
Once the Bill receives the assent of the Governor, it the citizens. They should listen to the concerns of the
becomes an Act and comes into force on the date public and try to find solutions to their problems.
specified in the Act. Being Accountable:
Apart from the above steps, there are several other Civil servants should be accountable to the people
procedures that can be followed in the law making and the government. They should be transparent in
process, such as introducing money bills, introducing their work and prepared to answer questions about
private member's bills and the use of joint parliamentary their decisions.
committees. Being Efficient and Effective:
The process of law making in the Legislative Civil servants should be efficient and effective in
Assembly of Uttar Pradesh has been made thorough and their work. They should use resources wisely and try
thoughtful. However, this process can be complex and to provide high quality services to the public.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 307 YCT
People Friendly : ♦ Uttar Pradesh Health System Strengthening
People friendly and democratic attitude of civil Project- The project aims to improve the efficiency,
services helps in participatory democracy quality and accountability of health services delivery
Civil servants acts agents of socio-eco change in Uttar Pradesh.
responsible for delivering the welfare policies. Thus ♦ Public-Private Partnership: The state government
there is need to build emotionally intelligent civil service is increasingly partnering with the private sector to
capable of performing it's duties with empathy & provide health services. This has helped in increasing
sensitivity towards citizens in spirit of SEVOTTAM the availability of health services especially in rural
model proposed by second Administrative Reform areas.
Commission. ♦ Community Participation: The state government is
Q. 16 : Discuss the various aspects relating to the also involving the community in the management of
management of Health Services in the State of Uttar health services. For example, the government has
Pradesh. established Village Health and
Ans. Management of health services in the state of Committees (VHSNCs) to help plan and implement
Uttar Pradesh is a complex and challenging task. The health programs at the village level.
state has a population of over 200 million, making it the Managing health services in Uttar Pradesh is a
most populous state in India. complex and challenging task, but the state government
The management of health services in Uttar Pradesh has made some progress in recent years. The government
is the responsibility of the state government. The state is committed to improving the health of its citizens and is
government has several departments and agencies that working to address the challenges it faces.
are involved in the provision of health services, including Q. 17 : What is Citizen's Charter ? What is its role
the Department of Health and Family Welfare, the in Welfare of Citizens?
Directorate of Medical and Health Services and the Ans. Citizen charter is a voluntary non bindind
National Health Mission. document of commitments made by government
Health Services in Uttar Pradesh are ensured by organizations to the the citizens inrespect of service
District hospitals, community Health Centres and being provided to them. It outlines visin and mission
Primary Health centres. atatement of organization and st4rives to make admin
accountable in.

The state government has implemented several Features -

initiatives to improve the management of health services. 1. Commitment of organization towards standards and
These initiatives include:- quality of service delivery.
♦ Increase the number of health facilities including 2. Time frame of service delivery.
primary health centres, community health centers and 3. Grievance Redressal mechanism.
district hospitals. Role in Welfare of citizens-
♦ Recruiting and training more health workers like Set a measurable standard of service allowing high
doctors, nurses and paramedics. expectation of citizen pushing admin to work more
♦ Expand the range of health services offered by diligently.
government health facilities. Promotes participative governance by making
♦ Introducing new health programs and schemes citizens aware of aims of organization and facilitating
like Ayushman Bharat Yojana and Mission feedback mechanism.
Indradhanush. Makes time bound delivery of service by ensuring
Despite the efforts of the state government, there are still provision for accountability and cutting bureaucratic
many challenges that need to be addressed to improve the hurdles.
management of health services in Uttar Pradesh. Promotes transparency in governance by defining
These challenges include: process of service delivery.
There is a shortage of health workers especially in Provides for grievance redressal giving citizen
rural areas. recourse against poor service.
♦ Inadequate infrastructure and equipment in health Streamlines the process of service delivery making
facilities. organization efficient and cost effective.
♦ High levels of poverty and illiteracy, making it Though citizen charter aims to make administration
difficult for health services to reach people. citizen centric there remains certain challenges such as-
♦ Gender inequality in access to health services. 1. The context language design - not user friendly,
The state government is working to address these ex. Citizen Charter often not regional language thus
challenges through several initiatives- acting as linguistic barrier.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 308 YCT
2. Formulation- It is observed in majority cases citizen 5. Regional Contribution- With neighborhood first
charter is not formulated through a proper stake policy India has successfully emerged as
holder consultation and just a copy past charter. development partner of regional and least developed
3. Service Providers are not familiar with philosophy countries through its projects like BBIN, Salma dam,
and feature of charter. Jaranj-Delaram highway etc.
4. Poor awareness among public India has assisted neighbors during Crisis example
Way forward Sri Lanks’s economic crisis, Maldives water crisis ,
1. Stake holder consultation at every stage of citizen Nepal earthquake
charter formulation. India is emerging as Net security provider in Indian
2. Design and Language should be easily ocean region protecting from maritime piracy etc.
comprehensible and disabled friendly. 6. Global Contribution- India is largest provider of
3. Orientation and training of staff about features and United Nation Peace Keeping Forces (UNPKF). Along
requirement of charter. with it India has emerged as aid provider like medical
4. People awareness through hording pamphlets and assistance and food provider in conflict zones
text messages. 7. Soft Power- With rich cultural heritage and largest
5. Can be given binding character through legal backing. diaspora population India holds soft power in region
Citizen Charter places important role in bridging the and beyond. Example- Buddhism, cuisines like butter
information gap between citizen & governments. Its chicken Masala, bollywood are popular in world.
efficacy can be improved by adopting global best practices However there are certain challenges which need to
and implementing SEVOTTAM modal as proposed by be addressed to become World leader.
second Administrative Reform Commission. These challenges include-
Q. 18 : India is ready for the World leadership'. 1. Jobless growth- due to premature deindustrialization
Analyse this Comment. and shift towards service sector and service sector
Ans. Prime Minister Narendra Modi from time to has less employment elasticity Eg. - service sector
time has spoken about India taking on a leadership contributes 58% to GDP.
role in global affairs as “Vishwaguru”, given its 2. Poverty and Inequality- India has a very large
population and scale of economy. population and a large part of the population lives in
This created a debate among scholars about India’s poverty. The level of inequality is also high in India.
readiness for world’s leadership. These challenges will have to be addressed if India
They cite reasons to show India’s Readiness- wants to achieve its full potential.
1. Growing Economy- India with 5th largest economy 3. Education and Healthcare: India needs to invest more
is presently one of the fastest growing economy in in education and healthcare. This will help in creating a
the world with demographic dividend. India’s working more efficient and productive workforce. This will also
age population is 68%.The Indian economy is set to help in improving the quality of life of Indians.
witness significant growth, with projections indicating a 4. Infrastructure Deficit: India needs to improve its
GDP expansion of 6.8 per cent in the next fiscal year. infrastructure, such as roads, railways and ports. This
This growth trajectory positions India to attain upper will help boost economic growth and make it easier
middle-income status by 2031. for businesses to operate in India.
2. Largest Democracy- India is a democratic country 5. Governance: India needs to improve its governance.
with the largest population in the whole world. This includes reducing corruption and bureaucracy.
3. Military Power- India is fourth largest military This also includes improving the efficiency of
power in world as per report of SIPRI. Along with it government services.
India is also responsible nuclear power with NO As per a report by Centre of Policy Research The
FIRST USE doctrine in place. foundational source of India’s influence in the world
rests on 4 pillars-
4. Strategic Position- As per Rajiv Sikri India is
strategically located at crossroads of five arcs
• One, the ‘arc of growth and prosperity,’
extending from India through South East Asia to
East Asia;
• Two, the ‘arc of instability and turbulence’ to
India’s west extending from Pakistan to
Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf, and the Arab
world;
• Three, the ‘arc of energy’ extending from the
Persian Gulf through the Caspian Sea to Russia’s
Siberian and Arctic regions;
• Four, the ‘arc of communications’ comprising
the trade and energy sea lines of communication
in the northern Indian Ocean region;
• Five, the ‘arc of uncertainty,’ north of India,
encompassing Nepal, Tibet, Xinjiang and the If these integral pillars remain strong then there is no
Central Asian Countries. stopping India.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 309 YCT
 Q. 19 : How the Indian diaspora has emerged as The Indian diaspora is a valuable asset to India.
an asset in the protection of national interest in Minister of state for External Affairs Murleedharan
America? Analyse it rightly said that "Indian diaspora serves as living
Ans. Diaspora is a scattered population whose origin bridge connecting India to the world".
lies within a smaller geographical locale.
Q. 20 : 'Indo-Pak relations are illusion at present'.
Indian diaspora is a generic term to describe the
Discuss the inherent problems that bitters India-Pak
people who migrated from India and their descendents.
relations repeatedly.
Ans. India and Pakistan government share linguistic
cultural geographic and economic links yet their relations
has been mired in complexity due to a number of
historical and political events.
The questioned statement that “India-Pakistan
relations are currently an illusion” is reflective of the
suspicion and antagonism that exists between the two
countries. It also resonates with the statement of Dr.
Shashi Tharur that "India and Pakistan are brother
enemy".
There are some inherent problems that bitter India
Pakistan relations repeatedly which include-
1. Territorial Dispute
♦ Kashmir is main conflict between the two countries
Indian diaspora has emerged as an asset in the which is contested by both countries and wars have
protection of national interest in America in following been fought.
ways- ♦ Sir creek - Sir creek dispute lies in interpretation of
1. Promoting Economic relations- maritime boundary line between two countries.
Indian diaspora in America has become largest Pakistan claims entire Sir creek.
source of remittances. Indian Americans investment
♦ Siachin- Most of the Siachin glacier is disputed
is facilitating economic growth. Increased tourism
boundary has not been specified here.
has resulted in earning of foreign exchange.
2. Cross-Border terrorism and ceasefire violations:
2. Political influence-
Despite the 2003 ceasefire agreement post Kargil,
Diaspora actively participates in US Politics and they
there have been regular ceasefire violation from
are involved in both parties i.e. Republicans and
Pakistan's site.
Democrats. Example- Kamla Harris, Pramila Jayapal
Pakistan support to cross border terrorism is leading
It facilitates in promoting Pro-India policies, support
to violent incidents Eg.- Pulwama Attack, Uri Attack
to India on key issues like Kashmir.
3. Narcoterrorism- Supply of Opium in India via
3. Strategic Partnership-
Pakistan as geographical nearness to Golden Crescent
Indian diaspora played significant role in INDO-US
nuclear deal 4. Domestic Politics- Hate mongering politics in
4. Soft Power: Pakistan by political parties and fringe elements
Indian diaspora are a major source of soft power for 5. Deep State- Military control over civilian
India. They are successful in various fields including government in Pakistan also bitter relations as
business, education and acts as unofficial ambassador military undo all efforts of civilian government to
of Indian values. Example- Sunadar Pichayi in restore ties.
Google, Satya Nadela in Microsoft, Divya 6. Nuclear Contestation- Both India & Pakistan in
Suryadevara. increasing their nuclear arsenal and developing
5. Cooperation and Coordination:- tactical nuclear weapons.
Indian diaspora has helped to bridge the gap between Way forward
India and the United States by organizing cultural 1. Strong political reform in Pakistan where civilian
events and educational programs, conferences that government should hold real power instead of
promote greater understanding and cooperation military.
between the countries. 2. People to people contact must be facilitated by taking
steps for travel facilitation and easing up of VISA
It is obvious that the 25 million strong Indian
regimes.
diaspora has an impact on India's Interest all over world.
They are an important factor in the bilateral relationship 3. Steps must be taken to improve bilateral trade.
with the countries where they have a significant presence 4. Soft diplomacy should be promoted Eg.- Cricket
including USA. diplomacy, cultural diplomacy.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-II 310 YCT

 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -III
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.
SECTION - A Ease of Doing Business :
The Government of India has taken several measures
Q.1 : Evaluate the policies of the Government of to improve the ease of doing business in the FPI
India regarding the promotion of food processing and sector. Example, the Food Safety and Standards
related industries. – Authority of India (FSSAI) through notifications in
Ans.: Food processing can be defined as the use of 2016 has shifted from product-by-product approval to
methods and techniques involving equipment, energy, an ingredient and additive based approval process.
and tools to transform agricultural products such as Promotion of Investment-
grains, meats, vegetables, fruits, and milk into food Inclusion of food & agro-based processing units and
ingredients or processed food products. India’s food cold chain as agricultural activity under Priority
Sector Lending (PSL) norms in April 2015.
processing sector is one of the largest in the world and its
Special Food Processing Fund of Rs. 2000 crore
output is expected to reach $535 Bn by 2025-26. was set up with National Bank for Agriculture and
Food Processing Industry (FPI) is an important sector Rural Development (NABARD) to provide
of the Indian economy. This industry accounts for about affordable credit for investments in setting up Mega
9% of the country's GDP and 18% of employment. Food Parks (MFP) as well as processing units in the
The Government has taken various policy measures MFPs.
and reforms to support food processing sector as 100 percent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
indicated below: approval under automatic route has been permitted
for the food processing sector.
Evaluation :
Share of FPI in agriculture exports increased to
25.6% in 2022-23 from 13.7% in 2014-15.
FDI received in FPI between April 2000 to
September 2023 was 12.3 billion dollor which was
1.89% of total FDI inflows.
Indian food processing market is projected to reach
535 billion dollor by 2025 at 15% annual growth rate.
From micro to large all enterprises are involved in
food processing sector in India. Indian companies
Government Schemes- needs to improve scale of production, productivity,
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana integration with global value chain and become
(PMKSY): PMKSY, launched in the year 2017, is a competitive.
comprehensive scheme that aims to develop FPI in Food processing sector has emerged as important
segment of Indian economy. However it is facing many
India, create infrastructure for this sector and
challenges such as disrupted supply chain inadequate
improve the quality of food products. infrastructure, low level of technology, backward
Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) : Scheme in forward linkages and inadequate credit flow. By
Food Products for Enhancing India’s Manufacturing addressing the problems FPI can be made more
Capabilities and Enhancing Exports productive which may enhance employment in non farm
Operation Green sector and double farmers income.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 311 YCT
 Q. 2 : Explain the implications of using E- Hence, E tech can not only help double the farm
technology to help the farmers. incomes but also turn the farmers into Agripreneurs.
Ans. : E-technology stands for Electronic They empower farmers with data-driven insights,
Technology. This includes the internet and related automation, and sustainability tools, ultimately leading to
information technologies, and digital technologies, used increased productivity, reduced environmental impact,
and improved food security.
of which have grown rapidly in recent years in all fields.
Government is taking measures to promote use of E- Q. 3 : What are the important challenges faced in
technology in agriculture sector which include- the implementation of land reforms in India? Give
your suggestions to remove these challenges.
Ans. : Land reforms in India refers to various
government policies oriented towards ownership and
redistribution of land in the country.
Series of measures were taken which include

Implications of using E-technology

Production:
Water use Efficiency : soil moisture sensors can be Weaknesses with the Zamindari abolition
used to detect the need of irrigation whichic will The absence of adequate land records made
prevent excessive irrigation and can help to counter implementation of these acts difficult.
the declining groundwater level. Personal cultivation: ‘Personal cultivation’ was very
Crop Monitoring : Drones can be deployed for loosely defined which led to not only those who tilled
continuous and real time monitoring of all types of the soil, but also those who supervised the land
pest attacks, hailstorms. personally or did so through a relative, or provided
Precision agriculture : According to a report by the capital and credit to the land, to call themselves a
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), cultivator.
precision agriculture can help farmers to increase Moreover, in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
Madras there was no limit on the size of the lands
their yields by up to 20% and reduce their input costs that could be declared to be under the ‘personal
by up to 10%. Eg- using GPS-guided tractors to cultivation’ of the Zamindar.
apply inputs more precisely. Even after the laws were enacted the landlords used the
Agricultural extension services : Providing access judicial system to defer the implementation of the laws.
to agricultural crop information, new seed varieties, Zamindars refused to hand over the land records in their
prevailing prices etc. possession, forcing the government to go through the
Environmental Conservation : Can help reduce lengthy procedure of reconstructing the records.
pesticide use and minimise soil pollution and erosion Weaknesses of tenancy reforms
via real time monitoring. The provisions introduced to protect the small
Marketing : landowners were misused by the larger landlords
E-commerce : can provide farmers with direct access with the active connivance of the revenue officials.
to consumers and eliminate middlemen, hence Voluntary surrenders by tenants also took place as
they were ‘persuaded’ under threat to give up their
fetching higher price and better price discovery Eg-
tenancy rights ‘voluntarily’. Most tenancies were oral
e-NAM and informal and were not recorded. Thus provision
Supply chain management : This can help to reduce of security of tenure to all tenants, met with only
food waste and improve food safety. According to a limited success.
report by the World Economic Forum, food waste can Weaknesses in Land Ceiling Legislation
be reduced by up to 50% by using e-technology to Ceiling fixed on existing holdings by the states were
improve supply chain management. Eg- by tracking very high. In most states the ceilings were imposed
the movement of produce from the farm to the on individual and not family holdings, enabling
consumer. landowners to divide up their holdings in the names
Marketing and Promotion : Through digital of relatives or make Benami transfers merely to avoid
platforms and social media, farmers can promote the ceiling.
their products directly to consumers, restaurants, and Digitization of land records failed
retailers. Insufficient data: Lack of clear and sufficient data
Access to Global market : getting to know the and mismanagement between the various agencies
trends of international prices, international market handling land records, the data registered at various
regulations and certifications. government levels is not identical.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 312 YCT
 Progress over the past decade has been uneven, with The Finance Ministry sends Budget Circulars to
some states, such as Madhya Pradesh, Andhra relevant ministries and departments, providing them
Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and with necessary instructions and guidelines. These
Maharashtra, doing better than the others. However, circulars are then distributed among disbursing and
there are challenges, even in advanced states such as field officers, who share details about their
Maharashtra. department's financial expenditures and receipts for
Weaknesses of consolidation of land holdings the current and past fiscal year, as well as their
The programme failed to achieve its desired objective financial requirements for the upcoming fiscal year.
because the farmers are reluctant to exchange their 2. Accumulation and Authorization of Data: The data
lands for the new one as they often argued that their and estimates provided by ground-level officials are
existing land is much more fertile and productive carefully examined by top officials within their
than the new land provided under land consolidation. departments. Once approved or revised if necessary,
the data and estimates are sent to the concerned
Failure of cooperative farming:
ministries for further examination. Finally, the data
Attachment with Land: The farmers are not willing to and estimates make their way to the Finance
surrender the rights of land in favour of the society Ministry, where they are scrutinized and correlated
because they have too much attachment with it. with the current economic state and available
Lack of Cooperative Spirit: The spirit of cooperation resources to determine their feasibility.
and love is lacking among farmers. They are divided 3. Composing the Budget: After thorough analysis, the
in various sections on caste basis. Finance Ministry allocates revenues to various
Illiteracy: some of them are using the old methods of administrative ministries and develops new public
cultivation. welfare schemes. In cases where there are disputes
Suggestions to remove these challenges regarding resource allocation, the Finance Ministry
Preparation of new land record seeks consultation from the Union Cabinet or the
Establishment of effective administrative machinery Prime Minister, whose decision is considered final.
Time bound implementation of land record Once the resources are allocated for future
Formation of Union of Agricultural Labour expenditures, the Finance Ministry, in collaboration
Less political interference in land reform process with the Central Board of Direct Taxes and the
There are challenges in land reform process but both Central Board of Excise and Customs, prepares a
Central and State Govt. are working together to address report on the estimated revenues to be generated in
the issue and it will be positive outcome. the upcoming fiscal year. These reports are then
consolidated to create the final Union Budget.
Q.4 : Explain the budget making process of the Throughout this process, the Finance Ministry
Government of India. Also explain the difference engages with stakeholders in the public domain, such
between plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure. as farmers and small business owners, to gather
Ans. : The Department of Economic Affairs in the insights and ensure an efficient budget.
Ministry of Finance prepares the Union Budget every 4. Printing the Budget: The printing process of the
year, which is then presented by the Finance Minister. Union Budget commences with a traditional
This budget serves as a financial plan for the country and ceremony called the "halwa ceremony." During this
outlines the estimated earnings and expenditures of the ceremony, the Finance Minister and other officials
government for the upcoming fiscal year. and staff involved in the process consume halwa, a
Five essential steps involved in the development of traditional Indian dessert. Following the ceremony,
the Union Budget: the printing of the Union Budget begins. Throughout
this stage, all officials and staff members involved in
the Budget-making process remain confined to the
ministry premises, cut off from the outside world, as
they possess privileged knowledge of the Budget
before it is presented in Parliament.
5. Presenting the Budget: The Finance Minister
presents the Union Budget in Parliament. These are
the essential steps involved in the development of the
Union Budget, which plays a significant role in
shaping the financial landscape of the country.
Plan Expenditure
Planned expenditures are defined as the expenditure
on the programmes that are mentioned in our
country’s current five-year plan. For example,
electricity, water, communication, transportation,
agriculture and other activities, social services, etc. In
simple terms, the Expenditure Report shows the
1. Initial Processes: The Budget-making process begins expenditures made by Central Aid for state and
around six months before the Budget is presented. federal needs and items under the Central Plan.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 313 YCT

Non-Plan Expenditure 2. Road and Railway construction lead to dire t
The expenditure incurred on programmes other than employment also acts as force multiplier and
those detailed in the current five-year plan of a provides indirect employment. Eg Railway is largest
country is known as Non-plan Expenditure. For employer.
example, expenditure on defence services, payment 3. Infrastructure development leads to development of
of interest, expenditure on administrative services, backward region and reduce regional imbalance.
etc. Non-plan expenditures are a must for every Bharatmala, DFC
country because they are incurred on the routine 4. Infrastructure development helps in improving social
functioning of the government indiactors. E.g Better healthcare facility like e-
Difference between Plan and Non-Plan Expenditure Sanjeevani
Non-Plan 5. Infrastructure facilitates increase in International
Basis Planned Expenditures trade & exports by ports, air facilities E. Sagarmala,
Expenditure
UDAAN
Spending on project Spending on projects
6. Focus on digital infrastructure and green
Meaning details in a country’s outside the country’s
infrastructure ensure sustainable & equitable growth.
current five-year plan. current five-year plan
Government is taking various steps for infrastructure
Non-Plan development-
Planned expenditure is expenditures are used
Incurred
for current development for the day-to-day
on
and investment operations of the
government.
Unplanned spending
Plan expenditures arise
is necessary for any
Arises only when the plans say
business and the
when so about such
government cannot
expenditures.
escape it.
Under emergency
Money Money comes from conditions, money Infrastructure development can help in attaining
comes Consolidated funds of comes from the target of 5 Trillion USD economy by creating virtuous
from India. contingency fund of cycle between investment, employment and Innovation.
India.
Q.6 : What is Blood moon' ? When does it
Energy, water, Defence expenditures, happen?
communication, interest payments, Ans. : During a total lunar eclipse when the Earth
Example transportation and administrative passes between the Sun and the Moon blocking sunlight
agricultural expenditures, from falling directly on the Moon soft light coming from
expenditures etc. pensions etc. the edge of the Earth's atmosphere illuminates the
Moon's surface, making it appear red or reddish brown.
Q.5 : "Infrastructure plays an important role in
A blood moon is a rare phenomenon in which them
the economic development of a country.” Discuss. moon appears red. As red colour has longest wavelength,
Ans. : Infrastructure is the set of basic facilities that it reaches at moon first, and after reflection comes to us.
help an economy to function and grow such as energy, This is possible only when the position of the Sun, Earth
irrigation, roads, rail , ports etc. A robust infrastructure and Moon are in straight line in their orbit.
sector is indispensible for socio-economic growth.

Infrastructure plays an important role in the

Economic Development The phenomenon of Blood Moon occur during total
lunar eclipse. During eclipse, Sun, Earth and Moon are in
1. Infrastructure development in Agriculture will lead to straight line and the earth blocks sunlight from reaching
increase in farm income. E.g Agriculture moon. Due to earth's shadow falling on moon it becomes
Infrastructure fund will augment infrastructure and dark. But red colour light reaches moon is refracted form
Krishi UDAN will enhance market access. and illuminates moon.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 314 YCT
 During a total lunar eclipse the moon turns red Demonstration of India’s space technology prowess-
because the sun light reaching it passes through the Demonstration of India’s capability in end to end soft
earth's atmosphere. It appears red in colour due to landing and roving on the lunar surface.
scattering of sunlight due to dust or cloud. Economic Significance
Sometimes the word blood moon is referred for four Boost to India’s push for “Space Industrialization”-
total lunar eclipse occur within a span of two years. The success of Chandrayaan-3 provides an opportunity
Q.7 : What are the key objectives of India's moon for India to push for Space Industrialization. India
mission program 'Chandrayaan- ? can extract extra-terrestrial mineral resources and
Ans. : As Chandrayaan-3 soft landed on the moon embark on deep space exploration.
at 6.04 pm on 23rd August India became the first Geo-political Significance
country to land a spacecraft in uncharted territory near Enhancement of India’s role and position in the
the lunar south pole. India is only the fourth country in Artemis accord- India is now a member of the Artemis
history to complete a soft landing on the Moon after Accords (the U.S.-led multilateral effort to place humans
the United States, the Soviet Union and China. on the moon by 2025 and thereafter to expand human
Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the space exploration to the earth’s wider neighborhood in
point where the Vikram lander touched down on the the solar system). With the success of Chandrayaan-3
lunar surface would be named “Shiv Shakti” and the mission India has an opportunity to lead the other
crash site of the failed Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019 as Artemis countries alongside the U.S.
“Tiranga point”. Expansion of cooperation in outer space- While geo-
Chandrayaan-3 includes various technical equipments for political rivalry is a reality, India’s success in space
the mission’s success. missions like Chandrayaan-3 provides India an
The mission has three major modules: opportunity to limit competition and expand cooperation
1. Propulsion module: It will carry the lander and in outer space. India can also gain military advantage in
rover configuration to 100 km lunar orbit. space over their geopolitical rivals on Earth.
2. Lander module (Vikram lander) : It has the
Q. 8 : Cyber crimes are a big threat to national
capability to soft land and deploy Rover on the lunar
security. How can a country be protected from these
surface.
crimes ?
3. Rover (Pragyan): It will carry out chemical analysis
of the lunar surface. Ans.: Cybercrime is a term used to describe criminal
activities involving computers or computer networks. It
The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:
includes a wide range of illegal activities, such as
1. To demonstrate Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar
electronic hacking, denial of service attacks, phishing,
Surface
credit card fraud, bank robbery, illegal downloading,
2. To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and
child pornography, scams, cyber terrorism, and the
3. To conduct in-situ scientific experiments.
creation or distribution of harmful viruses and spam.
4. To became a leader in space exploration.
Cyber crimes are a big threat to national security –
SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA
Scientific significance
Shift in India’s space programme objectives: The
Chandrayaan-3 mission signals a shift of focus of India’s
space programme. Earlier ISRO seemed focussed
on utilitarian objectives like enabling
telecommunications, telemedicine and tele-education,
broadcasting, or setting up remote sensing satellites. But
with the Chandrayaan-3 space and planetary
exploration is becoming a priority for ISRO.
Boost to Future lunar space exploration: The
success of Chandrayaan-3 will boost the future lunar
mission, like LUPEX scheduled for 2024-25 and ISRO’s
collaboration with JAXA, which will explore the
permanently shaded region of the moon. ISRO will also
get a boost for the International Lunar Research Station
program which will be a better alternative A country be protected from these crimes by
to International space station for conducting space adopting a multi-pronged approach involving various
experiments. stakeholders.
Boost to future ISRO’s Vision- ISRO can undertake Public Awareness: Educate the general public,
several missions on the back of success of Chandrayaan- businesses, and organizations about cyber security
3 mission like launch of satellites powered by electric threats and best practices. Conduct awareness
motors, quantum communications, human space flight, campaigns, workshops, and training sessions to
reusable launch vehicles, planetary habitation and promote safe internet usage and raise awareness
interplanetary communications. about common cyber threats.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 315 YCT

 Strengthen Cyber security Laws: Continuously platforms, technologies and weapon systems to
update and strengthen cyber security laws and upgrade and augment Defence capabilities. Invest in
regulations to address emerging cyber threats the modernization and expansion of the nuclear triad,
effectively. Ensure that internet crimes are treated as including land, sea, and air-based delivery systems.
serious offenses, and penalties for perpetrators are Maintain a credible nuclear deterrent and strategic
stringent. posture to ensure national security.
Capacity Building: Enhance the capabilities of law Indigenization of defense sector- Allocate resources
enforcement agencies and cybersecurity professionals for indigenous defense research and development to
by providing specialized training and resources. promote innovation in military technology and
Develop a skilled workforce to investigate reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.
cybercrimes and respond to incidents promptly. Consistency in Defense Procurement Policy-
Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Invest in robust Establish long-term defense procurement policies and
cybersecurity infrastructure for critical sectors like streamline the acquisition process to accelerate
finance, healthcare, and government to protect modernization efforts.
sensitive data and systems from cyber threats. Personnel Training and Capacity Development:
Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaboration Invest in continuous training of personnel to improve
between government agencies, private businesses,
the skills, capabilities and readiness of security force
and cybersecurity experts to share threat intelligence
personnel.
and best practices. Public-private partnerships can
help identify and respond to cyber threats more Interoperability- by promoting joint training
effectively. exercises between different branches of the military.
International Cooperation: Collaborate with Recruitment of Personnel: Strengthen recruitment
international agencies and law enforcement to address processes to attract the best talent into the security
cross-border cybercrimes. Cybercriminals often operate forces.
from different countries, and international cooperation is Strategic Planning and Principles: Develop clear
essential to track and apprehend them. national security strategies and doctrines that address
Cyber Hygiene: Promote good cyber hygiene emerging threats and geopolitical challenges.
practices, such as regularly updating software, using Jointness and Integration- Should be enhances
strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, among the armed forces to improve overall
and securing Wi-Fi networks. effectiveness in joint and integrated operations.
Incident Response and Reporting: Establish a Strategic Studies- Establish a dedicated think tank or
streamlined mechanism for reporting cyber incidents institute for strategic studies to provide expert
and encourage prompt reporting of cybercrimes to analysis and policy recommendations.
law enforcement authorities. Intelligence: Strengthen intelligence agencies and
Conclusion capabilities to collect, analyze, and disseminate
The population of people that uses the internet is timely and actionable intelligence. Engage in
increasing every day. On the other hand, crimes in community outreach and development programs to
cyberspace are also increasing at a drastic pace. counter insurgent and extremist ideologies.
Addressing cyber vulnerabilities requires a concerted Cyber Security- Cyber Security Infrastructure
effort from various stakeholders, including the should be strengthened the infrastructure to protect
government, businesses, educational institutions, and
critical infrastructure, networks and data from cyber
individuals.
threats.
Strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure, raising
awareness, implementing effective cybersecurity Border Managementt- To enhance border
measures, and fostering collaboration between public and infrastructure and surveillance to effectively secure
private sectors are essential to combat these crimes India's land and maritime borders.
effectively in India. EXTERNAL BALANCING-
Q. 9 : How can India's security forces be Cooperate with neighboring countries on border
strengthened? Give your suggestion. management and intelligence sharing to deal with
Ans.: India's security apparatus operates in a cross-border threats.
dynamic environment marked by evolving threats and Strengthen defense partnerships with like-minded
emerging geopolitical complexities. Recent incidents, countries to share knowledge, technology and
such as terrorist attacks, communal riots, and border intelligence.
conflicts have underscored the importance of Participate in joint military exercises and capacity
strengthening the security forces. It need both internal building programs to enhance interoperability and
and external balancing to strengthen the security forces. regional security.
Internal Balancing These suggestions, when implemented strategically
Deterrence – Create deterrence by Modernisation and with a long-term approach, can help strengthen
of Defence Armed Forces. Adequate budgetary India's security forces and enhance the country's ability
resources should be allocatedfor the acquisition of to respond effectively to multiple security challenges.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 316 YCT

 Q. 10 : What is India's stand on the issues of ♦ Development Agenda-
nuclear proliferation ? Explain To evolve a shared vision of national development
Ans.: Spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material and priorities, sectors and strategies with the active
nuclear technology to nations which are not recognised involvement of States. Example – EODB Index, SDG
by Non-Proliferation Treaty as nuclear state is known as Index
nuclear proliferation. ♦ Cooperative and Competitive Federalism-
To prevent Nuclear Proliferation various treaties has To foster cooperative and competitive federalism
been in place at various levels which include
through structured support initiatives and
1. Multilateral- Non-Proliferation Treaty, Partial ban
mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis.
Treaty, CTBT
Example- State Health Index, Composite Water
2. Bilateral- New-START between USA & Russia.
Management Index
3. Regional- Treaty of Pelindaba declares Africa as
nuclear weapon free zone. ♦ Inclusive Development-
4. Multilateral Export Control Regime - NSG, MTCR To pay special attention to the sections of our society
India has taken principled stand on the issue- that may be at risk of not benefiting adequately from
Discrimination- As per the stance of the Indian economic progress. Example –Aspirational District
Government, the treaty in its current form is unfair as programme
it, virtually, states that the 5 victorious nations of ♦ Policy and Programme frameworks and
World War II have the right to possess nuclear initiatives-
weapons while condemning the rest of the nations To design strategic and long-term policy and
who don’t have the weapons, to be subservient to the programme framework, and monitor their progress
whims and fancies of the nations who do. In short, and their efficacy. Example-Electric vehicle policy,
the treaty divides the world into nuclear ‘haves’ and POSHAN programme
‘have-nots’These prevents only horizontal ♦ Think tank of Government-
proliferation not vertical proliferation nuclear weapon To create a knowledge, innovation and
state can increase the stockpile entrepreneurial support system through a
It puts not check on P5 wither in qualitative or collaborative community of national and international
quatative terms.
experts, practitioners and other partners.Example-
Disarmament is weakest pillar as no time bound
Atal Innovation Mission.
commitment for comprehensive universally verifiable
disarmament ♦ Monitoring & Evaluation-
India always considered the NPT as discriminatory To actively monitor and evaluate the implementation
and had refused to sign it. India has opposed the of programmes and initiatives, including the
international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since identification of the needed resources so as to
they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear strengthen the probability of success and scope of
powers and legitimized the monopoly of the five nuclear delivery.
weapons powers. The principles and function of two organisations
differ from each other in the following dimensions:
SECTION - B NITI Aayog has followed a bottom-up approach in
Q. 11 : State the important objectives of NITI policy formulation unlike Planning Commission
Aayog. How are the principles and functions of NITI which followed a top-down approach.
Aayog different from those of the planning Planning Commission worked on the ideals of
commission ? Comment socialism while NITI Aayog works on lines of free
Ans. NITI Aayog is an executive body established in market economy.
2015 by an executive resolution replacing planning NITI Aayog works on participatory decision making
commission which was an institution of command along with states while the Planning commission was
economy. largely a centralized decision-making body.
The involvement of chief ministers in the planning
process of India improves the spirit of cooperative
federalism and participatory planning unlike Planning
Commission which was usually headed by union
ministers or technocrats.
The Planning Commission used to allocate funds to
states while NITI Aayog is only an advisory body.
NITI Aayog has helped in bringing convergence
among central and state government and across
different ministries to push the agenda of
development forward through initiatives like 115
Aspirational Districts.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 317 YCT

 Although both NITI Aayog and Planning Commission 8) Addressing the Marginalised- Ensuring
aims for socio-economic transformation, NITI’s approach is participation from all sections of society in the social,
more forward-looking, less bureaucratic and as per demand economic and political sphere.
of economy than the erstwhile Planning Commission. NITI 1) Poverty- The Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022
Aayog is playing a pivotal role as a think-tank for providing places India first, with an estimated 23 crore people
policy and programme framework for sustaible and living in multidimensional poverty.
inclusive development. 2) Uneven Distribution of Resources- Unfair resource
allocation can thwart efforts to create inclusive
Q. 12 : Explain the concept of inclusive growth.
growth. Examples of unfair resource distribution
What are the issues and challenges with inclusive
include wealth, land, and education. The “Public
growth in India? Explain.
good or Private Wealth?” Report 2019, published by
Ans. As per the Organization for Economic Co-
OxFam showed that India’s top 10% holds 77.4% of
operation and Development (OECD) Inclusive growth is
the total national wealth, while the top 1% holds
the economic growth that is distributed fairly across the
51.53% of the wealth. The bottom 60% of the
society and creates opportunities for all. According to the
population holds only 4.8% of the national wealth.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
3) Social and cultural obstacles- Marginalised groups
inclusive growth is “the process and the outcome where
may encounter social and cultural obstacles that
all groups of people have participated in the organization
restrict them from accessing opportunities and
of growth and have benefited equitably from it”. This
services, such as discrimination, exclusion, and
implies that inclusive growth should include all sections
gender inequity. For instance, Women often face
as beneficiaries as well as partners in growth and that
barriers in accessing education, employment, and
inclusion of the excluded should be embedded in the
other opportunities.
growth process.
4) Weak institutional capacity- Policies and
programmes aimed at promoting equitable growth
may be less effective if there is a lack of proper
implementation, infrastructure, functionaries, etc.
5) Rural-Urban Divide- Disparities between urban and
rural areas persist in terms of infrastructure, access to
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
This gap has still not been bridged.
6) Unemployment and Underemployment- Creating
enough jobs for the growing workforce, especially
in sectors that absorb a large number of people like
agriculture and manufacturing, remains a challenge
Major Components of Inclusive Growth- as India suffered from Premature deindustrialization.
1) Reduced Poverty and income disparity Inclusive Many are employed in the informal sector without
growth strives to reduce poverty by improving the job security or proper benefits.
poor’s access to opportunities and resources. 7) Education and Skills Gap- Access to quality
2) Women’s Empowerment- Since women are education and skill development is uneven across
frequently left out of economic possibilities, inclusive regions and socio-economic groups. This leads to a
growth aims to provide them more power through lack of skilled workers and limits opportunities for
employment, education, and training. many individuals.
3) Good Governance- Transparency, accountability,
and efficient institutions that meet the demands of all Way Forward-
citizens are essential for inclusive progress. Achieving inclusive growth in India requires a
4) Education & Skill Development- Building skills is a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach. Here
crucial component of inclusive growth because it are the steps that can be taken to ensure inclusive
paves the way for people to engage fully in the growth:
economy. Education and Skill Development- Improving
5) Equal Opportunity- Inclusive growth works to level access to quality education for all, especially in rural and
the playing field for everyone, regardless of socio- marginalized areas, is crucial.
economic position, gender, race, or religion. 1) Employment Generation- Encouraging sectors that
6) Access to Basic Services- Inclusive growth seeks to create more jobs, such as manufacturing, services,
guarantee that all citizens have access to basic and entrepreneurship, can help reduce unemployment
services including healthcare, education, and and underemployment.
sanitation. This access should include not only the 2) Social Protection Programs- Strengthening and
quantity, but also quality, of these basic services. expanding social safety nets like the Mahatma
7) Employment Creation- To combat poverty and Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
advance economic development, inclusive growth (MGNREGA), subsidized food programs, and
aims to increase employment, especially for healthcare initiatives can provide a safety net for
disadvantaged and marginalised people. vulnerable populations.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 318 YCT

3) Financial Inclusion- Expanding access to banking Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev
and financial services, especially in rural areas, can Jayate Karyakram are fuelling innovation
empower individuals and small businesses. Initiatives and sustainable industrial and economic
like Jan Dhan Yojana and Microfinance Institutions develop SAGARMALA, BHARATMALA,
can play a significant role here. DFC, UDAAN
4) Rural Development- Focusing on agriculture by Goal 10 : Reduced Inequalities : Pradhan Mantri
modernizing techniques, providing better access to Mudra Yojana supports entrepreneurs
markets, and improving infrastructure can spur providing credit to MSME
growth in rural areas. Goal 11: sustainable cities and communities : Prime
5) Policy Reforms- Implementing policies that promote Minister Awas Yojana (PMAY Urban) for
inclusive growth, such as progressive taxation, land providing housing to urban . National Clean
reforms, labour reforms, and policies targeting Air Mission to mitigate air pollution.
marginalized communities, can play a pivotal role. Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production :
A holistic approach that addresses these multiple Mission LIFE
dimensions while considering regional disparities and the Goal 13 : Climate action: National Action Plan on
diverse needs of the population will be key in moving Climate Change which provides an
India toward a path of inclusive growth. Collaboration overarching policy framework for all climate
between government, private sector, civil society, and actions including mitigation and adaptation.
international organisations is crucial in executing these Goal 14 : Life Below Water : India has also come up
strategies effectively. with a Marine Protected Area
(MPA) network which is used to manage
Q. 13 : Describe the various efforts being made in and conserve marine biodiversity In 2021,
India to achieve the 'Sustainable Development Goals' the Indian government notified Plastic
Ans. According to Brudtland commission report Waste Management Amendment Rules,
sustainable development is development that meets the banning the use of single-use plastics in the
need of present generation without compromising the country, in an effort to reduce the plastic
ability of future generation to meet their needs. waste generated.
In January 2015, at the UN Sustainable Development Furthermore, India has initiated various
Summit 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, was projects to enhance water quality and safety,
adopted with 17 SDGs at its core. notably through initiatives like the National
Efforts being made in India to achieve the Mission for Clean Ganga. This program
'Sustainable Development Goals'- concentrates on activities such as
India has taken significant steps towards achieving wastewater and effluent treatment, the
several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which management of solid waste and the
include: development of riverfront areas.
Goal 1: No Poverty: India has successfully lifted Goal 15: Life On Land : National Afforestation
millions of people out of poverty, reducing Programme and a national programme on
the poverty rate from 45% in 1993 to around the Integrated Development of Wildlife
21% in 2011. Habitats
Goal 2: Zero Hunger: National Food Security Act, Goal 16 : Peace, justice and strong institutions:
Mid-day Meal, PM Garib Kalyan Yojana. Goal 17 : Partnerships for the goals
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being: PM Jan India has made tremendous efforts on all pillars of
Ausadhi Yojana, Ayushmaan Bharat. sustainable development and has placed itself as
frontrunner in pursuit of SDG.
Goal 4: Quality Education: Sarva Shiksha Yojana,
PM SHRI. Q 14. Despite various measures to address food
Goal 5: Gender Equality: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao security, major challenges remain." Explain with
(BBBP), Swadhar Greh Scheme, Ujjawala reference to India.
Scheme, Working Women Hostel. Ans. Food security, as defined by the United Nations'
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: Jal Jeevan Committee on World Food Security, means that all
Mission, Swachh Bharat. people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy : Pradhan access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets
Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and
Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM), Green healthy life.
Hydrogen Mission.
Goal 8 : Decent work and Economic Growth : Make
in India, Startup India, Skill India, Digital
India have the underlining principle of
creating employment opportunities for the
country’s youth.
Goal 9 : Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure :
Make in India and Start Up India as well as

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 319 YCT

 Availability: It is related to the production and Q. 15 : "The Public Distribution System (PDS) has
supply of food. proved to be the most effective instrument of
Access: It is related to the ability of people to obtain Government policy over the years in stabilizing prices
food. and making food available to consumers at affordable
Utilization: It is related to the way people use food. prices." Explain the statement.
Stability: It is related to the ability of the food Ans. The Public Distribution System (PDS) is the
system to withstand shocks and stresses. system for distribution of food grains and essential
The Government of India has taken various commodities for poor and vulnerable at subsidized
measures to ensure food security - prices.
1. The National Food Security Act, 2013 Central and State government jointly manage the
2. The Public Distribution System (PDS) PDS where central government responsibility is
3. The Mid-Day Meal Scheme The Mid-Day Meal procurement , storage and bulk allocation through Food
Scheme Corporation of India and state has operational
4. The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) responbility of idenfication of beneficiaries through
5. The National Nutrition Strategy ration cards and last mile delivery through Fair Price
6. The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana shops.
(PMKSY)
7. The Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
8. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
(NMSA)
However, the problem of chronic hunger and
malnutrition seems to prevail on a large scale. India
currently has the largest number of undernourished
people in the world i.e. 212 million.
However there are persisting challenges which
remained -
1. Poverty- Huge population depends on agriculture but
there is an agararian crisis and agriculture has not PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument
been remunerative resulting in lack of economic of Government policy over the years in-
access. 1. Stabilizing Prices-
2. Hidden Hunger & Malnutrition- Mere calorie By maintaining Buffer stocks of food grains in
intake doesn’t ensure nutritional well-being. warehouse and open market sales in case of rising
Malnutrition remains a challenge, with the National prices thus keeping check on inflation. By
Family Health Survey-5 reporting 35% of children maintaining Buffer stocks of food grains in
under five being stunted. India is also suffering from warehouse and open market sales in case of rising
Nutri Puzzle. prices thus keeping check on inflation.
3. Faulty food distribution system- Leakages, lack of 2. Availability at Affordable Prices-
transparency, and corruption in PDS hinder the Essential commodities like rice, wheat, and course
efficient distribution of subsidized food grains to the grains are provided at highly subsidised prices, at a
deserving population. Inadequate distribution of food uniform price all over the country. It ensures that
through public distribution mechanisms (PDS i.e. even poorest section of population can afford it.
Public Distribution System) is also a reason for food 3. Food Security:-
insecurity in the country. Under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013
4. Unmonitored nutrition programmes- Although a food security to 75 % of rural population and 50%
number of programmes for improving nutrition are urban population is ensured through PDS.
planned in the country but these are not properly
4. Crisis Management-
implemented. For instance, a number of states have
During difficult times PDS is used to facilitate
yet to introduce the Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS).
citizens fith grains and other essential items.
5. Climate Change- Changing climate patterns affect Example- PM Garib Kalyan Yojana during Corona
agricultural yield. As NITI Aayog reported, almost pandemic.
50% of India’s population might not have enough
drinking water by 2030, impacting agriculture. However PDS is suffering from some challenges like-
There is a compelling need to operationalise the 1. Inclusion &Exclusion errors of beneficery.
concept of nutrition security which implies physical, 2. Supply chain issues like leakages to black market
economic and social access to balanced diet, clean along with transit and storage losses.
drinking water, safe environment, and health care. 3. Cereal centric policy with bias towards wheat and
Ensuring food security alone will aid in reducing hunger rice causing hidden hunger. Cereal centric policy
but will not eliminate malnutrition or impact nutrition with bias towards wheat and rice causing hidden
status largely if other components such as safe drinking hunger.
water and health care are also not envisaged. 4. Portability challenges related to migrants.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 320 YCT

Way Forward
1. Diversification- Shift from cereal centric policy
towards millets and proteins.
2. Universalization of PDS for all.
3. Technological Intervention- Leakages , inclusion
exclusion errors can be addressed thorugh adoption
of technology like GPS tracking, Jandhan-Adhaar-
Mobile(JAM) trinity, Digital vouchers.
Diversification, decentralization and technological
overhaul of PDS is need of hour to address the 1. Vaccine Production: India, notably the Serum
challenges in PDS to ensure it serves its purpose. Institute, is a major vaccine manufacturer, providing
low-cost vaccines to India and globally.
Q. 16 : What steps are being taken to meet the
2. Genetic Engineering: Producing genetically
continuously increasing demand of energy resources
modified crops that are resistant to pests, improve
in India? Discuss with special reference to renewable
crop yield, and have higher nutritional value. For
and sustainable energy resources. example, Bt Cotton, GM Soyabean, etc.
Ans. India's energy consumption has more than 3. Pharmaceuticals: India’s generic pharmaceutical
doubled since 2000, propelled by growing population industry produces affordable medicines, enhancing
and a period of rapid economic growth. India's continued healthcare accessibility, particularly for the poor.
industrialization and urbanisation will make huge 4. Disease Diagnosis- Biotechnology is used for the
demands of its energy sector and its policy makers. diagnosis of a number of diseases. For instance, RT-
Keeping in mind the sustainable development goals PCR is based on genetic amplification to detect the
India's energy mix is rapidly shifting towards a more presence of viruses like Dengue, SARS, etc
significant share of renewable energy. 5. Bioremediation- Biotechnology is also employed in
Steps taken by India- waste management and reducing pollution. For
1. Ambitious Target - India has set a target to reduce example, Phytoremediation uses plants for the
the carbon intensity of the nation's economy by less removal, degradation, or containment of
than 45% by the end of decade, achieve 50 percent contaminants in soils, groundwater, etc.
cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from 6. Bioprocessing: Expertise in bioprocessing is vital for
renewable, and achieve net-zero carbon emission by producing enzymes, biofuels, and other bioproducts.
2070. 7. Stem Cell Research: Advancements in stem cell
2. Solar power - 50 Solar parks with aggregate capacity research offer potential in regenerative medicine.
of 37.49 GW have been approved in India. PM- Role of Biotech in Uplifting Poor’s
KUSUM is promoting solar power in agriculture 1. Increase in Agricultural Productivity-
sector also increased encouragement of roof top solar Biotechnology is helping to increase the income of
power. marginal farmers by increasing crop yield and
3. Wind Power - Wind energy has an off shore target making them climate and pest resilient.
of 30 GW by 2030 with potential sites identified. 2. Affordable Healthcare- The development of
4. Green Hydrogen - India aims to produce 5 million medicines using Biotech is reducing healthcare
tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030 for this Green expenditure for the poor. E.g; the cost of Insulin has
Hydrogen Mission is in place. come down. Affordable Healthcare-The development
5. Global Initiative - International Solar Alliance, One of medicines using Biotech is reducing healthcare
expenditure for the poor. E.g; the cost of Insulin has
Sun One World, One Grid are India's Flagship
come down.
initiative for promotion of renewable energy.
3. Waste to Wealth- Biotechnology is also helping in
Due to government policies and initiatives, the conversion of waste into assets for the poor. E.g.;
technological advancements India has witnessed Bio-composting turns waste into valuable fertilizer.
remarkable growth in renewable energy capacity 4. Pollution Control- The poor suffer the most from
positioning itself as Frontrunner in the global renewable pollution. Biotechnology also helps in reducing
energy market. pollution and thus alleviates their suffering. E.g.;
Q. 17 : What are India's main achievements in Bioremediation techniques help clean landfills
biotechnology? How will these help in the upliftment around slums.
of poor sections of society? 5. Check on Inflation- Biotechnology also helps in
Ans. Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that increasing the shelf life of food products which in
involves the use of live organisms or enzymes from turn keeps their price in check for the poor.
organisms to produce products and processes useful to Biotechnology is a revolutionary field that has the
humans. potential to of address the issue of poverty and hunger.
India has achieved significant milestones in However, there is a need to ensure inclusion of all strata
biotechnology which are as follows- of society in sharing its benefits.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 321 YCT

 Q 18 : Distinguish between natural and manmade However the effectiveness of the approach is
disasters. Also, elucidate the effectiveness of the challenged due to following reasons-
disaster management system in India. 1. Reactive approach- Disater management in India is
Ans. As per UNISDR disaster is "A serious focused more on immediate response e.g search,
disruption of the Functioning of a society involving rescue, food etc while Recovery, Rehabilitation,
widespread human, material, economic or environmental preparedness and mitigation has been neglected.
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the 2. Overlapping of Duties- Presence of various bodies
affected community or society to cope up using its own at different levels and lack of proper mechanism of
resources. cooperation among bodies creates confusion.
Disasters are classified as per origin, into natural and 3. Top down approach- Disaster response approach is
bureaucratic in nature while important stakeholders
man-made disasters. As per severity, disasters are
like community is neglected.
classified as minor or major (in impact).
4. Low capacity of Institutiions- Institutions lacks
Natural Disaster: Natural disasters result from capacity due to lack of trained man force , obsolete
natural processes and phenomena, beyond human technology & equipments.
control. They can be including geophysical such as 5. Poor Funding- many states have not established
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; State Disaster Response Fund. Also CAG reported
hydrological such as floods; meteorological such as about misutilization of disaste funds
hurricanes; climatological such as heat and cold We can say India’s disaster management system has
waves and droughts; and biological such as improved, exemplified by the effective response to
epidemics. Cyclone Fani. However, disaster preparedness mitigation
Man-Made Disaster: Man-made disasters are and capacity development of institutions and community
remains crucial for enhancing overall disaster resilience
primarily caused by human actions, negligence, or
and response capabilities in the country.
intent. Examples in India include industrial accidents,
chemical spills, transportation accidents nuclear Q. 19 : Money laundering poses a serious threat
to a country's economic sovereignty. Information and
accidents, mining accidents ,explosions and terrorist
communication technology has made it more
attacks. challenging." Explain
In December 2005, the Government of India enacted Ans. Money laundering is the conversion of money
the Disaster Management Act, which provides which has been illegally obtained in such a way that it
institutional framework for disaster management. It appears to be legal money.India ranked 70th in Anti-
provides for following institutions- Money Laundering Index 2020 released by BASEL.
National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA): It is the apex body for disaster
management in India, led by the Prime Minister. It
supervises and controls the National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF).
National Executive Committee (NEC): It consists
of high-profile ministers from the Indian government.
The NEC is responsible for implementing the
National Plan for Disaster Management as per the
National Policy on Disaster Management.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
Each state has its own SDMA, headed by the Chief
Money laundering threat to a country's economic
Minister. The SDMA works with a State Executive sovereignty-
Committee (SEC) to assist in disaster management at Money laundering can distort market
the state level. mechanisms, increase volatility, and create economic
District Disaster Management Authority instability. As per International Monetary Fund,
(DDMA): The DDMA is led by the District substantial money laundering activities in an
Collector or equivalent authority and includes elected economy can discourage foreign investors and
increase economic volatility.
representatives from the local government. Its role is
Threat to National Security: Laundered money
to ensure that guidelines from the NDMA and SDMA often funds illegal activities like terrorism, drug
are followed at the district level. trafficking, and other organized crimes that pose a
Local Authorities: Local authorities, such as significant threat to national security.
Panchayati Raj Institutions, Municipalities, and Town Corruption: Money laundering can reinforce
Planning Authorities, are responsible for controlling corruption, erode governance, and weaken
and managing civic services in their respective areas. democratic institutions.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 322 YCT

 Social Impact: The accumulation of wealth through Positive Changes:
money laundering can increase social inequality and Democratisation of Information-: The revolution
further marginalize vulnerable sections of society. has democratised access to information, allowing
Information and communication technology have people to readily obtain news and diverse
facilitated money laundering: perspectives.
Automation, speed, and their cross-border nature Democratization of Society- Cultur of debate,
The main advantages of global information discussion and deliberation in society.
networks—ease of use, speed of information Aware Citizenry: Citizens are more informed about
transfers, automation, their cross-border nature, and national and global issues, fostering a well-informed
the ability to operate in different jurisdictions without citizenry.
being present onsite—enable fast transfers of illegal Empowerment and Accountability: Social media
money and reduce the risk of being detected and citizen journalism empower individuals to report
Anonymity The absence of face-to-face transactions, events and hold authorities accountable, promoting
makes it difficult to implement know-your customer transparency.
techniques or monitor the behavioral patterns of the Global Reach: Indian media’s global reach enhances
customers is another key enabler of money- India’s influence and role on the international stage.
laundering schemes. Economic Growth: The media and entertainment
Complexity of online transactions- Payment industry contributes significantly to India’s economy,
intermediaries follow different rules and allow for generating jobs and stimulating growth.
various activities; many payment providers permit
Negative Changes:
transfers from one intermediary to another, some
Misinformation and Fake News: False information
online payment platforms authorize peer-to-peer
spreads rapidly, causing public panic, social unrest,
transfers, and a number of payment systems are
and harm. Misinformation and Fake News: False
connected to the traditional banking system and allow
credit accounts with bank cards. Implementation of information spreads rapidly, causing public panic,
the traditional techniques to monitor suspicious social unrest, and harm.
transactions by the payment providers can be Yellow Journalism: Some outlets prioritize
undermined by the lack of the implementation of sensationalizing by manufacturing news over
these tools by other intermediaries or by the objective reporting to get higher TRP> Eg. Sushant
insufficiency of the information about client behavior Singh Rajput case
Less or no regulation Most of the intermediaries Privacy Concerns: Easier access to personal data
operating online are either less regulated than raises privacy concerns, including data breaches and
traditional financial institutions or not regulated at misuse.
all. Moreover, a payment intermediary can always Polarisation: Media can deepen political and social
benefit from the differences in regulation between divides by publicizing particular cause or aligning
various jurisdictions and choose a less regulated with some specific ideology fostering echo chambers
environment while being able to operate all over the and resulting in polarization
world through global information networks. Media Trial- Media trial of sensitive cases disrupts
In conclusion, money laundering threatens economic course of investigation and leads to defamation of
sovereignty, with ICT facilitating this threat. Efforts accused. Also it violates Right To Fait Trial of
should be taken in digital surveillance, and global accused. E.g. Arushi Talwar Murder case.
cooperation for safeguarding its financial system and Role of Media in National & International Security
economic integrity. National-
Q. 20 : What positive and negative changes Dissemination of information during contingency.
occured due to the media revolution in India and Promotes transparency leading to people welfare.
around the world? Explain the role of media in Promoting democratic values, National interest,
national and international security. Prevent rumors.
Ans. The term Media, which is plural of medium, International -
refers to communication channels through which we Aware citizens by reporting about global issues
disseminate news, music education and other data. diplomacy, Ex.- Russia-Ukrain war, Israel-Palestine
Media is classified as - issue.
Promote International coordination by reporting the
activities of global institution.
Media has large role to play in national and global
arena. Thus it should follow ethical norms so that mutual
trust and national & International Security can be
strengthen.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-III 323 YCT
 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -IV
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.
5. Problem solving : Moral insight facilitate creative
SECTION - A and ethical problem solving. Civil servants can find
Q. 1 : What do you understand by moral insight? innovative solution that address societal challengers
Ans. : How does it help in moral situation of civil while respecting moral principles and values.
servants? Adaptability: In an ever changing and complex
Moral insight : Moral insight refers to the capacity environment. Civil servants with moral insight can adapt
to perceive, understand and evaluate moral issues or to new situation and challenges while staying true to
dilemmas with depth and clarity. It involves the ability to their ethical principles.
discern right from wrong, to recognize ethical principles They navigate ethical grey areas with thought
and values and to apply them in decision- Making and fullness and adaptability.
actions. Moral insight is not merely about following rules In conclusion, moral insight is essential for civil
or norms but entails a deeper understanding of the servants to fulfill their duties ethically, up hold the public
underlying moral reasoning and implications of one's interest and contribute to well being of society. It allows
choices. them to navigate the complexities of their roles with
For civil servants, moral insight is particularly crucial integrity, compassion and commitment to serving the
due to the nature of their roles and responsibilities. Civil greater good.
servants often face ethical dilemmas and moral
Q. 2 : Examine the relevance of the following in
quandaries in their daily work, where decisions can have
significant impacts on society, individuals and the context of civil service
institutions. a) Spirit of service
How moral insight helps in such situations: b) Courage of firm conviction
1. Decision making: Moral insight helps civil servants Ans. : (a) Spirit of Service: The "Spirit of service"
weigh different moral considerations when making refers to a mindset or ethos characterized by deep
decisions. They can assess the ethical implications of commitment to serving others' often above and beyond
various options and choose the course of action that one's own self interests. The concept of spirit of service"
aligns with ethical principles and public good. is highly relevant in the context of civil services, as it
2. Integrity: Civil servants with moral insight are more encapsulates the foundational ethos and values that guide
likely to up hold high standards of integrity in their public servants in their duties to serve the citizens and up
actions and decisions. hold the principles of governance.
They resists pressures to engage in unethical Breakdowns of it's relevance
behaviour or corruption, even when faced with 1. Commitment to public welfare: The spirit of
difficult circumstances. service underscores the commitment of civil servants
3. Public Trust: Maintain public trust is essential for to the welfare of the public. It's reminds them that
civil servants moral insight enables them to act in their primary duty is to serve the citizens impartially
ways that build and preserve public trust by and effectively irrespective of personal biases or
demonstrating transparency fairness. external pressures.
4. Ethical Leadership: Civil servants with moral 2. Ethical conduct: Civil servants are expected to
insight can provide ethical leadership with their adhere to high ethical standards in their conduct and
organisations they set an example for their decision making. The spirit of service emphasizes
colleagues, promote ethical behaviour a foster a integrity, honesty, and transparency in all dealings
culture of integrity and responsibility. fostering public trust in government institutions.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 324 YCT

 Accountability and Responsibility: Public servants Role of Family:
are accountable to the public for the efficient and Primary Socialization: Family is the first and most
equitable delivery of services. The spirit of service influential agent of socialisaiton for a child. It is being
instills a sense of responsibility among civil servants said that the family is first school for children and
to perform their duties diligently ensuring that parents are the first teacher.
taxpayer resources are utilised effectively for Family has an immense significance in shaping the
common good. values as there is lot of emotional investment in
Professionalism: The spirit of service promotes inculcating values.
professionalism in the civil services, emphasizing Different sets of values which is inculcate in family
competence, expertise and continuous learning. Civil are :- Love, care, respect for elders ; brother hood etc.
servants are expected to uphold professional Values of Nuclear family: Gender equality,
standard's in their work, striving for excellence in Equality in Division of Labor.
service delivery and policy implementation. Values of joint family: Respects for elders,
(b) Courage of firm conviction: The courage of Brotherhood, collective values.
firm conviction refers to the strength and determination Values of Authoritative family:
to stand by one's beliefs principles and values especially Affects the child in two ways:
in the face of opposition, adversity or uncertainty. It Either he became a submissive, continuous to take
encompasses the willingness to uphold what one believes the order from the boss or it can be absolutely
to be right or true even when it might be easier or more counterproductive.
convenient to compromise or abandon those beliefs. Values of Democratic family: Everyone is equal and
given importance.
The courage of firm conviction is highly relevant in
the context of civil servants for several reasons: Role of Society :
Cultural Norms and Expectations: Beyond the
Integrity: Civil servants are entrusted with
family, society at large exposes children to a broader
significant responsibilities, often involving sensitive range of cultural norms, tradition and societal
and critical decision making having the courage of expectations. School, religious institutions peer
firm conviction ensures that they adhere to ethical groups and media all play roles in transmitting values
principles and act with integrity even in the face of and shaping behaviour.
pressure or temptation. Peer Influence: As children grow older, their peers
Service to the public: Civil servants serve the become increasingly influential. Peer groups can
public interest and are accountable for their actions. reinforce or challenge the values instilled by the
Having firm convections allows them to make family. Children may adopt new values or behaviours
decisions are unpopular or face opposition. based on peer pressure are desire to fit in with their
Stability and continuity: Firm convictions provide a social group.
stable foundation for civil servants to navigate Media and Technology: In today's digital age
through complex and challenging situations. It helps children are exposed to vast array of media
maintain consistency in policy implementation and influences, including television, movies, social media
decision making processes contributing to the overall and video games. Media can shape attitudes, values
stability and continuity of government operations. and perceptions of reality often depicting idealised or
Leadership: Civil servants often find themselves in stereotypical portrayals of behaviour and
leadership roles where they must inspire and guide relationships.
others. Demonstrating courage in upholding their In summary, the formation of values in children is a
convictions sets an example for their colleagues and dynamic process shaped by interactions between family
encourages them to act with similar determination and society. While the family provides the foundation for
and commitment to their values. moral and ethical development. broader societal
influence contribute to diversity and complexity of
Q. 3 : "A child learns values by what he observes child's value system. Parents, caregivers, educators and
around him". Discuss the role of family and society in community leaders all have roles to play in fostering a
the formation of values in the light of this statement. supportive environment that nurtures positive values and
Ans. : Values : ethical behaviour in children.
Values are the individual principles or qualities that Q. 4 : In the era of globalisation international
guide judgment and behaviour of a person or a group. ethics is the need of hour for ensuring peace and
values serve as guidelines for moral conduct and stability among the nations. Explain critically.
decision-making guiding individuals in determining what Ans. : The notion that international ethics are
is right or wrong, good or bad. imperative in the era of globalisation for ensuring peace
Role of family and society in the formation of and stability among nation is both compelling and
values: contentious. Let's explore this statement–
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 325 YCT
 Interconnectedness in Globalisation : Q. 5 : "Concealment of information impedes
Globalisation has led to increase interconnectedness public access and involvement." In the light of this
among nations economically, socially and politically. In statement discuss the importance of informational
this context, ethical considerations become vital as sharing and trans patency in government.
actions in one part of the world can have for reacting Ans. : Concealment of information within
consequences elsewhere. government impedes public access and involvement by
For example:- Environmental degradation in one creating barriers to transparency and accountability. In
country can affect the entire planet. contrast information sharing and transparency play
2. Complex Interdependencies: The interdependencies crucial roles in fostering trust, promoting civic
fostered by globalisation mean that action taken by engagement and ensuring effective governance. Here are
one nation can impact others significantly. Ethical several key reasons why information sharing and
behaviour becomes crucial in managing these transparency in government are important.
interdependencies to ensure fairness, equity and 1. Accountability : Transparency enables citizens to
mutual respect among nations. For instance, trade hold their government officials accountable for their
policies that exploit labor or resources unethically can actions. When government activities are conducted in
lead to social unrest and conflict. the open, it becomes easier for the public to assess
Promotion of common values: International ethics whether elected officials and public servants are
can serve as a platform for promoting common values acting in the best interests of the people they serve.
such as human rights, democracy and environmental 2. Trust: Openness and transparency build trust
sustainability upholding these values can contribute between the government and it's citizens when
fostering trust and cooperation among nations which citizens have access to information about government
are essential for maintaining peace and stability in the processes, decision- making and expenditures, they
global arena. are more likely to truest that their government is
acting with integrity and honesty.
Challenges of sovereignty: However, applying
international ethics faces challenges; Particularly 3. Informed section-making: Access to accurate and
timely information allows citizens to make informed
regarding national sovereignty. Nations may priorities
decisions about their lives and communities. Whether
their own interest and moral dilemmas.
it's understanding policies evaluating candidates for
For example; issues such as humanitarian office or participating in public debates. information
intervention and sovereignty often clash, raising empowers citizens to actively engage in the
questions about applicability of ethical principles in democratic process.
international relations. 4. Efficiency and effectiveness: Transparency can lead
Cultural relativism: Another challenge is the to more efficient and effective government operation.
diversity of ethical frameworks across cultures. What When government agencies operate transparently,
may be considered ethical is one culture may not be they are more like to identify inefficiencies, root out
perceived similarly in another. This cultural corruption and responds promptly to public concerns
relativism complicates the establishment of and feedback.
university, applicable ethical norms in the 5. Preventing abuse of power: Transparency acts as a
international arena. deterrent against the abuse of power and corruption
Power Dynamics and Real politik: The realities of within government when government actions are
power dynamics and real politik often over shadow subject to public scrutiny, officials are less likely to
ethical considerations in international relations. engage in unethical behaviour or misuse public
Powerful nations may exploits their positions for their resources for personal gain.
own benefit disregarding ethical principles- this can 6. Promoting innovation and collaboration:
lead to inequalities and injustices that undermine Open access to government data and information
peace and stability globally. encourage innovation and collaboration both within
Enforcement and compliance: Even if ethical and outside of government.
norms are established at international level, enforcing Researchers. business and civil society organisation
compliance remains a challenge. International can use government data to develop new solution to
institutions like the united nations play role, but their social challenges, driving economic growth and
effectiveness is often hampered by political interests social progress.
and lack of enforcement mechanisms. 7. Social justice and equity: Transparency helps to
In conclusion, while international ethics are promote social justice and equity by ensuring that
undoubtly important in the era of globalisation for government policies and actions are fair and
promoting peace and stability, their implementation equitable for all citizens. By shedding light on
faces numerous challenges. Overcoming to these disparities and injustices transparency can empower
challenges requires a nuanced approach that balances the marginalised communities to advocate for change
promotion of ethical principles perspectives while and hold government accountable for addressing
striving for common values and norms. systemic inequalities.

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 In conclusion, information sharing and transparency are Classcial or Pavlovian conditioning experiment
essential pillars of democratic governance. By promoting
accountability, trust informed decision making, efficiency,
equity and innovation, transparency strengthens the
relationship between government and citizens and
contributes to a healthier and more vibrant democracy.
Q. 6 : Describe various components of attitude ■ In classical conditioning two things are put together
and discuss factors that influence attitude formation. or condition together in such a way that it forces
Ans.: Attitude: Attitude refers to a psychological person to believe that two things always occur
tendency that is expressed by evaluation a particular together in co-relation with each other.
object with some degree favour or disfavour. Instrumental conditioning:
"Object" includes people things events and issues. According to this, behaviors that are followed by
Attitudes are feeling and beliefs that determine the positive outcomes tend to be strengthened, while
behaviour of the persons. They provide frame work for those that are followed by negative outcome are
responding in a particular fashion. suppressed.
The attitude may be positive and negative. For example: Early in your life, if your parents and
The positive attitudes yield favorable behaviour and teachers praised you for doing well in studies, you
negative attitudes yield unfavorable behaviour. may have doubled your efforts and developed a
Components of Attitudes: There are three positive attitude towards studies, However, if your
components of attitude generally called CAB friends parents did not acknowledge her
■ Cognitive achievements in studies she would have probably
■ Affective developed a negative attitude towards studies.
■ Behavioural Observational learning:
Cognitive component: The cognitive component of The phenomenon by which a person acquires new
attitude refers to the beliefs, thoughts and attributes forms of behaviour or thought simply by observing
we associated with an object. When you form your
the rewards and punishments that others get is called
opinion or judgement on the basis of available
information and decide whether you have a observational learning.
favourable or unfavourable opinion on that, it is the Genetic Factors:
cognitive part of an attitude we are taking about. Genetic factors also play a role in shaping attitudes of
Affective component: The affective component of an individual. However, they play stronger role in
attitudes refers to feeling or emotion (eg. fear, shaping some attitudes than others.
sympathy, hates, like pleasure) linked to an attitude For example: Attitudes involving gut-level
object. It plays a very important role in attitude preferences (say a preference for certain kind of food)
formation; Also it is a common component in attitude may be more strongly influenced by genetic factors
change persuasion, social influence and even decision that attitudes that are more cognitive in nature (say
making. How we feel about an outcome may override attitude towards environment conservation).
purely cognitive rationales.
Behaviour component: The behavior component of Q. 6 : Discuss any two important attributes which
attitudes refers to a tendency or predisposition to act you consider important for public servant. Justify
in a certain manner. The predisposition to behave in a your answer.
manner may be caused by affective and cognitive Ans.: The honesty and integrity these are most
components. commonly value associated with public servants.
For example: The things you believe about Honesty and integrity are crucial qualities for public
something (for e.g my boss is corrupt and is misusing servants due to the significant responsibility they hold
company funds) and the way you feel about it (e.g. I serving the interests of the public.
can't stand working for him) may have some effect on Integrity:
the way are predisposed to behave (ego I am going to
Integrity is a value cause for unconditional
quit my present job).
commitment to one's moral values. A man of integrity
Formation of attitudes:
will follow moral values in all the circumstances.
■ Determinants
In another words, Integrity is consistency in
■ Process/Mechanism of attitude formation (theories following moral values (honesty) in all the circumstances
related to attitudinal formation) even if the person is threatened or bribed to commit
Determinates Process mechanism wrong. a person with integrity continuous to hold the
Family Classical or Pavlovian moral values without getting influenced by external
School conditioning agent.
Religion Instrumental conditioning Integrity also means there is consistency in person's
Media Observational learning thinking speech and action component.
Genetic factors. In simple words there is consistency in.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 327 YCT
 What person think. In other word, integrity is consistency in following
What he speak. moral values in all the circumstance even if the person is
What he do/action. threatened or bribed to commit wrong, a person with
There is 3 type of integrity: integrity continuous to hold the moral value without
1. Moral integrity: Consistency in following moral getting influenced by external agent
values. Integrity also means there is consistency in persons
2. Intellectual integrity: Being truthful in one's thinking speech and action component in simple words,
opinion and intellectual work. there is consistency in–
3. Organisational/Professional integrity: follow What a person think.
Organisational value and norms. e.g. code of What he speak and.
conducts code of ethics etc. What he do/action.
It is said integrity is really judged, when nobody is
Q. 7 : Discuss any two important attributes which observing.
you consider important for public servant justify Honesty: It will guarantee and say you are not
your answer. corrupt uncorrupt. While Integrity say you are
Ans. : Civil servants are expected to work in the uncorrectable.
larger interest of public, the behaviour of a civil servant Impartiality:
is product of his attitude and his attitude in-turn is a 'Impartiality' refers to the quality or state of being
product of the values that he uphold. To this end that is unbiased. fair and just in judgment or decision. Making
to make civil servant deliver public duty, codification of without favoritism or prejudice towards any particular
set of minimum value (basic minimum value). person, group or idea. It entails treating all parties or
Following are two sets of value that civil servant is viewpoints equally and objectively, regardless of
expected to uphold- personal feelings opinions or external influences.
(1) ARC – IInd Recommendation. A civil servant while discharging the public duties
(2) Nolan committee Recommendation. should make decision solely on the basis of objective
List of ARC-IInd Recommendation criteria/merit/rules and regulation and he must not do so
1).Honesty and Integrity on the basis of objective bias/individual bias that is caste
2). Impartiality bias religious, sex, birth of place bias etc.
3). Transparency It is said you need to follow what is written in rule
4). Accountability book.
5). Dedication to public service Examples and situations where in impartiality is not
6). Empathy upholder–
7). Compassion Sr. Favour Result
8). Tolerance No.
9). Courage and 1. Family Nepotism
10). Leadership 2. Corporate Class Crony- Capitalism
List of Nolan committee recommendation It is unholy nexus between
Selflessness the corporate class and
Integrity politico administrative
class.
Objectivity
Accountability Civil servant is expected to remain political neutral
that is civil servant should not make any decision basis
Openers
upon his personal political ideology.
Honesty and
Leadership Q. 8 : How can liberty and objectivity be fostered
■ In among values, Honesty and integrity and among civil servants? Give your suggestion.
Impartiality, these are the values which a civil Ans. : Liberty: Liberty refers to the freedom of
servant must have . individuals to make choices and pursue their interests
Honesty and Integrity without undue interference or coercion from others.
Honesty: Objectivity: Objectivity refers to the ability to
Being truthful in one's action and behaviour is honest. approach ethical issues and decision- making processes
Here truthful means no lie, no, deception/no fraud . with impartiality, fairness and commitment to truth.
Integrity Liberty and objectivity play significant roles in
Integrity is a value cause for unconditional ethical frame works and decision making processes.
commitment to one's moral values. A man of Fostering liberty and objectivity among civil servants is
integrity will follow moral values in all the important for maintaining a fair and just government.
circumstances. Here are several suggestion to promote these values.

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1. Training and education program: Implement By implementing these strategies, government,
comprehensive training programs that emphasize the agencies can help in fostering a culture of liberty and
importance of liberty, objectivity and ethical objectivity among civil servants ultimately leading to
behaviour in public service. These programs should more effective and equitable governance.
cover topics such as conflict of interest, impartiality
and importance of upholding democratic principles. Q. 9 : Explain the role of emotional intelligence
for good governance and administration.
2. Clear code of conduct: Develop and enforce a clear
code of conduct for civil servants that outlines Ans. : Emotional intelligence: Emotional
expected behaviours and ethical standards. intelligence (EI) also referred as Emotional Quotient
This code should explicitly address the principles of (EQ) is the ability to recognise understand, mange and
liberty and objectivity, providing guidance on how to express emotions effectively both in oneself and in
navigate situations where these principles may be others. It involves a set of skills that enable individuals
challenged. to navigate social interactions build and maintain
3. Promotion of Diversity and inclusion: Faster and relationship and cope with the demands and challenges
inclusive war environment that values diverse of everyday life. The concept of emotional intelligence
perspectives and experiences. Encourage civil encompasses several key components–
servants to consider a wide range of viewpoints and Components of Emotional intelligence
approaches when making decisions, promoting
objectivity and fairness.
4. Transparent Decision making processes:
Ensure that decision making processes within
government agencies are transparent and accountable
civil servants should understands, how decisions are
made and rationale behind them, reducing the
potential for bias or favoritism.
5. Whistleblower Protection: Establish robust whistle
blower protection mechanism to encourage civil Role of emotional intelligence in good governance
servants to report unethical behaviour or violations of and administration:
liberty and objectivity without fear of retaliation. 1. Self awareness: This involves recognising and
This can help identify and address issues before they understanding one's own emotions including their
escalates. triggers, strengths, weaknesses and impact on
6. Independent over sight and accountability: behaviour and decision making.
Create independent over sight bodies tasked with 2. Self regulation : Self regulation is the ability to
monitoring the behaviour of civil servants and manage and control one's emotions, impulses and
ensuring adherence to ethical standards these bodies reactions in various situations. It involved techniques
should have the authority to investigate complaints such as stress management, impulses and reactions in
and take appropriate action when violation occur. various situations. It involves techniques such as
7. Encourage critical thinking: Promote critical stress management, impulse control and adaptability
thinking skills among civil servants encouraging to changing circumstances.
them to question; assumption, challenge biases and 3. Social awareness: Social awareness entails
consider alternative perspectives. This can prevent recognizing understanding the emotions needs and
group thinking and promote objectivity decision- concerns of other. It involves empathy perspective
making processes. taking and the ability to pick up on nonverbal cues
8. Reward Ethical Behaviour: Recognize and reward and emotional signals.
civil servants who demonstrate a commitment to
4. Relationship management: Relationship
upholding liberty and objectivity in their work. This
management involves using emotional intelligence to
can help incentivize ethical behaviour and create a
culture where these values are celebrated. build and maintain healthy productive relationship
with others. This includes effective communication,
9. Regular Ethical Training: Conduct regular ethical
training sessions to ensure that civil servants stays up conflict resolution teamwork and collaboration skills.
to date with evolving ethical standards and best In conclusion, emotional intelligence is not fixed and
practices. can be developed and enhanced overtime through self-
10. Lead by Examples: Government leader and senior reflection, practice and learning from experiences.
officials should lead by examples demonstrating a Research has shown that individuals with higher levels
strong commitment to liberty, objectivity and ethical of emotional intelligence tend to have better mental
behaviour in their own conduct. Their actions set the health, stronger interpersonal relationships, and greater
tone for the entire organisation and can influence the success in various aspects of life including work,
behaviour of civil servants at all levels. leadership and overall well being.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 329 YCT
 Q. 10 : What is the role of social influence in administration through their leadership styles,
public administration? Elucidate with examples. priorities and policy agendas.
Ans. : Social influence refers to the process by which For instance: A Mayor or government who
individuals or groups change the attitudes beliefs or champions a particular issue such as education
behaviour of others through direct or indirect means. It's reform or economic development, may influence the
a fundamental aspect of human interaction and can focus and direction of government agencies under
occur in various forms, including conformity, obedience, their jurisdiction: public administrators may align
persuasion and compliance. their actions and decisions with the priorities set by
Here are some examples that illustrate the role of political leaders to maintain support and advance
social influence in public administration:- their careers.
1. Public Opinion and policy Decision: Elected These examples demonstrate how social influence
officials and public administrators are often permeates various aspects of public administration.
influenced by public opinion when making policy Shaping policy outcomes, organizational behaviour, and
decision. public perceptions of government institutions.
For example: Consider a city, government deciding Understanding and managing social influence is essential
whether to implement a new transportation system. If for effective governance and fostering trust between
the majority of the public expresses strong support government and society.
for the initiative through surveys, town hall meeting Q. 11: What do you understand by Ethical
or social media, policy makers may be more inclined governance? Elucidate with examples.
to allocate resources and prioritize the project, even if Ans.: Ethical governance refers to the practice of
there are dissenting voices or logistical challenges. managing an organisation or institution in manner that
2. Interest groups and lobbying: Interest groups exert prioritizes ethical principles, values and standards. It
social influence on public administration by involves the implementation of policies. procedures and
advocating for specific polices or interests. For decision - making processes that are guided by integrity,
instance, environmental advocacy groups may lobby transparency accountability fairness and respect for stake
government agencies to implement stricter holders rights and interests.
regulations on air pollution. Through various tactics Here are key components and examples of ethical
such as lobbying; meetings, media campaigns and governances are:
grassroots organisation, these groups can shape 1. Integrity: Ethical governance requires individual in
policy agendas and influence administrative decision. leadership positions to act with honesty, sincerity
3. Media coverage and Accountability: Media and a commitment to moral principles this includes
coverage can influence public administration by being truthful in communication, adhering to
shaping public perceptions and holding government promises and commitments and avoiding conflicts of
officials accountable for their actions. interest.
For examples: Investigative journalism exposing Examples: A CEO publicly discloses any potential
corruption or mismanagement within a government conflicts of interest arising from personal investments
agency can lead to public outrage and calls for or relationships that could influence company
reform. The bear of negative publicity and public decisions.
backlash can incentivize administrator to at 2. Transparency: Ethical governance promotes
transparently and responsibly in their decision openness and clarity in decision-making processes,
making processes. allowing stakeholders to understand how and why
4. Social Norms and organizational culture: certain decisions are made. Transparent practices
Social norms and organizational culture influence the facilities trust building among stakeholders.
behaviour of public administrations within Example: A government agency publishes detailed
government agencies. For instance, if a government reports on it's budget allocations, expenditures, and
agency has a culture of transparency and project outcomes, providing citizens with access to
accountability them employees may feel more information about public spending.
inclined to report instances of wrongdoing or 3. Accountability: Ethical governance entails holding
inefficiency. Conversely, in agencies where there is a individuals and organisations responsible for their
culture of secrecy and resistance to change, actions and decisions. This involves establishing
employees may be less likely to speak out or mechanisms for oversight, evaluation and
challenge existing practices. consequences for misconduct or failure to uphold
5. Community engagement and participation: ethical standards.
Social influence can impact community engagement, Example: A corporate board of directors conduct
initiatives undertaken by public administrators. regular performance evaluations of executives,
6. Political Leadership and Decision making: assessing not only financial results but also adherence
Political leaders exert social influence on public to ethical guidelines and corporate values.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 330 YCT
4. Fairness: Ethical governance necessitates treating Arguments and justification
all stakeholders impartially and without 1. Pubic welfare focus: The primary duty of a civil
discrimination ensuring equitable access to servants is to serve the public interest. public policies
opportunities. resources and benefits. are designed to address social issues, improve quality
Example: A university adopts merit based of life and ensure fairness and justice for all citizens.
admission process evaluates applicants solely on This involves considering the needs, preferences, and
academic qualifications and extracurricular well being of the general population over narrow or
achievements without regard to their socioeconomic special interests.
background. 2. Ethical Responsibility: Civil servants have a moral
and ethical obligation to act in the best interests of the
5. Respect for stakeholder's rights: public. Their decisions can have profound impacts on
Ethical governance involves recognising and people's lives, communities and environment. By
protecting the rights dignity and autonomy of all focusing on public welfare, civil servants uphold the
individuals and groups affected by an organisation's principles of good governance, accountability and
decisions and actions. transparency which are essential for maintaining public
Example: A multinational corporation consults with trust and confidence in government institutions.
indigenous communities and obtains their free prior, 3. Long term Sustainability: Policies that prioritize
and informed consents before initiating any projects public welfare tend to more sustainable in long run.
on their ancestral lands. They promote social cohesion, economic stability and
6. Compliance with laws and Regulations: Ethical environmental stewardship, leading to healthier and
governance requires adherence to legal requirements more resilient society. Civil servants must consider
and regulatory frameworks as well as a commitment the long term implications of their policies decisions
to ensure that they contribute positively to the overall
to upholding ethical standards even where not
well being and prosperity of present and future
explicitly mandated by law.
generation.
Example: A healthcare organisations ensure full 4. Foresight for unintended consequences: Despite
compliance with patient privacy laws (such as HIPPA careful planning, policies can sometimes have
in the United States) and implements additional unintended or unforeseen consequence. Civil servants
safeguards to protect patient confidentiality and data can identify and mitigate potential risks before they
security. escalate into major problems.
7. Continuous Improvement and Learning: Ethical 5. Adaptability and Flexibility: Recognizing the
governance involves fostering a culture of learning, complexity and uncertainty of the policymaking
reflection and adaption where individuals and process, civil servants should remain adaptable and
organizations continuously strive to improve their flexible in their approach. They should be willing to
ethical practices and address emerging challenges. adjust policies in response to changing circumstances,
Example: A non-profit organisation regularly emerging challenges or unexpected outcomes. This
conducts ethics training workshops for it's staff and requires a proactive and dynamic mindset that
volunteers, encouraging open dialogue about ethical prioritizes continuous learning innovation and
improvement in policymaking practices.
dilemmas encountered in their work and sharing best
In conclusion, civil servants play a crucial role in
practices for ethical decision making.
promoting public welfare and ensuring the effective
In conclusion, ethical governance is essential for implementation of public policies. By prioritizing public
fostering trust credibility and sustainability in welfare and exercising foresight to anticipate potential
organisations across various sectors. By incorporating consequences, civil servants can contribute to the
ethical principles into governance structures and creation of policies that are equitable, sustainable and
practices, institutions can better fulfill their missions responsive to the needs of society.
meet stakeholder expectations and contribute positively
to society. Q. 13 : Can Bhagavad-Gita be an ethical guide for
civil servants? comment.
Q. 12 : While formulating public polices a civil Ans. : Bhagvad Gita, a sacred Hindu text, offers
servants must safely focus on the public welfare and profound insight into ethics; duty and morality which can
while implementing those policies he must have a certainly be valuable for civil servants.
foresight to infer possible unexpected consequences. Guiding Principles of Bhagvat Gita for Civil
Do you agree with this statement? Give arguments Servants:
and justifications for your answer. 1. Ethical Dilemmas: The Gita addresses Arjuna's
Ans. : Yes I agree with the statement that civil ethical dilemma about participating in battle where he
servants must focus on public welfare while formulating would have to fight against his own relatives. This
public policies and also need to have the foresight of dilemma mirrors situations of civil servants might
infer possible unexpected consequences during policy face where they have to make tough decisions
implementation. balancing duty morality and personal relationships.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 331 YCT

2. Dharma (Duty): The concept of Dharma is core to Determinants of Ethics in Human Action:
the Gita. It emphasizes fulfilling one's duty selflessly 1. Moral principles and values: These are the
and without attachment to the outcome. Civil fundamental beliefs and ideals that guide human
servants can draw from this teaching to priorities behaviour. They include concepts such as honesty,
their responsibilities to serve the public interest integrity; fairness, compassion and respect for others.
regardless of personal gain or consequence. moral principles serve as the foundation for ethical
3. Detachment: The Gita teaches the importance of decision making and action.
detachment from the fruits results of one's actions. 2. Cultural and social Norms: The cultural and social
Civil servants can adopt this attitude to perform their context in which individuals are raised and live plays
duties impartially and without being swayed by a significant role in shaping their ethical beliefs and
external influence or personal biases. behaviours. Cultural norms, traditions and societal
4. Leadership: The Gita provides insight into effective expectations influence how individuals perceive right
leadership through the character of lord Krishna, who and wrong and the moral standards they adhere to in
serves as Arjuna's guide. Civil servants can learn their actions.
about the qualities of a good leader, such as wisdom, 3. Personal beliefs and convictions: Individual beliefs
empathy and clarity of vision which are essential for philosophies and religious or spiritual convictions
effective governance. can strongly influence ethical decision making. These
5. Equality and justice: The Gita emphasized the personal perspective provide a framework through
equality of all being and the importance of justice. which individuals evaluate moral dilemmas and
Civil servants can apply these principles in their choose course of actions that align with their values
decision - making processes to ensure fairness and and beliefs.
equity in their actions and policies. 4. Cognitive Development: Cognitive factors such as
6. Stress management: The Gita offers techniques for reasoning abilities, moral development and ethical
managing stress and maintain mental equilibrium awareness also impacts human actions. As
such as meditation and yoga. Civil servants, often individuals mature intellectually and morally they
facing high pressure situations, can benefit from became increasingly capable of making complex
these practices to stay calm and focused amidst judgments and acting in accordance with higher
challenges. moral principles.
In Conclusion Bhagvad Gita provides valuable Consequences of Ethics in Human Action
ethical guidance, it's essential to recognize that civil
1. Personal integrity and character Development:
servants operate within legal civil servants operate within
Ethical behaviour contributes to the development of
legal frameworks and institutional structures that may
personal integrity and character. By consistently
differ from the ancient context of the text. Therefore
acting in accordance with moral principles
while drawing inspiration from the Gita, Civil servants
individuals cultivate virtues such as honesty, integrity
should also adhere to contemporary laws, regulations and
and empathy which are essential for building trust
professional codes of conduct in their decision-making
and fostering meaning full relationships with others.
processes.
2. Social Cohesion and Trust: Ethical behaviour
Q. 14 : What is meant by Human action in ethics? fosters trust, cooperation and mutual respect with in
Discuss the determinants and consequences of ethics communities and societies. When individuals adhere
in Human Action. to ethical standards in their interactions with others it
Ans. : In ethics Human actions or Human Act, promotes social cohesion and contributes to the
refers to the intentional behaviour or conduct of creation of a more harmonious and just society.
individuals that has moral significance or implications. It 3. Organisational and Institutional integrity:
encompasses decision and actions that individuals take in In the context of organization and institutions ethical
their interaction with others and the world around them, conduct is essential for maintaining integrity
guided by moral principles, values and beliefs. credibility and public trust. When individuals within
There is a difference between Acts of Human and these entities act ethically, it enhances organisational
Human Acts respectively. Not every act that a human reputation, promotes employee morale and fosters a
being does is a typically human act. Human Activities, culture of transparency and accountability.
like the circulation of blood, heartbeat over which Positive outcome and well being:
normal people in general have no control are not Ethical decision making tends to lead to positive
classified as human acts. Such acts which are beyond the outcomes and contributes to overall well being. By
control of humans and those which they share in prioritising ethical considerations in their actions,
common with animals are called as acts of humans. Act individual can avoid harm, promotes the common good,
of humans then are in voluntary and therefore not and contribute to the flourishing of themselves and
morally responsible for them. others.

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 In conclusion, human actions in ethics refers They include:
intentional behaviour guided by moral principles and Selflessness: Public officials should act solely in the
values. The determinants of ethics in human action public interest, rather than for personal gain. This
include moral principles cultural norms personal beliefs principle emphasizes the importance of setting aside
and cognitive factors while the consequences personal interests and biases when making decisions.
encompasses personal integrity social cohesion, For Example: A government official should not use
organizational integrity and positive outcomes. Ethical their position to benefit themselves or their family
behaviour plays a crucial role in shaping individual financially.
character fostering trust and co-operation and promoting Integrity: Holders of public office should not place
well being of society as a whole. themselves under any financial or other obligation to
outside individuals or organizations that might seek
Q. 15 : Rajeev is an idealist. He believes that " to influence them in the performance of their official
Service to humanity is service to God", one day he duties.
was going for an interview for government job. He Objectivity: In carrying out public business,
saw a severely injured person lying on the road who including making public appointments awarding
was asking for help. No one come forward to help. contracts or recommending individuals for rewards
Rajeev took the injured person to the hospital and and benefits holders of public office should make
saved his life. But due to this reason, he lost the choices on merit.
opportunity to get a government job. Comment on Accountability: Holders of public office are
Rajeev's decision in the light of above circumstance. accountable for their decisions and actions to the
Ans. Rajeev's decision to help the severely injured public and must submit themselves to whatever
person despite risking his opportunity for a government scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
job reflects his strong adherence to his ideals and Openness: Holders of public office should be as
principles. His beliefs that service to humanity is akin to open as possible about all the decisions and actions
serving god guided his actions in this situation. that they take. They should give reasons for their
By choosing to prioritize the immediate needs of decisions and restrict information only when the
injured person over his own career prospects, Rajiv wider public interest clearly demands.
demonstrated a deep sense of compassion, empathy and Honestly: Holder of public office have a duty to
selflessness. He acted in accordance with his moral declare any private interest relating to their public
compass showing a commitment of helping others in duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts
arising in a way that protects the public interest.
need even at personal cost.
Leadership: Holder of public office should promote
In the border context, Rajeev's decisions highlights
and support these principles by leadership and the
the importance of altruism and ethical conduct in society.
examples.
In a world where self interest often takes precedence,
individual like Rajeev serve as examples of moral Q. 17 : New day social media is used to influence
integrity and social responsibility, while he may have public opinion either in positive or in negative way.
missed out one specific opportunity, his actions likely Being a civil servant, how will you solve this issue?
left a positive impact on the life of the person the helped, Ans. : As a civil servant tasked with addressing the
as well as those who witnessed his act of kindness. issue of social media influencing public opinion, I would
Furthermore, Rajeev actions could inspire others to approach it through a multifaceted strategy aimed at
emulate his behaviour, fostering a culture of compassion promoting transparency, critical thinking and responsible
and solidarity within the community. In this way use of social media platforms. Here's how I would tackle
decision not only reflects his individual character but the problem.
also contributes to the collective well being of society. 1. Education and Awareness campaign:
Ultimately, Rajeev's choice to prioritize the Implementing educational programs to raise
immediate need of a fellow human being over his own awareness among the public about the potential
impact of social media on public opinion. This could
personal gain exemplifies the timeless value of altruism
include literacy and how to identify misinformation
underscores the idea that true service to humanity is
and disinformation.
indeed service to a higher purpose.
2. Collaboration with social media platform:
Q. 16 : What are the major principles of public Collaborating with social media companies to
life? Discuss with suitable examples. develop and enforce policies that promote
Ans. : The major principles of public life is seven transparency, accuracy and integrity of information
principles often referred to as the "Nolan Principles," shared on their platforms. This could involve
stem from a report by lord Nolan in the UK in 1995 implementing fact- checking mechanisms, labeling
These principles are considered fundamental for misleading content, and reducing the spread of false
individuals working in public service and governance. information through algorithmic adjustments.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 333 YCT

3. Promotion of Ethical Journalism: Supporting and misunderstanding, leading to ineffective or even
promoting ethical journalism practices through harmful outcomes. In this sense, integrity without
partnerships with media organizations. Encouraging knowledge lacks the substance and depth needed to
journalists to adhere to professional standards of make informed and meaningfull decision.
accuracy, impartiality and fairness in their reporting Knowledge without integrity is dangerous and
can help counteract the spread of misinformation on terrible:
social media. Knowledge represents information; facts and
4. Regulation and Legislation: Working with understanding acquired through learning and experience.
policymakers to develop regulations and legislation However, if someone has knowledge but lacks of
aimed at addressing the spread of misinformation and integrity, they may misuse the knowledge for unethical
disinformation on social media. This could include or harmful purposes. Without integrity to guide their
measures to hold platforms accountable for the actions individual with knowledge may engage in
content shared on their platforms, as well as penalties deceitful manipulative or destructive behaviours. This can
for deliberate dissemination of false informational. lead to serious consequences both for themselves and for
5. Citizen Engagement and participation: the others. In essence, knowledge without integrity can be
Encouraging citizen engagement and participation in dangerous force capable of causing significant harm.
the democratic process through platforms that foster These statement underscored the importance of
constructive dialogue and debate. This could involve cultivating both integrity and knowledge simultaneously.
creating online forums where citizens can discuss when combined, integrity and knowledge from a
important issues in a respectful and informed manner, powerful foundation for ethical decision making and
with moderation to ensure the quality of discourse. responsible behaviour. Integrity ensures that our actions
6. Promotion of Diversity of voices: Encouraging the are guided by moral principles and honesty, while
promotion of diverse perspectives and voices on knowledge provide us with the understanding and insight
social media platform to counteract echo chambers necessary to navigate complex situations effectively.
and filter bubbles. This could involve supporting Together, they enable us to make informed ethical choice
initiatives that amplify marginalised voices and that contribute to our personal growth and the well being
promote a more inclusive online environment. of the society as a whole.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing Q. 19 : "Non performance of duty by a public
mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the servant is a type of corruption" Do you agree with
effectiveness of interventions aimed at addressing the this statement? Explain logically.
issue of social media influencing public opinion. This Ans. : Non performance of duty by a public servant
could involve collecting data on public attitudes and can indeed be considered a form of corruption, although
behaviour related to social media use, as well as it may not always be as overt or immediately apparent as
assessing the impact of various interventions over other types of corrupt behaviour like bribery or
time. embezzlement.
By implementing these strategies, I believe we can We can easily understand by following points that
mitigate the negative effects of social media on public how non performance of duty by a public servants is a
opinion and promote a more informed engaged and type of corruption-
resilient society. 1. Violation of Trust: Public servants are entrusted
Q. 18 : Integrity without knowledge is weak and with specific responsibilities to serve the public
useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous interest. When they fail to fulfill these duties, they
and terrible. What do you understand by this betray the trust placed in them by the public and
statement? Discuss. undermine the purpose of their role. This breach of
Ans. : The statements reflects importance of both trust can be viewed as a form of corruption because it
integrity and knowledge in our lives and how they involves a misuse or abuse of power.
complement each other. It can be understand by 2. Harm of society: The failure of public servants to
following – perform their duties can have significant negative
1. Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless: consequence for society. It can result in delayed or
Integrity refers to the quality of being honest and inadequate delivery of public services which in turn
having strong moral principles. However if someone can lead to inefficiency, injustice and harm to
possesses integrity but lacks of knowledge or individuals or communities. This failure to act in the
understanding their integrity alone may not be best interest of the public constitutes a form of
enough to guide them effectively. They might make corruption because it prioritizes personal interests or
decisions based on incomplete information or negligence over the welfare of society.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 334 YCT
 Waste of Resources: Non performance of duty often 3. Education and training: Provide education and
leads to wastages of public resources taxpayer training on the new policies and initiatives can help
money may be allocated for specific purposes such as alleviate fears and misunderstanding. Civil servants
infrastructure development, public health, or should offer workshops, seminars and informational
education, but if public servants fails to carry out materials to help stakeholders understand the change
their responsibilities effectively these resources can and how they will be implemented.
be seen as a form of corruption because it deprives 4. Building Coalitions: Civil servants can identify and
the public of the benefits they are entitled to receive. collaborate with influential stakeholder who support
Enabling others form of corruption: Non the proposed changes. Building coalitions with key
performance of duty can create opportunities, for individuals or organizations can help sway opinions
other more overt forms of corruption to flourish.
and garner border support the initiatives.
For example: If public officials responsible for
5. Addressing concerns and feedback: It's essential to
regulatory oversight fact to enforce laws and
regulation effectively, it can create an environment listen to stakeholder's concerns and address them
where bribery, fraud or other illicit activities go thoughtfully. Civil servants should create mechanism
unchecked. In this way, non performance of duty can for collecting feedback and actively respond to
indirectly facilitate and perpetuate corruption in questions and criticisms. By addressing concerns
various sectors of society. directly, they can demonstrate their commitment to
Legal and Ethical considerations: In many legal finding solutions and accommodating stakeholder's
systems and ethical frameworks public servants have needs.
a duty to act in the best interests of the public and to 6. Highlighting success stories: Sharing success stories
uphold the law. Failing to fulfills these obligation can and examples of how similar changes have positively
be considered a violation of legal and ethical impacted other communities or organization can be
standards constituting corruption even if no direct persuasive. Civil servants should highlight the
financial gain or personal benefit is involved. potential benefits and showcase real world examples
In conclusion, non performance of duty by a public to inspire confidence in the proposed changes.
servant can be logically construed as a form of 7. Adaption and Flexibility: Civil servants should
corruption due to its betrayal of trust harm to society, remain open to feedback and be willing to adapt their
wastage of resources facilitation of other corrupt
plans based on stakeholder input.
activities and violation of legal and ethical obligations.
While it may not always involve explicit acts of bribery Demonstrating flexibility and willingness to
or embezzlement it nonetheless represents a breach of incorporate suggestions can help build trust and
the fundamental principles of public service and foster collaboration.
accountability. 8. Leading by example: Civil servant should lead by
Q. 20. Describe the strategies that civil servants example and demonstrate their commitment to the
can employ to overcome resistance to change and proposed changes. By visible supporting the
effectively persuade stakeholders to support new initiatives and adhering to new policies themselves,
policies and initiatives. they can inspire confidence and encourage others to
Ans. : Civil servants often encounter resistance to follow suit.
changes when introducing new policies and initiatives. 9. Celebrating milestone: Recognizing and celebrating
To overcome this resistance and effectively persuade milestone along the way can help maintain
stakeholder to support their changes they can employ momentum and moral. Civil servants should
several strategies:- which are as follows:- acknowledge the progress made and publicly
1. Communication and Transparency: Open and recognize the contributions of stakeholders who have
transparent communication is essential. Civil servants supported the change efforts.
should clearly communicate the rationale behind the 10. Persistence and patience: Change often takes time
proposed changes, including the benefits and and civil servant should be prepared for setbacks and
potential challenges. providing stakeholder, with
resistance along the way. Persistence and patience are
accurate and timely information builds trust and helps
essential virtue in overcoming resistance and
alleviate concerns.
gradually building support for new polices and
2. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging stakeholders
initiatives.
throughout the change process is critical civil
servants should actively involve affected individuals By employing these strategies, civil servants can
and groups in discussion, seeking their input and effectively overcome resistance to change and gain
feedback. This involvement foster's a sense of stakeholder support for their polices and initiatives,
ownership and increases the likelihood of stakeholder ultimately leading to successful implementation and
support. positive outcomes.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-IV 335 YCT

 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -V
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION - A Q. 2 : Discuss the nature of regional parties in

Q. 1 : Critically examines the process of Uttar Pradesh. Throw light on their importance in
appointment of Advocate General and his function in the politics of state.
Uttar Pradesh Ans.: Regional parties play very important role in
Ans.: In Uttar Pradesh, Advocate General is a politics of Uttar Pradesh, India's most popular state and a
important legal advisor to the state government and holds important battle ground in National politics.
significant responsibilities in the legal sphere. Importance of regional parties in Uttar Pradesh :
The process of appointment and the functions of Cultural and identity representation : Uttar
Advocate General play a pivotal role in ensuring the Pradesh is a state with diverse cultural and linguistic
smooth functioning of the state legal machinery.
landscape. Regional parties often emerge to represent
Appointment Process :-
the interests and aspirations of specific linguistic
The Advocate General of Uttar Pradesh is appointed
caste and regional communities.
by Governor of the state on the recommendation of Chief
Minister in consultation with council of minister. Example : Parties like Samajwadi Party (SP) and
In appointment process, though the Chief Minister Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) have strong support basis
and Council of Ministers involves. Ideally it remains among the Yadavas and Dalits respectively while
insulated from political influence to maintain the parties like Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) cater to interest
Advocate General's independence and impartiality. of Jats in western U.P.
Qualification : Focus on Local Issues : Regional parties tend to
The individual appointed as Advocate General should focus on addressing local issues and grievances that
be qualified to be appointed as a Judge of High Court. might not receive adequate attention from national
Functions and Duties :- parties.
As the Chief law officer of the government in the e.g. Agriculture, employment opportunities etc.
state, the duties of the advocate general include the
Electoral dynamics :-
following-
The electoral landscape of UP is marked by intense
1. To give advice to the government of the state upon
such legal matters which are referred to him by the competition among various regional and national
governor. parties with a large number of seats in Lok Sabha and
2. To perform such other duties of a legal character that Rajya Sabha hence U.P. holds immense importance.
are assigned to him by the governor. Regional parties often play an important role in
3. To discharge the functions conferred on him by the shaping alliances and determining electoral
constitution or any other law. outcomes, especially in coalition politics.
In conclusion, the appointment process and functions Social Engineering : -
of Advocate General in the state are important Regional parties in U.P. often engage in social
element in ensuring effective legal representation and engineering by forming alliances or consolidating
advice to the state government. It is essential that the specific caste or community votes.
process remain transparent and the Advocate General
operates with independence, integrity and For example :- BSP have historically focused on
impartiality to uphold the rule of law and protect the Dalit empowerment while SP has sought to
interests of the state. consolidate the support of Yadavs and Muslims.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 336 YCT

Influence on National Politics :- 10. Implementation and Monitoring :- After GPDP is
The size and electoral significance of UP. The approved the implementation phase begins. Regular
performance of regional parties in the state can have monitoring and evaluation are conducted to track
far reaching implications for National Politics. progress.
Q. 3 : Describe the major stages in the Q. 4 : Highlight the greater possibilities of
formulation of Gram Panchayat Development Plan tourism in Uttar Pradesh :
(GPDP) in Uttar Pradesh. Ans. : Tourism in Uttar Pradesh holds significant
Ans. : The formulation of Gram Panchayat potential due to its rich cultural heritage historical
Development Plan (GPDP) in Uttar Pradesh typically landmarks religious significance and natural beauty.
involves several major stages which is as follows:-. Some greater possibilities of tourism in Uttar Pradesh
1. Awareness and Orientation : - The stage involves is as :-
in creating awareness among the Gram-Sabah's 1. Historical landmarks :- Uttar Pradesh is the home
members about the importance of GPDP and their to numerous historical sites including Taj Mahal of
roles in formulation. Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra fort, Ancient city
2. Participatory Planning :- GPDP formulation Varanasi etc, these sites attracts millions of pilgrims
emphasizes participatory planning, wherein the Gram and tourists every year.
Panchayat members actively participate along with 2. Religious Tourism :- The state is renowned for its
community members and local stake holders.
religious diversity and significance. Cities like
3. Data Collection and Analysis :- Data collection is a Varanasi, Allahabad (Prayagraj) Mathura and
an important step in GPDP formulation. It involves in Ayodhya are important pilgrimage destination for
gathering information on various aspects such as
Hindus. Additionally, the Sarnath where Lord
demographics, infrastructure, natural resources,
Buddha delivered his first sermon, is significant sites
livelihoods and existing development schemes. This
for Buddhist.
data is then analyzed to understand the prevailing
conditions and identify gaps and opportunities. 3. Cultural Heritage :- Uttar Pradesh boasts a vibrant
4. Needs Assessment :- Based on the collected data and cultural heritage with traditional music and dance
consultations, a comprehensive needs assessment is cuisine and festivals. Events like Kumbh Mela held
conducted to identify the priority areas for in Prayagraj attracts millions of visitors and are the
intervention. This involves prioritizing development largest gathering in the world.
goals and objectives based on the needs and 4. Wildlife Tourism :- The state is home to several
aspirations of local community. wildlife sanctuaries and national parks offering
5. Formulation of Development Vision and Goals :- opportunities for wildlife enthusiasts and nature
Once the needs of assessment is completed a lovers.
development vision and goals are formulated in 5. Adventure tourism :- Adventure tourism like
consultation with Gram Panchayat members and trekking in the Himalayan foothills. While water
stake holders. rafting in the Ganges river etc.
6. Identification of Projects and Activities :- 6. Medical tourism :- The state have advance
After setting a vision and goals, specific projects and healthcare facilities, cities for medical tourism
activities are identified to address the prioritized attracting patient from around the country and abroad
needs and achieve the defined objectives. for the affordable and quality medical treatment.
7. Resource mobilization and Budgeting :- 7. Culinary tourism :- Uttar Pradesh offers a diverse
Once the projects and activities are identified the next range of culinary delights from Mughlai cuisine in
step is to mobilize resources for their Lucknow to street food in Varanasi. Promoting food
implementation. This involves estimating the tourism can attract gastronomy enthusiasts and food
financial and non-financial resources required for lovers to explore the static's culinary traditions.
each project and developing a budget accordingly. By leveraging these possibilities and focusing on
8. Drafting and DPDP Document :- sustainable tourism development, Uttar Pradesh can
All the inputs gathered from the previous stages are further establish itself a premier tourist destination
compiled into a comprehensive GPDP Document. contributing to economic growth and cultural exchange.
This Document outlines the development vision and
Q.5 : Explain the security challenges in the border
goals, prioritized projects and budget allocation,
implementation timeline and monitoring framework. areas of Uttar Pradesh.
9. Review and Approval :- Ans. : The border area of Uttar Pradesh faces several
security challenges due to their strategic significance
The draft GPDP document is then reviewed by the
Gram Panchayat members stake holders and relevant geographical characteristics and socio political factors
authorities. some are prominent security challenges are as:-

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 337 YCT

1. Cross border Infiltration : The porous borders of Central dome : Central dome is one of the most
U.P. especially along Nepal and Uttarakhand make it prominent feature of Taj Mahal, rising to a height of
susceptible to infiltration by Militants criminals and 73 meters and crowned by a golden finial
illegal migrants. These infiltration posing a threat to Agra Fort :-
national security. Red sand stone construction : - Agra fort is
2. Terrorism :- Uttar Pradesh has witnessed terrorist predominantly built by using red sandstone, which
activities in past and the border areas remain gives the fort a formidable appearance
vulnerable to terrorist infiltration and attacks. Islamic architecture :- It exhibits a fusion of Islamic
Militant groups operating in neighbouring countries and Hindu architectural elements reflecting the
may attempt to use the porous border to carry out diverse cultural influences of Mughal empire
attacks or establish sleeper cells in the state. Double fortified walls :- The fort is encircled by
3. Transnational Crime :- Organised crime syndicates double fortified walls, designed to provide extra
engage in various illegal activities such as human protection against invaders
trafficking, smuggling of contraband goods and wildlife Diwan-i Am and Diwan-i-Khas :- There are two
trafficking across the borders. These criminal activities prominent structures within the fort Diwan-i-.AM
not only pose a threat to law and order but also and Diwan-i- Khas Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public
undermine the economic and social fabric of the region. Audience) was used for addressing the general public
4. Communal Tension : Border areas often have while Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience)
diverse demographics and cultural landscapes which was reserved for private meetings and receptions.
sometimes become flashpoints for communal tension. Fatehpur Sikri :-
clashes between different communities or ethinic Red Sandstone Architecture :- Fatehpur Sikri
groups can escalate quickly, leading to violence and located near Agra is primarily constructed by using
instability in the region. red sandstone similar to Agra Fort.
6. Cyber security : With the increasing digitization and Buland Darwaza :- One of the most notable features
connectivity, cyber threats have emerged as a of Fatehpur Sikri is Buland Darwaza, a great entrance
significant concern in border areas. built to commemorate Akbar's victory over Gujarat.
7. Smuggling of goods :- The border areas of U.P. are Jama Masjid :- The Jama Masjid of Fatehpur Sikri
hubs for the smuggling of goods such as narcotics, is a grand mosque known for it's vast courtyard and
arms, counterfeit currency and illegal wildlife elegant architectural design.
products. These monuments of Agra not only reflect the
8. Insurgency and Militancy :- In certain border architectural brilliance of the Mughal period but also
regions, there may be ongoing insurgencies or stand as symbols of India's cultural heritage and artistic
militancy fueled by various factors such as traditions.
marginalisation ethnic tension or ideological conflict.
Q. 7 : Identify the sites related to Harappan
In conclusion addressing these security challenges Civilisation in Uttar Pradesh :-
requires a comprehensive approach involving improved
Ans. : The Harappan Civilisation, also known as Indus
border surveillance and management intelligence sharing
valley Civilisation flourished around 2600 BCE to 1900
among security agencies enhanced community policing
BCE in the north western regions of Indian Subcontinent,
socio-economic development initiatives and diplomatic
primarily in present day Pakistan and northwest India. The
co-operation with neighbouring countries.
Harappan sites in Uttar Pradesh is as -
Q. 6 : Discuss the architectural features of the Alamgirpur :- Alamgirpur is located at Meerut
monuments of Agra. district of Uttar Pradesh. It is believed to be one of
Ans. : Agra, located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, is the easternmost sites of Harappan Civilisation.
renowned for it's architectural marvels, particularly the Hulas :- Hulas is situated in Basti District of Uttar
monuments built during the Mughal era. The city is most Pradesh. It is an important sites where evidence of
famous for the Taj Mahal but it also boasts several other Harappan Civilisation has been found, indicating its
significant structures that showcase the rich architectural presence in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.
heritage of India. Sonauli : - Sonauli is located in Baghpat district of Uttar
Some of the architectural features of the monuments Pradesh. Excavations at Sonauli have revealed chariots,
of Agra. pottery and other artifacts suggesting a connection to the
Taj Mahal :- late Harappan or Post- Harappan Period.
Mughal Architecture : Characterised by a blend of These sites indicates the presence of Harappan
Persion, Turkish, Indian and Islamic architectural Civilization influence in Uttar Pradesh and they provide
styles. valuable insights into the spread and influence of this
White Marble :- It is build by using white marble ancient civilisation beyond its primary heartland.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 338 YCT

 Q. 8 : Discuss the role of Uttar Pradesh during Q. 10 : How much has the "Operation Kayakalp"
Non-Cooperation Movement. been significant in the efforts of overturning the
Ans. : During the Non-Co-operation movement in primary and upper primary schools into model
India, Uttar Pradesh played a pivotal role in mobilizing schools? Analyse.
masses and channeling the energies of Indian against Ans. : Operation Kayakalp has been significant
British Colonial rule. It emerged as stronghold of the initiative in transforming primary and upper-primary
movement, witnessing massive protest boycotts and civil schools into model institutions in India.
disobedience campaigns. Uttar Pradesh with its large
The operation aimed to improve the infrastructure
population and significant presence of nationalist leaders
quality of education and overall learning environment in
like Jawaharlal Nehru and Motilal Nehru, became of
these schools.
focal point for anti-colonial activities. The Chauri
Chaura incident, where protesters clashed with police, The impacts of operation Kayakalp can be analysed
leading to violence and deaths, marked a turning point in in several aspects :-
the movement. Mahatma Gandhi's subsequent decision to 1. Operation Kayakalp has played a crucial rule in
call off the movement further intensified the spirit of enhancing the physical infrastructure of schools by
defiance against British Rule. Uttar Pradesh's providing necessary facilities such as clean drinking
participation and sacrifice during this movement water, separate toilets for boys and girls, classrooms
underscored its significance in India's struggle for with proper ventilation and adequate furniture.
independence and contributed significantly to shaping 2. The operation has focused on improving the quality
the trajectory of the freedom movement. of education by providing training to teachers,
Q. 9 : What are the key objectives of Uttar developing innovative teaching methods and
Pradesh Data Centre Policy - 2021 introducing technology-enabled learning tools. This
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Data Centre Policy 2021 emphasizes on teacher capacity building and
aims to facilitate the establishment of data centers in the pedagogical innovation enhances the effectiveness of
state, to support the growth of digital infrastructure and classroom instruction leading to better learning
enable the digital transformation of various sectors. outcomes for students.
The key objectives of the policy is as follows :- Furthermore, operation Kayakalp has emphasized
Attract investment :- The primary objectives of the community participation and stakeholder engagement in
policy is to attract investment in the establishment of the improvement process by involving parents local
data centers in Uttar Pradesh. communities and educational authorities, the initiative
Promote employment :- The establishment of data fosters a sense of ownership and accountability which is
centers is expected to generate employment essential for the sustainable development of model
opportunities in the state. schools.
Boost Digital Infrastructure :- Data centers are
crucial components of digital infrastructure, serving Q. 11 : Discuss the various stages of land reforms
as backbone for various digital services and in Uttar Pradesh. How landless agricultural laboures
applications. were benefited from the land reform?
Support Digital Economy :- Data Centers play a Ans. : Land reform in Uttar Pradesh have undergone
vital role in enabling the digital economy by several stages aimed at redistributing land ownership,
providing necessary infrastructure for cloud enhancing agricultural productivity and addressing socio-
computing, big data analytics. Internet of things economic inequalities. These stages typically included
(IOT) and other digital services. legislation, implementation and subsequent amendments
Ensure Data Security and Privacy :- Data security to address emerging challenges.
and privacy are paramount concerns in the digital age The stages of land reforms in Uttar Pradesh -
the policy emphasizes the importance of ensuring Pre-Independence Era :- Land tenure systems were
robust data security measures and compliance with largely feudalistic with large land holdings
the relevant regulation to protect the confidentiality concentrated in the hand of few landlords, leaving the
and availability of data hosted in data centers in Uttar majority of peasants and agricultural laborers was
Pradesh.
either landless or with very small landholdings.
Promote Green Initiatives :- The policy encourages
Post-Independence Initiatives :- Uttar Pradesh like
the adoption of green technologies and practice to
minimise the environmental impact of data center other Indian states, initiated land reform measures
operations including measures to optimize energy post-independence including abolition of
usage reduce carbon emission and manage electronic intermediaries, tenancy reforms and redistribution of
waste responsibility. surplus land to landless and marginal formers.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 339 YCT

 Legislation :- The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Additionally, the Chief secretary plays a significant
Abolition and land reform act 1950 was significant role in budgetary planning and financial management
step towards land redistribution. It abolished the working closely with the finance department to allocate
Zamindari system vested land in tillers and imposed a resources in alignment with government priorities and
ceiling on land holding to prevent concentration of monitor expenditure.
land in few hands. Furthermore, He/She oversee personnel
Implementation Challenges :- Despite the administration within civil services, including
enactment of progressive legislation, implementation appointments, promotions and disciplinary actions to
faced challenges such as resistance from land lords, maintain the integrity and efficiency of the bureaucracy.
inadequate administrative machinery and lack of
Overall, the Chief secretary's multifaceted role in
awareness among beneficiaries.
instrumental in driving efficient governance policy
Amendments and modifications :- Over the years,
implementation and coordination with the administration
amendments were made to the land reforms laws to
of Uttar Pradesh.
address shortcomings and adapt to changing socio-
economic conditions. Q. 13 : Throw light on the e-District Project of
Landless agricultural laboures benefited from land Uttar Pradesh government. Is it a good initiative in
reform through various mechanism such as redistribution the direction of E-governance in Uttar Pradesh?
of surplus land, provision of homestead plots and access Examine
to common property resources. By acquiring land or Ans. : The e-District project of the Uttar Pradesh
gaining access to resources landless laborers obtained a (U.P.) government is a significant initiative aimed at
means of livelihood and economic empowerment. enhancing e-governance in the state. Launched with the
objectives of providing government services to citizens
Q. 12 : Examine the role of Chief Secretary in the
electronically, it seeks to simplify and streamline
administration of Uttar Pradesh-
administrative processes making them more accessible
Ans. : In the administration of Uttar Pradesh, the
and efficient.
chief secretary holds an important position, serving as
One of the key aspects of the e-District Project is the
the top most bureaucrat and principal advisor to the
creation of a digital platform where citizens can avail
Chief Minister and Cabinet. The Chief secretary is
various government services online, eliminating the need
entrusted with overseeing the entire stage government
machinery, ensuring its efficient functioning and for physical visit to government offices. Services such as
implementing government policies effectively. certificates issuance, land records and other essential
documents can be accessed and processed digitally
The Role and responsibilities of Chief Secretary :-
through this platform. This initiatives holds great
Firstly, the Chief secretary act as a co-coordinator,
promise for Uttar Pradesh in terms of improving
facilitating communication and collaboration among
different departments and agencies to ensure coherence governance and enhancing citizen satisfaction. By
in governance and service delivery. He/She a crucial role digitizing services, the government can reduce
in aligning departmental activities with the governments bureaucratic hurdles, minimize corruption and ensure
overarching goals and priorities. faster delivery of services to citizens. It also promotes
Secondly, The Chief Secretary is deeply involved in transparency and accountability in the administration.
policy formulation and implementation. He/She provide However, the success of the e-District project
expert advice to the government on administrative depends on several factors including the availability of
matters contribute to the development of policies and robust infrastructure, adequate training of personnel and
monitor their implementation to ensure they are executed seamless integration of various government departments.
efficiently and effectively. Moreover, ensuring accessibility to citizens across
Moreover, the chief secretary represents the state different socio-economic backgrounds and geographical
government in interaction with the central government, locations is crucial for it's effectiveness.
other state governments and external organizations. They In conclusion the e-District Projects represents a
participates in meetings, negotiations and conferences commendable effort towards modernizing governance in
advocating for the interests of Uttar Pradesh and forging Uttar Pradesh, its long term success will depend on
collaborations for mutual benefits. continuous monitoring, evaluation and adoption to
During crises or emergencies, the Chief secretary address any challenges that may arise.
assumes a leadership role in coordinating disaster With proper implementation and oversight, it has the
response efforts, ensuring prompt and effective action to potential to significantly improve the delivery of
mitigate the impact of such events on the state and it's government services and enhance the overall governance
residents. landscape in the state.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 340 YCT
 Q. 14 How do cast hierarchies and power 2) Surveillance and Monitoring :- The STF conducts
structure affect access to resources and opportunities surveillance operations to track the movements and
in rural Uttar Pradesh? Discuss activities of suspected criminals. By closely
Ans. : In rural Uttar Pradesh, caste hierarchies deeply monitoring their communications and interactions the
influence access to resources and opportunities creating a STF aims to gather evidence that can be used to
stark divide in society. The power structure, historically dismantle criminal networks.
entrenched in the caste system perpetuates socio- 3) Targeted operations :- Based on intelligence
economic disparities, with certain castes enjoying gathered, plans and executes targeted operations to
privileges while other face systemic discrimination. apprehend high profile criminals and disrupt their
activities. These operations often involves
At the top of hierarchy, dominant castes wield
coordinated raids and seizures of illegal goods such
significant power, controlling lands, business and
as drugs, weapons and counterfeit currency.
political influences. They often monopolize access to
4) Collaboration with other agencies :- The STF
resources such as education, healthcare and employment
collaborates closely with other law enforcement
opportunities. Their privileged position enables them to agencies both within Uttar Pradesh and at the
further consolidate their power, reinforcing the status national level to share information and resources in
quo. the fight against organised crime. This collaborative
In contrast, marginalised castes particularly Dalit's approach enhance the effectiveness of operations and
and other Backward classes (OBCs) face immense ensures a unified response to criminal threats.
challenges in accessing resources and opportunities. 5) Preventive Measures :- The STF also focuses on
Discrimination and social execution limit their access to preventive strategies to deter organised crime. This
quality education and job prospects. Landlessness and may involve public awareness campaigns
lack of ownership further exacerbate their vulnerability, communities engagement initiatives etc.
perpetuating cycles of poverty and exploitation. 6) Advance training and Technology :- The members
Moreover, caste-based violence and discrimination of STF undergo specialized training in investigation
serve as deterrents, restricting mobility and agency techniques, intelligence analysis and tactical
among marginalised communities. Despite legal operations. They are equipped with advance
protections and affirmative action measures, the technology and equipment to carry out their duties
pervasive influence of caste continues to shape social effectively and stay ahead of sophisticated criminal
interactions and institutional practices, hindering efforts network.
towards equitable development. In Conclusion, the Uttar Pradesh Police Special Task
Force plays a crucial role in preventing organised crime
Addressing there entrenched inequalities requires
by gathering intelligence, conducting surveillance
comprehensive strategies that challenges the caste based
executing targeted operations Collaborating with other
power dynamics, promote social inclusion and ensure
agencies, implementing preventive measures and
equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. It
leveraging advanced training and technology through it's
necessitates not only policy interventions but also grass efforts the STF aims to maintain peace and security
roots efforts aimed at dismantling caste-based within the state and safeguards the interests of its
discrimination and fostering a more inclusive society. citizens.
Q. 15 : Describe the Role of Uttar Pradesh Police Q. 16 : Analyse the achievements of Baba
'Special Task Force' in the prevention of the Ramchandra as a peasant leader.
organized crime - Ans. : Baba Ramchandra, also known as
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Police Special Task Force Ramchandra Narayanji Maharaj was a prominent peasant
(STF) is a specialised unit dedicated to preventing and leader in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh during early
combating organized crime within the state. Its role is 20th century. His leadership played a significant role in
multifaceted and crucial in maintaining law and order is advocating for the rights and welfare of farmers and
a follows :- peasants.
1) Intelligence Gathering :- The STF focuses on Role and achievements of Baba Ramchandra :-
gathering intelligence on organised crime syndicates, Establishment of Kishan Sabha :- He founded
operating in Uttar Pradesh. This involves monitoring Kishan Sabha in U.P. in 1918. Which served as
criminal activities, identifying key players and platform for peasants to voice their grievances and
analyzing their modus operandi to anticipate and demand fair treatment from landlords and the
prevent future crimes. colonial government.

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 Organizing Peasant Movement :- Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah :- A religious leader from
Under Baba Ramchandra's leadership, the Kishan Faizabad, Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, played a crucial
Sabha organised various movements and protests to role in galvanizing support from the rebellion. He
address issues such as unfair land revenue policies, preached against British rule and actively participated
high taxation and oppressive land lordism. He in armed confrontations inspiring many to join the
mobilised peasants from different parts of Uttar struggle for independence.
Pradesh, fostering a sense of solidarity among them. Tantia Tope : Although, Tantia Tope was not
Land Reform :- Baba Ramchandra Campaigned for originally from Uttar Pradesh. He operated
land reforms aimed to redistributing land from extensively in this region during the rebellion. As a
wealthy landlord to landless and marginalised key strategist and Military commander, he co-
farmers. ordinated with local leaders and organised guerrilla
Advocacy for social justice :- Apart from land warfare against British force causing significant
reform Baba Ram Chandra advocated for broader disruptions to their control.
social justice issues affecting peasant such as access These warriors of U.P. among many others
to education healthcare and fair wages. symbolised the defiance and resilience of the Indian
Role in Independence Movement :- Baba people against colonial oppression.
Ramchandra was actively participated in non-violent Q. 18 : Uttar Pradesh has an important place in
protest and civil disobedience campaign against the propagation of Buddhism. Explain
British Colonial rule. Ans. : The state Uttar Pradesh holds immense
Legacy and influence :- Baba Ram Chandra's legacy significance in the propagation of Buddhism due to its
extends beyond his lifetime. He inspired subsequent association with the life of Gautam Buddha, the founder
generations of peasant leaders and activists in India. of Buddhism and the subsequent development and spread
In Conclusion, Baba Ram Chandra's achievements of Buddhist religion.
as a peasant leader lie in his efforts to organise and Propagation of Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh -
empower peasants, advocate for their rights and Birth place of Gautam Buddha :-
challenge oppressive structures of power. Lumbani, the birth place of Gautam Buddha is
located near the border of present day Uttar Pradesh
Q. 17 : Throw light on the contributions of the
in Nepal. The proximity makes Uttar Pradesh a
warriors of Uttar Pradesh, during the Freedom
significant region related to life of Buddha and origin
Struggle of 1857
of Buddhism.
Ans. : The warriors of Uttar Pradesh, during the
Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya :- Bodh Gaya,
Freedom Struggle of 1857, played a pivotal role in
situated in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar,
challenging British rule and igniting the flames of
but very close to border of Uttar Pradesh, is where
rebellion across India.
Gautam Buddha attained enlightement under the
Contributions of warriors :- Bodhi Tree. The Bodh Gaya's proximity to Uttar
Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi :- Rani Laxmibai, the Pradesh makes the state an important location for
queen of princely state Jhansi fiercely resisted British Buddhist pilgrimages and activities.
annexation attempts and led her troops into battle Deer Park in Sarnath :-
displaying remarkable courage and leadership. Her Sarnath, is located in Uttar Pradesh near the ancient
valiant effort in defending Jhansi became emblematic city of Varanasi. In Sarnath, Gautam Buddha
of the spirit of resistance during the uprising. delivered his first sermon known as the Dharma
Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh : Begum Hazrat Chakra Pravartana Sutta or the "Wheel or Dharma".
Mahal, the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh This event, referred to as the 'Turning of the Wheel of
played a significant role in organizing and leading the Dharma' marks the beginning of Buddha's teaching
rebellion in region. She mobilized soldiers and mission. Sarnath thus holds immense significance as
civilians alike leading sieges against British forces one of the four key pilgrimage sites for Buddhists,
and asserting the rights of Awadh Kingdom against known as the four holy sites.
British annexation. Monastic Centre :-
Khan Bahadur Khan of Rohilkhand :- Khan Uttar Pradesh was home to numerous monastic
Bahadur Khan, a prominent leader from Rohilkhand, centers and universities during ancient time. Most
rallied his followers against British rule. He notably, Nalanda and Vikramashila Universities,
organised armed resistance and led attacks on British though situated in present day Bihar, attracted
outposts, contributing to wider rebellion against Buddhist scholars and monks from all over the world,
colonial authority in the region. including Uttar Pradesh.

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 These centers played a crucial role in the propagation Q. 20 : Examine state government's efforts,
of Buddhist teachings, fostering intellectual exchange initiatives and policy directions in the medical and
and the spread of Buddhist philosophy and scriptures. healthcare sphere with reference to Uttar Pradesh
In Conclusion, Uttar Pradesh's association with the Health Policy 2018.
birth, enlightenment and teachings of Gautama Buddha Ans. : Uttar Pradesh Health Policy 2018 is an efforts
as well as it's historical significance as a hub for undertaken by the state government in the medical and
Buddhist Monasticism and royal patronage, solidifies its healthcare sphere.
crucial role in the propagation and development of
Some key features of Health Policy 2018 :
Buddhism. Today Uttar Pradesh continues to attract
Uttar Pradesh Health Policy 2018 : The Uttar
Buddhist pilgrims from around the world to visit its
Pradesh Health Policy 2018 aimed to address various
sacred sites and engage in spiritual practices.
challenges in the healthcare sector, including
Q. 19 : Discuss the nature and objectives of first
improving access to healthcare services, enhancing
Ayush University established in Uttar Pradesh :-
the quality of care and strengthening healthcare
Ans. : The first Ayush University in Uttar Pradesh is
infrastructure across the state.
Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath Ayush University located at
Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure :- The
Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh.
government has been focusing on upgrading and
Nature and Objectives of the University :-
The University established with the aim of expanding healthcare infrastructure, including
integrating traditional Indian knowledge systems hospitals. Primary health centers (PHCs) and
particularly those associated with the teaching community health center (CHCs) especially in rural
Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani Siddha and Homeopathy. and under reserved areas. This involves the
Education and training :-The primary objective construction of new facilitates as well as the
would be provide comprehensive education and renovation and modernisation of existing ones.
training in various Ayush disciplines. This would Human Resources Development :- To address the
include practices of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha shortage of healthcare professionals the government
and Homeopathy and other traditional systems. has been undertaking initiatives to recruit and train
Research and innovation :-The University will doctors, nurses and other health care workers. This
emphasize research and innovation aimed at includes efforts to enhance medical education and
advancing the understanding and application of training facilities within the states.
Ayush principles. Promotion of Preventive Healthcare :- The policy
Promotion of Holistic Health :- The another promotes preventive health care measures such as
objective is to promote holistic health and wellness immunisation campaign maternal and child health
practices among the community. care, programs and awareness programs such as
Cultural Heritage Preservation :- The University sanitation, hygiene and nutrition.
have objectives related to the preservation and Digital Health Initiatives :- The state government
promotion of cultural heritage. has been leveraging technology to enhance healthcare
This could include the documentation of ancient texts delivery and management.
rituals and practices associated with Yoga. e.g. Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Telemedicine
Community Engagement and Healthcare Service service etc.
:- The University engage with local communities to Focus on specialised Healthcare Service :-
address their healthcare needs through AYUSH-
The policy efforts to enhance specialised healthcare
based interventions. This could include setting up
services in areas such as oncology, cardiology,
healthcare facilities, providing affordable treatment
necrology and others.
options and conducting health camps in under served
Health Insurance and Financial Protection :-
areas.
The policy has been promoting health insurance
In Conclusion, the Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath
AYUSH University established with aim to blend schemes and other mechanisms to provide financial
traditional wisdom with modern scientific principles to protection against healthcare expenses.
advance healthcare, education and research in AYUSH In Conclusion, the Uttar Pradesh Health Policy 2018
Systems particularly those associated with Yoga and the serves as guiding frame work for the state government's
teachings of ancient medicinal system. effort to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-V 343 YCT

 UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Examination Mains -2023
GENERAL STUDIES : PAPER -VI
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 200

Note: (1) There are 20 questions. Section -A consists of 10 Short answer questions with word limit of 125
each and Section - B consists of 10 long answer questions with word limit of 200 each. The
question are printed in English.
(2) All questions are compulsory.
(3) The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.
(4) Keep the word limit indicated in the question in mind.
(5) Any page or portion of the page left blank in the answer booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION - A 5. Financial support and Incentives: To support

Q. 1 : How does the Uttar Pradesh Agriculture agricultural exporters and encourage investment in
export Policy 2019 strengthens the agricultural the sector, the policy may have offered financial
export activities in the state? assistance, subsidies, tax incentives, and other form
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Agriculture export policy- of support. This would help reduce the costs
2019 aimed to boost agricultural export activities in the associated with agriculture export activities and
state through various strategies and measures. incentivize stakeholders to participate in export
ventures.
Here are some ways in which the policy could
strengthen agricultural export activities is as- 6. Research and Development: The policy might have
emphasized investment in research and development
1. Infrastructural Development: The policy likely
initiatives aimed at improving the productivity,
focused on improving infrastructure related to
quality and resilience of Uttar Pradesh agricultural
agriculture such as cold storage facilities
products. This would involve funding research
transportation networks, and packaging facilities.
projects, promoting the adoption of innovative
These improvements would enhance the efficiency of
technologies and facilitating collaboration between
agriculture export operations and reduce post harvest
research institution and the agricultural sector.
losses.
7. Capacity Building: Capacity building initiatives
2. Market Access: The policy may have included
such as training programs and skill development
initiatives to facilitate market access for Uttar
initiatives may have been included in the policy of
Pradesh agriculture products both domestically and
enhance the capabilities of farmers, exporters and
internationally. This could involve negotiating trade
other stakeholders involved in the agricultural export
agreement, participating in trade fairs and
value chain. This would help improve efficiency,
exhibitions, and promoting Uttar Pradesh agricultural
compliance with regulation and overall
products in target markets.
competitiveness in the global market.
3. Quality standards and Certification: To meet
By implementing these strategies and measures the
international quality standards and enhance the
Uttar Pradesh agriculture Export Policy-2019 aimed to
competitiveness of Uttar Pradesh agricultural
create an enabling environment for agricultural export
products in the global market the policy may have
activities, thereby strengthening the contribution of
emphasized the importance of adherence to quality
agriculture to the state's economy and improving the
control measures and obtaining relevant certifications
livelihoods of farmers and rural communities.
this would instill confidence among international
buyers regarding the quality and safety of the Q. 2 : What are the key features of Uttar Pradesh
product. defence industrial corridor?
4. Promotion of Export Oriented Agriculture: Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh defence industrial corridor
The policy likely encouraged the adoption of export is an initiative aimed at boosting defence production in
oriented agricultural practices by promoting the India. The key features of it as below:-
cultivation of high value crops with export potential. 1. Geographical spread: The corridor stretches across
This could involve providing incentives, technical various cities in Uttar Pradesh including.
assistance and training to farmers to grow crops that Aligarh, Agra, Jhansi, Chitrakoot, Kanpur and
have strong demand in international markets. Lucknow.

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 1. Historical significance: The lower Ganga canal
system was constructed during British colonial era in
the 19th century. It was one of the major projects
aimed at improving irrigation facilities in the region
and boosting agricultural productivity.
2. Water Source: The canal system draws water from
Ganga river near Haridwar in Uttarakhand and
channels it through a network of canals to irrigate the
agricultural lands in western Uttar Pradesh.
3. Irrigation: The primary purpose of the lower Ganga
canal system is irrigation. It provides water to
thousands of hectares of farmland in the arid plains of
western Uttar Pradesh, facilitation cultivation
throughout the year and increasing crop yields.
4. Navigation: In addition to irrigation, the canals also
facilitate navigation. They serve as important water
ways for transporting goods and people, thereby
2. Infrastructure development: The government has contributing to the region's economy and
committed to developing state of the art infrastructure
connectivity.
within the corridor to support defense manufacturing
activities. This includes industrial parks, testing 5. Hydropower Generation: Some section of canal
facilities and specialized zones. system are equipped with hydroelectric power
3. Public Private Partnership (PPP): The corridor is station. These station harness the flow of water to
expected to involve collaboration between the generate electricity, contributing to the region's
government, defence organisation and private sector energy need.
companies. This partnership aims to leverage the 6. Water supply: The canal also serve as a vital source
strengths of both sectors to enhance defence of drinking water for the towns and villages situated
production capabilities. along their route. It play a crucial role in meeting the
4. Skill development: To support the workforce needed domestic water requirements of the region's
for defence manufacturing, the corridor includes population.
provisions for skill development programs. These 7. Cultural Heritage: Over the years, the lower Ganga
programs aim to train individuals in specialized areas canal system has become an integral part of the
relevant to the defence industry. cultural and social fabric of Uttar Pradesh. It has
5. Attracting Investment: The Uttar Pradesh Defence influenced settlement patterns, agriculture practices
industrial corridor is designed to attract domestic and and traditional life styles in the region.
foreign investment in defence manufacturing. 8. Environmental impact: While the canal system has
Various incentives and facilitation measures may be significantly contributed to agricultural development
offered to encourage companies to establish or and economic growth, it has also posed challenges in
expand their operations within the corridor. terms of environmental sustainability. Issues such as
6. Technology Transfer: Efforts may be made to water logging Salinization and soil erosion have been
facilitate technology transfer partnership between reported in some area.
domestic and foreign companies. This could involve
the transfer for advanced defence technologies to Overall the lower Ganga canal system stands as a
Indian companies contributing to the indigenous testament to human ingenuity and engineering prowess.
development of defense capabilities. It has played a crucial role in transforming the agrarian
7. Supplier ecosystem: The corridor aims to foster the landscape of Uttar Pradesh and continues to be a lifeline
development of a robust supplier ecosystem to for millions of people in the region.
support defence manufacturing of ancillary industries Q. 4 : What is the skill development scheme under
and small medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that can one district one product programme of the
contribute component and services to the defence Government of Uttar Pradesh?
supply chain.
Ans : The skill development scheme under one
Overall, Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial corridor distract one product (ODOP) programme of the
aims to bluster India's defence manufacturing
government of Uttar Pradesh is aimed at providing skill
capabilities, promote innovation create employment
opportunities and contribute to the country's self-reliance development training to individuals involved in the
in defence production. manufacturing of specific products identified under
ODOP initiative.
Q. 3 : What are the key features and significance The key points about this scheme as follows-
of lower Ganga canal system in Uttar Pradesh. 1. Objective: The primary objective of skill
Ans. : The lower Ganga canal system in Uttar development scheme under ODOP is to enhance the
Pradesh, India is one of the Oldest and most significant skills of artisans, Craftsman and entrepreneurs
irrigation projects in the country. The key features and engaged in the manufacturing products specific to
significance are as follows– each district, as identified under ODOP program.
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 345 YCT
2. Identification of Products: Under the ODOP 4. Accessible Infrastructure Development: Efforts
initiative, each district of Uttar Pradesh identifies one are made to make public spaces, government
unique product for promotion and development these buildings transportation and information accessible to
products are usually traditional or indigenous to the persons with disabilities through infrastructural
district and have potential for growth and modifications and provisions.
marketability. 5. Samarthya Scheme: Under this scheme skill
3. Training Programs: The skill Development scheme development and employment opportunities are
provides training programs tailored to the specific provided to persons with disabilities to enhance their
requirements of artisans and entrepreneurs involved economic empowerment and participation in the
in the manufacturing of identified products. These workforce.
training programs cover various aspects such as 6. Inclusive Education Initiatives: Various programs
product design manufacturing techniques, quality may be implemented to promote inclusive education
control, packaging. marketing and entrepreneurship and provide support to students with disabilities in
development. schools and education institutions.
4. Skill Enhancement: By participating in these 7. Accessible India campaign (Sugamya Bharat
training programs, artisans and entrepreneurs can Abhiyan) : Launched by government of India this
campaign aims to make public spaces, transportation
enhance their skill and knowledge, thereby improving
and information accessible to persons with
the quality of their products increasing productivity disabilities.
and expanding their market reach.
8. Education and skill development initiatives:
5. Employment Generation: The skill development Special provisions are made for inclusive education
scheme aims to generate employment opportunity by and skill development programs to ensure access to
empowering individuals with the necessary skill and education and vocational training for persons with
knowledge to become self employed or to engage in disabilities
the manufacturing sector. By promoting 9. Awareness and sensitization programs: Campaigns
entrepreneurship and skill development the scheme and initiatives to raise awareness about the rights and
contributes to poverty alleviation and economic needs of persons with disabilities and to promote
growth in the state. inclusivity in society.
6. Government Support: The government of Uttar Q. 6 : What are the major benefits of the
Pradesh provides support for implementing the skill Purvanchal Expressway Project?
development scheme under the ODOP program. This Ans. : The Purvanchal Expressway Project, situated
support may include funding for training programs in the northern part of India, particularly in the state of
infrastructure development, provision of machinery Uttar Pradesh. The expressway holds several significant
and equipment, marketing assistance and other forms benefits which are as follows-
of support aimed at promoting the growth of ODOP 1. Enhance Connectivity: The expressway aims to
products. improve connectivity between eastern Uttar Pradesh
Overall, the skill development scheme under ODOP and rest of the state facilitating faster movement of
program plays a crucial role in promoting traditional people and goods.
industries fostering entrepreneurship and creating 2. Economic Development: Improved connectivity can
sustainable livelihoods in Uttar Pradesh. It aligns with lead to economic development by promoting trade
the government's vision of promoting economic and commerce attracting investment and creating job
development at the grassroot level and harnessing the opportunities along the corridor.
potential of local resources and talent. 3. Reduced Travel Time: Expressway will reduced
travel time between major cities and towns in eastern
Q. 5 : What are the major schemes for Uttar Pradesh, Contributing to increased efficiency in
empowerment and welfare of Divyangjan in Uttar transportation.
Pradesh. 4. Boost to Tourism: The project is expected to boost
Ans.: Uttar Pradesh, implemented various schemes tourism in the region by providing better access to
for empowerment and welfare of Divyangjan on the popular tourist destination like Varanasi, Ayodhya
state. and Gorakhpur.
Some major schemes are as follows– 5. Infrastructure Development: Construction of
1. Mukhya Mantri Yuva Swarojgar Yojana: expressway involves the development of associated
The scheme aims to provide financial assistance and infrastructure such as service, roads, flyovers,
support for the self-employment ventures of interchanges and rest areas which can improve
Divyangjan in Uttar Pradesh. overall infrastructure in the region.
2. Uttar Pradesh Divyangjan Pension Scheme: 6. Safety Improvement: With a well designed
This scheme provides financial assistance in the form expressway, there are expectation of improved road
of a pension to persons with disabilities in the state. safety standards, potentially reducing accidents and
fatalities.
3. Assistive Devices Distribution: The government
may distribute assistive devices such as wheel chairs 7. Regional Development: The expressway could
hearing aids, walking sticks and prosthetic limbs to stimulate balanced regional development by bringing
persons with disabilities either free of cost or at previously underserved areas into the economic
subsidized state. mainstream.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 346 YCT

8. Agricultural growth: Improved transportation links Overall, the Uttar Pradesh Millets Revival Program
can benefit agricultural communities by better access aim to revive traditional millet cultivation practices,
to markets, thereby potentially increasing agricultural promote sustainable agriculture, improve food security
productivity and income for farmers. and enhance rural livelihoods in the state.
9. Urbanization and industrialization: The project
Q. 8 Mention the major problems and challenges
might spur urbanization and industrialization along
associated with utilization of ground water in Uttar
the expressway corridor, leading to the establishment
Pradesh.
of industrial hubs and urban centre.
Ans. : Ground water in Uttar Pradesh, like in many
10. Environmental Impact: While large infrastructure parts of India. Plays a crucial role in meeting various
projects can have environmental implications the water needs including drinking water supply, irrigation
expressway might also include provisions for for agriculture and industrial use.
environmental protection and mitigation measures.
Here are some key points about groundwater in Uttar
Overall Purvanchal Expressway project has the Pradesh.
potential to bring above substantial socio-economic
1. Abundance : Uttar Pradesh has significant
development in eastern Uttar Pradesh, benefiting both groundwater resources due to its extensive alluvial
local population and the state as a whole. plains formed by the Gangas and Yamuna rivers and
Q. 7 : What are the main features of Uttar their tributaries. These plains are highly conducive to
Pradesh Millets Revival Programme? groundwater recharge and storage.
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh Millet Revival Programme 2. Agricultural Dependency: Agriculture is the
is an initiative of the state government which aimed at primary consumer of groundwater in Uttar Pradesh
promoting cultivation and consumption of millets in the with farmers heavily reliant on tube wells and bore
state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Millets are groups of small wells for irrigation especially in regions where
seeded grasses that are highly nutritious and resilient to surface water sources are inadequate or unreliable.
adverse environmental conditions. The main features of 3. Urban Demand: Rapid urbanization in cities like
Uttar Pradesh millets Revival Programme includes- Lucknow, Kanpur and Ghaziabad has led to
1. Promotion of millet cultivation: The program increased demand for groundwater for domestic,
encourage farmers to cultivate various types of industrial and commercial purposes. However. Urban
millets such as Bajra, Jawar, Ragi and kutki. This is often face challenges related to ground contamination
achieved through awareness campaign, training nation and depletion.
sessions and the distribution of high quality seeds. 4. Depletion Concerns : Over-exploitation of
2. Training and capacity Building: Farmers are groundwater resources has led to declining water
Provided with training on modern cultivation tables in many parts of the state, particularly in the
techniques best practices for millet farming and post western and southern regions. This depletion poses a
harvest management. This helps improve yields and threat to the sustainability of water supply for both
quality of millet produce. agriculture and drinking water.
3. Financial Support: Financial assistance is provided 5. Quality Issues: Groundwater quality in Uttar
to farmers for the purchase of seeds, equipment and Pradesh is a concern in many areas due to
other inputs required for millets cultivation. Subsidies contamination from various sources, including
may also provided for setting up millet processing industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and untreated
units. sewage. High levels of pollutants such as arsenic and
4. Market Linkage: Efforts are made to establish direct fluoride have been reported in certain regions, posing
market linkages between millet formers and health risks to communities.
consumers. This helps ensure fair prices for farmers 6. Regulatory Framework: The management of
and encourages the consumption of millets among groundwater in Uttar Pradesh is governed by Uttar
consumers. Pradesh Groundwater (Management and Regulation)
5. Nutritional Awareness campaigns: The program Act, 2019. The act aims to regulate groundwater
includes campaigns to raise awareness about the extraction, promote efficient use and prevent
nutritional benefits of millets. These efforts aims to overexploitation through measures such as licensing
promote millets as a healthy dietary option and and monitoring.
combat malnutrition. 7. Technological Intervention: The state government
6. Research and Development: Research initiatives are has initiated various programs to promote sustainable
undertaken to develop improved varieties of millets groundwater management, including the promotion
that are high yielding and resilient to pests and of drip and sprinkler irrigation, techniques to improve
disease. This helps enhance the productivity and water use efficiency in agriculture and the installation
sustainability of millet cultivation. of rainwater harvesting systems in urban area.
7. Policy support: The government provides policy 8. Community initiatives: Community based approaches
support and creates a conducive regulatory such as formation of water user association and
environment for the promotion of millets. This may participatory groundwater management initiatives has
include incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks and been encouraged to promote local stewardship of
favorable loan schemes for millets farmers. groundwater resources to ensure equitable access.

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9. Climate change impacts: Climate change poses Q. 10 : What are the vision plan 2030 of Uttar
additional challenges to groundwater management in Pradesh government with reference to the terrestrial
Uttar Pradesh by altering precipitation patterns, ecosystem in the state?
increasing temperatures and exacerbating water Ans . : The SDG- Vision 2030 highlights the
scarcity and variability. Adapting to these changes progress of Uttar Pradesh on sustainable development
required integrated water resource management goals.
strategies and adoption of climate resilient practices. 1. Goal-15 Life on land: Protects, restore and promote
Overall, sustainable management of groundwater sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
resources in Uttar Pradesh requires concerted efforts manage forests, combat desertification and halt and
from policymakers, communities and other stakeholders reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
to address issues of over exploitation, contamination and 2. Vision plan-2030 For Territorial Ecosystem: Uttar
depletion while ensuring equitable access and resilience Pradesh is committed to protecting, restoring and
to climate change impacts. promoting sustainable use of territorial ecosystem in
the interest of sustainable growth and inclusive
Q. 9 : What are the major guidelines of Uttar
development. It envisions sustainable growth use of
Pradesh government with reference to plastic waste
natural resources, like cultivable land, forests and
management?
inland freshwater bodies and restoration of degraded
Ans. : The Uttar Pradesh government had implemented
lands, forests and water bodies for reversing
several guideline for plastic waste management.
environmental degradation and ensuing their
Here some major guidelines are as below– availability for future generations.
1. Ban on single use plastic: The Uttar Pradesh The state is also committed to conservation of it's rich
government had imposed a ban on single use plastics, biodiversity, natural habitats and to arrest incursion of
including items like polythene bags, disposable cups, alien species. In order to disseminate and distribute
plates, straws etc. Business and individuals were the fruits of development the state envisage
required to use alternative material or face penalties strengthening capacities of the agents of change both
for non-compliance. at institutional and grassroots levels.
2. Collection and segregation: There were guidelines
for the collection and segregation of plastic waste at Q. 11 : What provisions have been made in
the source. This involved setting up separate bins or Budget of Uttar Pradesh for 2023-24 to improve
containers for different types of plastic waste and it's infrastructure ?
ensuring proper segregation to facilitate recycling. Ans. : For Fiscal Year (FY) 2023-24, 55000 crore
3. Extended Producer responsibility (EPR): The has been allocated for a range of infrastructure projects
government may have implemented regulations including the construction of expressway, roads and
related to EPR, wherein producers and manufacturers metros to position Uttar Pradesh as one of the most well
of plastic products are responsible for managing the connected states in the country. The allocations have
post-consumer waste generated from their products. been significant, Rs. 30,000 crore for the construction
This often involves setting up collection mechanisms and maintenance of roads and bridge.
or recycling facilities. Rs. 2588 crore for widening of state highways, Rs. 50
4. Promotion of Alternatives: To reduce reliance on crore has been earmarked for the development of road
plastic, the government may have encouraged the use project near proposed industrial and logistics park state
of alternatives materials such as biodegradable government will invest Rs. 3000 crore for Chief
plastics, paper bags, cloth bags etc. This could Minister's urban expansion and New City Promotion
include awareness campaigns and incentives for Scheme.
business to adopt eco-friendly alternatives. Metro/RRTS/Express ways :- For the marquee
5. Awareness and Education: The government may project of Kanpur Metro and Agra Metro Rs. 585 Crore
have conducted awareness programs and campaigns and Rs. 465 Crore has been allocated respectively. Over
to educate the public about the harmful effects of Rs. 1300 crore has been allocated for the upcoming
plastic pollution and importance of proper Regional Rapid Transit System Project in Delhi-
management practices. This could include school Ghaziabad - Meerut Corridor. A budgetary provision of
programs community events and media campaigns. Rs. 235 Crore has been made in the initial phase of new
6. Enforcement and Penalties: There may have been express way projects of Jhansi and Chitrakoot.
enforcement mechanism in place to assure
compliance with plastic waste management Q. 12 : What recent initiative has the government
regulations. This could involve inspections, fines or of Uttar Pradesh Undertaken to attract investment in
other penalties for businesses or individuals found the state?
violating the rules. Ans.: The recent initiatives has been taken of Uttar
These guidelines are aimed at reducing the Pradesh to attract investment in the state are as follows-
environmental impact of plastic waste and promoting 1. Investor Summits- Uttar Pradesh has regularly
sustainable waste management practices across the state Organized investor summits to show case investment
of Uttar Pradesh. It's essential for businesses, individuals opportunities in the state. These summits serve as
and local authorities to adhere to these guidelines to plateforms for interaction between government
protect the environment and public health. officials, industry leaders and potential investors.

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 348 YCT

2. Industrial Policy The state government has 4. Social Forestry Extension Programs: The
periodically revised its industrial policy to create a government conducts awareness and extension
conducive environment for investment these policies programs to educate rural communities about the
often include incentives such as tax breaks, subsidies importance of social forestry, sustainable forest
and land acquisition support for industries setting up management practices and the benefits of
operations in the state. afforestation.
3. Infrastructure Development Uttar Pradesh has 5. Van Dhan Yojana : This is a central government
focused on infrastructure development to support scheme that aims to improve the livelihood of tribal
industrial growth. This include improving road and forest-dwelling communities by promoting Value
connectivity, upgrading power infrastructure and addition of forest produce.
Developing industrial parks and special economic The Uttar Pradesh government implements this
zone (SEZs). scheme in the state to empower the tribal
4. Ease of doing business Reforms: The state communities economically and also Promoting
government has been working on streamlining sustainable utilization of forest resources.
regulatory process and reducing bureaucratic hurdles 6. Eco-tourism Development : The government
for businesses. Initiatives such as single- window promotes eco-tourism initiatives in forested area to
clearances aim to simplify the process of obtaining generate revenue and simultaneously raising
permits and licenses. awareness about the importance of forest
5. Sector-specific initiatives: Uttar Pradesh has conservation and biodiversity preservation.
identified buy sectors such as manufacturing, 7. Afforestation Drives: The government conducts
agriculture, and tourism and information technology large scale afforestation drives to increase the green
for targeted investment promotion. Special incentive cover and combat deforestation. various tree
and support mechanism are often provided to attract plantation schemes are implemented across the state,
investment in these priority sectors. involving government departments, NGO,
6. Skill development Programs: To address the skill educational institutions and local communities.
gap and enhance the employability of the workforce, All these initiatives and strategies collectively
the government has launched skill development contribute to promotion of social forestry in Uttar
programs in collaboration with industry stakeholders. Pradesh.
7. Investment promotion Agencies: The state has
established dedicated agencies or departments Q. 14 : Discuss the major facilities offered by
responsible for investment promotion and facilitation. government of Uttar Pradesh for development of
These agencies act as single points of contact for horticulture in the state.
investors and provide assistance throughout the Ans.: Horticulture plays a very significant role in the
investment Process economy of Uttar Pradesh and also contribute in
agricultural production, employment generation and
Q. 13 : What are the key initiatives and strategies exports earnings.
undertaken by the government of Uttar Pradesh to The government of Uttar Pradesh has been actively
promote social forestry in the state? involved in promoting the development of horticulture in
Ans.: The key initiatives and strategies undertaken the state. Here are some major facilities offered by the
by government of Uttar Pradesh to promote social government of Uttar Pradesh for the development of
forestry in the state are as follows: horticulture in the state are as below.
1. Van Mahotsava: - The government of Uttar Pradesh 1. Subsidies and Financial Assistance: - The
organizes Van Mahotsava, an annual tree planting government provides subsidies and financial
festival to promote afforestation and increase green assistance to horticulture farmers for various
cover across the state. During this festival mass tree activities such as setting up orchards, purchasing high
plantation drives are conducted involving various quality planting material, installing drip irrigation
stakeholders including government officials, NGO systems, and adopting modern farming practices.
and local communities. These subsidies help in reducing the financial burden
2. Joint Forest management (JFM):- The Uttar on farmers and encouraged them to invest in
Pradesh government has been actively promoting horticulture.
Joint forest management (JFM) programs where in 2. Technical Guidance and Training: - The
local communities are involved in the protection, government organizes training programs, workshops
management and sustainable utilization of forest and seminars to educate farmers about modern
resources. Under this initiative comminutes are horticultural practices pest and disease management,
incentivized to participate in afforestation, protection post harvest management and marketing techniques.
of existing forest and eco-restoration activities. Extension officers and agricultural experts provide
3. Agroforestry Promotion:- The state government technical guidance and assistance to farmers in
encourages farmers to adopt agroforestry practices by implementing best practices.
providing them with technical assistances, subsidies 3. Infrastructure Development: The government
and incentives. Agroforestry not only helps in invests in the development of infrastructural facilities
increasing the green cover but also provides such as cold storage units pack houses, processing
additional income opportunities to farmers . units and market yards to supports the horticulture
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 349 YCT
 sector. These facilities helps in minimizing post land resources with other sector such as agriculture
harvest losses, improving the quality of produce and and industry may pose challenges for bio-mass
enhancing market access to farmers. production.
4. Research and development: Financial constraints and the availability of funding
The state government support research and for bio-energy projects could be limited factors.
development initiatives in Horticulture through Public awareness and acceptance of bio-energy
various agricultural universities research institutes technologies may need to be improved.
and center of excellences. The research activities 3. Future prospects:- Uttar Pradesh has significant
focus on developing high yielding disease resistance biomass resources, including agricultural residues,
varieties of fruits, vegetables and flowers suitable for organic waste and energy crops which can be utilized
agro-climatic condition of Uttar Pradesh. for bio-energy production.
5. Marketing Support:- The Government facilitate Advance in technology, Such as improved bio-mass
marketing linkages for horticulture produce by conversion process and efficient biogas digesters
establishing market yards , organizing farmer could enhance the feasibility and scalability of bio-
producer meets and promoting the (FPOs) and co- energy projects.
operatives. These initiatives helps in ensuring fair Integration with other sectors, such as agriculture and
price for farmers and reducing market's waste management, could create synergies and
intermediaries exploitation. contribute to sustainable development goals.
6. Quality Certification and standards:- The Growing concerns about climate change and air
government encourages horticulture farmers to adopt pollution may increase the emphasis on renewable
Good Agricultural practices (GAP) and obtain energy sources like bio-energy in Uttar Pradesh.
certification such as organic and global GAP to Policy support and international collaborations could
enhance a marketability of their produce both further drive and development of bio-energy
domestically and internationally. Assistance is initiatives in the state.
provided for obtaining quality certifications and In conclusion Uttar Pradesh has significant potential
complying with food safety standards. for bio-energy development realizing this potential
7. Promotion of protected cultivation: - requires addressing various challenges and leveraging
To mitigate the adverse effects of weather opportunities through strategic planning, technological
fluctuations and ensure year round production, the innovation policy support and stakeholder engagement
government promotes protected cultivation continued efforts in these areas could lead to a more
techniques such as poly-house farming, shade net sustainable and resilient energy future for the state.
cultivation, and hydroponics. Subsidies and technical Q. 16 : Outlone the importance of the
assistance are provided for establishing protected meteorological center, Lucknow with reference to
cultivation structures. weather forecasts in Uttar Pradesh.
Overall these facilities and support mechanism Ans.: The Meteorological Center, Lucknow plays
provided by the government of Uttar Pradesh aims to very significant role in providing accurate and timely
enhance productivity quality and profitability in the weather forecasts for Uttar Pradesh. Importance of
horticulture sector, thereby contributing to the socio meteorological center Lucknow is as follows: -
economic development of the state and improving the 1. Localised weather predictions : - The
livelihood of horticulture farmers. meteorological center in Lucknow specializes in
Q. 15 : Critically analyze the current initiatives providing localized weather prediction for various
and future prospects for bio energy development in regions within Uttar Pradesh. This is essential as
Uttar Pradesh . weather patterns can vary significantly across the
Ans. : The initiatives and future prospects for bio- state due to its diverse geography ranging from the
energy development in Uttar Pradesh as follows- plains in the south to the foothills of the Himalayas in
1. Current Initiatives:- Uttar Pradesh, like many other the north.
states in India, has been exploring bio-energy as a 2. Agricultural sector support: - Uttar Pradesh has a
mean to address energy security, rural development pre dominantly agrarian economy, with agriculture
and environmental sustainability. Initiatives may being a primary source of livelihood for millions of
include the promotion of biomass based power people. Weather forecast from the meteorological
plants, bio-gas productions from organic waste and center help farmers make informed decisions
bio-fuel productions from crops such as sugarcane regarding crop planting irrigation and harvesting.
which is abundantly grown in the state. Accurate predications prevent crop damage due to
The government may offer subsidies, incentives and adverse weather conditions such as heavy rainfall
policy supports to encourage investment in bio- drought or frost.
energy projects. Research Institution and Universities 3. Disaster Preparedness and Management :-
in Uttar Pradesh may also be involved in studying Weather-related disasters such as floods cyclones and
and development bio-energy technologies suited to heat wave can have devastating effects on
local context. communities and infrastructure . The meteorological
2. Challenges:- Limited infrastructure and center plays a vital role in issuing early warning and
technological capabilities may hinder the wide spread alerts enabling authorities to take proactive measures
adoption of bio-energy solutions. Competition for for disaster preparedness and management. Timely
UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 350 YCT
 information can help in evacuating people from 6. Urban resilience and infrastructure mission: -
vulnerable areas and minimizing loss of life and Cities are increasingly vulnerable to climate related
property. risk including heatwaves flooding and sea level rise.
4. Transportation and infrastructure: - weather This mission aims to enhance the resilience of urban
conditions influence transportation networks and infrastructure and communities to climate impacts.
infrastructure projects. Accurate weather forecacts 7. Climate adaptation and disaster Risk reduction
aid in planning and managing road, rail and air traffic mission:- This mission focuses on mainstreaming
especially during adverse weather conditions such as climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction into
fog, heavy rainfall or thunderstorms. This ensures the development planning and decision making
safety of commuters and efficient operation of processes.
transportation systems.
8. Capacity Building and knowledge sharing
5. Public safety and Health: - Weather forecasts are
mission:- This mission aims to strengthen the
essential for public safety and health. Extreme
weather events like heat waves especially to technical and institution capacity of government
venerable population such as the elderly or those agenencies civil society organization and other
with pre-existing health conditions. By providing stakeholders involved climate change mitigation and
timely warnings, the metrological center helps adaptation efforts.
authorities and healthcare providers prepare for and All these missions collectively form the backbone of
mitigate the impact of such events. the state action plan on climate change (SAPCC).
In conclusion, the metrological center in Lucknow Q. 18 : Explain the ecological importance of the
plays a pivotal role in providing accurate and reliable wildlife sanctuaries is the tarai region of Uttar
weather forecasts for Uttar Pradesh, benefitting various Pradesh.
sector including agriculture disaster management, Ans.: The tarai region of Uttar Pradesh (UP) is
transportation, public health, tourism and research. ecologically significant due to it's rich biodiversity and
Q. 17 : Present an account of the mission included unique ecosystem.
in the state action plan on climate change. Ecological importance of wildlife sanctuaries as
Ans.: The state Action plan on climate change below-
(SAPCC) is a strategic framework adopted by various
states with a country to address the challenges posed by
climate change at the regional level.
The key components of SAPCC are as follows-
1. Renewable energy mission:- This mission focuses
on increasing the share of renewable energy sources a
such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass. It may
involve setting targets for renewable energy
generation capacity promoting investment in 1. Habitat protection :- The wildlife sanctuaries in
renewable energy projects and incentivizing the tarai region protects various species of flora and
adoption of clean energy technologies by industries fauna. The tarai region is home to a diverse range of
households and commercial establishments. habitat including grassland, wetlands and diverse
2. Energy efficiency mission:- This mission aim to
forest. By safeguarding these habitats wildlife
promote energy efficient practices and technologies
across various sectors including industry, sanctuaries ensure the survival of species dependent
transportation, building and agriculture. on them.
3. Forest an Biodiversity conservation mission:- 2. Bio-diversity Conservation: - The tarai region in UP
Forests play a vital role in mitigating climate change harbors a wide array of wildlife species including
by sequestering CO2 and supporting biodiversity. elephant, tigers and leopards, deer, various species of
This mission focuses on conserving and restoring birds and many more. Wildlife sanctuaries serve as
forests protecting wildlife habitats and promoting havens for these species allowing them to breed for
sustainable land management practices. age and maintain viable population.
4. Water Resource management mission:- climate 3. Ecosystem services:- The wildlife sanctuaries in
change can exacerbate water scarcity droughts, floods tarai region provide numerous ecosystem services
and other water related challenges. essential for human being. These services includes-
This mission aims to enhance water resource a. Regulating services:- Such as water purification
management and resilience to climate variability and climate regulation and pollination.
extremes. b. Provisioning services:- Such as timber,
5. Agriculture and Livelihood Mission:- Agriculture medicinal plants and food recourses.
is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts 4. Genetic diversity:- Wild life sanctuaries contribute
including changes in temperature rainfall patterns and
in preserving of genetic diversity within species by
extreme weather events. This mission focused on
enhancing the resilience's of agricultural system, providing protected areas where individuals can
promoting climate smart farming practices and inter-breed and maintains healthy gene pool .
supporting sustainable livelihood for rural 5. Tourism and Education:- Wild life sanctuaries in
communities. tarai regions attracts tourist and researchers from

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 351 YCT

 around the world. Educational programs conducted Value addition and export potential:- Minerals
within the sanctuaries further promote understanding can be processed into value - added products for both
and appreciation of biodiversity conservation. domestic consumption and exports.
6. Water resource management:- Many rivers streams For example:- Limestone can be processed into
and wetlands flow through the tarai region serving as cement which has a high demand in the construction
important water recourses for both wildlife and industry.
human population. Wildlife sanctuaries help protect Technology Transfer and Innovation:- The mining
these water bodies from pollution sedimentation and and processing of minerals require advance technologies
other forms of degradation ensuring the available of and processes. Through partnerships with global
clean water for both aquatic and terrestrial companies or technology transfer initiatives.
ecosystems. Bundelkhand can access state of art technologies
Overall wildlife sanctuaries in the tarai region of fostering innovation and technological advancement in
Uttar Pradesh play very important role in preserving the region.
biodiversity, protecting habitats, maintaining ecosystem In conclusion, minerals play a pivotal role in the
services and promoting sustainable development. industrial development of Bundelkhand Uttar Pradesh.
Q. 19 : Analyse the importance of minerals in They provide the necessary raw materials, employment
industrial development of Bundelkhand region of opportunities revenue and infrastructure for thriving
Uttar Pradesh. industrial sector.
Ans.: The Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh Q. 20 : What are the major objectives and target
greatly depends on minerals for its industrial group in innovation promotion programs of the
development. The importance of minerals in the council of science and technology in Uttar Pradesh?
industrial development of Bundelkhand is as follows- Ans.: The major objectives and target groups of
Economic Foundation:- Minerals serves as the innovation programs by the council of science and
economic foundation for industrial growth in technology in Uttar Pradesh are as follows-
Bundelkhand region. 1. Promoting innovation Culture:- Encouraging a
Industrial such as cement, ceramics, glass and culture of innovation among individuals organization
fertilizer heavily rely on minerals like limestone, clay, and communities.
silica, gypsum etc. 2. Fostering Entrepreneur ship:- Supporting aspiring
Employment opportunities:- The mining and entrepreneurs and startups in translating innovative
processing of minerals create significant employment ideas into viable products of services.
opportunities in the region. 3. Facilitating Research and development: -
Infrastructure Development:- The presence of Providing resources and platforms for researchers
minerals resources in Bundelkhand spurs infrastructure and innovators to conduct research and development
development. Roads, railway and ports are often built to activities.
facilitate the transportation of minerals from mines to 4. Technology Transfer and commercialization:-
industrial centers. Facilitating the transfer of technology from academia
Diversification of Industries:- Access to minerals to industry and supporting the commercialization of
encourages the diversification of industries in innovative products or processes.
Bundelkhand. Besides traditional sectors like agriculture Capacity Building:- Providing training, workshop
the region can develop a range of manufacturing and mentoring to enhance the skills and capabilities of
industries including cement ceramics and glass. innovators and entrepreneurs.
Diversification strengthens the industrial base, making Creating networking opportunities: - Facilitating
the region less dependent on single sector for economic collaboration and networking among stakeholders from
growth. academia, industry, government and civil society to
Revenue Generation:- Minerals extraction generates foster innovation ecosystem.
revenue for the government through taxes royalties and Addressing Societal Challenges:- Encouraging
other levies. This revenue can be requested in innovation to address specific challenges such as
infrastructure education and healthcare and other healthcare, agriculture, education, environment etc.
development indicatives in Bundelkhand. Thus the Target groups for these programs may include:-
mineral sector plays a crucial role in the overall • Researchers and scientists
economic development of the region. • Entrepreneurs and startups
Attracting Investment:- The availability of mineral • Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
resources makes Bunelkhand an attractive destination for
• Students and academia
domestic and foreign investments. Industries looking to
• Government agencies and policymakers
establish or expand their operations seek regions with
abundant and accessible mineral reserves. This influx of • Civil society organization
investments contributes to job creation and economic • Industry associations
growth in Bundelkhand. • Investors and ventures capitalist

UPPCS Mains 2023 GS Paper-VI 352 YCT

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