Assertion and Reasoning class 8 (S.

St)
The question below consists of an assertion and a reason. Use the following key to choose the
appropriate answer.

A. If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation of the assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason is correct but reason is not correct explanation of the assertion.
C. If assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect.
D. If assertion is incorrect, but reason is correct.
E. If both assertion and reason is incorrect.

Chapter 1

Resources: Utilisation and Development

1. Assertion: Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource.
Reason: It is resource which is always available and does not get exhausted by human
activities.
2. Assertion: Resources like water, minerals used by human beings to satisfy their needs are
known as natural resources.
Reason: These are resources made by man.
3. Assertion: Road, buildings and machine are known as man-made resources.
Reason: All resources are made by nature
4. Assertion: Africa is a less developed nation in spite of being rich in resources.
Reason: Most of the people of Africa are unskilled and illiterate.
5. Assertion: Sustainable development means development that takes place by damaging the
environment.
Reason: The resources are judiciously used fulfilling the present need and conserving the
future generations.

Chapter 2
Natural Resource: Land, Soil and Water
1. Assertion: 90% of the world’s population is inhabited in the plain areas of the alluvial soils of
tropical and sub- tropical areas.
Reason: These areas have intensive crop cultivation with high yield which supports dense
population.
2. Assertion: In Rajasthan there is quick formation of soil.
Reason: Rajasthan has same temperature throughout day and night.
3. Assertion: Earth is a watery planet.
Reason: 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
4. Assertion: The consumption of polluted water causes diseases like Cholera, jaundice, typhoid
etc.
 Reason: This happens because of consumption of contaminated food
5. Assertion: The sources of water are limited and are reducing every year.
Reason: Due to global warming the frequency of rain has become unpredictable.
6. Assertion: Soil conservation means prevention of soil from being eroded.
Reason: The animals should be allowed to overgraze the pastures and field.

Chapter 3
Natural Resources: Vegetation and Wildlife
1. Assertion: In the areas, where rainfall is heavy, the forests are thick and dense.
Reason: Temperature and rainfall are factors which affect growth of plant.
2. Assertion: Tropical rain forests always appear green therefore are known as evergreen
forest.
Reason: All the trees shed their leaves at different times.
3. Assertion: Trees in deciduous forest do not shed their leaves throughout the year.
Reason: These plants grow in the area where there is summer rain.
4. Assertion: Forest is the breathing lungs of the civilisation.
Reason: Forest helps us to breathe as they convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.
5. Assertion: Many birds have become extinct and many others are on verge of extinction.
Reason: Our forests are the treasure trove of bio diversity.

Chapter 5
Agriculture
1. Assertion: India’s primary activity is agriculture.
Reason: Two thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.
2. Assertion: Agriculture is an old economic activity.
Reason: Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.
3. Assertion: Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
Reason: Plantation is a type of commercial farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
4. Assertion: Adding of fertilisers and irrigation is used to get higher production.
Reason: Doses of fertilisers are used to grow crop rapidly.
5. Assertion: Diary farming is not a specialised form of agriculture for large scale production of
milk.
Reason: India is largest cow milk exporter.
6. Assertion: Wheat cultivation is mainly confined to the northern and central region of India.
Reason: The northern and central region of India have loamy soil and have temperature of
10-150C at certain time of the year.
 Chapter 6
Manufacturing Industries

1. Assertion: Basic industries produce products which are raw materials for other
industries.
Reason: Basic industries are always agriculture based.
2. Assertion: Amul is a co-operative sector industry.
Reason: Amul is owned and managed by group of people belonging to co-operative.
3. Assertion: TISCO was established in Jameshedpur.
Reason: It was established there because of expensive labour.
4. Assertion: Bengaluru is known as the silicon valley of India.
Reason: It has large pool of low cost technical and scientific personnel proficient in
English.
5. Assertion: Gujarat is one of the leading cotton textile industrial State in India.
Reason: The raw material for the industry comes from Maharastra.
6. Assertion: India has an ancient tradition of producing Rayon textile.
Reason: The hand-woven cloth was reported to be manufactured during the period of
Indus Valley civilisation in India.

Chapter 7
Human Resources

1. Assertion: The human population is sparse in the Polar regions, hot deserts and thickly
forested areas.
Reason: The population is sparse in areas where climatic conditions are not suitable
2. Assertion: Distribution of population can be found by the mortality rate.
Reason: The density of population is measured as number of people living in per square
kilometre of an area.
3. Assertion: High mountains, rugged terrain and rocky plateau restrict the human
settlements.
Reason: The physical factors like relief, climate, soil, water and vegetation affect the
distribution of population.
4. Assertion: The hilly areas of Jharkhand that is rich in mineral resources has not attracted
industrial settlements.
Reason: The area is densely populated.
5. Assertion: Population is always in flux.
Reason: The growth of population is affected by birth rate, death rate and large scale
migration.
6. Assertion: Sex- ratio is continuously declining in India.
Reason: Preference for female child is there due to social, economic and religious reason.
7. Assertion: In India females have higher have higher life expectancy than the males.
 Reason: Females receive a better diet.
8. Assertion: Human resource is necessary for progress of any country.
Reason: Investment in health and education can result in a high rate of returns in the
future for a country.

Chapter 8
The Modern Period

1. Assertion: India was able to end the British rule and gain independence in 1947.
Reason: The British introduced series of reform to pacify Indians to weaken the freedom
struggle.
2. Assertion: The record of Morley Minto Reform, Report of Simon Commission and the
government of India Act are important source of information.
Reason: They tell us about the condition of people as well as the administration at that time.
3. Assertion: Books like Anandmath, My experiments with truth and Unhappy India have been
reprinted time and again and are available now also.
Reason: They are important source of information for the medieval period.
4. Assertion: Gandhi Smriti has a library with around 60000 books.
Reason: The books give information about Gandhiji.
5. Assertion: The British passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878.
Reason: This was done to repress the anti government writing and propaganda.

Chapter 9
Establishment of Company Rule in India

1. Assertion: The year 1498 marked the beginning of European era in Indian history.
Reason: Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut in 1498.
2. Assertion: The East India Company became an imperial power.
Reason: In order to protect its trade it built its own military and administrative department.
3. Assertion: Right to collect Diwani by the British began a dual government in Bengal.
Reason: The nawab looked after the administration, army, the judiciary and the revenue
collection of Bengal.
4. Assertion: Hyder Ali was not able to extend his territories over Bednore, Sundre, Sera, Canara
and Guti.
Reason: Warren Hasting faced stiff resistance from Marathas in north and Hyder Ali in south.
5. Assertion: The second Anglo –Maratha War occurred in 1803.
Reason: The signing of treaty by Peshwa Baji Rao with British was opposed by the chieftains-
the Scindia and the Bhosale.
6. Assertion: In1849 Lord Dalhousie was not able to make Punjab part of British India.
Reason: The immediate cause of 2ndAnglo-Sikh war was exile of Lal Singh on charges of
conspiracy.

Chapter 10
Colonialism: Rural and Tribal Section

1. Assertion: The farmers were forced to produce thickened sugarcane juice for sugar factories.
Reason: There was rising demand of sugar in the west.
2. Assertion: The unjust policies of British resulted in rebellions by the tribals in different parts
of India.
Reason: The commercialisation of agriculture and exploitation of the forest wealth made
many tribals jobless and homeless.
3. Assertion: During nineteenth century the moneylenders and traders gave loans and offered
them job for wages.
Reason: The demand for the forest produce increased and the money lenders took
advantage of the situation.
4. Assertion: The tribals of India, lived in deep forest and led self sufficient life with their
economy built around the forest.
Reason: They believed that the forest did not belong to them and they did not belong to
forest.
5. Assertion: In 1829, many khasis revolted against British under the leadership of Bar Manik
and Tirut Singh.
Reason: The construction of road through the khasis land united many chiefs.

Chapter 11
The first War of Independence

1. Assertion: The revolt of1857 is often referred as First War of Independence.

Reason: It was first time that all the sections united as one to throw off the shackles of
foreign domination.
2. Assertion: The Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was compelled to accept the British army within the
territory and to pay subsidy for its maintenance.
Reason: He had to do so as a result of policy of Doctrine of lapse.
3. Assertion: The Hindu law of property was changed to enable a Christian convert to receive
his share of the ancestral property.
Reason: This was done to discourage the conversion to Christianity.
4. Assertion: Indians were allowed to travel in first class of the train compartment.
Reason: The British followed the policy of racial discrimination.
5. Assertion: Mangal Pandey was arrested, tried and executed.
Reason: He refused to use greased cartridge and shot down his sergeant.
6. Assertion: The revolt of 1857 was not suppressed by the British.
Reason: Baring a few like Rani of Jhansi ,Tantia Tope most of the feudal lords joined the
mutiny.
Chapter 13
Colonialism and Urban Change

1. Assertion: In the nineteenth century, the Calcutta Municipal Corporation was established.
Reason: The increase in the size of the population led to expansion of new urban areas.
2. Assertion: In the year 1911, British were forced to relocate the capital to Delhi.
Reason: There was decrease in the political discontent all over India.
3. Assertion: The railway was introduced in India for the benefit of British brought about
changes in the lives of Indians.
Reason: Railways connected people and brought about awareness against social evils, need
of education and freedom from foreign exploitation.
4. Assertion: In 1857 the British laid down the formation of systematic police system under the
Indian Police Act.
Reason: An efficient administration does not require proper maintenance of law and order.
5. Assertion: There was hardly any opposition against the introduction of railways in India.
Reason: It offended people of higher caste as people of all caste had to sit together.

Chapter 14
The Nationalist Movement

1. Assertion: The resentment among people surfaced in form of different rebellion which later
gave rise to the Indian National Movement.
Reason: Even though the governance came in the hands of the British government in 1858,
the people of India had no say in the government or the formulation of policies.
2. Assertion: In July 1905, Lord Curzon had issued an order on partition of Bengal.
Reason: It was difficult to govern and collect the revenue of such a big state.
3. Assertion: The Home Rule league was established in Madras to enhance the control of the
British in India.
Reason: The purpose of the league was to attain self government.
4. Assertion: In 1920, Congress session Gandhi ji’s call for Non- Cooperation—not to cooperate
with the government was ratified.
Reason: Gandhi ji said ‘British rule was established and survived in India with cooperation of
Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse and Swaraj would come.’
5. Assertion: Simon Commission was boycotted by Muslim league only and not by the
Congress.
Reason: Simon Commission was sent to India to review the government of India Act and
further suggest reforms to appease Indians.
6. Assertion: Gandhi ji on 8August 1942 launched the Quit India Movement, which was civil
disobedience movement.
Reason: The Cripps Mission had failed and it was obvious British would not grant freedom to
India and Gandhi ji feared Japan may attack British possession in India.

Chapter 15
India Marches Ahead

1. Assertion: India became a republic on January26, 1950.

Reason: The constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950.
2. Assertion: India’s focus is on creating a unified and developed nation.
Reason: We have to solve issues like poverty, illiteracy and poor health.
3. Assertion: The Election Commission is not able to conduct free and fair election.
Reason: The Election Commission is not an autonomous constitutional authority.
4. Assertion: After independence India has opted for democracy.
Reason: It was thought that every community, religion and language should enjoy equal
status.
5. Assertion: Even though India has attained its independence in August 1947and the
constitution was adopted on 26 January 1950
Reason: The constituent assembly took three years to complete the drafting of the
Constitution.

Chapter 16
Our Constitution

1. Assertion: It is very simple to make the changes in the basic structure of the constitution.
Reason: Both the houses have the power to amend the constitution independently.
2. Assertion: India has a Federal system.
Reason: Under a unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the subunits
are subordinate to central government.
3. Assertion: Third tier of the government is a local government.
Reason: It makes the democracy weak.
4. Assertion: In India, we have single citizenship.
Reason: Irrespective of the state where the person lives, he/ she is just the citizen of India.
 5. Assertion: India is a democratic state and a republic whereas England in spite of being
democracy is not a republic.
Reason: In India the head of state is hereditary whereas in England the head of the state is
elected head from amongst the people.
6. Assertion: India is not a Sovereign state
Reason: The country is free from the external control and internally also citizen are free to
take their own decision

Chapter 17

Fundamental Rights, Fundamental duties and Directive Principles of State

Policy

1. Assertion: The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age
group of 6-14 years.
Reason: Right to Education has been included as fundamental right in 2002.
2. Assertion: There is no prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, caste, race,
sex or place of birth.
Reason: Right to equality is a fundamental right.
3. Assertion: Many directive principles have been implemented and they have become either
legislation or a Fundamental right.
Reason: Right to Education has become a fundamental right, Environment protection act
and wildlife protection act has been passed.
4. Assertion: Our Fundamental Rights are not absolute or unlimited.
Reason: The fundamental duties have been added to the constitution later.
5. Assertion: We do not need to defend our country and render service to nation when called
upon.
Reason: It is a fundamental duty which we need to perform.

Chapter18
The Union Government: The Legislature

1. Assertion: The subjects which are not included in the state list, Union list and Concurrent list
are considered as residuary subjects.
Reason: The subjects which came after the constitution was made and thus could not be
classified.
2. Assertion: India is a Federation.
Reason: There are different levels of the government that is national, state and grass root level.
3. Assertion: Lok Sabha is a permanent house.
Reason: Rajya Sabha can never be dissolved and one third of its members retire every two
years.
4. Assertion: The Vice-President / Chairman of Rajya Sabha cannot vote on any issue in the house.
Reason: The Vice-President is not the member of the house.
5. Assertion: Approval of both houses is necessary for passing of a bill.
Reason: Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha in the matter of Money bill.
6. Assertion: The people have opportunity to actively participate in the political process of the
country.
Reason: The principle of Universal Adult Franchise gives all citizen who are 18 or more than 18
years of age right to vote.
Chapter 19
The Union Government: The Executive

1. Assertion: The President of the India is the real executive.

Reason: The President is bound to act on the advice of the Prime minister and the council of
ministers.
2. Assertion: The President can be removed from his office by impeachment.
Reason: If the president violates the constitution.
3. Assertion: The emergency powers of the president are not absolute.
Reason: The president can declare emergency on written advice of the council of ministers.
4. Assertion: The president has the choice or discretion while appointing the Prime minister.
Reason: The leader of the majority party in the lok Sabha is appointed as the prime minister.
5. Assertion: The Vice President performs the same function in the Rajya Sabha as the speaker
does in the lok Sabha.
Reason: The Vice President is not a member of the Rajya Sabha.
6. Assertion: The Prime –minister is the most powerful person in the parliamentary form of
government.
Reason: The Prime minister is the real executive.

Chapter 20

The Union Government- The judiciary

1. Assertion: Justice is possible only if the judiciary is independent and impartial.
Reason: A system of Court under an independent judiciary is the foundation of democracy.
2. Assertion: The Supreme Court at the apex is the highest judicial authority.
Reason: The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the
territory of India according to the constitution.
3. Assertion: The Supreme Court cannot perform and exercise original jurisdiction.
Reason: The original jurisdiction is exercised in cases which originate in the Supreme Court.
4. Assertion: The High Court functions as Protector of Fundamental Rights.
Reason: The Supreme Court may declare a law passed by legislature null and void, if it
encroaches upon the Fundamental Rights of the people.
5. Assertion: In 1985 Lok Adalat was set up in an effort to simplify the legal procedure, provide
speedy justice at low cost.
Reason: ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’ there are thousands of cases lying pending in the
various courts.
6. Assertion: Public Interest Litigation is the matter of public interest taken up by the court.
Reason: If a person writes a letter to court about any serious matter it is treated as PIL.

Chapter 22
Safeguarding the Marginalised

1. Assertion: The present Scheduled Caste (SCs), Scheduled Tribes(STs),other backward class
(OBC) and many minority group suffer from backwardness.
Reason: There is social and economic injustice, inequality and discrimination.
2. Assertion: Safai Karamcharis filed a PIL in2003.
Reason: They wanted manual scavenging to continue in the railways.
3. Assertion: The Stand –Up India Scheme has been launched by the government for all
citizens.
Reason: It aims to promote entrepreneurship among SCs/STs and women by providing them
loan.
4. Assertion: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched by the government
for the up liftment of the weaker sections.
Reason: Any individual above the age of 10 years who does not have any bank account could
open a bank account without depositing any account.