PHYSICS PRACTICAL

CLASS- XII SECTION-A GROUP- 1 /2 DATE-6/04/2024

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-1

To determine the resistivity of two given wires by plotting V vs I graphs for the two wires by using Ohm’s law.

Apparatus required: A resistance wire, voltmeter, ammeter, battery eliminator, one-way key, connecting wires and a
piece of sand

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

𝑉
Ohm’ law: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = 𝐼

The resistivity is given by

𝑅𝐴
ρ= 𝐿

Observation table-1 (for 𝑅1)

Number of Voltmeter reading in volt Ammeter reading in ampere 𝑉

𝑅1 = 𝐼
−3 −3
Observation (×10 ) (×10 ) In ohm
1
2
3
4
5
Observation table-2 (for 𝑅2)

Number of Voltmeter reading in volt Ammeter reading in ampere 𝑉

𝑅2 = 𝐼
−3 −3
Observation (×10 ) (×10 ) In ohm
1
 2
3
4
5

Observation table-3 (for 𝐷1)

No of Pitch LC in ICSR(I) NCR(n) FCSR(F) 𝐼~𝐹 PSR CSR Total D Mean

obs in mm In In In mm 𝐷1 in
mm mm mm mm

Observation table-4 (for 𝐷2)

No Pitch LC in ICSR(I) NCR(n) FCSR(F) 𝐼~𝐹 PSR CSR Total D Mean

of in mm In In In mm 𝐷2 in
obs mm mm mm mm

1
 2

CALCULATION;

a) The mean value of resistance 𝑅𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = _________Ω

And the length of the first wire=_______________m

2
π 𝐷1
The area of the wire is 𝐴1 = 4
= _____________

The resistivity of the first wire is

𝑅1𝐴1
ρ1 = 𝑙1

b) For the second wire the mean value of resistance 𝑅𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = ________Ω

And the length of the first wire=___________m

2
π 𝐷2
The area of the wire is 𝐴2 = 4
= _____________

The resistivity of the first wire is

𝑅2𝐴2
ρ2 = 𝑙2

CONCLUSION:

The resistivity of the two wires will be _______________ and __________________

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removing the insulations near their
ends by rubbing with sand paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
 4. A low resistance rheostat should be used.
5. The key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistance.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-2

To determine the resistance of the given wire using meter bridge

Apparatus required: A resistance wire, Meter Bridge, voltmeter, ammeter, battery eliminator, one way key,
connecting wires and a piece of sand

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

(100−𝑙)
The unknown resistance X is given by 𝑋 = 𝑙
𝑅

Observation table-1 (for unknown resistance X)

 Number of Resistance from L in cm 100-l in (100−𝑙) Mean X in ohm
𝑋= 𝑙
𝑅
Observation resistance box R in cm
In ohm
ohm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CONCLUSION:

The unknown resistance of given wire was found to be ____________

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4. The plug in the key K should be inserted only during the observation
5. Null point should be brought between 45cm and 55cm.
6. The wire should not make a loop.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-3

To verify the laws of combination (series) using meter bridge

Apparatus required: A resistance wire, Meter Bridge, voltmeter, ammeter, battery eliminator, one way key,
connecting wires and a piece of sand

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The unknown resistance is given by

𝑅𝑠 =
(100−𝑙)
𝑙
𝑅 and 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

Observation table

𝑅Mean resistance in
Resistance Number of Resistance from L in cm 100-l (100−𝑙)
𝑋= 𝑙 ohm
coil Observation resistance box R in cm
In ohm
in ohm
𝑟1 1
2 𝑟1 = __________
3
𝑟2 4
5 𝑟2 = ______________
6
𝑅𝑠 7
8 𝑅𝑆 = _________
9

CONCLUSION:

𝑅𝑆 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = ____________________Ω

Here error found to be __________________ Ω

PRECAUTION

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4. The plug in the key K should be inserted only during the observation
5. Null point should be brought between 45cm and 55cm.
6. The wire should not make a loop.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-4

To verify the laws of combination (parallel) using meter bridge

Apparatus required: A resistance wire, Meter Bridge, voltmeter, ammeter, battery eliminator, one way key,
connecting wires and a piece of sand
GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The unknown resistance is given by

𝑟1𝑟2
𝑋 =
(100−𝑙)
𝑙
𝑅 and 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑟1+𝑟2

Observation table

𝑅Mean resistance in
Resistance Number of Resistance from L in cm 100-l (100−𝑙)
𝑋= 𝑙 ohm
coil Observation resistance box R in in cm
In ohm
ohm
𝑟1 1
2 𝑟1 = __________
3
𝑟2 4
5 𝑟2 = ______________
 6
𝑅𝑝 7
8 𝑅𝑃 = _________
9

CONCLUSION:

The effective resistance in parallel combination will be

𝑟1𝑟2
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑟1+𝑟2
= ________________________Ω

The error in observation was found to be _______________ Ω.

PRECAUTION

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4. The plug in the key K should be inserted only during the observation
5. Null point should be brought between 45cm and 55cm.
6. The wire should not make a loop.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-5

To determine resistance of a Galvano meter by half deflection method and to

find its figure of merit
APPARATUS

Galvanometer, Volt meter, Battery, Resistance box, 2 keys, Rheostat, ammeter.

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The resistance of the given Galvanometer, as found by half-deflection method

𝑅𝑆
𝐺= 𝑅−𝑆

Where R is the resistance connected in series with the Galvanometer and S is the shunt resistance.

The figure of merit is given by

ε
𝑘= (𝑅+𝐺)θ
Observation table-1 (resistance of galvanometer)

Numbe Resistance Deflection in Shunt Half 𝑅𝑆

𝐺= 𝑅−𝑆
r of R in Ω galvanometer resistance S in Deflection
In Ω
Observ (θ) in degree Ω (θ/2) in
ation degree

1
2
3
4
5
6

Observation table-2(Figure of Merit)

 SL NO Number of Emf of cell Resistance in Deflection in K
cells In volt Ω galvanometer
(θ) in degree

1
2
3

CONCLUSION: - The resistance of the given Galvanometer is found to be ______________ Ω

And the Figure of Merit is found to be _______________

PRECAUTIONS- 1) The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2) All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

3) The resistance box should be a high resistance one
4) The emf of the cell should be constant
5) Value of required series resistance should be calculated accurately

SECTION- B(OPTICS)
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-1-B

To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of
incidence and angle of deviation

APPARATUS

prism, drawing sheet, drawing board, hair pins, drawing pins, graph and instrument box

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The refractive index of the glass prism is given as

𝐴+δ𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡( )
μ= 2
𝐴 ,
𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡( )
2

Where ‘A’ is the angle of prism and δ𝑚 Is the angle of minimum deviation

Observation table
Number of Angle of incidence in degree Angle of deviation In degree Angle of minimum
Observation deviation In degree

1 30
2 35
3 40
4 45
5 50
6 55

CALCULATION;

From graph the angle of minimum deviation was found to be

δ𝑚 = _____________°

And the angle of prism is 𝐴 = 60°

So, the refractive index of the material of prism will be

𝐴+δ𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡( 2
)
μ= 𝐴 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡( )2

CONCLUSION

The angle of minimum deviation was found to be δ𝑚 = ________° and also the refractive index
was found to be________________.

PRECAUTION
 1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35°-60°
2. The pins should be fixed vertical
3. The distance between the two pins should be less than 10mm
4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-2-B

To find the values of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror to find the
focal length
APPARATUS

An optical bench, concave mirror, graph and instrument box

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The focal length of concave mirror is given by

1 1 1 𝑢𝑣
𝑓
= 𝑢
+ 𝑣
𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑢+𝑣

Observation table
 No Position of U=M-O V= M-I in cm 1 −1 1 −1 𝑢𝑣
𝑢
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑣
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑓= 𝑢+𝑣
of in cm
In cm
obs
M O I

CONCLUSION: The focal length of concave mirror is found to be __________ cm

PRECAUTION;

1. The uprights should be vertical. Tip to tip parallax should be removed between the needle I and
the image of needle O
2. To locate the position of the image the eye should be at least 30cm away from the needle
3. Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as that of pole of the concave
mirror
4. Index correction should be applied for 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-3-B

To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens

APPARATUS

An optical bench, convex mirror, convex lens, graph and instrument box
GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

𝑅
The focal length of convex mirror is given by 𝑓= 2
Observation table

No of Position V= M-I in cm R in cm 𝑅
𝑓= 2
obs Of mirror
In cm

M I
1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION: The focal length of the given convex mirror is found to be _________ cm

PRECAUTION;

1) Principal axis of the lens should be horizontal and parallel to the central line of the optical bench.

2) All the uprights should be vertical

3) The tip of the needle, center of the mirror and center of the lens should be at the same height.
4) While removing the parallax the eye should be kept at a minimum distance 30 cm from needle.

5) Tip to tip parallax should be removed

6) Index correction should be applied between the image needle and back surface of the convex mirror.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-4-B

To find the values of v for different values of u in case of a convex lens to find the focal
length
APPARATUS

An optical bench, convex lens, graph and instrument box

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The focal length of convex lens is given by

1 1 1 𝑢𝑣
𝑓
= 𝑣
− 𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑢−𝑣

Observation table
 No Position of U=L-O V= L-I 1 −1 1 −1 𝑢𝑣
𝑢
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑣
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑓= 𝑢−𝑣
of lens in cm in cm
In cm
obs
L O I

CONCLUSION: The focal length of the convex lens was found to be _____________ cm

PRECAUTION;

1. The uprights should be vertical. Tip to tip parallax should be removed between the needle I and
the image of needle O
2. To locate the position of the image the eye should be at least 30cm away from the needle
3. Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as that of pole of the convex
lens.
4. Index correction should be applied for 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-5-B

To find the focal length of concave lens by using convex lens

APPARATUS

An optical bench, convex lens, concave lens and instrument box

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The focal length of convex lens is given by

1 1 1 𝑢𝑣
𝑓
= 𝑣
− 𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑢−𝑣
Observation table
SL NO Position of Position of Position of Position of Position of U=a-b in V=b-c in
Object Convex 1st image Concave 2st
image cm cm
needle lens 𝐿1in 𝐼1 a in cm lens 𝐿2 bin 𝐼2 c in cm
cm cm
1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:

PRECAUTION;

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-6-B

To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope

APPARATUS

Travelling microscope, glass slab, white paper, Lycopodium powder

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

The refractive index of the glass slab is given by

𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
μ= 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

𝑅3−𝑅1
μ= 𝑅3−𝑅2

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl Reading on vertical scale when microscope is

no focused on
Cross-mark Cross-mark Cross-mark Real Apparent 𝑅3−𝑅1
μ= 𝑅3−𝑅2
without slab 𝑅1 with slab 𝑅2 in with thickness thickness
in cm cm lycopodium 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 in
powder 𝑅3 in In cm cm
cm
1
2
3
4
5
CONCLUSION: The refractive index of the material of glass slab is found to be ________________

PRECAUTION;

1) The microscope scale should be properly calibrated

2) In microscope the parallax should be properly removed

3) The microscope should be moved in upper direction only to avoid back lash error.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-7-B

To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane
mirror.
APPARATUS

Convex lens, plane mirror, clean transparent liquid, optical needle, iron stand with base and clamp arrangement

GIST OF THE EXPERIMENT

If 𝑓1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 be the focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of their
combination then

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐹
= 𝑓1
+ 𝑓2
⟹ 𝑓2
= 𝐹
− 𝑓1

Liquid lens formed is a Plano-concave lens with 𝑅1 = 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 = ∞

1 𝑛−1 𝑅
𝑓2
= 𝑅
⟹𝑛 = 1 + 𝑓2
OBSERVATION TABLE

Arrangement Distance of needle tip Focal length

From lens From plane Mean
surface mirror distance
With liquid
F = ___________
Without
liquid 𝑓1 = _________
With liquid
F = ____________
Without
liquid 𝑓1 = ________________

Calculation

1 1 1 𝑅
𝑓2
= 𝐹
− 𝑓1
⟹𝑛 = 1 + 𝑓2

CONCLUSION: The refractive index of the liquid is found to be _____________

PRECAUTION;

1) The liquid taken should be transparent

2) Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick.

3) The parallax should be removed tip to tip.