(i) Adulterant: An adulterant is any substance added to food that makes it unsafe,

lowers its quality, or misrepresents it. This can include things like fillers, harmful
chemicals, or even things that aren't listed on the ingredients label.
(ii) Hazard: In food safety, a hazard is any biological, chemical, or physical agent that
could cause harm to someone who consumes the food. This could be things like
bacteria, toxins, allergens, or even foreign objects.
(iii) Primary food: Primary food refers to food items in their natural state, obtained
through agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, or aquaculture. This includes things
like fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, milk, eggs, and fish before any processing.
(iv) Extraneous matter: Extraneous matter is any unwanted substance that gets into
food accidentally during production, processing, packaging, or storage. This could
include things like dirt, hair, insects, or pieces of packaging material. It's important to
note that extraneous matter isn't necessarily harmful, but it can make food unappetizing.
(v) Quality Assurance: Quality assurance refers to the processes and procedures that
a company puts in place to ensure that its products (including food) meet specific quality
standards. This involves things like testing ingredients, monitoring production
processes, and inspecting finished products.
(vi) Bill of Entry: In international trade, a bill of entry is a document that provides details
about imported goods. It includes information like the type and quantity of goods, their
value, and the country of origin. This document is used by customs authorities to assess
duties and taxes on imported goods.
(vii) Use By Date: The "use by" date is a safety indicator on food labels. It indicates the
last date by which the food should be consumed for optimal quality and safety. Food
may still be safe after this date, but its quality may deteriorate, meaning it may lose
flavor or texture.

Here are five common types of food adulteration:

1. Substitution: Replacing a more expensive ingredient with a cheaper one that imitates
the original. Examples include adding water to milk, using mashed potatoes in place of
some of the cheese in lasagna, or using chicory root as a coffee extender.
2. Adding fillers or bulking agents: Mixing in substances to increase the weight or
volume of food without adding nutritional value. This could involve adding chalk powder
to flour, sand to spices, or using fillers like starch in sausages.
3. Using artificial coloring or ripening agents: Adding artificial colors to make food
appear more appealing or using chemicals to speed up the ripening process of fruits
and vegetables.
4. Contamination: This can be accidental or intentional, but it refers to the presence of
harmful substances in food that shouldn't be there. Examples include pesticide residues
on produce, lead contamination from old paint in canned goods, or the presence of
harmful bacteria due to improper storage or handling.
5. Mislabeling: Providing false or misleading information on food packaging. This could
involve misrepresenting the ingredients, the origin of the food, or its expiry date.

Salient features of FSS 2006?

Here are some salient features of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act):
 Single Regulator: The Act replaces various previous food-related laws with a single,
unified legislation. It establishes the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI) as the central body responsible for ensuring food safety and setting food
standards across the country.
 Science-Based Standards: The FSS Act empowers FSSAI to lay down science-based
standards for food items. These standards encompass factors like quality, purity, safety,
and nutritional content.
 Licensing and Registration: The Act mandates licensing or registration of all food
businesses, depending on their size and turnover. This system helps track food
businesses and enforce food safety regulations.
 Focus on Self-Compliance: The FSS Act promotes a shift from purely regulatory
enforcement to a model that encourages self-compliance by food businesses. This is
achieved through training programs and transparent regulations.
 Uniformity Across India: The Act ensures a uniform approach to food safety
regulations throughout the country. This eliminates the confusion caused by previously
existing, varied state-level legislations.
 Consumer Protection: The FSS Act prioritizes consumer protection by ensuring the
availability of safe and wholesome food. It empowers consumers to seek redressal in
case of food safety violations.
 Import and Export Regulations: The Act regulates the import and export of food items
to ensure that only food meeting Indian safety standards enters or leaves the country.
These are some of the key features of the FSS Act that have significantly improved food
safety and regulation in India.

Write short notes on any four of the following : 2.5×4=10

(i) Codex Alumantarious Commission
(ii) Good Manufacturing Practices
(iii) British Retail Consortium
(iv) HACCP
(v) Ecomark Scheme

Here are some short notes on the terms you requested:

(i) Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC):
 An international organization under the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and
WHO (World Health Organization).
 Its aim is to protect consumer health by setting international food standards, guidelines,
and codes of practice.
 These standards promote fair practices in food trade and ensure the safety, quality, and
fairness of international food trade.
(ii) Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP):
 A set of guidelines that a food manufacturer must follow to ensure that their products
are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards.
 GMPs cover various aspects of production, including sanitation, maintenance,
personnel training, documentation, and quality control procedures.
 Following GMP helps ensure the production of safe, high-quality food.
(iii) British Retail Consortium (BRC):
 A leading business-to-business organization in the UK that sets global standards for
food safety, quality, and operational practices.
 BRC Global Standards are a widely recognized food safety certification scheme for
retailers, manufacturers, and food service organizations.
 Achieving BRC certification demonstrates a company's commitment to food safety and
quality management.
(iv) HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points):
 A systematic approach to preventing foodborne hazards.
 HACCP involves identifying potential hazards throughout the food production process,
establishing critical control points (CCPs) to control those hazards, and implementing
monitoring procedures to ensure CCPs are effectively controlled.
 HACCP is a science-based and proactive approach to ensuring food safety.
(v) Ecomark Scheme:
 A voluntary eco-labeling program in India administered by the Government of India.
 It certifies products that meet environmental friendliness and sustainability criteria
throughout their life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.
 Ecomark certification helps consumers identify environmentally friendly food products
and supports sustainable practices in the food industry.

Describe the need for harmonisation of National Standards with Codex

Here's a breakdown of why harmonizing national standards with Codex is important:

Benefits for Consumers:
 Enhanced Food Safety: Codex standards are based on scientific risk assessments,
ensuring a strong foundation for food safety measures. Harmonization helps ensure
consistent food safety levels across countries.
 Wider Variety and Availability of Safe Food: By aligning national standards, trade
barriers related to food safety are reduced. This allows consumers access to a wider
variety of safe food products from different countries.
 Improved Transparency and Information: Codex standards promote clear labeling
practices. Harmonization facilitates consistent labeling information across borders,
making it easier for consumers to understand food product details.
Benefits for Businesses:
 Simplified Trade Processes: Harmonized standards eliminate the need for companies
to comply with multiple sets of regulations for different countries. This reduces costs and
streamlines the export process.
 Level Playing Field: Consistent standards create a fair marketplace for food
businesses, regardless of their location.
 Enhanced Brand Reputation: Demonstrating adherence to internationally recognized
Codex standards can improve a company's brand reputation and build consumer trust.
Benefits for Governments:
 Improved Public Health Protection: Harmonization strengthens food safety measures
across borders, helping to prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses.
 Efficient Resource Allocation: By adopting Codex standards, governments can
leverage internationally recognized guidelines, reducing the need to develop and
maintain separate national standards.
 Facilitation of International Cooperation: Harmonization fosters collaboration
between countries on food safety issues and facilitates the exchange of information and
expertise.
Overall, harmonization with Codex promotes a global system for ensuring food
safety, facilitates fair trade, and benefits consumers, businesses, and
governments.

Write any five erstwhile control orders under Essential Commodities Act, 1955
Due to the dynamic nature of control orders under the Essential Commodities Act
(ECA), 1955, specific orders may be revoked or modified over time. Here are five
 examples of erstwhile (meaning former or past) control orders, but it's important to note
these may no longer be active:
1. Sugar (Control) Order: This order likely regulated the production, distribution, and
pricing of sugar to ensure its availability at fair prices.
2. Wheat Procurement (Price Control) Order: This order might have established
minimum support prices for wheat procured by the government and potentially
controlled its movement or distribution.
3. Cereals and Pulses (Stock Holding) Order: This order could have mandated traders
and mills to maintain minimum stock levels of essential grains like rice, lentils, etc., to
prevent shortages and price spikes.
4. Milk and Milk Products (Control) Order: This order might have regulated the prices
and distribution of milk and milk products like butter or cheese to ensure affordability
and prevent exploitation in the market.
5. Vegetable Oils (Regulation of Production and Distribution) Order: This order could
have aimed to control the production and distribution of cooking oils like mustard oil,
sunflower oil, etc., to ensure their availability and potentially regulate pricing.

Fruit Product order

Meat product order

Solvent Extracted oil, deoiled meal and Edible flour

Here are some key similarities between the SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary)
Agreement and the TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) Agreement of the World
Trade Organization (WTO):

 Non-discrimination: Both agreements promote non-discrimination in the application of

technical regulations and sanitary/phytosanitary measures. This means countries
cannot favor their own domestic products over safe imports.
 Transparency: Both agreements emphasize transparency in the development and
implementation of technical regulations and SPS measures. Countries are required to
 notify the WTO about new or changed regulations and provide information on how these
measures will be implemented.
 Scientific Justification: Both agreements encourage countries to base their
regulations and measures on scientific principles. This ensures that regulations are not
arbitrary or protectionist but are truly necessary to achieve legitimate objectives.
 Equivalence: Both agreements recognize the concept of equivalence. This means that
a country can accept alternative measures from another country if they achieve the
same level of protection as their own regulations.
 Focus on Legitimate Objectives: Both agreements allow countries to set their own
technical regulations and SPS measures to pursue legitimate objectives such as
protecting human, animal, or plant health, safety, or the environment.

In essence, both the SPS and TBT agreements aim to ensure that technical regulations
and sanitary/phytosanitary measures do not create unnecessary barriers to international
trade while still allowing countries to achieve their legitimate policy goals.

Describe the role of APEDA in Export Promotion of Agricultural products.

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)
plays a crucial role in promoting the export of agricultural products from India. Here's a
breakdown of its key functions:
Market Development:
 Identifying Potential Markets: APEDA helps identify potential export markets for
Indian agricultural products based on demand, trade regulations, and competition.
 Market Promotion Activities: They organize trade fairs, buyer-seller meets, and
promotional campaigns overseas to connect Indian exporters with potential buyers.
 Market Research and Analysis: APEDA conducts market research and analysis to
understand trends in consumer preferences, import regulations, and competitor activity
in target markets.
Infrastructure Development:
 Financial Assistance: APEDA offers financial assistance to exporters for setting up or
upgrading infrastructure related to processing, packaging, and storage of agricultural
products.
 Cold Chain Facilities: They promote the development of cold chain facilities to ensure
proper storage and transportation of perishable agricultural products.
Quality Development:
 Standards and Regulations: APEDA helps establish and enforce export-oriented
quality standards and regulations for agricultural products.
 Certification and Accreditation: They facilitate the certification and accreditation of
laboratories, inspection agencies, and processing units to ensure adherence to
international quality standards.
 Traceability Systems: APEDA implements traceability systems for certain products to
track their origin and ensure food safety.
Other Initiatives:
 Registration of Exporters: APEDA registers exporters of agricultural products,
ensuring they meet the necessary quality and compliance standards.
 Policy Advocacy: They advocate for policies that promote agricultural exports and
address trade barriers faced by Indian exporters.
 Farmer Outreach Programs: APEDA may conduct programs to educate farmers on
good agricultural practices, pre- and post-harvest handling techniques, and export-
oriented production methods.
Overall, APEDA acts as a one-stop shop for Indian agricultural exporters,
providing them with the support and resources they need to compete effectively
in the global market.
The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) of a country outlines a set of guidelines and regulations
for international trade. Here are some of the basic objectives of a Foreign Trade Policy:
 Promote Exports: This is a primary objective of the FTP. It aims to increase the
country's exports by creating a supportive environment for businesses involved in
international trade. This can involve various initiatives like providing incentives to
 exporters, simplifying export procedures, and negotiating trade agreements with other
countries.
 Increase Foreign Exchange Earnings: By boosting exports, the FTP aims to generate
more foreign currency for the country. This foreign exchange can be used to import
essential goods, invest in infrastructure development, and improve the overall economic
situation.
 Attract Foreign Investment: The FTP may also aim to attract foreign investment into
the country, particularly in export-oriented sectors. This can be achieved by offering tax
breaks, subsidies, or other benefits to foreign investors who set up businesses in the
country.
 Create Jobs: Increased exports often lead to job creation in export-related industries
like manufacturing, logistics, and marketing. The FTP may have policies that support
these sectors to create more employment opportunities.
 Enhance Global Integration: The FTP can play a role in integrating the country's
economy with the global market. By promoting trade and adhering to international trade
norms, the country can participate more actively in the global economy.
 Encourage Technological Advancement: The FTP may incentivize businesses to
adopt newer technologies and improve production efficiency to compete effectively in
the international market.
 Support Specific Sectors: The policy may prioritize the growth of specific sectors that
have high export potential or are considered strategically important for the country's
development.
 Promote Regional Cooperation: The FTP might encourage regional trade agreements
and collaborations with neighboring countries to expand market access and strengthen
regional economic ties.
In addition to these core objectives, the specific focus of a Foreign Trade Policy can
vary depending on the country's current economic situation, development goals, and
trade priorities.

State various facilities available for 100% EOU in the foreign trade policy.
 The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) of a country outlines a set of guidelines and regulations
for international trade. Here are some of the basic objectives of a Foreign Trade Policy:
 Promote Exports: This is a primary objective of the FTP. It aims to increase the
country's exports by creating a supportive environment for businesses involved in
international trade. This can involve various initiatives like providing incentives to
exporters, simplifying export procedures, and negotiating trade agreements with other
countries.
 Increase Foreign Exchange Earnings: By boosting exports, the FTP aims to generate
more foreign currency for the country. This foreign exchange can be used to import
essential goods, invest in infrastructure development, and improve the overall economic
situation.
 Attract Foreign Investment: The FTP may also aim to attract foreign investment into
the country, particularly in export-oriented sectors. This can be achieved by offering tax
breaks, subsidies, or other benefits to foreign investors who set up businesses in the
country.
 Create Jobs: Increased exports often lead to job creation in export-related industries
like manufacturing, logistics, and marketing. The FTP may have policies that support
these sectors to create more employment opportunities.
 Enhance Global Integration: The FTP can play a role in integrating the country's
economy with the global market. By promoting trade and adhering to international trade
norms, the country can participate more actively in the global economy.
 Encourage Technological Advancement: The FTP may incentivize businesses to
adopt newer technologies and improve production efficiency to compete effectively in
the international market.
 Support Specific Sectors: The policy may prioritize the growth of specific sectors that
have high export potential or are considered strategically important for the country's
development.
 Promote Regional Cooperation: The FTP might encourage regional trade agreements
and collaborations with neighboring countries to expand market access and strengthen
regional economic ties.
 In addition to these core objectives, the specific focus of a Foreign Trade Policy can
vary depending on the country's current economic situation, development goals, and
trade priorities.

Here's a breakdown of the various components that can make up Import Duty and
Excise Duty:
Import Duty:
 Basic Customs Duty (BCD): This is the main levy on imported goods, typically
expressed as a percentage of the assessed value of the goods.
 Countervailing Duty (CVD): This is an additional duty imposed to countervail subsidies
given by the exporting country to its manufacturers or exporters.
 Special Additional Duty (SAD): This is an additional duty levied on specific imported
goods, often used for revenue generation or to protect domestic industries.
 Safeguard Duty: This is a temporary duty imposed to protect domestic industries from
a sudden surge in imports that could cause serious injury.
 Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD): This is a duty imposed on imported goods that are
considered to be dumped (sold at a price lower than their normal value in the exporting
country) to gain an unfair advantage in the domestic market.
Excise Duty (mostly replaced by GST in India):
 Basic Excise Duty (BED): This was the main levy on domestically produced and
excisable goods in India.
 Additional Excise Duty (AED): This was an additional duty levied on top of the basic
excise duty on certain goods.
 Special Additional Duty (SAD): Similar to import duty, SAD could also apply to certain
excisable goods in India.
 Cess: This is an additional levy imposed for specific purposes, such as education or
infrastructure development. It could be levied as a fixed amount or a percentage of the
basic duty.
Important Notes:
 The specific components of import duty and excise duty can vary depending on the
country and the product being imported or produced.
 In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has largely replaced excise duty. However,
some exceptions and specific types of duties may still apply under the excise duty
regime.
 It's advisable to consult the latest customs and excise regulations of the specific country
for the most accurate and up-to-date information on applicable duties and their
components.

Roles of Various Organizations:

(i) World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH):

 Formerly known as the Office International des Epizooties (OIE).
 An intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health worldwide.
 Works to control the spread of animal diseases, including those transmissible to
humans (zoonoses).
 Sets international standards for animal health, disease control, and veterinary hygiene.
 Provides technical and scientific support to member countries in animal disease
prevention, control, and eradication.
 Facilitates international trade in animals and animal products by developing harmonized
animal health regulations.
(ii) Tea Board:
 A statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
 Promotes the development of the Indian tea industry domestically and internationally.
 Regulates the tea industry in India by setting quality standards, promoting research and
development, and facilitating marketing and export of Indian tea.
 Implements various schemes to improve tea production, processing, and marketing
practices.
 Represents the Indian tea industry in international forums.
(iii) Cashew Promotion Council:
 A non-profit organization established by the Government of India to promote the Indian
cashew industry globally.
 Undertakes initiatives to improve the quality and processing of Indian cashews.
 Promotes research and development in cashew cultivation, processing, and product
development.
 Develops marketing strategies to increase the export of Indian cashews and cashew
products.
 Provides training and technical assistance to cashew growers, processors, and
exporters.
(iv) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC):
 A regulatory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC), Government of India.
 Responsible for approving the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and
products derived from them in India.
 Reviews applications for research trials, environmental release, commercial production,
import, and export of GMOs.
 Ensures the safety of GMOs for human health and the environment.
 Lays down guidelines and regulations for the use of GMOs in India.

Here's a breakdown of the requirements for importing livestock products into India:
Pre-Import Requirements:
 Sanitary Import Permit (SIP): You must obtain a Sanitary Import Permit (SIP) from the
Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) before shipping the livestock
products from the origin country. The DAHD issues SIPs based on an import risk
analysis of the specific product.
 Veterinary Health Certificate: An official veterinary health certificate, issued by the
competent authority of the exporting country, must accompany the consignment. This
certificate needs to fulfill all the import health guidelines as specified by the DAHD
notification or the agreed upon protocol with the exporting country.
Documents Required:
 Bill of Entry with customs reference number
 Copy of a valid DGFT License (if applicable) or the SIP
 Original veterinary health certificate from the exporting country
 Country of origin certificate (may be required)
 Laboratory reports (if applicable)
 Name and address details of the consignor and consignee (must match details on
license/SIP)
Import Points:
 Imports of live animals and animal products are only allowed through designated
seaports or airports with Animal Quarantine and Certification Services (AQCS) stations.
These include:
o Sea Ports: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai
o Air Ports: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai
o Land Customs Station (for imports from Bangladesh only): Petrapole

Write some provisions for the use of insecticides in public premises and food crops.
Provisions for Using Insecticides in Public Premises and Food Crops:

Public Premises:
 Registration: Only approved and registered insecticides can be used in public places.
This ensures the insecticides meet safety and efficacy standards.
 Label Compliance: Strict adherence to label instructions for application rates, mixing
ratios, and re-entry intervals is crucial.
 Targeted Application: Insecticides should be applied in a targeted manner to minimize
exposure to people and the environment. This may involve bait stations for cockroaches
or spot treatments for specific insect problems.
 Prior Notification: In some cases, depending on the severity of the infestation and the
chosen insecticide, authorities may require notification before application in public
buildings.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Trained personnel wearing appropriate PPE
should handle and apply insecticides. This minimizes the risk of exposure for
applicators and bystanders.
 Record Keeping: Records of the insecticide used, application date, and area treated
should be maintained for future reference.
Food Crops:
 Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI): Only insecticides with a designated Pre-Harvest Interval
(PHI) can be used on food crops. This ensures sufficient time for the insecticide
residues to degrade to safe levels before harvest.
 Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs): There are legal limits for the amount of insecticide
residue allowed on harvested crops (MRLs). Using insecticides within recommended
rates helps ensure compliance with MRLs.
 Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM strategies are encouraged. This involves
using a combination of methods besides insecticides, such as cultural practices,
biological controls, and monitoring, to manage pests. This minimizes reliance on
chemical control and reduces the risk of resistance development.
 Buffer Zones: Maintaining buffer zones around water bodies and sensitive areas like
beehives is often required to protect non-target organisms.
 Training: Farmers should be trained on the safe and responsible use of insecticides,
including proper storage, disposal of empty containers, and avoiding contamination of
water sources.
Additional Considerations:
 Environmental Impact: Insecticides should be chosen with minimal impact on the
environment, considering factors like toxicity to beneficial insects and pollinators.
 Organic Farming: Certified organic farms have stricter regulations and may only use
approved organic pesticides.

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, empowers consumers with six key rights:
1. Right to Safety: This right ensures that consumers are protected from products,
services, and processes that are hazardous to health or life. It emphasizes the need for
 manufacturers and service providers to adhere to safety standards and provide
consumers with information about potential risks.
2. Right to Information: Consumers have the right to be informed about the products and
services they purchase. This includes details about the product's composition, quality,
quantity, price, manufacturing/expiry dates, and any potential risks associated with its
use.
3. Right to Choose: Consumers have the right to choose from a variety of goods and
services offered at competitive prices. This right is aimed at preventing monopolies and
ensuring fair market practices that allow consumers to make informed decisions based
on their needs and preferences.
4. Right to be Heard: The Act guarantees that consumers have a platform to voice their
complaints and grievances concerning defective products, deficient services, or unfair
trade practices. This empowers consumers to seek redressal for their problems.
5. Right to Seek Redressal: This right allows consumers to seek compensation for any
loss or damage suffered due to defective goods, deficient services, or unfair trade
practices. The Act provides mechanisms for consumers to file complaints with
consumer forums and receive compensation for their grievances.
6. Right to Consumer Education: The Act acknowledges the importance of consumer
education in empowering consumers to make informed choices. It encourages initiatives
to educate consumers about their rights and responsibilities in the marketplace.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) follows a structured process for formulating
National Standards in India. Here's a breakdown of the key steps involved:
1. Identification of Need:
 The need for a new standard can be identified through various sources, such as:
o Industry requests
o Government departments
o BIS technical committees themselves
o International standardization activities
2. Proposal Development:
 A formal proposal for developing a new standard is submitted.
 This proposal outlines the need for the standard, the scope of the product or service it
will cover, and the benefits of standardization.
3. Committee Formation and Allocation:
 If the proposal is approved, a relevant technical committee is identified or established
within the BIS structure.
 These committees consist of experts from various stakeholders, including:
o Industry representatives (manufacturers, consumers)
o Government officials
o Research institutions
o Independent technical experts
4. Drafting and Circulation:
 The technical committee drafts the initial standard document based on:
o Existing national and international standards
o Technical considerations
o Best practices
 The draft standard is then circulated for comments among stakeholders and the public
for feedback.
5. Public Consultation and Feedback:
 A period is allocated for public comments on the draft standard.
 Stakeholders can submit their suggestions and objections through various channels.
 The BIS considers all received feedback during the revision process.
6. Committee Discussion and Revision:
 The technical committee meets to discuss the received feedback and revise the draft
standard based on the comments.
 This process may involve multiple rounds of discussion and revision until a consensus
is reached.
7. Technical Board Approval:
 The revised draft standard is then submitted to the BIS Technical Board for final
approval.
 The Technical Board ensures the standard meets technical requirements and follows
BIS procedures.
8. Notification and Publication:
 Once approved, the standard is notified in the Gazette of India, officially recognizing it
as a National Standard.
 The BIS then publishes the standard, making it available for purchase and reference.
9. Review and Revision:
 National Standards are reviewed periodically to ensure they remain relevant and up-to-
date with technological advancements and industry practices.
 The BIS follows a similar process for revising existing standards as outlined above.
By involving various stakeholders and following a transparent process, the BIS aims to
develop National Standards that are relevant, effective, and meet the needs of Indian
industry and consumers.

The National Codex Contact Point (NCCP) plays a crucial role in coordinating a
country's participation in the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Here are some of
its basic functions:
Communication and Information Exchange:
 Acts as the primary point of contact: The NCCP serves as the initial recipient of
official documents, publications, and communications from the Codex Secretariat.
 Disseminates information: The NCCP distributes Codex documents and information
to relevant stakeholders within the country, including government ministries, industry
associations, research institutions, and consumer groups.
Technical Expertise and Committee Liaison:
 Provides technical advice: The NCCP offers technical support and expertise to the
government on matters related to Codex standards.
 Facilitates committee participation: The NCCP helps identify and nominate national
experts to participate in relevant Codex Committees that address specific food
standards and safety issues.
 Coordinates national positions: The NCCP works with stakeholders to develop a
unified national position on various Codex agenda items.
Implementation and Promotion:
 Promotes Codex activities: The NCCP raises awareness about the importance of
Codex standards and encourages their adoption within the country.
 Facilitates compliance: The NCCP may assist in implementing Codex standards into
national regulations and standards.
 Maintains a Codex library: The NCCP often maintains a library of Codex standards,
codes of practice, and other related documents for reference and public access.
Overall, the NCCP acts as a bridge between the Codex Alimentarius and the
national government, industry, and consumers. It plays a vital role in ensuring
that the country actively participates in shaping international food standards and
effectively implements them domestically.

Here are five mandatory declarations that must be given on the containers and labels of
Infant Foods and Infant Milk Substitutes in India, according to the Food Safety and
Standards (Foods for Infant Nutrition) Regulations, 2019:

1. "Important Notice" in capital letters: This is the most prominent statement and needs
to be clearly displayed on the front of the package. Following this statement, the label
must include:
2. "Mother's milk is best for your baby": This emphasizes the importance of
breastfeeding and discourages unnecessary use of infant formula.
3. Statement specifying the age range for which the infant food is suitable: This
informs parents about the appropriate age to introduce the specific food to their baby.
(e.g., "Infant food suitable for infants aged 6 months and above")
4. Statement indicating instructions for appropriate and hygienic preparation,
including cleaning of utensils, bottles, and teats: This ensures safe consumption by
promoting proper hygiene practices during preparation. (e.g., "Warning: Careful and
hygienic preparation of infant food is most essential for health")
 Statement that infant milk substitute or infant food shall be used only on the
advice of a health worker as to the need for its use and the proper method of its
use: This discourages unsupervised use and emphasizes the importance of
consulting a healthcare professional before introducing formula or infant food.
Need for Food Labeling:

Describe the need of food labelling. State the Codex guidelines on nutritional labelling.

Food labeling plays a crucial role in ensuring consumer safety, informed choices, and
fair practices in the food industry. Here's a breakdown of its importance:
 Consumer Protection: Labels inform consumers about the ingredients in a product,
allowing them to avoid allergens or choose products based on dietary preferences.
Additionally, labels display expiry dates, preventing consumption of spoiled food.
 Informed Choices: Nutritional information empowers consumers to make informed
choices about the calorie and nutrient content of the food they consume. This helps with
dietary planning and managing health conditions.
 Fair Practices: Labeling helps prevent misleading claims and promotes transparency.
Accurate information on ingredients, origin, and processing methods ensures fair
competition among food businesses.
 Traceability and Recall Management: Labels with batch codes and other identifiers
facilitate traceability in the food supply chain. This helps isolate and manage product
recalls more effectively in case of contamination or safety concerns.

Codex Guidelines on Nutritional Labeling:

The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) provides guidelines for food labeling,
including nutritional labeling. Here are some key aspects of the Codex guidelines:
 Mandatory Information: The guidelines specify mandatory information that should be
included on labels, such as energy value, protein, carbohydrates (including sugars), fat
(including saturated fat), and sodium content.
 Serving Size: The guidelines emphasize the importance of clear and consistent serving
sizes on labels. This allows consumers to accurately compare the nutritional content of
different products.
 Formatting and Presentation: The guidelines recommend clear and easy-to-
understand presentation of nutritional information, often in a tabular format. This
ensures consumers can readily access and interpret the information.
 Optional Information: The guidelines allow for additional information on labels, such
as cholesterol, vitamins, and minerals, provided it meets specific criteria and doesn't
mislead consumers.
 Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs): The Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for
Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) sets NRVs, which are reference points for nutrient
intake. Labels may use NRVs as a reference for consumers to understand how a
product contributes to their overall dietary needs.
Overall, Codex guidelines promote standardized and informative food labeling
practices globally. This empowers consumers worldwide to make informed
choices and ensures fair practices in the food industry.

Explain briefly any five of the following :5×4=20

(i) SEZ
(ii) FBO
(iii) Food Hazards
(iv) HACCP
(v) MRL
(vi) Specifications

Here's a brief explanation of each term:

(i) SEZ (Special Economic Zone): A designated geographical area within a country
that enjoys trade and business operation benefits like tax breaks, simplified customs
procedures, and infrastructure support. These zones aim to attract foreign investment
and promote export-oriented businesses.
(ii) FBO (Food Business Operator): Any individual or organization involved in any
stage of the food supply chain, from farm to fork. This includes farmers, manufacturers,
processors, distributors, retailers, and restaurants. The FBO is responsible for ensuring
food safety throughout the chain.
(iii) Food Hazards: Biological, chemical, or physical agents in food that can cause
illness or injury when consumed. Examples include bacteria, viruses, toxins, allergens,
pesticides, and foreign objects like glass or metal.
(iv) HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points): A systematic approach to
preventing foodborne hazards. HACCP involves identifying potential hazards,
establishing critical control points (CCPs) in the food production process where these
hazards can be controlled, and implementing monitoring procedures to ensure CCPs
are effectively managed.
(v) MRL (Maximum Residue Limit): The highest legal level of a pesticide residue that
is allowed to remain on a food crop after its application. MRLs are established to protect
consumer health and ensure food safety.
(vi) Specifications: A detailed document that outlines the required characteristics of a
product, material, or service. Specifications can cover aspects like size, shape,
composition, performance, safety, and quality. They ensure consistency and quality
control in production processes.

State the salient features of any two of the following : 12

(i) FSSA, 2006 [ 2 ] MVP-002
 (ii) Ecomark Scheme
(iii) Export (QC & I) Act, 1963

Salient Features of Regulatory Frameworks:

(i) Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA):

 Single Regulator: Establishes the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI) as the central body for ensuring food safety and regulating food businesses
across the country.
 Science-Based Standards: Empowers FSSAI to lay down science-based standards for
food items, encompassing factors like quality, purity, safety, and nutritional content.
 Licensing and Registration: Mandates licensing or registration of all food businesses,
depending on their size and turnover. This system helps track FBOs and enforce food
safety regulations.
 Focus on Self-Compliance: Promotes a shift from purely regulatory enforcement to a
model that encourages self-compliance by food businesses through training programs
and transparent regulations.
 Consumer Protection: Prioritizes consumer protection by ensuring the availability of
safe and wholesome food. It empowers consumers to seek redressal in case of food
safety violations.
 Import & Export Regulations: Regulates the import and export of food items to ensure
that only food meeting Indian safety standards enters or leaves the country.
(ii) Ecomark Scheme:
 Voluntary Eco-Labeling Program: A voluntary program administered by the
Government of India that certifies products that meet environmental friendliness and
sustainability criteria throughout their life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.
 Focus on Sustainability: Ecomark certification helps identify environmentally
responsible products, encouraging consumers to make sustainable choices and
promoting green practices in the manufacturing and service sectors.
 Criteria and Assessment: Products are evaluated based on specific criteria
encompassing resource utilization, pollution control, waste management, and life cycle
assessment.
 Market Recognition: Ecomark certification provides a market advantage to businesses
and helps consumers identify eco-friendly options.
 Third-Party Certification: Independent certification bodies accredited by the
Government of India verify compliance with Ecomark standards.
(iii) Export (Quality Control & Inspection) Act, 1963 (EC Act):
 Quality Control and Inspection: The Act empowers the government to establish
procedures and agencies for quality control and inspection of export products. This
ensures that Indian exports meet international quality standards and are safe for
consumption or use in the importing country.
 Prescribed Authorities: The Act authorizes the appointment of competent authorities
to carry out inspections and issue certificates based on prescribed standards.
 Prevention of Substandard Exports: It aims to prevent the export of sub-standard or
low-quality goods that could damage India's reputation in the international market.
 Power to Detain or Seize: The Act authorizes authorities to detain or seize export
consignments that fail to meet quality standards.
 Penalties for Violations: Provisions exist for penalties against exporters who violate
the Act's regulations.
These are some of the salient features of these important regulatory frameworks in
India. They play a crucial role in ensuring food safety, promoting environmental
responsibility in manufacturing, and maintaining the quality of Indian exports.

Elaborate the statement that “Consumer Protection Act helps in safeguarding the consumer’s
interest with refer to food quality and safely”.

The Consumer Protection Act (CPA), 1986 in India plays a significant role in
safeguarding consumer interests regarding food quality and safety. Here's how the Act
helps:
1. Right to Safety: The CPA guarantees consumers the right to be protected from
products, services, and processes hazardous to health or life. This directly applies to
food safety.
 Enforcement of Standards: The Act empowers authorities to enforce food safety
standards set by bodies like the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).
This ensures manufacturers and sellers adhere to regulations regarding hygiene,
ingredients, and processing methods.
 Action Against Violations: Consumers can file complaints against manufacturers or
sellers who violate food safety standards. This could involve selling expired food, using
harmful additives, or misleading labeling.
2. Right to Information: The Act empowers consumers to be informed about the
products they purchase. This applies to food through:
 Labeling Requirements: Manufacturers must provide clear and accurate labels on
food products. This includes information on ingredients, expiry dates, nutritional content,
and potential allergens. This allows consumers to make informed choices based on
their health needs and preferences.
 Misleading Claims: The Act discourages misleading advertisements or labels.
Consumers can take action against misleading claims about a food product's safety,
quality, or nutritional benefits.
3. Right to Redressal: The CPA provides a mechanism for consumers to seek
redressal if they experience issues with food quality or safety. This can include:
 Compensation for harm: If a consumer suffers health problems due to consuming
unsafe food, they can seek compensation for medical expenses and other damages.
 Product Replacement: Consumers can file complaints if they receive food that is
spoiled, adulterated, or not as described on the label. They can seek replacement or a
refund.
4. Role of Consumer Forums: The Act establishes a system of consumer forums
where complaints regarding food safety violations can be addressed. These forums
provide a relatively inexpensive and accessible way for consumers to seek justice.
Overall, the Consumer Protection Act empowers consumers by:
 Setting a legal framework for food safety standards.
 Providing them with information to make informed choices.
 Giving them a platform to seek redressal for violations.
 While the FSSAI plays a primary role in food safety regulation, the CPA acts as a
critical tool for consumers to hold manufacturers and sellers accountable and
ensure they receive safe and high-quality food products.

What are the powers and functions of BIS

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the national body responsible for the
development of technical standards and their promotion in India. Here's a breakdown of
its key powers and functions:
Standard Formulation and Promotion:
 Developing National Standards: BIS takes the lead in formulating National Standards
for a wide range of products, processes, and services. This involves identifying the need
for standards, setting up technical committees, and preparing draft standards through a
consultative process.
 Recognition of Foreign Standards: BIS can recognize or adopt international
standards as National Standards, promoting global harmonization and facilitating trade.
 Promoting Standardization: BIS actively promotes the adoption of National Standards
by manufacturers, service providers, and consumers. This can involve awareness
campaigns, training programs, and industry collaboration.
Conformity Assessment:
 Granting Certification: BIS operates a product certification scheme where
manufacturers can get their products tested and certified for compliance with National
Standards. This assures consumers of product quality and safety.
 Testing Facilities: BIS maintains and operates laboratories across India for testing
products against relevant standards. Alternatively, BIS can recognize private testing
labs to expand its reach.
 Inspection and Licensing: BIS conducts inspections of manufacturing units and can
grant licenses to use the BIS Standard Mark on certified products. This mark signifies
adherence to the relevant National Standard.
Consumer Protection:
 Regulations and Specifications: BIS sets regulations and specifications for various
products to ensure consumer safety and fair trade practices. This can involve
addressing concerns like product labeling, quality control, and preventing misleading
claims.
 Consumer Awareness: BIS promotes consumer awareness about National Standards
and the benefits of using BIS-certified products. This empowers consumers to make
informed choices based on quality and safety.
Other Functions:
 Research and Development: BIS conducts research and development activities
related to standardization and quality improvement.
 International Cooperation: BIS actively participates in international and regional
standardization organizations, promoting Indian standards and aligning them with global
practices.
 Dispute Resolution: BIS can handle disputes arising from standardization and
certification processes.
Overall, the BIS plays a crucial role in:
 Upgrading the quality of Indian products and services.
 Protecting consumer interests.
 Facilitating domestic trade and promoting Indian exports.
 Enhancing India's participation in the global standardization movement.

Describe the legal mandates and objectives of Foreign Trade Policy.

Legal Mandates and Objectives of Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) in India

The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) is a crucial document issued by the Government of
India's Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It outlines the legal framework and strategic
objectives for promoting and regulating India's foreign trade. Here's a breakdown of its
key aspects:
Legal Mandates:
 The FTP draws its legal authority from the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation)
Act, 1992. This Act empowers the Central Government to regulate and promote India's
foreign trade.
 The FTP acts as a subordinate legislation that provides detailed guidelines and
procedures for implementing the provisions of the Act.
Objectives of the FTP:
The FTP outlines various objectives that guide India's foreign trade strategy. These
objectives can be broadly categorized as:
 Export Promotion:
o Increase India's overall export value, aiming for a balance between merchandise and
service exports.
o Diversify India's export basket by promoting exports of new and high-value goods and
services.
o Enhance India's competitiveness in the global market.
 Import Facilitation:
o Streamline import procedures to ensure smooth and efficient import of essential goods
and inputs required for domestic production and export competitiveness.
o Promote Make in India initiatives by facilitating the import of technology and capital
goods.
 Job Creation and Economic Growth:
o Boost economic growth by promoting export-oriented industries, which can lead to job
creation and contribute to overall economic development.
 Trade Facilitation and Ease of Doing Business:
o Simplify trade procedures and regulations to make it easier for businesses to participate
in international trade.
o Promote paperless trade and online transactions to enhance efficiency.
The FTP achieves these objectives through various measures, including:
 Duty Exemptions and Incentives: Offering schemes like Duty Drawback, Export
Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme, and Merchandise Exports from India
Scheme (MEIS) to incentivize exports and reduce production costs.
 Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Creating designated zones with relaxed regulations
and duty benefits to attract foreign investment and promote export-oriented
manufacturing.
 Trade Agreements: Negotiating and implementing trade agreements with other
countries to reduce trade barriers and facilitate market access for Indian exports.
 Focus on Specific Sectors: Identifying and promoting specific sectors with high export
potential, such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and information technology.
 Developing Trade Infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure development to improve
logistics and connectivity, facilitating the movement of goods for export and import.
Overall, the FTP serves as a roadmap for India's foreign trade strategy, aiming to
achieve sustainable export growth, promote economic development, and
enhance India's position in the global trading system.

State the role of the following organizations (any four) : 4×5=20

(i) WTO
(ii) APEDA
(iii) Export Council of India
(iv) FAO
(v) Spice Board

Here's a breakdown of the roles of the following organizations:

(i) World Trade Organization (WTO):

 The WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates
international trade between participating countries.
 It establishes a framework of trade rules aimed at promoting free trade, reducing
barriers to trade, and settling trade disputes between member countries.
 The WTO also provides a forum for countries to negotiate trade agreements and
discuss trade-related issues.
(ii) Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
(APEDA):
 A government agency under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India.
 Plays a crucial role in promoting the export of agricultural and processed food products
from India.
 Provides various services to exporters, including market development activities,
financial assistance, quality standards development, and facilitation of export
procedures.
(iii) Export Council of India (ECI):
 A non-profit apex trade promotion organization established by the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry, Government of India.
 Assists and advises the government on formulating export strategies and policies.
 Provides various services to Indian exporters, including market research, trade
promotion events, training programs, and information dissemination.
 Acts as a link between the government and the export community.
(iv) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):
 A specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat
hunger and improve nutrition and food security.
 Promotes agricultural development, fisheries, forestry, and sustainable rural
development.
 Provides technical assistance to countries, collects and analyzes food and agriculture
data, and sets international standards for food safety and quality.
(v) Spice Board:
 A statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
 Works for the development of the Indian spice industry, both domestically and
internationally.
 Promotes exports of Indian spices, enforces quality standards, conducts research and
development activities, and provides training and support to spice growers and
processors
 What are the responsibilities of the following ?
 4×5=20
 (i) Food Safety Officer
 (ii) Public Analyst
 (iii) State Commissioner of Food Safety

 (iv) Scientific Panel at FSSAI

 Responsibilities of Food Safety Stakeholders:

(i) Food Safety Officer (FSO):

 Registration and Licensing: Issue registrations for small and petty food businesses
and licenses for medium and large FBOs within their assigned area.
 Inspections and Sampling: Conduct regular inspections of food establishments to
ensure compliance with food safety regulations. Collect food samples for analysis by
public analysts.
 Enforcement: Issue improvement notices for violations and initiate legal proceedings
against non-compliant FBOs.
 Consumer Education: Promote food safety awareness among consumers through
campaigns and educational initiatives.
 Data Collection and Reporting: Maintain records of inspections, samples collected,
and enforcement actions. Submit reports to higher authorities.
(ii) Public Analyst:
 Food Sample Analysis: Analyze food samples collected by FSOs using scientific
methods to determine compliance with food safety standards. This can involve testing
for contaminants, adulterants, and nutritional content.
 Analysis Reports: Prepare and issue analytical reports with findings on the quality and
safety of the food samples. These reports are crucial evidence in case of legal
proceedings against FBOs.
 Maintaining Standards: Follow standardized analytical procedures and maintain
laboratory equipment calibration to ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results.
 Data Management and Record Keeping: Maintain records of samples received,
analysis performed, and results obtained.
(iii) State Commissioner of Food Safety:
 Overall Leadership: Heads the state-level food safety department and oversees the
implementation of the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006, within the state.
 Coordination and Monitoring: Coordinates with FSOs, Public Analysts, and other
relevant authorities to ensure effective enforcement of food safety regulations. Monitors
the performance of FSOs and laboratories.
 Policy Implementation: Develops and implements state-level policies and guidelines
for food safety within the framework of the FSSA.
 Liaison with Central Government: Maintains communication and coordination with the
central government's FSSAI on food safety issues and initiatives.
 Public Awareness: Promotes public awareness about food safety through campaigns
and initiatives within the state.

(iv) Scientific Panel at FSSAI:

 Scientific Advice: Provides independent scientific advice to the FSSAI on various food
safety matters. This includes setting food safety standards, evaluating risk
assessments, and proposing new regulations.
 Reviewing Scientific Data: Reviews scientific data on food safety hazards, risks, and
mitigation strategies.
 Expert Opinions: Offers expert opinions and recommendations on emerging food
safety issues and technological advancements.
 Harmonization with International Standards: Advises the FSSAI on aligning Indian
food safety standards with international guidelines and best practices.
 Collaboration: Collaborates with other scientific bodies and research institutions to stay
updated on the latest scientific knowledge related to food safety.
These are some of the key responsibilities of these crucial stakeholders in the food
safety ecosystem in India. Their collective efforts play a vital role in ensuring the
availability of safe and wholesome food for consumers.

Short Notes on Important Concepts:

(i) Plant Quarantine:

 Purpose: A system of legal and regulatory measures to prevent the introduction and
spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region.
 Activities:
o Inspection of imported plant material (seeds, fruits, etc.) at designated quarantine
stations.
o Treatment or destruction of infected plant material.
o Issuing phytosanitary certificates for disease-free plant exports.
 Importance: Protects domestic agriculture from devastating losses caused by invasive
pests and diseases.
(ii) Essential Commodities:
 Definition: Goods considered crucial for the basic needs of the population, such as
food grains, sugar, edible oils, fuels, etc.
 Regulation: Governments may regulate the production, distribution, pricing, and
storage of essential commodities to ensure:
o Availability at affordable prices for consumers.
o Prevention of hoarding and black marketing.
o Smoother functioning of the market.
(iii) AGMARK:
 Full Form: Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937.
 Purpose: Voluntary quality certification scheme for agricultural and processed food
products in India, implemented by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI).
 Benefits:
o Ensures quality and purity of agricultural produce.
o Provides a market advantage for certified products.
o Facilitates fair trade practices.
(iv) SPS Agreement:
 Full Form: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.
 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement: Sets international rules for food safety
and animal/plant health regulations in international trade.
 Objectives:
o Protects human, animal, and plant health.
o Promotes fair trade practices by preventing unjustified trade barriers based on sanitary
and phytosanitary concerns.
o Encourages harmonization of national SPS measures based on scientific principles.
(v) International Trade – Role of IPPC:
 IPPC: International Plant Protection Convention, a treaty under the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
 Role: Facilitates safe international trade in plants and plant products by:
o Setting international standards for plant quarantine.
o Promoting cooperation among member countries in plant pest control.
o Providing a forum for information exchange and capacity building on plant protection.
Note: MVP likely refers to "Most Valuable Player" and doesn't seem directly relevant to
these concepts.

What are the main organizational elements of CODEX ? Explain them briefly

The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has four main organizational elements that
work together to establish international food standards:
1. Codex Commission (CAC):
o The highest body in the Codex structure, composed of member countries and one
member organization (the European Union).
o Meets every two years to adopt food standards, codes of practice, and other
recommendations.
o Oversees the work of the other Codex elements.
2. Executive Committee:
o Elected from the CAC membership.
o Manages the standards development process and other Codex activities between CAC
meetings.
o Provides guidance and direction to the Codex Secretariat and subsidiary bodies.
3. Codex Secretariat:
o Located at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) headquarters in Rome and the
World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters in Geneva.
o Provides administrative and technical support to the CAC and its subsidiary bodies.
o Facilitates communication and information exchange among member countries.
4. Codex Subsidiary Bodies:
o There are four main types:
 General Subject Committees (GSCs): Address horizontal issues applicable to all
foods, such as labeling, food additives, and contaminants.
 Commodity Committees (CCCs): Develop standards for specific food commodities,
such as fruits and vegetables, meat products, and fish.
 FAO/WHO Coordinating Committees: Facilitate regional cooperation on food
standards development.
 Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Forces: Address specific issues for a limited time,
like developing standards for new food technologies.
These elements work collaboratively to ensure a comprehensive and effective system
for developing and implementing international food standards. The Codex Secretariat
coordinates activities, while the Commission provides final approval for the standards.
The committees and task forces provide technical expertise on specific food safety and
quality issues.

What is Bill of Entry ? Classify the types of bill of entry and the process of their filing.

Bill of Entry (BOE):

A Bill of Entry (BOE) is a crucial legal document required for clearing imported goods
through customs in India. It acts as a formal declaration to the customs department
about the arrival and details of the imported goods. Here's a breakdown of its types and
filing process:
Types of Bill of Entry:
There are two main types of Bills of Entry:
 Bill of Entry for Home Consumption (BE for HC): This is the most common type of
BOE used for imported goods intended for domestic use or sale within India.
 Bill of Entry for Bond (BE for Bond): This type of BOE is used for goods that are not
intended for immediate domestic consumption. These can be goods imported for:
o Re-export - goods intended to be exported again after processing or value addition.
o Warehouse - goods stored in a customs warehouse for later clearance.
Process of Filing a Bill of Entry:
The process of filing a Bill of Entry typically involves the following steps:
1. Preparation of Documents: The importer or their customs clearing agent gathers
necessary documents, including the Bill of Lading, commercial invoice, packing list,
certificate of origin, and any other relevant documents required by customs for the
specific goods.
2. Assessment of Duty: The customs department assesses the applicable customs duty,
Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), and any other applicable charges based on
the information provided and supporting documents.
3. Electronic Filing: The BOE is now typically filed electronically through the Indian
Customs Electronic Gateway (ICEGATE) portal. The importer or their agent enters
details about the goods, their value, classification under the Customs Tariff Act, and
duty calculations.
4. Examination of Goods: The customs department may physically examine the goods to
verify the details declared in the BOE.
5. Payment of Duty: Once the BOE is assessed and the examination is complete, the
importer needs to pay the assessed duty and other charges.
6. Customs Clearance: Upon successful payment and completion of any necessary
formalities, the customs department grants clearance for the imported goods to be
released from customs control.
Define the following : 10×2=20
(i) SEZ
(ii) ADI
(iii) Food Quality
(iv) MRL
(v) Specification
(vi) Point of Entry
(vii) FBO
(viii)Import Duty
(ix) License
(x) Additive

The statement 10 x 2 = 20 is a correct mathematical equation demonstrating

multiplication. It indicates that ten (10) multiplied by two (2) equals twenty (20).
Let's move on to the definitions you requested:
(i) SEZ - Special Economic Zone: An area within a country that has different economic
rules and regulations compared to the rest of the country. These zones are typically
designed to attract businesses and foreign investment by offering tax breaks, simplified
customs procedures, and other incentives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone.
(ii) ADI – Acceptable daily intake.
(iii) Food Quality: The characteristic of food that makes it safe and suitable for
consumption by humans. It encompasses factors like freshness, wholesomeness,
nutritional value, taste, and absence of harmful contaminants.
(iv) MRL - Maximum Residue Limit: The highest level of a pesticide, veterinary
medicine, or other chemical residue that is legally allowed in or on food or animal feed.
MRLs are set to protect consumer health and ensure fair trade.
(v) Specification: A detailed description of the exact requirements for a product,
material, or service. Specifications can include dimensions, materials, performance
criteria, and quality standards.
 (vi) Point of Entry: The location where goods are brought into a country or designated
area, such as a port, airport, or land border crossing. Customs authorities typically
operate at points of entry to collect duties and taxes, and enforce import/export
regulations.
(vii) FBO –food business operator.
(viii) Import Duty: A tax imposed by a country on goods brought in from other countries.
Import duties are a source of revenue for governments and can be used to protect
domestic industries or achieve other policy objectives.
(ix) License: Official permission to do something. Licenses are often issued by
governments or regulatory bodies to ensure that individuals or businesses meet certain
qualifications and operate according to specific regulations.
(x) Additive: A substance added to food, medicine, or other products to improve their
quality and characteristics. Additives can serve various purposes, such as preserving
food, enhancing flavor, or adding nutrients.

Elaborate the following :

(a) FSSA, 2006 is a well drafted act which covers all the important aspects of Food
Safety. 10
(b) Why is there a need for harmonization of the National Food Standards with that of Codex ?

(a) Elaborating on FSSA, 2006

The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA) is indeed a well-drafted act that plays
a significant role in ensuring food safety in India. Here's why it's considered
comprehensive:
 Consolidation: FSSA replaced multiple, fragmented food safety laws with a single,
unified act. This streamlined approach simplifies compliance and enforcement.
 Science-based Standards: The act establishes a framework for setting science-based
standards for various food products. These standards address factors like composition,
hygiene, labeling, and contaminants.
 Regulatory Body: FSSA led to the establishment of the Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI). This central regulatory body oversees food safety throughout
the entire supply chain, from production to consumption.
 Licensing & Registration: The act mandates licensing or registration for food
businesses based on their size and risk category. This empowers FSSAI to track and
regulate food businesses.
 Import & Export: FSSA regulates the import and export of food items, ensuring that
imported food meets domestic safety standards.
 Penalties: The act prescribes penalties for violations, deterring businesses from
compromising food safety.
These features make FSSA a well-equipped legislation to promote food safety in India.

(b) Importance of Harmonization with Codex Standards

Codex Alimentarius is a collection of internationally recognized standards, guidelines,

and recommendations developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and
the World Health Organization (WHO). Harmonizing national food safety standards with
Codex offers several benefits:
 Facilitates Trade: Countries with aligned food safety standards can trade food products
more easily. This reduces technical barriers to trade and promotes global food security.
 Consumer Protection: Codex standards are established based on rigorous scientific
evaluations, ensuring a high level of consumer protection across different countries.
 Fair Practices: International harmonization promotes fair competition in the global food
market. Consistent standards prevent countries from using unduly stringent guidelines
to disadvantage imports.
 Efficiency & Consistency: Harmonized standards avoid the need for repetitive testing
and certification for food exports, saving time and resources for businesses.
 Improved Communication: Common standards facilitate better communication and
collaboration between food safety authorities from different countries.
 Therefore, harmonization with Codex standards fosters a safer and more efficient global
food system.

Give the salient features of the following :

4×5=20
(i) Essential Commodities Act, 1955
(ii) Export (QC & I) Act, 1963
(iii) Consumer Protection Act, 2009
(iv) The Insecticides Act, 1968

The mathematical equation 4 x 5 = 20 is a correct statement demonstrating

multiplication. It's not directly related to the following acts, which focus on legal
regulations. Here's a breakdown of the salient features of each act:
(i) Essential Commodities Act, 1955
 Objective: To ensure the availability of essential commodities for consumers at fair
prices.
 Salient Features:
o Empowers the government to control the production, distribution, storage, and sale of
essential commodities.
o Allows for price control mechanisms to prevent exploitation.
o Enables regulation of stockholding to avoid shortages.
o Provides for punishment for black marketing and hoarding.
(ii) Export (Quality Control & Inspection) Act, 1963
 Objective: To promote exports of Indian goods by ensuring they meet international
quality standards.
 Salient Features:
o Establishes a framework for setting quality standards for export products.
o Enables mandatory inspection and certification of export consignments.
o Aims to enhance the reputation of Indian exports in the global market.
(iii) Consumer Protection Act, 2009
 Objective: To empower consumers and protect their rights.
 Salient Features:
o Provides consumers with rights like the right to safety, information, choice,
representation, redressal, and fair competition.
o Establishes consumer dispute redressal mechanisms.
o Prohibits unfair trade practices like misleading advertisements and defective products.
(iv) The Insecticides Act, 1968
 Objective: To regulate the manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of insecticides.
 Salient Features:
o Establishes a system for registration of insecticides to ensure their efficacy and safety.
o Regulates labeling and packaging of insecticides.
o Aims to minimize environmental pollution and health risks associated with insecticide
use.

4. What are the responsibilities of the following ?

4×5=20
(i) Food Safety Officer
(ii) Public Analyst
(iii) Commissioner of Food Safety (State)
(iv) Scientific Panel at FSSAI

Responsibilities of Key Players in Food Safety (India):

(i) Food Safety Officer (FSO):

 Field-Level Enforcement: FSOs are the on-the-ground representatives of food safety.
Their responsibilities include:
o Inspecting food establishments (manufacturing, storage, sale) for compliance with
FSSAI regulations.
o Collecting food samples for analysis by public analysts.
o Registering and licensing food businesses based on their size and risk category.
o Educating food businesses about food safety practices.
o Initiating legal action against non-compliant businesses.
(ii) Public Analyst:
 Laboratory Analysis: Public analysts are qualified scientists who play a vital role in
ensuring food safety through:
o Analyzing food samples collected by FSOs for adulteration, contaminants, and
nutritional content.
o Issuing test reports that form the basis for further action by FSSAI.
o Maintaining high standards of accuracy and reliability in their analyses.
(iii) Commissioner of Food Safety (State):
 State-Level Leadership: The Commissioner heads the food safety department within a
state and is responsible for:
o Implementing the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) and FSSAI regulations within
the state.
o Overseeing the work of FSOs and public analysts within the state.
o Liaising with FSSAI on food safety issues and initiatives.
o Taking action against major food safety violations in the state.
(iv) Scientific Panel at FSSAI:
 Expert Advice: The FSSAI relies on a network of scientific panels comprising experts
from various disciplines like food science, toxicology, nutrition, and microbiology.
 Key Responsibilities: These panels provide crucial scientific advice to FSSAI on
matters such as:
o Setting science-based food safety standards.
o Establishing Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides and veterinary drugs.
o Evaluating the safety of food additives and processing technologies.
o Keeping abreast of new scientific developments in food safety.
By working together, these key players ensure a comprehensive approach to food
safety in India.

State the full form of the following and also their role in ensuring Food Safety : 4×5=20
(i) BIS
(ii) CFL
(iii) MPEDA
(iv) NABL
 Full Forms and Roles in Food Safety:

(i) BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards

 Full Form: Bureau of Indian Standards
 Role in Food Safety: BIS is a national body that sets voluntary food safety standards in
India. These standards are based on international best practices and scientific
principles. While FSSAI regulations are mandatory, BIS standards provide additional
guidance for food businesses that strive for higher quality and safety.
(ii) CFL - Central Food Laboratory
 Full Form: Central Food Laboratory
 Role in Food Safety: CFL is a premier food testing laboratory under the control of the
Government of India. It functions under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. CFL's
role includes:
o Setting reference standards for food analysis.
o Conducting research on food safety and quality.
o Providing training to food analysts.
o Collaborating with state-level food testing laboratories for better pan-India food safety
monitoring.
(iii) MPEDA - Marine Products Export Development Authority
 Full Form: Marine Products Export Development Authority
 Role in Food Safety: MPEDA is a government agency responsible for promoting the
export of seafood from India. While not a general food safety authority, MPEDA plays a
role in ensuring the safety of seafood exports through:
o Setting specific quality and hygiene standards for seafood processing facilities.
o Facilitating the adoption of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
principles in seafood processing units.
o Promoting international recognition of Indian seafood safety standards.
(iv) NABL - National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
 Full Form: National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
 Role in Food Safety: NABL is a government body that accredits testing laboratories to
ensure they meet international standards for competence, impartiality, and integrity.
 This accreditation assures the reliability of food test results used for regulatory purposes
or by food businesses for quality control. By accrediting laboratories, NABL indirectly
contributes to food safety by ensuring the accuracy of food testing.

(a) What is the procedure of customs clearance of import consignments ?

(b) State the 8-step procedure to develop codex standards

(a) Customs Clearance Procedure for Import Consignments:

The customs clearance process for import consignments involves several steps to
ensure proper documentation, duty payment, and compliance with regulations. Here's a
breakdown of a typical procedure:
1. Pre-arrival Activities (Before Goods Arrive):
 Importer Responsibility: The importer gathers necessary documents like commercial
invoice, packing list, bill of lading/airway bill (depending on transport mode), and import
licenses (if applicable).
 Import General Manifest (IGM): The carrier (shipping line/airline) electronically submits
an Import General Manifest (IGM) to customs, detailing all goods on board destined for
the specific port/airport.
2. Arrival and Examination:
 Goods Arrival & Documentation Submission: Once the goods arrive, the importer
submits the Bill of Entry (customs copy) electronically or physically to customs
authorities. This document declares the goods, their value, and the intended duty
payment.
 Assessment & Duty Calculation: Customs assess the Bill of Entry based on
submitted documents and may physically examine the goods to verify their description
and value. Duties and taxes are calculated based on the HS Code (Harmonized System
classification) of the goods.
3. Payment and Release:
 Duty Payment: The importer pays assessed duties and taxes at the designated
customs office.
 Clearance Order: Upon successful payment and any additional checks, customs
issues a clearance order allowing the importer to take possession of the goods.
4. Additional Considerations:
 Green Channel: Low-value consignments may be eligible for a simplified "Green
Channel" clearance process with minimal documentation and examination.
 Brokerage: Importers can use customs brokers to navigate the clearance process for a
fee.
 Timeframe: The clearance time can vary depending on the complexity of the shipment,
the workload at customs, and any discrepancies requiring additional scrutiny.
Important Note: This is a general overview, and specific procedures may differ based
on the country's regulations and the type of goods being imported. It's recommended to
consult the official customs authority website for detailed information and updated
procedures.

(b) 8-Step Procedure to Develop Codex Standards:

The Codex Alimentarius Commission follows a structured process to develop

international food safety standards. Here's an outline of the 8 steps:
1. Proposal & Justification:
 A member country or international organization proposes a new standard or revision of
an existing one.
 The proposal needs to be justified based on a specific health or safety concern or a
trade facilitation need.
2. Prioritization:
 The Codex Alimentarius Commission's Executive Committee prioritizes the proposals
based on their public health significance and trade impact.
3. Step 1: Selection of Lead Country:
 A lead country is selected to prepare a draft standard based on scientific data and risk
assessments.
4. Step 2: Preparation of Draft Standard:
 The lead country, in collaboration with FAO/WHO, prepares the draft standard
considering international best practices and scientific principles.
5. Step 3: National Comments:
 The draft standard is circulated to all Codex member countries for national comments
and feedback.
6. Step 4: Revision and Regional Discussion:
 The lead country revises the draft based on national comments and may hold regional
discussions for further input.
7. Step 5: Codex Committee Consideration:
 The revised draft is presented to the relevant Codex committee (e.g., Committee on
Food Hygiene) for discussion and potential amendments.
8. Step 6: Adoption by the Commission:
 The Codex Alimentarius Commission votes to adopt the final standard, which becomes
an international recommendation for member countries.

7. Write short notes on any four of the following :

4×5=20
(i) Tobacco Board
(ii) FSMS
(iii) GHP
(iv) OIE
(v) Pesticide Residues
(vi) AMR

Four Short Notes on Food Safety:

(i) FSMS - Food Safety Management System:

A FSMS is a structured framework that helps food businesses ensure the consistent
safety and quality of their products throughout the entire food chain, from farm to fork.
Key elements of a FSMS include:
 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP): Identifying and controlling
potential hazards during food production and processing.
 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP): Maintaining hygienic production conditions
and documented procedures.
 Traceability: Tracking food products from origin to consumption for better recall
management.
 Documentation & Records: Maintaining records of procedures, monitoring data, and
corrective actions.
(ii) GHP - Good Hygiene Practices:
GHP refers to a set of basic principles and procedures designed to minimize
contamination risks throughout the food chain. GHP guidelines typically cover aspects
like:
 Personal hygiene: Proper handwashing, use of appropriate clothing, and training of
food handlers.
 Cleaning and sanitation: Maintaining a clean environment in food handling areas.
 Pest control: Implementing measures to prevent pest infestation.
 Waste management: Safe disposal of food waste and other waste materials.
 Equipment maintenance: Keeping food contact surfaces and equipment properly
cleaned and maintained.
GHP practices form the foundation for a safe food production environment.
(iii) OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health:
The OIE (Office International des Epizooties) is the intergovernmental organization
responsible for improving animal health worldwide. It plays a crucial role in food safety
by:
 Setting international standards for the prevention and control of animal diseases.
 Developing guidelines for animal welfare.
 Facilitating safe trade in animals and animal products.
 Providing technical support to member countries in managing animal health issues.
By ensuring animal health, the OIE indirectly contributes to safe and healthy food of
animal origin.
(iv) Pesticide Residues:
 Pesticide residues are the leftover traces of pesticides that remain on or in food crops
after application. While pesticides are essential for protecting crops from pests, their
residues can pose potential health risks if they exceed safe limits.
 Regulation: Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) are established by national and
international bodies to regulate the acceptable levels of pesticide residues on food.
 Testing: Food safety authorities monitor pesticide residues through testing programs.
 Management: Farmers are encouraged to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
practices to minimize reliance on pesticides and reduce residue levels.
Controlling pesticide residues is essential for ensuring the safety of food derived from
plants.