Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology

29th February 2024. Vol.102. No 4

© Little Lion Scientific

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

NOVEL CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM TO

IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK
WITH QUEUE MODEL
DR. S. HEMALATHA1*, KOMALA C R2, A. AJINA3, SURESH BALAKRISHNAN
THANGASAMY4, G. VIKRAM5, RAMU KUCHIPUDI6, PRAMODKUMAR H KULKARNI7 DR.
HARIKUMAR PALLATHADKA8
1
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Business System, Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India. Post Doctorial Research Fellow, Manipur International University, Imphal,
Manipur, India.
2
Department of Information Science and Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560045, India.
3
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560054, India.
4
Department of Computer science and Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of
Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India.
5
Karunya school of Management, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu 641114, India.
6
Department of Information Technology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana 500075, India.
7
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Dr. D Y Patil Institute of Technology, Pune,
Maharashtra 411018, India.
8
Vice Chancellor and Professor, Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur, India.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Self organized communication network without relay on any infrastructure is named MANET.
Transmission of packet in reliable communication will be done with the help of the transport layer which is
having the responsibility of flow control, congestion control etc. If the packet transmission is fails and not
reaching to the destination node says that the entire network forming is vain. This article proposed the
novel algorithm and better buffer management technique to resolve the Congestion problem in MANET
.The novel algorithm does the role of congestion avoidance technique eliminating unwanted packets, avoid
multiple flooding, detecting the attackers and dropout the packet. Buffer management technique support for
maintain the buffer in a threshold level , if reaches the threshold level and refine the buffer space by
keeping only data packets and removing remaining all other packets .This buffer management and novel
congestion algorithm help to the MANET to improve the performance of the communication network with
the support of queue model .
Keywords: MANET, Congestion Control, Routing Protocol, Queue Management, NBM Algorithm

1. INTRODUCTION is relies on the transport layer which perform the

flow control, congestion control, delivery of the
Each and every player In the MANET protocol packets.
stack is responsible for manipulating of the data to The performance of this layer is computed
transfer to the next hope. In the MANET, with the support of the performance factors of
functionality of the every layers functionality is delay, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, end to end
determined by the performance factors. The major delay. All these factors will be computed with the
performance factor of the MANET [1] [2] [6] [11] background support of buffer or queue management

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in the node. Well buffer management technique is active management technique includes a congestion
needed for achieving good network performance. notification alert.
All of the packets to be transported are The Adaptive Virtual Queue maintains
queued in the source node. The queue will operate queue length stability, resulting in minimal delay
on a first come, first served basis, which means that and packet loss in queue management. Using the
the packets that arrive first in the node queue will divide and conquer technique, this research work
be forwarded to the next hope. Queue management offered a new way of queue management and
in MANET is one of the most difficult tasks in the support for collecting lost packets from the
network in terms of improving Quality of service intermediate node.
(QoS), which also helps with congestion control . Quality of Service (QoS) is an important
and avoidance. Figure 1 depicts three distinct queue parameter for making the network in to the wide
management schemes: passive management, active usage B.Purushotham, Dr.Ch.D.V Subba Rao
management, and proactive queue management. (2019) [26]. To achieve the best QoS, the major
The most straightforward management concentration is required in managing the internal
buffer implementation option is passive buffer of the nodes since the packet delivery
management, in which the buffer queue is relayed achieved gives excellent QoS. Every node in the
on losing the packet whenever the buffer is full and MANET having the internal buffer for receive the
there is no preventive technique for packet loss. packet and forward to the next hop, this procedure
The best example is drop tail, in which the buffer achieved the packet reach to the destination.
dumps packets as it becomes full. The Proactive Three category of buffer management are
Queue Management technique use TCP congestion in MANET called active, passive and proactive
management knowledge to selectively delete buffer buffer management. All depends on the managing
packets. the internal buffer from overflow. Managing the
The third category active management internal packet whenever the buffer is fill names as
strategy is a preventive technique, in which the passive, drop tail is the best example of this
sender node is notified when the buffer level of the category. Selectively dropping the packet when the
nearby node gets full, and the sender automatically buffer gets full named as proactive Queue
stops delivering the packet to the next node. RED management. third category is preventive technique
(Random Early Detection), REM (Random of buffer management , alert the neighbour about
Exponential Marking), SFQ [22] [25] (Stochastic the buffer status and makes the neighbor node not
Fair Queuing), FRED (Flow Random Early Drop), to send any packets , the best example of this
RED-PD: Random Early Detection with category are Random Early Detection ,Random
Preferential Dropping, SRED: Stabilised Random Exponential Marking and etc .
Early Detection, BLUE, and AVQ: Adaptive Research survey made from the year 2013
Virtual Queue is the best examples of this type of to 2021 and the impact of the research survey states
technique. that One of the major challenges in MANET nodes
are providing QoS Prachi Goyal et al [8] and more
RED operates on the basis of buffer research need for this aspect .Especially in the
capacity; when a buffer is empty, the complete smart mobile devices when making the
receiving packet is accepted; otherwise, the communication on short range Shahriar Kaisar, et
receiving packets are rejected. REM is an active al [22] required additional research to provide QoS.
queue management system that measures Research carried out in VANET Banoth Ravi et al
congestion rather than queue metrics. Stochastic [7] to concentrates on supporting QoS using the
Fair Queuing allows for numerous packet queues as stochastic model that predicts traffic on the
opposed to a single queue that supports the FIFO VANET in order to improve QoS. Separate vision
technique. examined to provide a quality of service in the
Flow Random Early Drop and Random wireless devices to improving the buffer
Early Detection with Preferential Dropping is a management strategies.
modified variant of RED that uses varying
bandwidth active flow accounting for buffer Set of research work were done related to
maintenance and drop. the buffer management with the support of routing
In contrast to RED, Stabilised Random protocols such as QRBP is a quota-based routing
Early Detection focuses on active packet flow method with finite buffer management Mohd
rather than available queue capacity. The BLUE Yaseen Mir and Chih-Lin Hu [24] suggested
using heuristic algorithms which based on more

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numerous measurements , Routing protocol for packet dropper attackers but will not fully help
Throw-Box-based network topology that combines detecting the packet dropper attacker due to
the stored and forward routing protocols S. Pirzadi, MANET node characteristics. The Active queue
et al [19] method used the pick the parameter Management technique for NB-IoT to control
value in advance, even if done in advance, the packet dropping Jafri et al [9] using Aggressive
mobility value would not be used when needed. Random Early Detection which is neither desirable
Effective Network Behaviour Analyse (ENBA) for nor adequate for successful communication.
route sections to control congestion in MANETs Congestion control strategies and presented
Kankane et al [15] but in this method the high data centralized congestion control methods utilizing
rate could not be achieved. Enhanced path routing Novel Rate Aware-Neuro-Fuzzy based Congestion
with buffer allocation (IPBA) technique Rajendra Controlling strategy Mohan and Vimala [13] this
Kumar et al [14] for preserving packets from strategy will not accomplish the required PDR if
packet loss utilising the coupling node selection the congestion window is expanded, as planned as a
algorithm but connecting the nodes by using feature work of this study. Adaptive active queue
coupling is practically impossible. Finally management (AAQM) approach A. Alshahrani et
MANET-DTN routing protocols with the annealing al [3] to manage the queue in a buffer to avoid
process to optimise MANET delay Pirzadi et al congestion and packet drop. This AAQM algorithm
(2022) [10] parameters such as current node speed makes a choice on the buffer packet based on the
changes, node movement direction, vacant space, Dp (Dropping Probability) values. However, this
delay, forwarding message previous but the strategy is entirely dependent on the Dp value and
parameter values collected and estimated in cannot guarantee that the dropped packets are not
advance data packets. Group of research carried out the
Set of research group were focusing on cross layer approaches Mohana Priya [23] using
buffer management strategy to provide better buffer bottom three layers of the MANET, but it takes
management in MANET. First priority-based more parameters to estimate to get successful value.
buffer management approach (PBMT) with a Jinbin et al [5] introduce the forward degree
threshold for managing Srivastav, S.K., Tripathi, concept and forward degree strategy to measure the
M.M. [20] but This work does not address node's ability to transmit messages and enhance
dropping packet selection if the highest priority delivery rate However, this result was only
packet is in the queue. Second buffer aware route accomplished by keeping the hop count under 5.
finding system with residual buffer size and Section 2 covers the related survey-based
knapsack algorithm support Sanjay [18] but this buffer management, followed by the novel queue
system could only be employed in reliable management proposal, problem identification in
communication locations. Third Buffer monitoring- section 3, algorithm proposal in section 4,
based TCP/IP management method K Abdul simulation in session 5, and conclusion regarding
Rasak et al [17] will have an impact on how the the proposed work implementation in section 6.
TCP/IP protocol functions and is not ideal for high
traffic flows between MANET nodes. Fourth 2. RELATED SURVEY ON QUEUE
HDELL-MCT method Mangasuli et al [12] for MANAGEMENT SCHEME AND
transferring multimedia material in crisis situations, CONGESTION CONTROL SCHEMES
however, this comparison was done in a non
adaptive propagation mode. Finally Reactive buffer To improve the performance of the
management scheme known as the Buffer Transport layer, congestion control must be
Occupancy Estimation Model given in J. Singh [4] improved, as well as a better queue management
However, when the nodes cause buffer congestion, method implemented. This section describes the
this paradigm reduces the overall quality of the various research projects linked to the congestion
messages. control technologies employed in the MANET.
The author of Khan et al [16] drives an [27] S. MOHAN, P. VIMALA, 2023,
analysis on MANET in terms of internal and authors suggest that standard MAC protocol for
external security threats and justifies the analysis congestion control and improving QoS. Fuzzy
when the network nodes' packets from the buffer based congestion control mechanism was used to
were misrouted. Mechanism for detecting packet detection congestion. AIACOAR protocol and ECC
dropper attackers in the network layer Venkat encryption used for finding out optimal path and
Reddy et al [21] using packet processing enhance the secured multi hop scheduling .Initially
capabilities, these parameters, however, support congestion was defined to overcome the delay, data

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rate, overhead and throughput also concentrated the making alternative route path is a cluster head node
PDR, END. Proposed work implemented using overhead.
MAT Lab and compared with compared to the . [31] Nibedita Jagadev,Binod Kumar
existing AIFSORP and LF-SSO, PDR value Pattanayak,Ahmadkhader habboush, Bassam
reaches 99% PDR and low delay, transmission time Mohammad Elzaghmouri, Mahmoud Ali Al
0.24s. However it require to maintain the higher Shugran 2023 , authors proposed the ABMM
transmission rate to maintain the threshold which uses the FBRA band with sharing concept to
balancing which make more pressure to congestion prevent the congestion in MANET. The algorithm
control , system performance need to improve to uses the channel utilization of each node and queue
minimize the latency and queue delay. length to decide the congestion status. The sender
[28] Arnas Sofyan, Vera Suryani, Hilal H. nodes check the channel utilization for sending the
Nuha 2023 , authors made IEEE wireless network packet received node verify the essential files and
802.11 performance comparison between the TCP band width of the route then send ACK to the
AFW and TCP FeW. The Research comparison sender. comparing with the traditional congestion
reveals that TCP Few performs good than TCP control FBRA achieves better END, Higher PDR,
New Reno, but the TCP AFW outperforms 1.12% less Error rate but computing the parameter value
higher throughput than TCP Few when make of the channel utilization and queue length will be
simulation in NS2 with limited , random, minimum done by the control signal is cumbersome .
modification of the scenario. After the simulation [32] Liu, X.; Amour, B.S.; Jackal, A.
the research finds implement TCP AFW does not 2023, Authors proposed the Markov decision
require more changes in Traditional TCP , window process using reinforcement learning algorithm to
growth rate is (0 < α < 1) even in congestion address the congestion control in VANET dynamic
.Finally for handling packet loss new algorithm condition . The RL algorithm uses the current
suggested to address congestion control in TCP channel conditions of packet delivery and channel
AFW. congestion to decide the traffic. The proposed
[29] Ganesha M and Dr Sarvottam Dixit QBACC approach model beats another two
2020 , authors finds that network gets congestion dynamic model comparison but this work requires
due to excessive amount of traffic and link failure , maintaining the congestion work in less critical
and planned to balance the nodes load to achieve level.
the better packet delivery thus proposed the load [33] M.M.Karthikeyan, M.A.Christy 2023,
balancing network congestion control among the in this article, authors invented hybrid congestion
nodes which supports for nodes running beyond the control mechanism with the support of optimal data
congestion . The proposed work shift the traffic handling and the value of time taken for
from the crowed path to the less congestion route transmission. this hybrid congestion algorithm
path even the route has more hop count , and minimize the delay, and improves the throughput
simulated protocol TALB-AODV compared with but the calculation of time taken for transmission
AOMDV which increases the life time , energy and optimal data handling are create additional
and balancing the traffic and congestion as well overload to the algorithm.
packet loss. [34] Ouladdjedid, L.K.; Calafate, C.T.;
[30] Seyed Salar Sefati, and Roya Zareh Kerrache, C.A.; Guellouma, Y. 2023 , authors
Farkhady 2023, Authors invented Ant Colony introduced the 5G communication technology in
optimization algorithm for giving solution to the VANET to build heterogeneous IoV, to solve the
congestion in wireless network. The research work MAC layers ratio channel congestion problem
formed a cluster head, ACO Algorithm send the while vehicle density increases. DCC congestion
packet to the cluster head which find out the route mechanism and ETSI mitigate channel congestion
analysis using Tabu Search a forward the packet to achieves the better parameter improvement ,
the route. The proposed work is simulated and simulation results produced error margin 5% and
compared with the same data set to other algorithm decrease the latency but this research work produce
ACSRO algorithm, FCOABC algorithm, and the low performance while the VANET channel
Flock-CC algorithm and set the congestion route load increasing .
when the path has more than 70% threshold value. [35] N Thrimoorthy Somashekhara Reddy
The simulation results achieved the less packet loss, D Chandramma R Soumya Unnikrishnan Vanitha
better node life time, energy optimized but finding K 2023 authors invented Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
the route based on the traffic threshold value and Transition and Cache Obliviousness Neural
Adaptive (OUT-CONA) congestion control model

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with adaptive reinforcement learning algorithm for technique to attain the desired MANET
IoT enabled wireless mesh network .First design performance.
uses Gauss and Markov Processes to scheduling 4. PROPOSED ACTIVE BUFFER
which achieves energy reduction. LTSM with cache MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM
congestion formed the Cache obliviousness based
congestion method, simulation evaluation proved According to the literature review, all three
good throughput with conventional mesh network. categories of buffer management strategies will be
But the stage by stage of processing of the done in passive, active, and proactive buffer
congestion work is lead to time variant in packet management, however further research is required
flow. before presenting a novel method to combat packet
[36] Augustine Chidiebere Onuora, Eyo drop in MANET. Passive buffer management is
Edmund Essien, Felix Ukpai Ogban 2023 In this used when the buffer is full, active buffer
article the authors proposed the Hybrid protocol management is used before the buffer is full, and
which combines the features of AODV, OSLR also proactive buffer management relies on TCP
named as Responsive Hybrid Routing .Simulation congestion control. All of the categories do not
work implemented with NS 3 along 20 to 200 provide a dependable strategy for successfully
nodes and compared with OSLR and AODV, the controlling the buffer.
results proved that better PDR, END, Jitter and In this article, a novel algorithm is
throughput but this work consumes some mitigate proposed that monitors buffer capacity and applies
delay while transferring the packets in MANET. the strategy to the buffer when it is half full. This
proposed algorithm always maintains the buffer
From the introduction and Literature capacity between 50% and 90%. The reason for
survey different congestion control mechanisms retaining the buffer size range is to control the
were proposed by different authors but all the congestion control in the MANET.
method could not prevent the congestion control as Novel Buffer Management (NBM) is the
well as could not improve the all factors of name given to the proposed MANET active buffer
performance metric in MANET. Some mechanisms management technique. Receiving buffer
achieve end to end delay, remaining achieves information could be classified as actual packets,
individually the packet loss congestion, packet loss router requests, router responses, synchronization,
throughput, packet delivery ratio in MANET. Still Ack, and so on. This algorithm keeps track of the
the research is needed to provide a new method to buffer size information, and when the buffer size
overcome all the congestion control mechanism and reaches half, the algorithm will automatically
improve the performance of the MANET. This invoke the controlling the packet. This algorithm
article proposed a method for overcome congestion begins verifying the buffering information, except
control in the MANET with the support of better for dependable data packets, and the remaining
buffer management and Novel message passing categories of packets are eliminated from the
mechanism. buffer. The detailed work flow is given in the visual
depiction in Figure 2, and the NBM algorithm
3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION stages are shown in Algorithm 1. This is
accomplished by estimating the Sample Interval
Finally, a literature review of all three categories of queue size (SIQS) and the estimated Queue
buffer management approaches will be conducted threshold level (EQTL) per second by dividing the
in passive, active, and proactive buffer overall queue size by two. When a packet arrives in
management; however, further research is required the buffer queue, the current queue length (cql) is
before suggesting a novel strategy to combat packet compared to the predicted Queue threshold level
drop in MANET. Passive buffer management is (eqtll); if (cql) (eqtll), the full incoming packet is
used when the buffer is full, active buffer allowed into the queue for forwarding; otherwise,
management is used before the buffer is full, and the NBM algorithm is executed to drop the non-
proactive buffer management relies on TCP data packets in the queue. The targeted queue delay
congestion control. All of the categories do not Qd in each node is calculated as Qd = targetDelay *
provide a dependable strategy for successfully ptc, where ptc = linkBandwidth (bits)/ (8
controlling the buffer. Congestion control meanPktSize).
mechanisms are proposed in the literature survey
section; each mechanism must apply a unique

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29th February 2024. Vol.102. No 4
© Little Lion Scientific

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Figure 1 Classifications of Queue Management

Figure 2 Work Flow of NBM algorithms

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© Little Lion Scientific

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Table 1 Packet Loss Ratio without congestion

Packet Flow Novel Buffer

Rate Management Algorithm Random Early Detection TCP Drop Tail
20 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.08
25 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.13
30 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.15
35 0.08 0.14 0.12 0.17
40 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.18

Figure 3 Packet Loss without congestion

Packet Novel Buffer

Arrival Management
(Mbps) Algorithm Random Early Detection TCP Congestion Drop Tail
20 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.11

25 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.13

30 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.15

35 0.09 0.14 0.12 0.18

40 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.2

Table 2 Packet Loss Ratio with congestion

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29th February 2024. Vol.102. No 4
© Little Lion Scientific

ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Figure 2 Packet Loss with congestion

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