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EN 2-2004 Example 004

P-M INTERACTION CHECK FOR COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED RECTANGULAR COLUMN

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The Demand/Capacity ratio for a given axial loading and moment is tested in this
example. Detailed calculations are shown.

In this example, a reinforced concrete column is subjected to factored axial load N

= 10,000 kN and moments My_top = 200 kN-m, My_bottom = -140 kN-m, Mz_top = -160
kN-m, Mz_bottom = 140 kN-m. The column is pinned supported on the bottom and
restrained at the top from translation in the X and Y directions. This column is
reinforced with fourteen size-40 bars.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Z
N = 10,000 kN c = 60 mm

My_top = 200 kN-m c = 60 mm

Mz_top = -160 kN-m

h = 750 mm Y

A A 40 bar

L = 15200 mm b = 650 mm

6 2
Ec = 41x10 kN/m fck = 70 MPa
6
Es = 200x10 kN/m
2 fyk = 500 MPa
My_bottom = -140 kN-m
Mz_bottom = 140 kN-m

Coefficients
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 1.5 𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.85
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.2 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 = 15
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠 = 1.15 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1.21

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 1

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TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

 Tied reinforced concrete column design

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared in the table below. The
results are shown for the minor axis of bending (Z-direction of bending) with the
governing permutation.

Important note: for the final biaxial bending ratio check, ETABS utilizes the PMM
interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See Section
3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-2004).
However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided by
Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between ETABS and
independent results.

Output Parameter Independent ETABS Ratio

Biaxial bending check
0.818 0.889 1.0868
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
0.322 0.58 1.8012
(Nominal Stiffness)
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 230.3 230.5 1.0009
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 216.7 216.7 1.0000
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1726.4 1729.1 1.0016
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-1996.7 -1999.6 1.0015
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.15 3.16 1.0032
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-851.5 -854.7 1.0038
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2484.6 2484.6 1.000
(at N Ed = 10, 000 kN)

COMPUTER FILE: EN 2-2004 EX004

CONCLUSION
The computed results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 2

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HAND CALCULATION

The hand calculation considers nine (9) permutations in the design check for the section
at mid-height of the column, but only shows the details for three (3) permutations
including one with analysis moments, one with analysis moments plus imperfection
moment applied in the positive major axis of bending, and one with analysis moments,
imperfection moment, and second-order moments. Comparison between results in all
nine (9) permutations is made to determine the governing design.

Note:
a. The effective length, 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜 , is computed based on bracing condition and stiffness of the
structural members connected to the column top and bottom in the model. The value
of 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜 can be overwritten through the effective length factors in the View/Revise
Overwrites form of the program. For this example, the effective length factors in the
major and minor bending directions are assumed to be 0.93 and 0.91, respectively.

b. The radius of gyration of the cross section used in calculation of the slenderness ratio
only includes concrete without contribution of longitudinal reinforcement.

c. The slenderness limit ratio is calculated using first-order moments that include the
imperfection moment applied on each axis of bending one at a time.

1) Analysis moment (permutation #1)

Moment diagrams:
200 kN-m -160 kN-m

30 kN-m -10 kN-m

-140 kN-m 140 kN-m

Major Minor

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 3

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The calculation of the P-M interaction diagram on both axes of bending is carried out
similarly as shown in Example Ex003. The axial and moment capacity at the balance
point, and moment capacities at the applied axial load N = 10,000 kN are:
Pbal_Y = 6381.5 (kN)
Pbal_Z = 6185.2 (kN)
M Rd _Y = 2748.2 ( kN - m )
M Rd _ Z = 2484.6 ( kN - m )

Biaxial bending check:

𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 500
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.667 + 14 ×
4 1.15
= 26.987 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 26987 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
N Ed 10 , 000
= = 0.371
N Rd 26987
0.371 − 0.1
=a =(1.5 − 1) + 1 1.226
0.7 − 0.1
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   10 1.226  30 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.0051
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484.6   2748.2 

2) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied on the negative major axis of
bending (permutation #3)
Imperfection moments:
m =1
 1  1
α=
0.5 1 + =
m  0.5 1 + =
 1
 m  1
2 2
α= = = 0.513 and 2 ≤ α h ≤ 1 ⇒ α h =2
h
l 15.2 3 3
θ 0 = 1 200
1 2
𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 = 𝜃𝜃0 𝛼𝛼ℎ 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 = × × 1 = 0.00333
200 3
𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙0_𝑌𝑌 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑌𝑌 𝑙𝑙 0.00333 × 0.93 × 15.2
𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_𝑌𝑌 = = = = 0.02354 (𝑚𝑚)
2 2 2
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Y = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_Y = 10,000 × 0.02354 = 235.4 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
= e0 _Y max = 20mm, h ( 30 )
max 20=(
mm, 750mm
30 )
25 ( mm )
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 _𝑌𝑌 = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒0_Y = 10,000 × 0.025 = 250 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 4

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𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙0_𝑍𝑍 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑍𝑍 𝑙𝑙 0.00333 × 0.91 × 15.2

𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_𝑍𝑍 = = = = 0.02303 (𝑚𝑚)
2 2 2
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_Z = 10,000 × 0.02303 = 230.3 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
=e0 _Z max = 20mm, b ( 30
max 20= )
mm, 650mm (30
21.67 ( mm ) )
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 _𝑍𝑍 = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒0_Z = 10,0000.02167 = 216.7 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

Since the imperfection moment is only applied on the negative major axis of bending,
the design moments are:
M Ed_Y = M analysis + M imp_Y ≥ M min_Y = 250
=30 − 235.4 =
−205.4 < 250 ⇒ M Ed_Y =
−250 (kN-m)
M Ed_Z = M analysis ≥ M min_Z = 216.7
= − 10 <273 ⇒ M Ed_Z =
−216.7 (kN-m)
Biaxial bending check:
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   216.7 1.226  250 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.103
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484 .6   2748 .2 

3) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied in negative minor axis of

bending and second-order moment (permutation #9)
( )
= max M Y _ top , M Y _ bottom= max ( 200 , −140=
M 02 _Y ) 200 ( kN − m )
⇒ M 02 _Y= 200 ( kN − m )
�𝑀𝑀01_Y � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ��𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � , �𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �� = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(|200|, |−140|) = 140 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
⇒ 𝑀𝑀01 = −140 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Y = 0.6𝑀𝑀02_Y + 0.4𝑀𝑀01_Y ≥ 0.4𝑀𝑀02_Y

= 0.6 × 200 + 0.4(−140) ≥ 0.4 × 200
= 80 (kN − m)
�𝑀𝑀02_Z � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ��� × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �� − 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z
= −[𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(|−160|, |140|)] − 230.3 = −390.3 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
�𝑀𝑀01_Z � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ��� × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �� − 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z
= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(|−160|, |140|) − 230.3 = −90.3 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Z = 0.6𝑀𝑀02_Z + 0.4𝑀𝑀01_Z ≥ 0.4𝑀𝑀02_Z

= 0.6 × (−390.3) + 0.4 × (−90.3) ≥ 0.4 × (−390.3)
= −270.3 (kN − m)

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 5

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Slenderness check
Radius of gyration:
𝐴𝐴 = ℎ × 𝑏𝑏 = 0.75 × 0.65 = 0.4875 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑏𝑏×ℎ3 0.65×0.753
𝐼𝐼𝑌𝑌 = = = 0.02285 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12
𝑏𝑏×ℎ3 0.75×0.653
𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = = = 0.01716 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12
𝐼𝐼 0.02285
𝑖𝑖𝑌𝑌 = � 𝑌𝑌 = � = 0.2165 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴 0.4875
𝐼𝐼 0.01716
𝑖𝑖𝑍𝑍 = � 𝑍𝑍 = � = 0.1876 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴 0.4875

Effective length:
𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜_Y = 𝑘𝑘𝑌𝑌 𝑙𝑙 = 0.93 × 15.2 = 14.136 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜_Z = 𝑘𝑘𝑍𝑍 𝑙𝑙 = 0.91 × 15.2 = 13.832 (𝑚𝑚)

Slenderness ratio:
lo_Y 14.136
λY =
= = 65.3
iY 0.2165
lo_Z 13.832
λZ =
= = 73.7
iZ 0.1876

Limiting slenderness ratio:

f - 50 70 - 50
=η 1.0 - ck = 1.0 - = 0.9
200 200
f ck 70
= f cd α= cc 0.85
= 39.6667 (MPa)
γc 1.5
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 500
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 × 14 ×
𝜔𝜔 = = 4 1.15 = 0.3956
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.6667
1𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 10,000𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ×
𝑛𝑛 = = 1000𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0.517
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.6667
1 1
𝐴𝐴 = = = 0.805
1 + 0.2𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 + 0.2 × 1.21
𝐵𝐵 = √1 + 2𝜔𝜔 = √1 + 2 × 0.3956 = 1.3384
M 01_Y −140
rm_Y = = = −0.7
M 02 _Y 200
CY= 1.7 − rm_Y= 1.7 − ( −0.7 )= 2.4

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 6

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20𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑌𝑌 20 × 0.805 × 1.3384 × 2.4

𝜆𝜆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 _𝑌𝑌 = = = 71.9
√𝑛𝑛 √0.517
M 01_Z −90.3
rm_Z
= = = 0.2314
M 02 _Z −390.3
CZ =1.7 − rm_Z =1.7 − 0.2314 =1.47
20𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑍𝑍 20 × 0.805 × 1.3384 × 1.47
𝜆𝜆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 _𝑍𝑍 = = = 44.1
√𝑛𝑛 √0.517

Slenderness condition:
λY = 65.3 < 71.9 = λlim _Y ⇒ the column is NOT slender in Y - direction
λZ = 73.7 > 44.1 = λlim _Z ⇒ the column is slender in Z - direction

Second-order moment must be included in the final design moments in minor axis of
bending, and can be ignored in the major axis of bending

As the column is slender in minor axis of bending, the code allows two (2) different
methods to compute second-order moment including Nominal Curvature and
Nominal Stiffness. The following section 4 utilizes the Nominal Curvature method,
and the section 5 employs the Nominal Stiffness method.

4) Final design moment (Nominal Curvature):

6185.2
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Z 1000
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Z = = = 0.32
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.667
nu =1 + ω =1 + 0.3956 =1.3956
nu − n 1.3956 − 0.517
= K r_Z = = 0.8168
nu − nbal_Z 1.3956 − 0.32
f ck λ 70 73.7
β Z = 0.35 + − Z = 0.35 + − = 0.2087
200 150 200 150
𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Z = 1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑍𝑍 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1 + 0.2087 × 1.21 = 1.25
14 2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.65
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Z = �(𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 × 𝑑𝑑 2 ) = �2 × 5 × ×� − 0.06� �
4 2
𝑖𝑖=1
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.65
+ �2 × 2 × ×� − 0.06 − 0.17667� � = 0.0009217 (𝑚𝑚4 )
4 2
𝜋𝜋 × 𝑑𝑑 2 𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 14 × = 14 × = 0.0176 (𝑚𝑚2 )
4 4

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 7

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I s_Z 0.0009217
is_Z
= = = 0.2288 (m)
As 0.0176
h 0.65
d Z = + iZ = + 0.2288 = 0.5538 (m)
2 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 500
1.15
1 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
= = = 200000
= 0.008723
𝑟𝑟0_Z 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 0.45×0.5538
1 1
= 𝐾𝐾𝑟𝑟_Z 𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Z = 0.8168 × 1.25 × 0.008723 = 0.008906
𝑟𝑟𝑍𝑍 𝑟𝑟0_Z

Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:

=c π= 2
9.87
1 2 1 1
𝑒𝑒2_Z = 𝑙𝑙0_Z = 0.008906 × 13.8322 = 0.17264 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑟𝑟𝑍𝑍 𝑐𝑐 9.87
𝑀𝑀2_Z = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒2_Z = 10,000 × 0.17264 = 1726.4 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

Final design moments: (the second-order moment is added in the same direction as
M 0 Ed )
Since the column is not slender in the major axis of bending, equivalent moment is
not considered in the final design moment in the major axis of bending:
M Ed_Y= M analysis_Y ≥ M min_Y= 250
=30 ⇒ 30 < 250 ⇒ M Ed_Y =
250 (kN-m)
M Ed _ Z = M 0 Ed_Z + M 2 _Z ≥ M min _Z = 216.7
=−270.3 − 1726.4 =−1996.7 ⇒ −1996.7 > 250 ⇒ M Ed _ Z =−1996.7 (kN - m)
Biaxial bending check:
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   1996.7 1.226  250 1.226
  +  =
  2484.6 
+  = 0.818
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2748.2 

5) Final design moment (Nominal Stiffness):

𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 14 × 4
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.036 > 0.002 ⇒ 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 = 1
𝐴𝐴 0.75 × 0.65
f ck 70
= k1 = = 1.87
20 20
λ 73.7
k2 _Z = n Z ≤ 0.2 = 0.652 = 0.28 ≤ 0.2 ⇒ k2 _Z = 0.2
170 170
𝑘𝑘1 𝑘𝑘2_Z 1.87 × 0.2
𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Z = = = 0.17
1 + 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 + 1.21

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 41 × 106
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = = 34.17 × 106 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1.2
𝑏𝑏 × ℎ3 0.75 × 0.653
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Z = = = 0.01716 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12
𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Z 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Z + 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Z
= 0.17 × 34.17 × 106 × 0.01716 + 1 × 200 × 106 × 0.0009217 = 2.84 × 105 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 𝜋𝜋 2 × 2.84 × 105
𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵_Z = 2 = = 14650 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
𝑙𝑙0_Z 13.8322
Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:
c=0 π=2
9.87
π2
β = 1
=
c0
Moment magnification factor:
MMFY = 1.0 since the column is NOT slender in major axis of bending.
𝛽𝛽 1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹𝑍𝑍 = 1 + 𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵_Y = 1 + 14650 = 3.15
−1 10,000
−1
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_𝑌𝑌 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎_Y × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌 ; 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚_ 𝑌𝑌 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚[30 × 1.0; 250] = 250 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Z × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹𝑍𝑍 ; 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 _ 𝑍𝑍 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚[−270.3 × 3.15; 216.7] = −851.5 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   851.5 1.226  250 1.226
  +   =   +  = 0.322
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2484 .6   2748 .2 

All four (4) axes of bending that the imperfection moment is applied on are positive
major, negative major, positive minor, and negative minor directions. Similar
calculations are carried out for the other permutations with the imperfection moment
applied in the other axes of bending one at a time. The final governing
demand/capacity ratio (D/C) turns out to be the permutation with the imperfection
moment applied in the negative minor axis of bending including analysis and second-
order moment.
D
For the Nominal Curvature method:   = 0.818
 C  NC
D
For the Nominal Stiffness method:   = 0.322
 C  NS

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 9

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Summary: shown for the governing permutation

Y-Axis Z-Axis
First-order moment
M 01 (kN-m) -140 -90.3
M 02 (kN-m) 200 -390.3
M 0 Ed (kN-m) 80 -270.3
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 235.4 230.3
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 250 216.7
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio, λ 65.3 73.7
Slenderness limit ratio, λlim 71.9 44.1
Slenderness condition Short Slender
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
0.0 1726.4
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
250 -1996.7
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
1.0 3.15
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
250 -851.5
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd (at N Ed = 10, 000 kN) 2748.2 2484.6

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 10

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Comparison:

Important note: for the biaxial bending ratio checks, ETABS utilizes the PMM
interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See Section
3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-2004).
However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided by
Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between ETABS and
independent results.

Z-direction (Minor axis): shown for the governing permutation

Hand Calculation ETABS Ratio

M 01 (kN-m) -90.3 -90.5 1.0022
M 02 (kN-m) -390.3 -390.5 1.0005
M 0 Ed (kN-m) -270.3 -270.5 1.0007
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 230.3 230.5 1.0009
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 216.7 216.7 1.0000
Slenderness ratio, λ 73.3 73.7 1.0054
Slenderness limit ratio, λlim 44.1 44.0 1.0023
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1726.4 1729.1 1.0016
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-1996.7 -1999.6 1.0015
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
0.818 0.889 1.0868
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.15 3.16 1.0032
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
-851.5 -854.7 1.0038
(Nominal Stiffness)
Biaxial bending check
0.322 0.58 1.8012
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2484.6 2484.6 1.0000
(at N Ed = 10, 000 kN)

EN 2-2004 Example 004 - 11