Domain: People Task 3: Support Team Performance Py knowledgehut upGrad @Support Team Performance: Key Competencies A lngwedget + Performance assessment and how to conduct it + Team management by objectives and servant leadership style + The steps to follow in servant leadership style + Team personalities for team growth and developrent + Commonly used measurement tools + Importance of feedback + Feedback models and types of feedback + Understand the process of monitoring performance improvements + Explore the role of KPIs in tracking progress + Learn about feedback loops and Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) + Scenario-based question practice for the PMP examLearning Objectives Learn to skillfully assess your team members’ performance using key indicators Discover how to nurture the growth and development of team members Get the knowledge to tailor your feedback approach to each team member's unique needs and preferences Learn how to track and verify performance enhancements accurately Understand performance assessment Understand how to conduct team performance assessments Gain an introduction to team management by objectives and servant leadership style Explore the steps to follow in the servant leadership style to assess your team members’ performance using key indicators skillfullyLearning Objectives + Understand team personalities for team growth and development + Explore commonly used measurement tools + Understand the importance of feedback + Explore feedback models and types of feedback + Understand the process of monitoring performance improvements + Explore the role of KPis in tracking progress + Learn about feedback loops and Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) + Go through some questions as practice for the PMP examAppraise Team Member Performance Against Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)Introduction to Performance Assessment AX trot Performance assessment is a critical aspect of project management and a key component of the PMP certification. It involves evaluating and measuring the performance of various project elements, including team members, processes, and deliverables, to ensure that a project is progressing according to plan and meeting its objectives.What is Team Performance Assessment? A Team performance assessment is like a pit stop during a long-distance race. In a pit stop, the racing team evaluates the car's condition, checks for issues, and makes necessary adjustments to ensure peak performance. Similarly, team performance assessment involves evaluating a team’s overall performance to identify strengths and weaknesses and adjust for peak performance toward goals. It's a strategic pause to fine-tune and optimize the team's performance for sustained success.How to Conduct a Performance Assessment? AX trot + Skills and experti (mechanical proficiency): In a car factory, assess worker skills; in projects, seek skilled team members. + Aptitude (precision and attention to detail): Precision in car manufacturing parallels a project team's attention to detail and their ability to perform tasks accurately. + Attitude (teamwork and attitude toward quality): In car manufacturing, teamwork and ‘commitment matter. In projects, teamwork attitude and goal dedication are vital.How to Conduct a Performance Assessment? Arete Work style (efficiency and workflow): Car assembly lines emphasize efficiency to maximize productivity; project managers assess team members’ work styles to ensure efficiency and adherence to project timelines and optimize workflow. Other characteristics (safety and compliance): Car manufacturing prioritizes safety and compliance; project assessment includes adherence to guidelines, ethics, and regulations.How to Conduct a Performance Assessment? Evaluating vehicle attributes ensures car safety; similarly, assessing team characteristics helps Project Managers identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions to optimize team performance.Significance of Conducting Performance Assessment AX trot + Identifying strengths and weaknesses + Setting clear goals + Motivating and rewarding high performers + Providing constructive feedback + Identifying training and development needs + Resource allocation + Monitoring progress + Decision making Performance assessment in sales teams is essential in optimizing sales results, aligning the team with organizational objectives, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement. It fosters improvement and enhances efficiency, motivation, and profitability.Appraise Team Member Performance Against Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)- Part-2How and When to Assess Team Member Performance? AX trot Formal assessment methods: Informal assessment methods: + Performance appraisals + One-on-one conversations + Key Performance Indicators + Team retrospectives (KPD) + Dally standup meetings + 360-degree Feedback + Peer feedback, etc. ‘Team members should be evaluated when they join the team. Their performance should be continuously monitored throughout the project's duration.Introduction to Team Management by Objectives and Servant — A trowedesux Leadership Style In the context of project management, "Team Management by Objectives" and "Servant Leadership Style” are two significant approaches that play crucial roles in achieving project success.Use Clear Objectives for Higher Productivity and Motivation AX trot Imagine you are setting out on a road trip. Your destination represents your aspiration, something you want to achieve, or a goal you want to reach. In this analogy, having clear objectives is like having a well-planned map and a set of directions to guide you on your journey; + Mapping out the route + Setting milestones + Staying on course + Measuring progress + Maintaining enthusiasm + Avoiding wandering Like a road trip benefits from a map and milestones, clear objectives guide and energize your aspirations. They provide direction, motivation, and a sense of purpose, helping you make the most of your efforts and ultimately reach your desired destination.Establish Goals Collaboratively with Team Members AX trot Imagine a sports coach and their team preparing for a crucial game. The coach represents the Project Manager, and the game symbolizes the project or task the team is about to undertake. In this analogy, here's how Project Managers can enhance team support by jointly establishing objectives with the team: The Coach's role (Project Manager) Team Involvement Goal Alignment Motivation and Ownership Flexibility and Adaptability Effective Communication Continuous improvement Project Managers who collaborate with their teams to establish objectives are akin to coaches who Involve their players in developing a game plan. This collaborative approach fosters teamwork, motivation, and adaptability, ultimately leading to better project outcomes and greater team support.Create Joint Objectives AX trot Setting objectives is not limited to the beginning of a project or its phases. It is a continuous process that often occurs throughout the project's life cycle. For example, teams frequently establish targets and commitments for upcoming time periods during Iteration Planning sessions in Agile MethodologyCase Studies: Implementation of OKRs in Tech CompaniesCase Study: LinkedIn AX trot ‘+ The ex-CEO of Linkedin, Jeff Weiner, believes that itis the responsibility of a business to provide clear directions to its leader because the best destinations need a clear vision and mission. ‘+ According to Weiner, a good leader can lift the entire team using coaching, providing strategy, defining clear objectives, and measuring results. - He believes that OKRs are something that should be achieved in a limited time and motivates the entire team to set goals that are challenging. - He prefers that the quantity of OKRs should be between 3 to 5 ina quarter. ‘+ To track the progress of OKRs, Weiner set up a meeting with employees once a week that consists of three hours along with a full-day meeting that takes the entire day. ‘+ The idea of these meetings is to keep himself updated regarding how all the employees are working towards the objectives of the business.Case Study: Google AX trot + Google has been using the OKRs framework for a long time because they get remarkable results from it. + They set ambitious objectives and grade their key results on a scale of 0-1.0 by the end of each quarter. + Google strongly believes that OKRs are transparent, and everyone has the right to view what other workers are doing. According to them, OKRs that are between .6 to.7 are considered successful because if someone is continuously hitting 1.0, it shows that their goals are not that ambitious. + Google also doesn't consider low-grade OKRs a bad thing because they believe that these OKRs are used as data for the OKRs of the next quarter. GoogleServant Leadership Style Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which the leader's primary role is to serve and support their team members, helping them achieve their full potential and the organization's goals.Servant Leadership Style AX trot Imagine a shepherd leading a flock of sheep through a vast and challenging landscape. Here's how servant leadership is analogous to this scenario: + Putting the flock fir being of their team (the “flock”) at the forefront. Aservant leader, like a shepherd, places the needs and well- + Guidance and protes “ion: Much like a shepherd guides and protects the sheep from dangers, a servant leader provides guidance and support to their team. + Empowering other should take; a servant leader empowers team members to make decisions and take st ike a shepherd doesn't dictate every step the sheep ownership of their work. + Lister ig and understanding: Like a shepherd's attentiveness to sheep, a servant leader actively listens and empathizes with team members, valuing their concerns and ideas.Servant Leadership Style AX trot + Leading by example: Like a shepherd leads the way, a servant leader sets a positive example, embodying the values, ethics, and work standards they desire from their team. + Servant of the vision: Similar to a shepherd guiding sheep to greener pastures, a servant leader aligns the team's efforts with the project's vision and goals. + Humi and selflessness: Just ike 2 humble shepherd, a servant leader prioritizes the team’s success over personal recognition, embodying selflessness and commitment. + Long-term growth: A servant leader's approach nurtures the long-term growth and success of team members and the organization in a way similar to how a shepherd cares for the flockSteps to Follow in Servant Leadership Style A Craft a clear vision: Develop a compelling and well-defined vision for the future. Engage and unite the team: Bring together and rally people around that vision. Inspire and drive commitment: Spark enthusiasm and dedication in people to actively chase after the vision.Support and Recognize Team Member Growth and DevelopmentUnderstanding Team Personalities for Team Growth and Development Understanding the personalities of tearm members Is crucial for team. growth and development because it allows team leaders to leverage individual strengths, address potential conflicts, and create a more harmonious and productive working environment. AX toonledesnUnderstanding Team Personalities for Team Growth and Development: Example Imagine you are the founder and team leader of a small tech startup. Your team comprises. diverse individuals with different personalities, skills, and backgrounds. Understanding their personalities can cont 1g strengths and roles Analytical and introverted team member Sarah excels in quality assurance due to her attention to detail. Aligning her tasks with her strengths enhances both her job satisfaction and the team’s performance, tute to your team’s growth and development. Effective Communication Extroverted Alex, a natural communicator, thrives on client interactions. Assigning client communication and networking roles leverages Alex's skills, benefiting client relationships and partnerships.Understanding Team Personalities for Team Growth AX toonledesn and Development: Example Conflict Resolution: Mediating conflicts between assertive Mike and cooperative Laura involves understanding their personalities. Emphasizing Mike's drive and Laura's teamwork values helps resolve conflicts constructively ‘Team Dynamics: Recognizing the team’s inclination toward creativity and innovation allows structured brainstorming and problem-solving activities, fostering groundbreaking solutions and product improvements. Personalized Development: Tailoring leadership and coaching styles to individuals’ autonomy and feedback preferences supports personal growth, job satisfaction, and skill acquisition,Understanding Team Personalities for Team Growth AX toonledesn and Development: Example In this real-world tech startup scenario, understanding the personalities of team members enables the team leader to: Optimize roles and assignments Facilitate effective communication Resolve conflicts, Leverage team dynamics Provide personalized development opportunities. This not only enhances the team’s overall performance but also contributes to individual growth and job satisfaction, ultimately leading to the team’s continued success and development.Personality Indicators Measurement Tools AX trot Big Five Personality Model (OCEAN): A widely accepted framework that assesses human personality traits based on five dimensions: Openness to Experience (0) Conscientiousness (C) Extraversion (E) Agreeableness (A) Neuroticism (N) It provides a comprehensive understanding of an individual's personality and behavior, aiding in various psychological and organizational assessments,Personality Indicators Measurement Tools AX trot Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A popular psychological assessment tool used to categorize individuals into one of 16 personality types based on preferences in how they perceive and interact with the world. It examines dimensions like introversion-extroversion and thinking-feeling to provide insights into behavior, communication, and decision-making, styles.Personality Indicators Measurement Tools AX trot Disc: A behavioral assessment tool that categorizes individuals into one of four primary personality styles: + Dominance + Influence + Steadiness + Conscientiousness. It focuses on understanding how individuals respond to challenges, interact with others, and approach tasks. The DISC model helps enhance ‘communication and collaboration in various personal and professional contexts.Recognition and Rewards Imagine you are the manager of a customer service team in a fast-growing e-commerce company. Your team has been working tirelessly to improve customer satisfaction ratings and increase the number of resolved customer issues. Importance of Recognizing and Rewarding Achievernents: Motivation and moral Retention of talent: boost: Ina competitive job market, Recognizing achievements in celebrating achievements customer service boosts retains talent and reduces the ‘motivation and morale and likelihood of employees encourages consistent seeking opportunities excellence. elsewhere. Fostering a positive culture: Recognizing achievements fosters a positive workplace ‘culture, emphasizing teamwork, collaboration, and camaraderie for collective success,Recognition and Rewards Improved productivity and performance: Recognition and rewards drive increased effort, enhancing productivity and performance, and ultimately benefiting the organization's bottom line. Public acknowledgment of achievements, such as ‘Employee of the Month, fosters healthy competition, driving continuous improvement and inspiring others toexcel Alignment with organizational goals: Linking recognition and rewards to organizational goals reinforces alignment and team commitment to company objectives, like outstanding customer service Enhanced customer experience Recognizing and rewarding achievements directly impacts the customer experience. Motivated and valued employees provide exceptional service, boosting customer satisfaction and loyalty.Recognition and Rewards AX trot + Recognizing and rewarding achievements is not just a feel-good practice; it's a strategic imperative for businesses. + It boosts motivation, retains talent, fosters a positive culture, improves performance, aligns with organizational goals, encourages healthy competition, and enhances the overall customer experience. + It's.an investment in both your employees’ well-being and your ‘company's long-term success.Determine Appropriate Feedback ApproachImportance of Feedback Feedback is crucial for performance improvement Think of it as a GPS navigation system for personal and professional growth. AreteImportance of Feedback AX toonledesn Imagine you're embarking on a road trip to a destination you've never been to before. Your goal is to reach this place efficiently and effectively. In this scenario: + The destination represents your goals, whether they're professional achievernents, personal development milestones, or skill enhancements. * You, as the driver, symbolize your role in achieving those goals. You're in control of your journey. + The vehicle you're driving signifies your current skills, knowledge, and capabilites. I's your means to reach your destination.Importance of Feedback AX toonledesn Here's why feedback is crucial, drawing from the analogy: Correcting course: Feedback is your GPS in navigating progress, signaling deviations from goals, and enabling timely adjustments for the right direction. It helps you course-correct and get back on track to your goals. Efficiency: Feedback guides you efficiently, offering detours around challenges, saving time and effort in reaching goals. Continuous improvement: Feedback, like GPS updates, fosters continuous learning and adjustment, enhancing skills, decision- making, and performance optimizationImportance of Feedback AX toonledesn + Avoiding detours: Without feedback, you might unknowingly take detours, wasting valuable resources and energy. Feedback alerts you to these detours, enabling you to avoid unnecessary diversions and stay focused on your goals. Confidence in your journey: When you have a reliable GPS. system (feedback), you are more confident about reaching your destination successfully because you have the guidance and information needed to navigate effectively.Importance of Feedback AX trot What's the role of feedback? Feedback is the GPS navigation system: Just like a GPS provides real-time information about your route; feedback offers real-time insights into your performance. Ittells you where you are, what's working well the right turns), and where you need to adjust (the wrong turns),Importance of Feedback Feedback serves as your performance GPS, providing essential information to help you navigate the road to your goals efficiently, make course corrections, avoid unnecessary detours, and gain confidence in your journey. Just as you wouldn't embark on a road trip without GPS guidance, you shouldn't strive for personal or professional growth without the valuable insights and direction that feedback provides.Feedback Models Arete SBI model (Situation-Behavior-Impact) + Astructured feedback framework used for delivering constructive feedback effectively. + Involves describing a specific situation, detailing the observed behavior, and explaining the impact of that behavior on others or the situation. + Helps ensure feedback is clear, specific, and focused on observable actions, making it easier for recipients to understand and act upon the feedback for personal and professional growth. By structuring feedback effectively using models like the SBI, you demonstrate your ability to communicate and manage team interactions and stakeholder relationships,Types of Feedback AX trot Imagine you are a coach for a soccer team, and you want to help your players improve their performance. ion’ Positive Feedback - "Goal Celebi Analogy: This feedback is like a goal celebration. It energizes the team with enthusiasm. Purpose: It acknowledges achievements and reinforces the behavior you want to see more of. Example: After a successful goal, you cheer the player and say, “Great job! Your accuracy and determination were outstanding. Keep it up!"Types of Feedback AX trot Constructive Feedback - "Half-time Analysis”: Analogy: This feedback is like a half-time analysis in sports when the coach and players review strengths and areas needing improvement. Purpose: It balances praise with improvement insights, enhancing, players’ performance. Example: At half-time, you acknowledge passing and teamwork strengths but emphasize tightening defense against counterattacks for the second half.Types of Feedback AX trot Corrective Feedback - "Adjusting the Game Plan Analogy: This feedback resembles adjusting the game plan when the team is trailing, identifying, and guiding necessary fixes. Purpose: It addresses issues or mistakes, identifies what went wrong, and offers future prevention solutions. Example: Ifthe team is behind at the end of the game, you might say, "Our passing accuracy in the second half decreased, leading to turnovers. We need to practice shorter, accurate passes for improvement.”Types of Feedback AX trot Posit Example: “Your recent performance has been impressive. Your adaptability on various projects greatly benefits the team. Your growth since joining us is commendable. Thank you for your dedication, and if there's any way we can enhance your experience here, please let, ive Feedback us know." Constructive Feedback Example: “Your exceptional efforts from last year truly stood out. However, I've noticed a shift in your performance this year. Is there a reason for this change that we should address?" Corrective Feedback Example: ‘Joe, for the next interview, consider enhancing your engagement by increasing eye contact. Remind yourself to glance up from your notes and connect with the customer regularly.”Verify Performance ImprovementsConcept of Continuous Monitoring to Verify Performance AX toonledesn Improvements Imagine you are a gardener tending to a plot of land where you've planted a variety of plants and flowers. Your goal is to cultivate a vibrant and healthy garden over time.Concept of Continuous Monitoring to AX toonledesn Verify Performance Improvements Initial planting (setting goals): A garden, lke a team, requires different seeds (projects, tasks, efforts). Each plant (project or team member) has unique needs and growth potential. Regular watering and care (providing support): Consistently nurture growth through support, resources, and guidance, Observation (initial performance assessment): As the garden grows, you observe plant progress; similarly, assess tearn members’ initial performance against goals and objectives.Concept of Continuous Monitoring to AX toonledesn Verify Performance Improvements + Identifying issues (spotting challenges): Just as plants may struggle with sunlight or overwatering, you identify workplace challenges like resource scarcity, communication issues, or skill gaps affecting team performance. + Adjusting care (tailoring support): You customize plant care to meet their needs; likewise, tailor support for team members through training, resource adjustments, and timeline revisions.Concept of Continuous Monitoring to AX toonledesn Verify Performance Improvements Regular pruning and weeding (feedback corrections): Similar to pruning in a garden, provide prompt feedback to team members and take action with coaching or improvement plans. Continuous monitoring (ongoing assessment): Watch your garden as it grows, making, adjustments as needed; similarly, continuously monitor team members to keep them on track toward goals. Blooming and thriving (performance improvement): Consistent care and adjustments make the garden thrive; likewise, team members improve, achieve objectives, and contribute to success.Concept of Continuous Monitoring to AX toonledesn Verify Performance Improvements Harvesting the fruits (recognizing achievements): Enjoy the fruits of gardening through harvest; similarly, acknowledge and reward team members for their achievements and contributions. Seasonal adjustments (adapting to change): Like gardens with changing seasons, workplaces evolve. Adapt coaching and support for shifting goals, priorities, and team. dynamicsConcept of Continuous Monitoring to AX toonledesn Verify Performance Improvements In summary, monitoring performance improvements is a continuous and adaptable process akin to tending to a garden. It entails constant observation, adjustment, and care to nurture the growth and potential of both plants and team members.Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Tracking Progress 4 snmldsint Imagine you are driving a car on a long journey. Your destination represents your goals, whether they are personal, professional, or project-related. The car you're driving is your team or organization, and the dashboard is your set of KPIs.Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Tracking Progress 44 saowedssni + Destination (goals): Clear objectives guide your journey, mirroring your team or organization's specific goals. + Car (team or organization): The vehicle represents your team or organization equipped with members, resources, and processes. + Dashboard (KPIs): The dashboard of the car is your set of KPIs. It includes essential indicators like speed, fuel level, engine temperature, and more. Each KPI provides real-time information about the car's performance: + Speedometer: Tracks progress toward goals - at work, and represents metrics like project timelines or sales targets.Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Tracking Progress 44 saowedssni Real-time feedback (performance insights): Continuous dashboard checks provide real-time feedback: + Speed control: Slow down to mitigate risks; in projects, assess work quality if progressing too quickly. + Fuel management: Find efficiency (gas station) when resources are scarce: in business, allocate resources more efficiently with low budgets. + Temperature monitoring: Investigate rising engine temperature; in the organization, address morale issues with decreasing employee satisfactionRole of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Tracking Progress 44 saowedssni Course correction (adjusting strategy): The dashboard data helps you make informed decisions. + Speed adjustment: Adjust speed for safe and on-time arrival; in business, tweak project timelines and resources for objectives. + Fuel refill: Refill to avoid getting stranded; in the corporate world, secure funding/resources to continue operations. + Cooling measures: Cool down an overheating engine; in your organization, improve employee satisfaction with workplace strategies. Monitoring progress (tracking success): Regularly consulting the dashboard ensures you're on track, similar to how KPIs help monitor progress toward your goals.Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Tracking Progress A snowedssni In summary, like a car's dashboard, KPIs are vital for monitoring progress, making informed decisions, and achieving goals efficiently and on time,What is Feedback Loop? AX trot Ongoing feedback and adjustments, like a sailboat navigating the open sea, symbolize adaptability in complex projects amid a dynamic business environment. Importance: + Changing conditions: Business, lke the sea, faces constant change—market trends, preferences, and competition mirroring shifting winds and conditions. + Setting a course (initial strategy): Sailors chart courses based on conditions and destination. In the business world, a project is developed based on the initial assessment of the market and objectives. + Sailboat (project or strategy): The sailboat embodies a project or strategy in motion, with sails (resources), a rudder (direction), and a unified crew.What is Feedback Loop? AX trot Importance of ongoing feedback and adjustments: + Feedback (monitoring and data): Sailors use GPS and weather data to monitor progress; businesses rely on data, KPIs, customer feedback, and market research, + Adjustments (course corrections): Sailors stay on course by adjusting sails and rudder based on feedback; businesses adapt strategies, resources, and tactics to align with goals + Optimizing performance (efficiency and effectiveness): Continuous sailboat adjustments optimize progress; ongoing business feedback enhances efficiency and effectiveness in achieving objectivesWhat is Feedback Loop? AX trot Importance of ongoing feedback and adjustments + Risk management: Ignoring feedback can have dire consequences at sea. In business, it can result in missed opportunities, financial losses, or project failure. + Adaptability and resilience: Sailors’ adaptability and resilience in changing conditions mirror businesses embracing ongoing feedback, making them better prepared for challenges and opportunities. + Success and achievernent: Sailors using feedback for adjustments increase their chances of success; similarly, businesses prioritizing feedback and adjustments excel in a dynamic market.What is Feedback Loop? AX trot To conclude, in both sailing and business, the ability to receive feedback, make timely adjustments, and adapt to changing conditions is crucial for reaching one’s destination or achieving strategic goals. Itemphasizes the importance of a dynamic and flexible approach to navigate the Unpredictable waters of the business world effectively.Introduction to Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) AX trot Analogy: PIP as a Personal Fitness Plan Imagine you're a fitness trainer, and you have a client who wants to improve their physical fitness and overall health. + Initial assessment (identify issues): PIP starts with assessing employee performance issues. + Goal setting (define objectives): Set clear, aligned performance goals. + Action plan (create strategies): Define improvement strategies and tasks. + Timeline (set milestones): Establish milestones for goal achievement.Introduction to Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) AX trot + Support and resources (provide tools): Offer resources and training for success. + Regular progress checks (monitor performance): Conduct check-ins to assess progress and address obstacles. + Feedback and adjustments (course corrections): Provide feedback and adjust the plan + Accountability (responsibility): Employee accountability for plan execution + Completion and evaluation (assess results): Evaluate performance goal achievement. + Continuous improvement (long-term progress): Drive long-term improvement and success.Introduction to Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) AX trot In summary, a PIP is like a personalized fitness plan for employees who are struggling to meet performance expectations. Itoutlines goals, strategies, timelines, and support, with regular progress checks and adjustments to help the employee improve their performance and achieve success within the organization.What You Have Learned Performance assessment involves evaluating and measuring the performance of various project elements, including tearm members, processes, and deliverables. Understanding the personalities of team members is crucial for team growth and development, Personality Indicators measurement tools like OCEAN and DISC are used to assess and, ‘measure various aspects of an individual's personality, traits, and behavior. Feedback serves as a compass for personal and professional growth. It provides direction, ‘motivation, and the information needed to make informed decisions and improvernents, Continuous monitoring of performance improvements is essential to ensure goals are met, Identify areas needing adjustment, and maximize efficiency. KPIs quantifiably measure performance, provide data-driven insights, inform decisions, and track progress toward organizational goals effectively.knowledgehut upGrad Thank You Copyright © Knowledgehut Upgrad, All rights reserved Confidential Information, intended for approved distribution list of Knowledgehut Upgrad