Introduction

More than 230 species of deciduous, evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs and small trees

belong to the genus Viburnum (Adoxaceae, Dipsacales), and are mainly present in the world’s

temperate regions. Plants of this genus are not only found in northern hemisphere temperate forest

zones, but also in the mountains of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia), Central and South

America, Tasmania, and southeastern Australia (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2021a).

Although the genus's species are normally well adapted to mesic forest habitats, several

species, such as Viburnum edule and Viburnum amplificatum, have been shown to live in both

cold boreal forests and tropical rainforests. Eastern Asia and Latin America have the most diverse

species populations (Choi & Oh, 2019) (Spriggs et al., 2015). Viburnum was established by

Linnaeus, categorised in the Caprifoliaceae family and soon after reclassified in its own family

Viburnaceae. Based on the Dipsacales phylogenetic studies, Viburnum was subsequently

classified in Adoxaceae, combined with Adoxa, Sinoadoxa, Tetradoxa, and Sambucus (Group,

2016) This taxonomy is widely recognised today (Choi & Oh, 2019; Clement & Donoghue, 2011;

Spriggs et al., 2015). Nevertheless, certain plant categorization systems, e.g., the one from

Takhtajan , still consider Viburnum as a part of the Viburnaceae family.

The Viburnum species has simple, opposite, petiolate leaves that are rarely whorled. Each of

the tiny, hermaphrodite blossoms can have up to 500 flowers in a paniculate or umbellate

inflorescence. The aim of marginal blooms, which can occasionally be sterile, is to draw

pollinators. Plants cannot coexist with one another. There are five stamens in the androecium.

Corolla petals have filament bases linked to them. There are three carpels in the gynoecium. An

abortion occurs in two of the three inferior ovaries. The fruit is a single-seeded black drupe with

reddish-purple seeds. Moreover, floral nectaries near the top of the gynoecium distinguish
viburnums from other Adoxaceae species (Konarska, 2017).

Simple, opposite, petiolate leaves that are rarely whorled characterise the Viburnum species.

A paniculate or umbellate inflorescence containing up to 500 flowers can be found on each of the

tiny, hermaphrodite blossoms. At times sterile, the purpose of marginal flowers is to attract

pollinators. It is impossible for plants to live together. The androecium contains five stamens. The

filament bases of corolla petals are connected to them. The gynoecium contains three carpels. In

two of the three inferior ovaries, an abortion takes place. The fruit is a black drupe with a single

reddish-purple seed. Furthermore, viburnums are distinguished from other Adoxaceae species by

floral nectaries located towards the apex of the gynoecium(Konarska & Domaciuk, 2018).

Because of its widespread distribution and many hybridizations—both natural and

horticultural—the genus Viburnum is difficult to taxonomically determine. The sections

Solenotinus, Viburnum, Pseudotinus, Tomentosa, Tinus, Megalotinus, Lentago, Oreinotinus,

Odontotinus, and Opulus Opulus are recognised under the traditionally accepted classification,

which is based on plant morphology (inflorescences, flowers, extrafloral nectaries, trichomes, and

pollen grain exine). However, a number of mostly regionally focused section level revisions were

made. In addition, the phytochemical amentoflavone that was extracted from Viburnum leaves and

branches and its taxonomical values, together with the morphological features of fruits, cork,

assimilating parenchyma, and leaf epidermal cells , were evaluated. In more recent times,

molecular analyses of Viburnum diversification have been conducted (Barish et al., 2016; Spriggs

et al., 2015). A phylogenetic categorization of Viburnum was proposed by Clement et al. (Clement

et al., 2014), who also supplied rigorous phylogenetic classifications for thirty clades.

Numerous viburnums have significant decorative value. Certain species' fruits, flowers, and
barks are utilised as cooking ingredients or in pharmaceutical products; as a result, they include

biochemical substances including carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids that have been shown

to promote health. Numerous viburnums have significant decorative value. Certain species' fruits,

flowers, and barks are utilised as cooking ingredients or pharmaceuticals; as a result, they include

biochemical compounds with health-promoting properties such flavonoids, carotenoids, and

polyphenols. These biochemical components are what give Viburnum plants their primary

biological properties. While the plant's antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic

properties have all been well-documented, some recent studies have also linked the chemical

components of Viburnum to disease prevention and treatment. Chronic conditions include

diabetes , Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and any condition that a clot may cause (Ali et al., 2015;

Ceylan et al., 2018; Zakłos-Szyda et al., 2020).

Traditional medicine uses the fruits, flowers, and bark of specific species to treat conditions

like rheumatoid arthritis, coughs, and diarrhea. Plants of this genus are rich in biological substances

that have properties which promote health, including polyphenols, carotenoids and flavonoids.

These compounds may account for the strong anti-oxidant activity shown in in-vitro investigations.

Preclinical research demonstrates that some species, like V. opulus, have cytotoxic and anticancer

activities. In addition to that, this pant also show antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities

(Sharifi-Rad et al., 2021b).

Fresh and processed viburnum fruits have been found to provide a variety of nutrients that are

good for your health. Viburnum plants are now the subject of extensive research because they are

thought to be a very rich source of bio-active natural products with various pharmacological

activities and distinctive chemical structures. This is strongly attested by the detection of

structurally innovative diterpenoids of the vibsane type that solely occur in Viburnum species, as
well as recently identified lignan components having uncommon side chains and other notable

natural elements (Chen et al., 2021)

Considerable investigation has been conducted about the mechanisms behind the synthesis,

distribution, and accumulation of bioactive substances. Although different biochemical

components have also been isolated from V. arboricolum, awabuki, ayavacense, betu-lifolium,

cylindricum, davidii, dilatatum, erosum, furcatum, grandifolium, japonicum, jucundum,

luzonicum, odoratissimum, phlebotrichum, pichinchense, prunifolium, rhytidophyllum,

suspensum, urceolatum, and wrightii are the species that have been studied the most (Kubo et al.,

2019). Research conducted to evaluate the heterogeneity within a species about the profile and

concentration of bioactive chemicals(Ersoy et al., 2017; Polka et al., 2019) helps in the breeding

and subsequent cultivation of viburnums for use as medicinal crops.

Traditional uses:
Humans and plants will always be dependant on one another. Though they are regarded as the

earth's lungs, plants also give humans food, shelter, wood, medicines, and other necessities. A vast

reservoir of bioactive compounds with potential use in medicine can be found in medicinal plants

[35]. Numerous uses for medicinal plants in the genus Viburnum have been documented in the

scientific literature (Table 1), indicating the need for more study and documentation.

Table 1: Traditional uses:

Traditional use Species Reference

Gastric problems V. grandiflorum, Viburnum jucundum, (Ali et al.,

Viburnum cotinifolium, Viburnum 2013), (Singh

punctatum et al., 2019)

Respiratory diseases Viburnum grandiflorum, Viburnum (Ali et al.,

nervosum 2013)

Liver disease Viburnum opulus, Viburnum cotinifolium (Ceylan et al.,

2018; Singh et

al., 2019)

Gall bladder disease Viburnum opulus (Cesonienė et

al., 2012;

Konarska &

Domaciuk,

2018)

Neurosis Viburnum opulus (Cesonienė et

al., 2012)

Diuretic Viburnum grandiflorum, Viburnum (Ali et al.,

opulus 2013)

(Cesonienė et

al., 2012)

Heart disease Viburnum opulus, Viburnum prunifolium, (Awan, 2013;

Viburnum foetidum Ceylan et al.,

2018)

Diabetes Viburnum opulus (Cesonienė et

al., 2012)
Fever, Antimalarial, typhoid Viburnum grandiflorum, Viburnum (Alex & Ilango,

punctatum, Viburnum prunifolium, 2016; Ali et al.,

Viburnum foetidum 2013; Awan,

2013; Roy et

al., 2017)

Sedative Viburnum foetens, Viburnum prunifolium (Awan, 2013)

Muscle relaxant, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum (Awan, 2013)

Antispasmodic coriaceum

Menstrual irregularities, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum (Roy et al.,

Dysmenorrhea, nervosum, Viburnum foetidum 2017)

Menorrhagia

Skin diseases Viburnum foetidum (Roy et al.,

2017)

Arthritis, Rheumatoid Viburnum cylindricum, Viburnum (Awan, 2013;

arthritis prunifolium Zhu et al.,

2005)

Diarrhea Viburnum cylindricum (Zhu et al.,

2005)

Insecticide Viburnum erubescens (Lamichhane

et al., 2023)

Anesthetic Viburnum grandiflorum (Ali et al.,

 2013)

Cough, Whooping cough Viburnum grandiflorum, Viburnum (Ali et al.,

opulus, Viburnum cylindricum, Viburnum 2013; Ersoy et

erubescens al., 2017;

Siddiqui, 2012;

Zhu et al.,

2005)

Tumefaction Viburnum cylindricum (Zhu et al.,

2005)

Convulsions, hysteria Viburnum prunifolium (Awan, 2013)

hysterical fits

Uterine disorders Viburnum nervosum, Viburnum coriaceum, (Roy et al.,

Viburnum foetidum 2017; Yasin et

al., 2013)

Frunculosis Viburnum nervosum (Yasin et al.,

2013)

Toothache Viburnum grandiflorum (Ali et al.,

2013; Siddiqui,

2012)

Cleaning teeth(miswak) Viburnum foetens (Yasin et al.,

2013)
 Analgesic Viburnum lantana (Konarska &

Domaciuk,

2018)

Biological activities:

The medicinal value of the plants of the genus Viburnum, such as its antioxidant, antibacterial,

medicines that are astringent, sedative, and emmenagogue is enormous. The toxicity of about

seventeen species has been investigated. The taxonomic indicator in the genus Viburnum is

Amentoflavone, according to recent chemotaxonomical findings in the Viburnum family. The plant

Viburnum cotinifolium is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses. In a previous research,

ursolic acid, uvaol8, and 4, 4'-dihydroxychalcone-2'-O- (4-O-D-glucopyranosyol) -L-

rhamnopyranoside were isolated and characterised from this plant. We conducted a thorough

analysis because of the plant's value in medicine and the paucity of previous research on it

(Muhaisen et al., 2002).

Biological Activity Specie name Reference

Antitumor effect V. betulifolium (Chen et al., 2022)

V. cylindricum (Chen et al., 2008)

V. furcatum (Ali et al., 2013)

 V. grandifolium (Siddiqui, 2012)

V. luzonicum (Fukuyama et al., 2004)

V. orientale (Orhan et al., 2018)

V. prunifolium (Cometa et al., 2009)

V. tinus (Salman et al., 2022)

Viburnum punctatum (Alex & Ilango, 2016)

(Roy et al., 2017)

V. foetidum
Antioxidant activity V. orientale (Orhan et al., 2018)

V. propinquum, (Wang et al., 2009)

V. sargentii (Patil et al., 2019)

Enzyme inhibitory activity V. orientale (Orhan et al., 2018)

Radical scavenging and V. melanocarpum (Shen et al., 2019)

glucosidase inhibitory

activities

Intestinal alpha-glucosidase V. macrocephalum (Shao et al., 2019)

inhibitory activity

Insecticidal V. macrocephalum (Shao et al., 2019)

Antimicrobial activity V. lantana (Konarska & Domaciuk,

V. foetidum 2018)

(Roy et al., 2017)

Neuroprotective activity V. erosum (In et al., 2015)

V. orientale (Orhan et al., 2018)

 Antispasmodic V. prunifolium (Cometa et al., 2009)

Viburnum cotinifolium, also named as Fringed or Smoketree Viburnum Indian wayfaring tree,

is native to Pakistan, Assam, Afghanistan, East Himalaya, Tibet, West Himalaya, and Nepal

(Acharya & Mukherjee, 2014).

According to phytochemical studies, the principal chemical components of V. suspensum

include old glycosides, diglucosides of the different types such as oleanane tri-terpenoids, labdane

type and vibsane type di-terpenoids. These substances have drawn a lot of interest from researchers

all over the world after it was discovered that they exhibit a variety of biological actions (Shiqi

Hao, 2020).

It was shown through research that Viburnum tinus L. branch-EtOAc and fruit-MeOH

extracts had significant cholinesterase inhibitory effects, with the fruit-MeOH extract displaying

the strongest TYRO inhibitory effect .In addition, considerable antioxidant activity was seen in

the majority of extracts (Yingbing He, 2020).

Viburnum tinus extract shown strong action against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. The

survival rate and infection rate of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia-infected snails significantly

decreased at the sub-lethal concentration of this extract (Yingbing He, 2020).

A shrub with crimson or black drupes, Viburnum lantana L. (Caprifoliaceae), grows up to

three to five metres tall. Chalcone glycosides, iridoid glycosides, and certain terpenoids are only a

few of the unique chemicals with novel structures that have been discovered by scientists when

studying the chemical composition of various plant sections. The extracts from various portions of

V. lantana have reportedly found to exhibit plethora of biological activities, comprising

antioxidant, antibacterial, and AChE inhibitory properties (Zhiyuan Li, 2022).

 Anticancer Effects of Viburnum Plants In Vivo.

On Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, the anticancer activity of V. opulus juice has been documented

before [26]. However, in an in vivo investigation using experimental Balb/c mice, Ceylan et al. [191] from

Turkey examined the antitumor potential of V. opulus juice. In order to implant tumours in mice, 1x106

Ehrlich ascite carcinoma (EAC) cells were applied intraperitoneally. and extracted juice from V. opulus at

doses of 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg. When compared to the control group, the tumour weight was

considerably lower in the mouse groups who received juice treatment. According to reports, the survival

rates of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells were 88.72%, 69.02%, and 51.87%, in that order. The juice was found

to be cytotoxic, with an IC50 value of 199.58μg/ml, according to the results of the in vitro experiment

[191].

Furthermore, according to the same authors, gilaburu fractions above and below 50 kDa can delay

the cell division of the Ehrlich ascites tumour and block the cell cycle at the G0/G1 stage [123]. In order to

investigate the impact of V. opulus juice on colon tumorogen esis produced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

(DMH), Ulger et al. [192] (Turkey) conducted experiments with Balb-c male mice. As seen by his togenesis,

all groups treated with DMH developed colon tumours. In contrast to mice that were not treated, mice that

got the juice displayed fewer tumour lesions overall and a lower incidence of invasive carcinoma. The juice

of V. opulus was shown by the scientists to have potential benefits for both colon cancer prevention and

early detection.

Cytotoxic Activities of Viburnum Plants (In Vitro Studies).

Herbs and plants have been used for millennia to cure a variety of tumours and have also been

demonstrated to lower the chance of developing cancer or to treat specific cancers [174]. The cytotoxic

characteristics of viburnum species and their derivatives have been the subject of intense research, as they

show promise as anticancer drugs. V. opulus is the species that has been examined the most in this area to

far. It was Sauter and Wolfensberger [175] who first reported the cytotoxic effects of preparations from

Viburnum. After incubating for 72 hours, Swiss fruit extracts of V. opulus and V. lantana did not exhibit

any cytotoxic effects on BT 20 breast cancer cells. Similarly, additional investigation showed that V. opulus
extracts were not cytotoxic.

Using a straightforward bioassay, such as the brine shrimp fatality test, an Indian aqueous bark

extract was examined for its cytotoxic potential, but no noteworthy results were found [3]. Cantrell et al.

[176] observed similar results for extracts from V. opulus seeds. At doses greater than 200μg/ml, the ethanol

extract from Russian V. opulus fruits suppressed cell proliferation, demonstrating mild cytotoxicity [3].

Conversely, other writers believe that V. opulus is a potent cytotoxic agent. The cytotoxic impact of the

aldehyde fraction of the V. opulus chloroform-methanol fruit extract (Canada) on human gastric cancer

cells was examined by Laux et al. [177].

At a concentration of 27μM, the fraction comprising (E) 2-hexenal, (Z) 2-decenal, 2,4-decenal, (E)

2-octenal, and 2-undecenal gave rise to a direct antiproliferative effect on the proliferation of the cancer

cells [177]. Human breast (MCF-7) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines were subjected to cytotoxic

activity by the methanol and acetone extract, juice, and juice following extraction to the solid phase of V.

opulus from Poland. With IC50 values of 63.541 and 19.380μg/ml for the HeLa and MCF cell lines,

respectively, the juice obtained after purification was shown to be the greatest hazardous agent towards

both cell lines [178].

The cytotoxicity of V. opulus extracts of the same origin against Caco 2 cells was measured using

the PrestoBlue assay, and the results showed that the phenoli-rich fraction from fresh juice was more toxic

than the methanol-acetone extract from pomace, and the acetone extract from pomace was more toxic than

the fresh juice, based on IC50 values (250-450μg/ml). The largest concentration of phenolic chemicals,

including flavonols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, and anthocyanins, may be responsible for this action

[99]. HeLa and anoma cells were generated by the commercial V. opulus juice from Turkey, however it

was inactive when tested on A549 (human type II lung epithelial) cells during a 72-hour period at dosages

of 10-80μg/ml.

Furthermore, the normal cell lines of MDCK (Madin Darby Canine Kidney) and HUVEC (Human

Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) did not significantly lose viability when exposed to V. opulus juice [179].

The potato disc tumour induction method was used to investigate the antitumor properties of water and
ethanol extracts prepared using hot and cold processes of fresh and dried V. opulus and V. lantana fruits

(Turkey). With an inhibition of 61.9–100%, V. opulus was more active. In the test, the two dried fruit water

extracts performed best. The most successful V. lantana extracts were those made with hot water (90.5%)

and ethanol (95.2%) [159].

The anticancer activity of ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of V. lantana (Turkey) leaves

and fruits was evaluated using the same methodology. With 100% tumour inhibition, the methanol extract

proved to be the most successful, followed by the ethanol extract (90.9%) and the aqueous extract (86.4%)

[180].

Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Plant Species of the Genus Viburnum L. (In Vitro Studies/In

Vivo Studies).

Typically, steroid medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and

immunosuppressive medications are used to treat inflammatory illnesses. Despite the fact that these

medications' benefits have been shown, there are noticeable adverse effects. Peptic ulcers and bleeding

gastrointestinal disorders are frequently linked to the use of these medications [165]. Once again, scientists

are looking to medicinal plants for novel, safe medications. The species of the genus Viburnum are of

particular importance among these plants. In order to do this, studies were conducted on the anti-

inflammatory properties of V. lantana, V. trilobum, V. pichinchense, V. sargentii, V. fordiae, and V. opulus

[78, 166–170]. This species' bark has been utilised as a rubefacient and analgesic in Turkish traditional

medicine [41].

VRats were used in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edoema test to examine the anti-inflammatory

properties of iburnum lantana L. leaf water extract. When compared to indomethacin, the extract's anti-

inflammatory effect at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg has been found to be minimal [169]. The American

highbush cranberry, Viburnum trilobum Marshall, is used extensively in traditional medicine due to its anti-

inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. It is also occasionally used to enhance lipid metabolism. The bark

has calming and analgesic properties. The bark has anti-inflammatory effects because of its high ursolic
acid concentration, which exhibits anti-inflammatory qualities.

A system of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells is used to demonstrate this effect. The levels of TNFα,

IL-6, and IL-1β were considerably decreased by all fractions of the ethanolic extract of V. trilobum [168].

Additionally, Viburnum pichinchense Benth exhibits anti-inflammatory qualities. The methanol extract's

anti-inflammatory properties were shown in gastritis model mice caused by HCl/EtOH and LPS-stimulated

macrophages. By focusing on NF-κB and caspase-11 noncanonical inflammatory pathways in macrophage-

mediated inflammatory responses, the extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effect [167]. The plants' fruits,

stems, and leaves have all been utilised in traditional folk medicine as styptics and analgesics to treat a

variety of conditions, including ringworm, boils, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic injuries, skin irritation, and

coughing [170].

Its methanol extract has been shown to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective

properties within the past 20 years. The methanolic extract's butanol fraction exhibited the greatest

effectiveness against inflammatory responses [170]. For millennia, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic

dermatitis have been treated using Viburnum fordiae Hance, a tiny tree that grows widely throughout

southern China. According to recent research, these plants' aerial portions contain a novel and uncommon

˲-lactone that can exhibit an anti-inflammatory activity in vitro [78].

It is commonly recognised that V. opulus is a horticultural and medicinal plant with nutritional

value. In traditional medicine, the fruits of this plant have been used to treat coughs, colds, cramps, diabetes,

stomach, kidney, and cardiovascular disorders. It has also been demonstrated that the plant extract has

arginase activity and causes arterial vasodilation [100, 101, 104, 171–173]. Rats were used to investigate

the anti-inflammatory activity of V. opulus water leaf extract using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edoema.

At dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p., the extract was found to have no anti-inflammatory effect [166].

Antimicrobial Activities of Viburnum Plants (In Vitro Studies).

The antibacterial activity of plant species of the genus Viburnum L. has been extensively researched

during the past 20 years. Tests were conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils

extracted from air-dried whole plants of V. opulus, V. lantana, and V. orientala against the following
microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The maximum concentrations of the oils in hexane were

250, 500, and 1000μg/ml, respectively. The MIC assay for agar dilution was used to test the activity. There

was no discernible effect of the oils of V. lantana and V. opulus on the tested bacteria.

When tested against Gram-positive bacteria as E. faecalis, S. aureus, and B. cereus, the essential

oil of V. orientale shown a modest antibacterial activity [83]. In a different investigation, the antibacterial

activity of V. betulifo lium's essential oil was examined using the microdilution technique for yeast and

human pathogenic bacteria. The evergreen shrub V. betulifolium is extensively found in the southwest and

Yunnan Province of China. Phytol (9.8%), trans-b-damascenone (5.9%), α-cadinol (5.7%), γ-cadinene

(5.6%), Δ-cadinene (5.3%), methyl pen tanoate (4.6%), and tetradecanal (3.8%) are the primary components

of the species' essential oil. Strong antibacterial action was demonstrated by the oil against yeast and both

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the impact being more pronounced against the former.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 125μgml-1) and Candida albicans (MIC 62.5μgml-1) both

exhibited positive inhibitory action [156]. The antimicrobial properties of numerous methanolic and

ethanolic root extracts as well as the essential oil extracted from the Viburnum nervosum root were studied

by Awan et al. [135]. V. nervo sum is a huge, 2-3 m tall, precocious deciduous shrub with stiff, sturdy

branches. It is used as an emmenagogue and astringent in Kashmiri traditional medicine, and it also treats

acute furunculosis. Its roots yielded the trihydroxyben zoic acid glycoside, bergenin. In addition,

hypercholestraemia, kidney stones, fever, diarrhoea, and lung infections can all be effectively treated with

this glycoside. The root's essential oil has antiseptic, insecticidal, carminative, and disinfecting qualities.

Eudesmol (30.3%), caryophyllene oxide (17.0%), spathulenol (10.7%), and linalool (12.65%) are

the primary constituents of the root oil. Using the disc diffusion method, the essential oil and root extracts

of V. nervosum were tested against pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergil lus flavus, Fusarium

solani, and Rhizopus solani), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), and

Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida). Maximum activity of the oil was

observed against A. niger, R. solani, and B. subtils. Nevertheless, Awan et al.'s extracts showed no action
[135].

Nevertheless, neither the antibacterial activity of the main components nor their chemical makeup

of the essential oils of the Viburnum species were studied. Viburnum foetens (20 mg/ml) methanolic dry

extract was tested by Bibi et al. [157] using an agar well diffusion method against Bacillus subtilis,

Micrococcus leuteus, Salmonella setubal, Salmonella aureus, and Pseudomonas picketii for antibacterial

activity. Every studied bacteria showed extract sensitivity. The bacteria that was most susceptible was S.

setubal. Another investigation focused on the extracts of V. foetens. In order to determine the antibacterial

activities of four different extracts of V. ner vosum and V. foetens leaves against eight distinct bacteria,

Awan et al. [158] tested the extracts against Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Klebsiela pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The study discovered that ethanolic extract was more effective than petroleum ether extract. The

ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed notable activities against all examined bacteria in comparison to

the chloro form extract, which showed moderate activity. The similar method was used by Turker et al.

[159] to assess the antibacterial activity of V. lantana extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts

was tested against a variety of bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus,

Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneu moniae.

Compared to Gramme negative bacteria, Gramme positive bacteria were more vulnerable to the

plant extracts' inhibitory effects. Fresh fruit extracts from V. lantana showed antimicrobial properties. When

it came to S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes, the hot ethanolic extract had a higher ability for

inhibition than the cold ethanolic extract. All examined fruit extracts caused P. aeruginosa and S.

marcescens to become resistant. Along with Viburnum opulus L., V. orien tale Pallas, and V. tinus L.,

Eryilmaz et al. [160] investigated the antibacterial activity of V. lantana against Staphylococcus aureus,

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans.

The activity of the extracts were ascertained using the disc diffusion and tube dilution procedures.

The experiment employed fruit, stem, and leaf extracts from ethanol and water plants. All examined species'
ethanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial efficacy against every tested bacterium. When tested against

several bacteria, water extracts were either ineffective or weak. Another study evaluated the antibacterial

activity of the dried fruit methanolic extract of V. opulus using the agar diffusion method [119]. A total of

eleven species were examined in the study: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella

typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocoli tica, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus,

Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumo niae, and Yersinia enterocoli tica. All of the

examined microorganisms were totally prevented from growing by an extract at a concentration of 15%.

According to research, the same plant species can lessen the likelihood that S. epidermidis and

Staphylococcus aureus can colonise inert substrate and produce biofilms [121]. In a similar manner, nine

yeast strains and ten Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures were evaluated against fruit juices

and ethanolic extracts of V. opulus genotypes. The antibacterial activity of the fruit juices was higher than

that of the ethanol extracts. The juices showed the strongest antibacterial action against Listeria

monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella agona. Fruit juices and ethanol extracts had

negligible to no effect on the strains of yeast [161].

Česoniene et al. [42] evaluated the antimicrobial activity of fruit juices from six genotypes of V.

opulus by utilising the agar well diffusion method to test against seven strains of yeast and ten Gram-

positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive (S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Enterococcus

faecalis) and Gram-negative (S. typhimurium and S. agona) bacteria were significantly inhibited from

growing by the juices. Juices had little to no influence on the yeast, as was previously observed [42]. Prior

to Česo nienė's research, the majority of plant extracts from Viburnum had the strongest effects on strains

of Gram-positive bacteria as well as certain yeasts.

Nonetheless, an examination of the juices' antibacterial properties has demonstrated that they are

effective against Gram-negative microorganisms. Variations in the antibacterial activity are probably

caused by the extracts' and juices' different chemical compositions. Thus, more investigation into the

Viburnum species is needed to link its chemical makeup to its antibacterial effect.

Antioxidant Activities of Viburnum Plants (In Vitro Studies/In Vivo Studies).

 The antioxidant properties of many traditionally used medicinal herbs have a positive effect

on human health. The majority of naturally occurring antioxidants are phenolic chemicals, which

are frequently present in plants. They are produced by plants as a defence against oxidative damage

brought on by molecular excitation and oxygen radicals [116, 117]. Numerous in vitro and in vivo

tests have been conducted on several kinds of Viburnum plants. The majority of antioxidant

research focuses on Viburnum fruits and juices, with V. opulus being the most studied plant

species. It can be concluded from the many published results that Viburnum species and their

compounds are remarkable antioxidants that are finding use as naturally safe agents.

Table 2: Phytoconstituents:

Plant Constituents Reference

V. arboricolum Viburolide [3]

V. ayavacense 7,10,2′,3′-Tetraacetylsuspensolide F, 7,10,2′,3′- [6]

tetraacetylisosuspensolide F,
 7,10,2′,6′-tetraacetylisosuspensolide F, 2′,3′-diacetylvalerosidate,

2′,3′-diacetylisovalerosidate, isoviburtinoside II, isoviburtinoside III,

isosuspensolide E, isosuspensolide F.
6-O-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyvibsanin B, 4-hydroxyvibsanin A,
14(R∗),15-epoxyneovibsanin B, 14(S∗),15-epoxyneovibsanin B, (8Z)-

neovibsanin B, 18-O-methylvibsanin C, (8Z)-vibsanin E.

V. awabuki Vibsanin G, vibsanin H, vibsanin K, vibsanin O, vibsanin P, vibsanin [11], [5]

Q, vibsanin R, vibsanin S, vibsanin T, vibsanin U, vibsanin V,
vibsanin W, furanovibsanin A, furanovibsanin B, furanovibsanin C,
furanovibsanin D, furanovibsanin E, furanovibsanin F,
furanovibsanin G, neovibsanin A, neovibsanin B, neovibsanin C,
neovibsanin D, neovibsanin G, neovibsanin H, neovibsanin I,
spirovibsanin A,
7-epineovibsanin D, 3-O-methylfuranovibsanin A, 7-
epifuranovibsanin B, 15,18-di-O-methylvibsanin H, 18-O-
methylvibsanin K, cyclovibsanin A, 15-O- methylcyclovibsanin A,
15-O-methylcyclovibsanin B, 3-hydroxy-15-O-
methylcyclovibsanin A, 15-O-methylneovibsanin F, 15-O-methyl-
14-
epineovibsanin F, 15-O-methyl-18-oxoneovibsanin F, 2-O-
methylneovibsanin H, 2-O-methylneovibsanin I, 14-epineovibsanin
G, 5-epivibsanin C, 5-epivibsanin E, 5-epivibsanin H, 5-epivibsanin
K, 18-O-methyl-5-epivibsanin K, 3-hydroxyvibsanin E, 3b,28-
dihydroxyolean-12-en-1-one, 3b,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-11-one,
13,28-
epoxyolean-11-en-3-one, 6a-hydroxy-3-oxolup-20(29)-en-28-oic
acid, Ψ-taraxasterol acetate, 6b-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-30-norlupan-
28-oic acid, 4,20-dihydroxy-3,4-secolupane 3,28-dioic acid 3-methyl
ester, awabukinol,
 3-hydroperoxyawabukinol, 4-hydroperoxyawabukinol, epicatechin,
catechin, 7R-dihydrodehydrodiconferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, 8R-
dihydrodehydrodiconferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,
vibsanol, 9′-O-methylvibsanol, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol,

3′,6’′-O- diacetylscopolin, 2′-O-acetylscopolin, 6′-O-acetylscopolin

V. betulifolium Viburnalloside, decapetaloside [65], [45]

V. chinshanence Lignan, chinshanol A. [50]
V. coriaceum Phytosterols, triterpenoids, phenolics, phenolic glycosides [13]

V. cotinifolium Biflavonoid [22]

3-O-Ca9eoylquinic acid methyl ester, 4-O-ca9eoylquinic acid

methyl ester, 5-O-ca9eoylquinic acid methyl ester

V. cylindricum 2′-O-Acetylhenryoside, 2’,3’-di-O-acetylhenryoside, 2′,6′-di-O- [9]

acetylhenryoside, 2′,3′,6′-tri-O-acetylhenryoside, 2′,3′,4′,6′-tetra-

O-acetylhenryoside, 2-[(2,3-di-O- acetyl-beta-D-

glucopyranosyl)oxy]-6-hydroxybenzoic acid, 6-hydroxy-2-[(2,3,4,6-
tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]benzoic acid,
Viburnol A, viburnol B, viburnol C, viburnol D, viburnol E, viburnol
F, viburnol G, viburnol H, viburnol I, viburnol J, viburnol K,
viburnudienone B1 methyl ester, viburnudienone B2 methyl ester,
viburnenone B1 methyl ester, viburnenone B2 methyl ester,
viburnudienone H1, viburnudienone H2, 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl
6-O-(E)-ca9eoyl- β-D-glucopyranoside, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexyl 6-
O-(E)- —D-apiofuranosyl(1 → 6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, p-

hydroxyphenyl
6-O-(E)-ca9eoyl- β-D-glucopyranoside, p-hydroxyphenyl 6-O-(E)-
ca9eoyl-
β-D -allopyranoside, salidroside, 3-O-ca9eoylquinic acid, 4-O-
 ca9eoylquinic acid, dilaspirolactone, kuromanin
V. dilatatum Jiamizioside E, jiamizioside A, jiamizioside B, jiamizioside C, [10]
jiamizioside D
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside, 5-ca9eoyl quinic acid
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, quercetin, 5-O-
ca9eoyl-4- methoxyl quinic acid, chlorogenic acid.
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, 4-methoxy
chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin
3Z-Hexenol, l-linalool
2-(-Glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl 3-(-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate
7-O-Tigloylsecologanolic acid, 7-ketologanin, 7-O-
benzoylsecologanolic acid, 7-ketologanin
V. erosum Vibruresinol, (70 R,8S,80 S)-3,50-dimethoxy-30,4,80,90 - [20]
tetrahydroxy70,9-epoxy- 8,80–lignan, (+)-syringaresinol, (+)-
pinoresinol, (+)-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, herpetol,
vibsanol, (-)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, icariside E4, (-)-
dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol
Loganic acid, sweroside, 7-O-tigloylsecologanol, 3,7-dihydroxy-8-
methyl- cyclopenta[c] pyran-4-carboxylic acid, rel-(1S,5R,9S)-9-
ethenyl-1-(beta-D- glucopyrinosyloxy)-5,9-dihydro-5-{2-[(2-
methylbut-2-enoyl)oxy]ethyl}-1H-pyran- 4-carboxylic acid,
viburnin, epi-7-O-tigloylsecologanolic acid.
Phytosterols, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds and their
glycosides
V. erubescens Phytosterols, triterpenoids, glycosides (saponins), phenolic [23]
compounds (flavonoids and procyanidins)
(7S,8R)-4-Hydroxy-3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8′,9′-dinor-8,4′-

oxyneolignan-7,7′,9-triol, (7R,8R)-4-hydroxy-3,3’,5’-trimethoxy-

8′,9′-dinor-8,4′-oxyneolignan-7,7′,9-triol, (7R,8R)-4-hydroxy-
 3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8,4′-oxyneolignan-7,9,9′-triol-7′-one, γ-

V. fordiae (7S,8R)-4-Hydroxy-3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8′,9′-dinor-8,4′-

oxyneolignan-7,7′,9-triol, (7R,8R)-4-hydroxy-3,3’,5’-trimethoxy-

8′,9′-dinor-8,4′-oxyneolignan-7,7′,9-triol, (7R,8R)-4-hydroxy-

3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8,4′-oxyneolignan-7,9,9′-triol-7′-one, γ-

lactone, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-pentanolide, uvaol, 28-nor-urs-

12-ene-3b,17b- diol, 2,3-O-isopropylidenyl-2a,3a,19a-
trihydroxyurs-12- en-28-oic acid, erythrodiol, oleanolic acid,
lupeol, megastigmadien-3,9-dione, loliolide, dehydrololiolide, 2a-
hydroxycineole, (+)-isolariciresinol, umbelliferone, 3-(4-
hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-1- methoxypropan-2-ol, coniferyl aldehyde, p-
hydroxylcinnamaldehyde, (+)-2- hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxypheny) propan-1-one, syringaldehyde, hydroxy-1-(4-
hydroxy-3- methoxypheny) propan-1-one, syringaldehyde,
protocatechuate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, vanillin,
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, salicylic acid, benzyl alcohol,
hydroquinone7,8-bis-O-Isopropylidene-dihydroeugenol, Fordioside,
alangilignoside D, salicin, rhapontigenin, C-13-Norisoprenoid,
alangionoside C, pisumionoside, koaburaside, 3,5-dimethoxy-
benzyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl-
β-D -glucopyranoside, arbutin, salidroside, (3R,9R)-3-hydroxy-7,8-
didehydro-β- ionyl 9-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-
glucopyranoside, 2-(4-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl) syringylpropane-1,3-
diol Norneolignan glycoside, 7-noraryl-4′,7-epoxy-8,5′-neolignan

glycoside, (7R,8R)-
guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D -(6-O-vanilloyl) glucopyranoside, (7S,8S)-
guaiacylglycerol 4-O- β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl) glucopyranoside,
(7S,8R)- guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl) glucopyranoside,
 coniferyl alcohol 4-O- [6-O- (4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)vanilloyl]-β-
D-glucopyranoside
Viburfordoside A, viburfordoside B, viburfordoside C,
viburfordoside D, viburfordoside E, viburfordoside F,
viburfordoside G, viburfordoside H, viburfordoside I.
Fordiane A, fordiane B

V. formosanum Dioxatricyclodecane [11]

V. furcatum Furcatoside A, furcatoside B, furcatoside C, isoquercitroside, [8]

kaempferol 3-O-b-d-
glucopyranosyl-7-O-a-l-rhamnoside, furcatin,
V. grandifolium Luteolin, 3′-O-b-d-xylopyranosyl (1 → 2)-O-b-d-glucopyranoside [16]

V. japonicum 2′,3′-O-Diacetylfurcatoside C, chavicol [20]

2′-Acetyldihydropenstemide, 2′-acetylpatrinoside, 3′-
acetylpatrinoside, lantanoside, dihydropenstemide, betulalbuside A.
V. lantana 2-Heptanone, n-heptanal, benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5- [15]
hepten-2-one, 2- pentylfuran, 2, 4 heptadienal, n-octanal, limonene,
n-octanol, cis-linalool oxide, L- linalool, n-nonanal, α-terpineol,
methyl salicylate, n-decanal, 2E, 4E-nonadienal,
2E-decanal, cinnamaldehyde, 2E, 4Z-decadienal, 2E, 4E-
decadienal, α-cubebene, α- copaene, β-bourbonene, E-
caryophyllene, β-copaene, geranyl acetone, γ-murolene, α-
amorphene, germacrene D, β-ionone, α-muurolene, γ-cadinene, Δ-
cadinene, trans-cadina-1, 4-diene, α-calacorene, occidentalol, E-
nerolidol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, salvial-4(14)-en-1-one,
γ-eudesmol, α-muurolol, β-eudesmol, α-cadinol, occidenol,
eudesma-4(15,7-dien-1-β-ol, pentadecanal, 6, 10, 14- trimethyl-2-
pentadecanone, nonadecane, n-heneicosane, n-docosane, n-
tricosane
V. luzonicum Luzonial A, luzonial B, luzonoside A, luzonoside B, luzonidial A, [15]
 luzonidial B, luzonoside C, luzonoside D, luzonoid A, luzonoid B,
luzonoid C, luzonoid D,
luzonoid E, luzonoid F, luzonoid G,
Methyl (2-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)acetate, methyl (2R-3-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyloxy)glycerate, methyl (3R-4-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyloxy-3- hydroxy)butanoate, bridelionoside B (4),
(6S,7E,9R)-roseoside, linarionoside A, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6-
dodecadien-3,10,11-triol, (+)-8-hydroxylinalool, beta- sitosterol and
daucosterol
V. macrocephalum Apigenin-7-O-[6-O-(5-methoxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5- [18]
oxovaleryl)]-beta-D- glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-
acetyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-crotonyl)- β-
D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 4′-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranoside, (+)-naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (–)-
naringenin-7-
O-β-D-glucopyranoside, afzelin, apigenin-7-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside(7R,8S)-Guaiacylglycerol4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl)
glucopyranoside
V. melanocarpum (−)-(7R,7′R,8S,8′S)-Pinoresinol 4′-O-β-dglucopyranosyl-4-O-(6-O-
vanilloyl)-β-d- glucopyranoside, (7′E,7S,8R)-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-
3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8-O-4′
-neolignan-4-O-[6-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)vanilloyl]-β-d-
glucopyranoside, pinoresinol 4,4′-O-β-dglucopyranoside,
pinoresinol 4′-O-β-d-glucoside, syringaresinol 4′-O-β-d-
glucopyranoside, pinoresinol 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→6)-β-d-
glucopyranoside
(7R,8S)-Syringylglycerol 8-O–D-allopyranoside, (7S,8S)-
syringylglycerol 8-O–D- allopyranoside.
Vibsane, vibsanol I, 15-hydroperoxyvibsanol A, 14-
hydroperoxyvibsanol B, 15-O- methylvibsanin U, 5,6-
dihydrovibsanin B, 14,18-O-diacetyl-15-O-methylvibsanin U,
 vibsanin K
Vibsane, vibsanin B, vibsanin F, neovibsanin B, neovibsanin
Vibsanin I, vibsanin L, 14-hydroxyvibsanin F, 14R∗,15-
epoxyvibsanin C, 14S∗,15- epoxyvibsanin C
Vibsanol C, vibsanol D, vibsanol E, vibsanol F, vibsanol G,
vibsanol H, vibsanin X
V. odoratissimum Vibsanin A, vibsanin B, vibsanin C, vibsanin D, vibsanin E, [18]
vibsanin F, vibsanin I, vibsanin L, vibsanin M, aldovibsanin A,
aldovibsanin B, aldovibsanin C, 7- epialdovibsanin A, 5-
epivibsanin G, 18-O-methylvibsanin G, 14-hydroxyvibsanin F,
(14R∗)-14,15-epoxyvibsanin C, (14S∗)-14,15-epoxyvibsanin C,
vibsanol A, vibsanol B, 6β-hydroxy-3-oxolup-20(29)-ene-27,28-
dioic acid, 6α-hydroxy-3-oxolup-
20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid, quercetine.
Vibsanin C, vibsanin H, dehydrovibsanin G, vibsanol, 9-
aldehydevibsanol, (+)-9′-O-senecioyllariciresinol, (8Z)-10-epi-
vibsanin C, (+)-9′-O- isovaleryllariciresinol5-epi-Vibsanin G, 18-O-
methylvibsanin G, vibsanin M, aldovibsanin C —
Vibsanin B, vibsanin E, vibsanol A, vibsanol B, 6β-hydroxylup-
20(29)-en-3-oxo-
27,28-dioic acid, 6α-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-3-oxo-27,28-dioic acid,
6α-
hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-oxo-28-oic acid
Benzaldehyde, exo-2-methylnorbornane, cis-linalool oxide
(furanoid), linalool,
nonanal, isophorone, 4-oxoisophorone, trans-linalool oxide
(pyranoid), methyl
salicylate, decanal, methyl nonanoate, eucarvone, 1-[2-(1-hydroxy-
1-
methylethyl)cyclopropyl]-ethanone, nonanoic acid, methyl
geranate, methyl o-
 heptadecane, methyl eudesmate, octadecane, hexahydrofarnesyl
acetone, phthalic
acid, decyl isobutyl ester, methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate,
methyl linolenate,
heneicosane, docosane
β-Amyrin, α-amyrin, stigmasta-4-en-3-one, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-
tetraen-3-one,
Olean-12-en-3-one, lupeol, 3-hydroxyolean-12-en-1-one, 3-
acetoxyolean-12-en-
dihydroxyurs-12-ene, 28-hydroxyolean-12-en-3-one, trans-phytol,
betulin
Ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total anthocyanin
Methyl pentanoate, 3Z -Hexen-1-ol, n-heptanal, 2-pentylfuran,
phenyl acetaldehyde, linalool oxide, terpinolene, L-linalool, n-
nonanal, 2E, 6Z-nonadienal, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, methyl
salicylate, myrtenol, n-decanal, trans-carveol,
geraniol, 2E-decanal, 2E, 4Z–decadienal, 2E, 4E-decadienal, α-
copaene, rans-β-damascenone, trans-α-ambrinol, α-amorphene,
germacrene D, β-ionone, γ- cadinene, Δ-cadinene, trans-cadina-1,
4-diene, α-calacorene, ledol, tetradecanal, α- muurolol, α-cadinol,
pentadecanal, manool, n-heneicosane, phytol, n-docosane, n-
tricosane,
Chlorogenic acid
V. opulus Gallic acid, procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, (−)- [5]
epicatechin, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin,
isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-
rutinoside, quercetin, anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside,
cyanidin-3-O- glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside
Coumaroyl-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid dimer, procyanidin B2,
catechin, procyanidin trimer epicatechin, proanthocyanidin dimer
monoglycoside, quercetin- hexose + pentose, rutin, quercetin-
 hexose, quercetin-deoxyhexose
Quinic acid, catechin dimer, catechin, chlorogenic acid (3-O-
ca9eoylquinic acid), procyanidin C1, epicatechin, neochlorogenic
acid (5-O-ca9eoylquinic acid)
Ethyl alcohol, 1-propano, 2-butanone, acetic acid, ethyl acetate,
isobutanol, 2- pentanone, 3-methyl-1-butano, 2-methyl-1-butanol,
1-pentanol, 2-hexanone, 2- hexanol, hexanal, 3-methyl-butanoic
acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, 3-hexen-1-ol (Z), 1-hexanol, 2-
heptanone, 2-heptanol, heptanal, 3-methyl-pentanoic acid, 1-
heptanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-octanone, ethyl
hexanoate, 2- octano, octanal, hexyl acetate, a-terpinene, p-cymene,
limonene, 1,8-cineole, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), 2-nonanone,
linalool L, nonanal, dill ether, α-terpineol, ethyl decanoate, β-
caryophyllene (E)
Gallic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin C
L-Malic acid, L-ascorbic acid, oxalic acidChlorogenic acid, (+)-
catechin, (-)-epicatechin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-
Chlorogenic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid,
quinic acid,
succinic acid, fumaric acid, procyanidin B2, (−)-epicatechin, p-
coumaric acid,
isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside,
quercetin 3-O-glucoside.
β-Sitosterol, stigmasterol, colesterol, α-amyrin-urs-12-en-3-β-ol, β-
amyrin-Olean-
12-en-3-β-ol, lupeol, 3-keto-urs-12-ene, 3-keto-Olean-12-ene, A:D-
neoolean- 12,14-diene, A-neoolean-5,12-diene
Chlorogenic acid.
V. orientale Betulalbuside A, anatolioside E, betulalbuside B, anatolioside, [9], [45], [70]
anatolioside A, anatolioside B, anatolioside C, anatolioside D,
V. phlebotrichum Phlebotrichin, p-hydroquinone, arbutin [34], [45]
 Dideoxyplicatumoside A, erythro-syringylglycerol-β-O-4′-(+)-
isoeucommin A 4″-O- β-D- glucopyranoside, Plicatumoside A, (+)-
neomedioresinol 4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-
neomedioresinol 4,40-O-di- β-D- glucopyranoside

V. plicatum V. plicatum 7-O-Tigloylsecologanol, 7-O-tigloylsecologanolic [66], [23]

anolic acid, 3′-O-[(2S)-2- dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-
β-d-glucopyranoside2), (7R,8S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol
9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside2), quercetin 3-O-robinobioside2),
quercetin 3-O-rutinoside2), kaempferol 3- robinobioside2),
kaempferol 3-orutinoside2)
V. propinquum (3,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-trans-chalcone), (3,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy- [55]
trans-chalcone-2′-O-β-D-glucoside), quercetin, (+)-
dihydroquercetin, eriodictyol, taraxerol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol,
3β,28-dihydroxy-12-ursene, ursolic acid, daucosterol,
4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-dihydrochalcone, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy-
dihydrochalcone-2′-O-β-D-glucoside.
Scopoletin
V. prunifolium 2′-Acetyldihydropenstemide, 2′-acetylpatrinoside, patrinoside, 2′- [12]
(E)-p-
coumaroyldihydropenstimide
V. punctatum Phytosterols, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds and their [16]
glycosides
V. rhytidophyllum Ursolic acid, 7,10,2′-triacetylpatrinoside, 7-p-coumaroylpatrinoside, [49]
10-acetylpatrinoside, catechin, arbutin, henryoside, salicin,
viburnine,

V. sargentii (-)-Epicatechin, 5,7,4-trihydroxy-flavonoid-8-C–d-glucopyranoside, [34]

1-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3–l-
rhamnopyranoxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3- propane-diol
(erythro), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3–l-
 rhamnopyranoxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol
(threo), (R)-4- hydroxylphenol O-(6-O-oleuropeoyl)–d-
glucopyranoside, (R)-3-methoxy-4- hydroxylphenolO-(6-O-
oleuropeoyl)–d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside
V. suspensum Neovibsanin, vibsanins B, vibsanins F, vibsanin F, neovibsanin [47]
B.Neovibsanin F, gomojoside A, gomojoside B, gomojoside C,
gomojoside D,
gomojoside E, gomojoside F, gomojoside G, gomojoside H,
gomojoside I,
gomojoside J, gomojoside K, gomojoside L, gomojoside M,
gomojoside N, gomojoside O, gomojoside P, gomojoside Q, 3-
oxooleana-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid, 24-hydroxy-3-oxooleana-
11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid, 6β-hydroxy-3- oxooleana-11,13(18)-
dien-28-oic acid, 2′,6′-O-diacetylscopolin.
V. tinus 3-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-D- [12], 19]
glucuronopyranosideoleanolic acid 28- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl
ester, 3-O-(β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oleanolic acid, 28-O- β-D-
glucopyranosyl ester, oleanolic acid, viburtinoside A, viburtinoside
B, viburtinoside I, viburtinoside II, viburtinoside III, viburtinoside
IV, viburtinoside V, suspensolide F, suspensolide A,
isoquercitroside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D- galactopyranoside,
quercetine, nobiletin, rutin, afzelin, scopoletin 7-O-sophoroside,
2,6-Di-C-methylnicotinic acid 3,5-diethyl ester
V. urceolatum α-Amyrin palmitate, lupeol palmitate, β-amyrin acetate, ursolic [8],[67]
acid, urceolatoside A, urceolatoside B, urceolatoside C,
urceolatoside D, urceolide,
α-Amyrin palmitate, ursolic acid, astragalin, kaempferol 3-O-β-D- [34]
V. wrightii
galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, apigenin 7-O-β-D-
glucoside, arbutin, p-hydroxypheny β-D-allopyranoside, 6-O-
acetylarbutin, 4′
-hydroxycinnamic acid, viburnolides A, viburnolides B,
viburnolides C
 Isolated compounds:

The study of Viburnum has advanced remarkably in the last few years. The genus has a wide
range of bioactive components, including new diterpenoids of the vibsane type and other
intriguing dietary polyphenols including lignan constituents with uncommon or rare side chains.
More and more studies have documented the health benefits of viburnum plants, particularly in
relation to their edible fruits, which may help ward off chronic illnesses.[6] The genus is thought
to be a valuable plant resource with significant potential for the development of new foods and
medications.
To address this gap, the advancements of naturally occurring compounds from the
Viburnum genus between 2008 and 2020 are reviewed in this review. This includes information
on their chemical structures, sources, bioactivities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs).
Nevertheless, the previous review on this genus was only updated to 2008[7].

Table 3: List of isolated compounds of species of Viburnum

Name of isolated compound Specie References

1 28-Hydroxyolean-12-en-3-one V. odoratissimum [8]
2 Olean-12-en-3-one V. odoratissimum [8]
3 Moronic acid V. betulifolium [14]
4 Erythrodiol V. fordiae Hance [11]
5 Oleanolic acid V. fordiae Hance [11]
6 β-Amyrin V. odoratissimum [8]
7 Germanicol V. grandiflorum [19]
8 Maniladiol V. cylindricum [20]
9 Sumareesinolic acid V. awabuki [18]
10 α-Onocerin V. corylifolium [12]
11 3-Acetoxyolean-12-en-28-ol V. odoratissimum [8]

12 3-Acetoxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid V. odoratissimum [8]

13 Taraxerol palmitate V. setigerum [21]

14 Ovalifoliogenin V. cylindricum [20]
15 Castanopsol V. odoratissimum [9]
16 1α,3β-Dihydroxy-olean-9(11),12-diene V. chingii [13]

17 1α,3β-Dihydroxy-11α-methoxy-olean-12-ene V. chingii [13]

18 Castanopsone V. chingii [13]

19 Olean-12-ene-2,3,22-triol V. cylindricum [20]

20 (2α,3β)-Olean-12-ene-2,3-diol V. cylindricum [20]

21 Hederagenin acid V. chingii [13]

22 Maslinic acid V. sambucinum [22]
23 Ursonic acid V. odoratissimum [9]
24 23-Hydroxy-3-oxo- urs-12-en-28-oic acid V. odoratissimum [10]
25 Ursomyricerone V. cylindricum [20]

26 Uvaol V. foetidum [23]

var. ceanothoides
27 28-Nor-urs-12- ene-3β,17β-diol V. fordiae Hance [11]

28 α-Amyrin V. odoratissimum [8]

29 Pomolic acid V. ternatum [16]
30 Camaldulensic acid V. cylindricum [20]
31 Ursa-12-sene-3β,11β- diol 3-O-palmitate V. betulifolium [15]
32 V. betulifolium [15]
Ursa-12-sene-1β,3β,11α- triol 3-O-palmitate

33 2α,3β,24-Trihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid V. ternatum [16]

34 2α-Hydroxyursolic acid V. odoratissimum [17]

var. awabuki
35 2,3-O-Isopropylidenyl-2α,3α,19α-trihydroxyurs-12-en- V. fordiae Hance [11]
28-oic acid

36 20-Hydroxy-3-oxolup-28-oic acid V. odoratissimum [10]

37 3,6-Dion-20(29)-lupen-28-oic acid V. chingii [13]

38 6α-Hydroxy-lup-20-(29)- en-3-on-28-oic acid V. odoratissimum [9]

39 6β-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-30 norlupane-28-oic acid V. awabuki [18]

40 6β,30-Hihydroxy-3-oxolup-20-(29)-en-28-oic acid V. awabuki [18]

41 Rigidenol V. odoratissimum [9]

42 16β-Hydroxylup-20-(29)-ene-3-one V. sambucinum [22]

43 6β-Hydroxy-3-oxolup-20-(29)-en-28-oic acid V. awabuki [18]

44 3β-Hydroxylup-12-en-28-oic acid V. awabuki [18]

45 3β,20-Dihydroxy lupane-28-oic acid V. awabuki [18]

46 Betulin V. foetidum [23]

var. ceanothoides
47 Butilinol V. grandiflorum [19]
48 Betulinic aldehyde V. erosum [24]
49 Betulinic acid V. cylindricum [20]
50 Lupeol V. odoratissimum [8]
51 2α,3β-Dihydroxy-20-(29)-lupene V. chingii [13]
52 3β,6α-Dihydroxy-20-(29)-lupene V. chingii [13]

53 Nepeticin V. odoratissimum [9]

54 3,4-Secolup-4,20- dihydroxy-3,28-dioic acid-3-oic acid V. awabuki [18]
methyl ester

55* Cylindrictone F V. cylindricum [28]

56* Vibusambucin A V. sambucinum [22]
57* 12β-Hydoxy-15α-O-acetyl-3-oxo-17-en- V. hainanense [25]
20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanran

58* 12β,15α-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-17-en-20,21,22- V. mongolicum [26]

23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane

59 12β-Hydoxy-3,15-dioxo-20,21,22-23,24,25,26,27- V. sambucinum [22]

octanordammanran
60* 12β-O-Acetyl-3,15-dioxo-17-en- V. hainanense [25]
20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanran

61* 12β-O-Acetyl-15α,17β-dihydroxy- 3-oxo-20,21,22- V. mongolicum [78]

23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane

62* 12β-O-Acetyl-15α-hydroxy-17β- methoxy-3-oxo- V. mongolicum [67]

20,21,22- 23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane

63* 12β-O-Acetyl-17β-hydoxy-3,15-dioxo- V. hainanense [78]

20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanran

64* 12β-Hydoxy-17β-methoxy-3,15- dioxo- V. hainanense [65]

20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanran

65 3α-Hydroxyoctanordammar- 12-en-17-one V. cylindricum [52]

66* 3β-Hydoxy-17-oxo-12-en-20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27- V. hainanense [40]
octanordammanran

67* Hupehenol C V. hupehense [76]

68* Hupehenol A V. sambucinum, V. [45]
hupehense
69* Hupehenol B V. hupehense [67]
70* Vibusambucin B V. sambucinum [57]

71* Hupehenol D V. sambucinum

72* Hupehenol E V. hupehense [27]
73* Cylindrictone E V. cylindricum [28]
74 3β-Hydroxy-hexanordammaran-20-one V. cylindricum [28]

75 3β,12β-Dihydroxy-23,24,25,26,27-hexanordammarane- V. mongolicum [26]

20-one

76* 3β-O-Acetyl-12β-hydroxy-23,24,25,26,27- V. mongolicum [26]

hexanordammarane-20-one

77 Cylindrictone A V. cylindricum [28]

78 Vibusambucin C V. sambucinum [22]
79 Vibusambucin D V. sambucinum [22]
80 Cylindrictone D V. cylindricum [28]
81 Neoalsogenin B V. cylindricum [28]
82* Cylindrictone C V. cylindricum [28]
83* Cylindrictone B V. cylindricum [28]
84* 3β,12β-Dihydroxy-25,26,27-trinordammara-22-en- V. mongolicum [26]
24,20-olide

85* 3β,12β-Dihydroxy-24α-methoxy-25,26,27- V. mongolicum

trinordammara-20,24-epoxy

86* 5-epi-15-O-Methylvibsanin H V. sieboldii [30]

87* 15-O-Methylvibsanin H V. sieboldii [30]

88* Dehydrovibsanin G V. odoratissimum [31]
89 (8Z)-10-epi-Vibsanin C V. odoratissimum [31]

90* 18-O-Methylvibsanin C V. awabuki [33]

91* (8Z)-Vibsanin E V. awabuki [33]

92* Vibsatin A V. tinus cv. [5]
variegatus
93* Vibsatin B V. tinus cv. [5]
variegatus
94* 6-O-Methyl-6,7-dihydroxyvibsanin B V. awabuki [33]

95* Vibsanol I V. odoratissimum [35]

96* 5,6-Dihydrovibsanin B V. odoratissimum [35]

97* 14-Hydroperoxyvibsanol B V. odoratissimum [35]
98* 15-O-Methyl-vibsanol A V. chingii [13]
99* 15-Hydroperoxyvibsanol A V. odoratissimum [35]
100 15-O-Methylvibsanin U V. odoratissimum [35]
*
101 Vibsanol H V. odoratissimum [34]
*

102 Vibsanin X V. odoratissimum [34]

*
103 Vibsanol D V. odoratissimum [34]
*
104 Vibsanol F V. odoratissimum [34]
*
105 Vibsanol G V. odoratissimum [34]
*

106 Vibsanol E V. odoratissimum [34]

*
107 Vibsanol C V. odoratissimum [34]
*
108 4-Hydroxyvibsanin A V. awabuki [33]
*
109 Neovibsanin M V. sieboldii [30]
*

110 (8Z)-Neovibsanin M V. sieboldii [30]

*

111 (8Z)-Neovibsanin B V. awabuki [33]

*
112 Neovibsanin L V. sieboldii [30]
*
113 14(R*),15-Epoxyneovibsanin B V. awabuki [33]
*
114 14(S*),15-Epoxyneovibsanin B V. awabuki [33]
*
115 Neovibsanin O V. sieboldii [30]
*

116 Neovibsanin K V. awabuki [32]

*
117 Neovibsanin P V. awabuki [32]
*
118 Neovibsanin J V. awabuki [32]
*
119 Viburodolactone A V. oratissimum [36]
*
120 ent-17-Hydroxykaur-15-en-19-oic acid V. cylindricum [37]

121 Sugereoside V. cylindricum [37]

122 Suavioside A V. cylindricum [37]

123 Kaurenoic acid V. cylindricum [37]
124 Viburnumoside V. cylindricum [37]
*
125 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6- dodecadien-3,10,11-triol V. macrocephalum 12

126 Cyperenol acid V. odoratissimum [78]

127 Spathulenol V. odoratissimum [67]
128 Alismoxide V. cylindricum [78]
129 (6S,9R)-Vomifoliol V. lancifolium [65]
130 Leeaoside V. lancifolium [52]
131 Loliolide V. fordiae [40]
132 Dehydrololiolide V. fordiae [76]
133 Isololiolide V. odoratissimum [45]
134 Megastigmdien-3,9-dione V. fordiae [67]
[57]
135 Byzantionoside B V. erosum [24]
136 (6R,7E,9R)-9-Hydroxymegastigma-4,7- dien-3-one-9- V. erosum [78]
O-β-D- glucopyranoside

137 (6S,7E,9R)-Roseoside V. macrocephalum [67]

138 Phaseic acid V. foetidum [78]
139 3-Hydroxy-4,7- megastigmadiene-9-one V. grandiflorum [65]

140 Alangionoside C V. fordiae [52]

141 Bridelionoside B V. macrocephalum [40]
142 Linarionoside A V. macrocephalum [76]
143 Pisumionoside V. fordiae [45]
144 (3R,9R)-3-Hydroxy-7,8-didehydro-β-ionyl-9-O-α-D- V. fordiae [67]
arabinopyranosyl-(1,6)-β-D-glucopyranoside
 [57]

145 Methyl (+)-rel-(1R,3S,4R,5R,8R,9R)-1,3,4,5,8,9- V. cylindricum [40]

hexahydro-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2H-1α,2-
dioxacyclopent- [cd]-indene-4-carboxylate

146 Methyl (+)-rel-(1R,3S,4S,5R,8R,9R)-1,3,4,5,8,9- V. cylindricum [76]

hexahydro-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2H-1α,2-
dioxacyclopent- [cd]-indene-4-carboxylate

147 Garjasmine V. cylindricum [45]

148 148 α-Gardiol V. cylindricum [67]
149 β-Gardiol V. cylindricum [57]
150 7-Ketologanin V. erosum [52]
151 Viburnin V. erosum [40]
152 7-Cinnamoylpatrinoside V. macrocephalum [76]
153 7-p-Coumaroylpatrinoside V. macrocephalum [45]
154 10-Deacetyl suspensolide A aglycone V. odoratissimum [67]

155 7,10-Dideacetyl suspensolide A aglycone V. corylifolium [57]

156 7-Deacetyl suspensolide A aglycone V. odoratissimum [78]

157 Ternatumin A V. ternatum [67]

158 Loganin V. erosum [78]
159 Loganic acid V. erosum [65]
160 7α-Galloyloxysweroside V. cylindricum [52]
161 7β-Galloyloxysweroside V. cylindricum [40]
162 Vogeloside V. cylindricum [76]
163 Epivogeloside V. cylindricum [45]
164 Sweroside V. cylindricum [67]
165 7,10,2’,3’-Tetraacetylsuspensolide F V. ternatum [57]
166 7,10,2’-Triacetylsuspensolide F V. ternatum [40]

167 Vibsansuspenside A [76]

168 Vibsansuspenside B V. odoratissimum [45]
169 Viburnumfoceside A V. foetidum [67]
170 Viburnumfoceside B V. foetidum [57]
171 Viburnumfoceside C V. foetidum [78]
172 Viburnumfoceside D V. foetidum [67]
173 Viburpunoside A V. punctatum [78]
174 Viburpunoside B V. punctatum [65]
175 Viburpunoside C V. punctatum [52]
176 4β-Hydroxy-3β-acetylhydroxymethyl-8α-butoxy-10- V. formosanum [40]
methylene-2,9-

177 4β-Hydroxy-3β-hydroxymethyl-8β-butoxy-10- V. formosanum [76]

methylene-2,9- dioxatrioxane

178 2,9-Dioxatricyclo [4.3.1.03,7] decanes V. ternatum [45]

179 Secoxyloganin V. plicatum [67]

180 7-O-Benzoylsecologanolic acid V. erosum [57]

181 Cornuside V. cylindricum [78]

182 7-O-Tigloylsecologanolic acid V. plicatum [67]
183 7-O-Tigloylsecologanol V. plicatum [78]
184 epi-7-O-Tigloylsecologanolic acid V. erosum [65]

185 (+)-8-Hydroxylinalool V. macrocephalum [52]

186 (4R)-α-Terpineol 8-O-β-D- (6-galloyl)-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [40]

187 2α-Hydroxycineole V. fordiae [76]

188 1,1-Dimethyl propyl-6’-O-trans-caffeoyl-α-D-glucoside V. cylindricum [45]

[67]

189 4,4’,7,7’-Tetrahydroxy-3,3’- dimethoxy-9,9’- V. foetidum [57]

epoxylignan
190 (9α,8α,8’β)-4,4’-Dihydroxy-3,3’,9- trimethoxy-9,9’- V. foetidum [65]
epoxylignan
191 (9β,8α,8’β)-4,4’-Dihydroxy-3,3’,9- trimethoxy-9,9’- V. foetidum [52]
epoxylignan
192 4,4’-Dihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-9- ethoxy-9,9’- V. lancifolium [40]
epoxylignan
193 3,4,4’-Trihydroxy-3’,9-dimethoxy- 9,9’-epoxylignan V. foetidum [76]

194 3,4’-Dihydroxy-3’,4,9-trimethoxy- 9,9’-epoxylignan V. foetidum [45]

195 Alashinol G V. setigerum [67]

196 Alashinol F V. setigerum [57]
197 (-)-Secoisolariciresinol V. setigerum [78]
198 (+)-Isolariciresinol V. fordiae [67]
199 (+)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. erosum [78]

200 (-)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. erosum [65]

201 Aviculin V. foetidum [52]

202 Herpetol V. erosum [40]
203 4-Methoxy-vibsanol V. ternatum [76]
204 Betulifoliumin C V. betulifolium [45]
205 Betulifoliumin D V. betulifolium [67]
206 Sarcomeginal V. betulifolium [57]
207 Betulifoliumin B V. betulifolium [65]
208 (7’E)-9’-Hydroxy-3’-methoxy-7-noraryl-4’,7-epoxy- V. fordiae [55]
8,5’-neolignan-7’-ene-9-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1,6)-
β-D-glucopyranoside

209 [63]
210 Vibsanol-9’-al V. ternatum [80]
211 (+)-Licarin A V. cylindricum [67]
212 (—)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol V. erosum [23]
213 Icariside E4 V. erosum [23]
214 (7R,8S)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol4-O-β-D- V. plicatum [76]
glucopyranoside
215 Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol V. erosum [56]
216 (7S,8R)-4,9’-Dihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxyl-7,8- V. fordiae [67]
dihydrobenzofuran-1’-propylneolignan
217 (7S,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D- V. plicatum [76]
glucopyranoside

218 (2S,3R)-2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methoxy-2-(4- V. foetidum [45]

hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-benzofuranpropanol-3a-
O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

219 4-O-Methylcedrusin V. foetidum [38]

220 Viburfordoside F V. fordiae [38]
221 Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. fordiae [39]

222 Viburfordoside A V. fordiae [39]

223 Viburfordoside B V. fordiae [38]
224 Viburfordoside C V. fordiae [37]
225 Viburfordoside D V. fordiae [39]
226 (7S,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9’-O-β-D- V. plicatum [56]
glucopyranoside
227 Viburfordoside E V. fordiae [37]
228 Isolappaol A V. fordiae [39]
229 Lappaol A V. fordiae [37]
230 8,9-Epoxy-lariciresinol V. foetidum [66]
231 (+)-9’-O-Senecioyllariciresinol V. odoratissimum [50]
232 (+)-9’-O-Isovaleryllariciresinol V. odoratissimum [40]
233 (7αH,8’αH)-4,4’,8α-Trihydroxy-3,3’,9- trimethoxy- V. setigerum [56]
7,9’-epoxylignan
234 (7αH,8’αH)-4,4’,8α,9-Tetrahydroxy-3,3’- dimethoxy- V. propinquum [39]
7,9’-epoxylignan
235 Vibruresinol V. erosum [24]
236 (7’R,8S,8’S)-3,5’-Dimethoxy-3’,4,8’,9’-tetrahydroxy- V. erosum [24]
7’,9-epoxy-8,8’-lignan
237 5,4’,8-Trihydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-8- chloromethylene- V. foetidum [21]
7,9’-epoxylignan
238 Alangilignoside D V. fordiae [22]
239 (7αH,8αH,8’βH) 4,4’,7’α,9-Tetrahydroxy-,3’- V. setigerum [33]
dimethoxy-7,9’-epoxylignan
240 (-)-Olivil 4-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [5]
241 (-)-Olivil 4’-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [5]
242 (7S,8R,7’S,8’S)-4,9,4’,7’-Tetrahydroxy- V. macrocephalum [5]
3,3’-dimethoxy-7,9’-epoxylignan 4-O-β-D-glucoside

243 (7R,7’R,8R,8’S)-3,3’-Dimethoxy-7,7’- epoxylignane- V. setigerum [33]

4,4’,9,9’-tetraol
244 4,4’-Dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid V. foetidum [45]
245 Padocin V. foetidum [45]
246 Horsfieldin V. odoratissimum [9]
247 (+)-Neomedioresinol 4,4’-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [50]
*

248 (+)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. erosum [56]

249 (+)-Medioresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [50]

250 (+)-Pinoresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [50]

251 (+)-Syringaresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [50]

252 (+)-Syringaresinol V. erosum [56]

253 (+)-Pinoresinol V. erosum [56]
254 Syringaresinol 4’-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. melanocarpum [7]

255 Pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,6)-β-D- V. melanocarpum [7]

glucopyranoside

256 256 (+)-8-Hydroxypinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [5]

257 257 (+)-8’-Hydroxypinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [5]

258 Viburmacrosides A V. macrocephalum [5]

259 Viburmacrosides B V. macrocephalum [5]
260 Viburmacrosides C V. macrocephalum [5]
261 Viburmacrosides D V. macrocephalum [5]
262 Viburmacrosides E V. macrocephalum [5]
263 Viburmacrosides F V. macrocephalum [5]
264 Viburmacrosides G V. macrocephalum [5]
265 Viburmacrosides H V. macrocephalum [5]
266 Pinoresinol 4’-O-β-D-glucoside V. melanocarpum [5]

267 ( )-(7R,7’R,8S,8’S)-Pinoresinol 4' O-β-D- V. melanocarpum [7]

glucopyranosyl-4-O-(6-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-
glucopyranoside

268 Erythro-syringylglycerol-β-O-4’-(+)-isoeucommin A V. plicatum [7]

4’’’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

246 Horsfieldin V. odoratissimum [9]

247 (+)-Neomedioresinol 4,4’-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [35]
*

248 (+)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. erosum [36]

249 (+)-Medioresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [23]

250 (+)-Pinoresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [32]

251 (+)-Syringaresinol 4,4’-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum [47]

252 (+)-Syringaresinol V. erosum [56]

253 (+)-Pinoresinol V. erosum [56]
254 Syringaresinol 4’-O-β-D- glucopyranoside V. melanocarpum [30]

255 Pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,6)-β-D- V. melanocarpum [30]

glucopyranoside

256 256 (+)-8-Hydroxypinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [33]

257 257 (+)-8’-Hydroxypinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucoside V. macrocephalum [34]

258 Viburmacrosides A V. macrocephalum [34]

259 Viburmacrosides B V. macrocephalum [35]
260 Viburmacrosides C V. macrocephalum [34]
261 Viburmacrosides D V. macrocephalum [34]
262 Viburmacrosides E V. macrocephalum [35]
263 Viburmacrosides F V. macrocephalum [32]
264 Viburmacrosides G V. macrocephalum [33]
265 Viburmacrosides H V. macrocephalum [33]
266 Pinoresinol 4’-O-β-D-glucoside V. melanocarpum [34]

267 ( )-(7R,7’R,8S,8’S)-Pinoresinol 4' O-β-D- V. melanocarpum [34]

glucopyranosyl-4-O-(6-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-
glucopyranoside

268 Erythro-syringylglycerol-β-O-4’-(+)-isoeucommin A V. plicatum [46]

4’’’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

269 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2- [4-(3-α-L- V. sargentii [23]

rhamnopyranoxypropyl)- 2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-
propane- diol (Erythro)

270 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2- [4-(3-α-L- V. sargentii [23]

rhamnopyranoxypropyl)- 2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-
propanediol (Threo)
271 Fordianole A V. fordiae [45]
272 Viburfordoside G V. fordiae [43]
273 Viburfordoside H V. fordiae [45]
274 Viburfordoside I V. fordiae [43]
275 Glehlinoside H ! [44]
V. fordiae
276 Fordiane A V. fordiae [45]
277 Fordiane B V. fordiae [25]
278 Fordianole B V. fordiae [14]
279 (7R,8S)-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4’-(synapyl alcohol) V. fordiae [12]
ether
280 (7S,8S)-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4’-(synapyl alcohol) V. fordiae [23]
ether
281 Fordianole C V. fordiae [34]
282 (7’E,7S,8R)-7,9,9’-Trihydroxy-3,3’,5’-trimethoxy-8-O- V. melanocarpum [43]
4’-neolignan-4-O-[6-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-
vanilloyl]-3,3’,5’-trimethoxy-8-O-4’-neolignan-4-O-[6-
O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-vanilloyl]-β-D-
glucopyranoside

283 (7'E,8S)-3,3',5'-Trimethoxy-4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy- V. macrocephalum [66]

* 9'-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-8,4'-oxyneolignan-7'-ene-9- f. keteleeri
ol

284 Hovetrichoside A V. ichangense [67]

(Hemsl.) Rehd.

285 Ichangoside V. ichangense [70]

286 (+)-Epicatechin V. sargentii Koehne [68]
287 (−)-Epicatechin V. sargentii Koehne [65]
288 (+)-Catechin V. sargentii Koehne [68]
289 (−)-Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. macrocephalum [69]
f. keteleeri

290 (+)-Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. macrocephalum [69]

f. keteleeri

291 Blumeatin V. erosum var. [17]

erosum
292 Eriodictyol V. propinquum [61]
293 Apigenin V. cylindricum [20]
294 5,7,4'-Trihydroxy-flavonoid-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside V. sargentii Koehne [39]
295 Apigenin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1'''→2'')-β-D- V. foetidum var. [23]
glucopyranoside ceanothoides

296 Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. lantifolium [39]

297 Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. macrocephalum [69]

f. keteleeri

298 Tricin-7-O-β-D-glucoside V. pilcatum Thunb. [74]

var. tomentosum
Miq.
299 Apigenin-7-O-[6-O-(5-methoxy-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5- V. macrocephalum [69]
oxovaleryl)]-β-D-glucopyranoside f. keteleeri

300 Kaempferol V. pichinchense [70]

301 Kaempferol 4'-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside V. macrocephalum [69]
f. keteleeri

302 Kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside V. pilcatum Thunb. [74]

ex Murray var.
pilcatum

303 Kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside V. pilcatum Thunb. [74]

ex Murray var.
pilcatum
304 Quercetin 3-O-robinobioside V. pilcatum Thunb. [74]
ex Murray var.
pilcatum
305 Kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-crotonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside V. macrocephalum [69]
f. keteleeri

306 Luteolin V. sambucinum [22]

307 Isokaemferide V. sambucinum [22]
308 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylkaempferol V. corylifolium [12]
309 Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside V. corylifolium [12]

310 Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside V. sargentii Koehne [65]

311 3,3',4',7-Tetrahydroxyflavone V. cylindricum [20]

312 Grandinoid V. grandiflorum [71]

*
313 (+)-Dihydroquercetin V. propinquum [61]
314 Ampelopsin V. cylindricum [37]
315 3,5,7,3',5'-Pentahydroxydihydroflavone V. lanticifolium [39]

316 3,4,2',4'-Tetrahydroxy-trans-chalcone V. propinquum [61]

317 3,4,2',4'-Tetrahydroxy-trans-chalcone-2'-O-β-D- V. propinquum [61]

* glucoside

318 trans-8-Ethoxy-4-O-(glucopyranoside)-2',3',4',5',6'- V. lantana [72]

* pentahydroxy chalcone

319 trans-8-Methoxy-4-O-(glucopyranoside)-2',3',4',5',6'- V. lantana [72]

* pentahydroxy chalcone

320 4,2',4'-Trihydroxy-dihydrochalcone V. propinquum [61]

321 4,2',4'-Trihydroxy-dihydrochalcone-2'-O-β-D-glucoside V. propinquum [61]

322 4'-O-Methyl-davidioside V. davidii Franch [73]

323 6''-O-p-Hydroxybenzoyl-davidioside V. davidii Franch [73]
324 5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone-(8→3')-5,7- V. ternatum [58]
* dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone

325 2',3-Epoxyflavan-3',4',5,7-tetrol-(4→8')-flavan- V. ichangense [71]

3',3'',4'',5'',6'-pentaol (Hemsl.) Rehd.

326 Acuminatanol V. cylindricum [37]

327 Syringaldehyde V. fordiae Hance [11]
328 Protocatechuate V. fordiae Hance [11]
329 Vanillin V. fordiae Hance [11]
330 Hydroquinone V. fordiae Hance [11]
331 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde V. fordiae Hance [11]
332 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid V. foetidum var. [23]
ceanothoides

333 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester V. fordiae Hance [11]

334 Salicylic acid V. fordiae Hance [11]

335 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid V. setigerum [55]

336 Gallic acid V. betulifolium [14]

337 Benzyl alcohol V. fordiae Hance [11]
338 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum Thunb. [74]
var. tomentosum
Miq.

339 Isotachioside V. plicatum Thunb. [74]

var. tomentosum
Miq.
340 Tachioside V. plicatum Thunb. [74]
var. tomentosum
Miq.
341 Koaburaside V. fordiae Hance; [41, 74]
V. plicatum Thunb.
var. tomentosum
Miq.
342 Glucosyringic acid V. plicatum Thunb. [74]
var. tomentosum
Miq.
343 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid V. cylindricum [20]

344 4-Methylphenol V. cylindricum [42]

345 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid V. cylindricum [20]

346 Arbutin V. fordiae Hance [41]

347 Lanceoloside A V. dilatatum [77]
348 Salidroside V. fordiae Hance [41]
349 (R)-4-Hydroxyphenol O-(6-O-oleuropeoyl)-β-D- V. sargentii Koehne [59]
* glucopyranoside

350 (R)-3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol O-(6-O-oleuropeoyl)- V. sargentii Koehne [78]

* β-D-glucopyranoside

351 2-[(2,3-Di-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-oxy]-6- V. cylindricum [67]

* hydroxybenzoic acid

352 6-Hydroxy-2-[(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D- V. cylindricum [78]

* glucopyranosyl)-oxy]-benzoic acid

353 3,5-Dimethoxy-benzyl alcohol 4-O-β-D- V. fordiae Hance [65]

glucopyranoside

354 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside V. fordiae Hance [52]

355 Jiamizioside E V. dilatatum [40]

*
356 2-(4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-syringylpropane-1,3-diol V. fordiae Hance [76]
*

357 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,2-diol V. fordiae Hance [45]

358 (R)-1-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4- V. lancifolium [67]

hydroxypropyl-phenoxyl]-propan-3-ol

359 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methoxypropan-2-ol V. fordiae Hance [57]

360 (+)-2-Hydroxy-l-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan- V. fordiae Hance [72]

1-one

361 (7R,8R)-Guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl)- V. fordiae Hance [78]

* glucopyranoside

362 (7S,8S)-Guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl)- V. fordiae Hance [67]

* glucopyranoside

363 (7S,8R)-Guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl)- V. fordiae Hance [78]

* glucopyranoside

364 (7R,8S)-Guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl)- V. melanocarpum [65]

* glucopyranoside

365 (7R,8S)-Syringylglycerol 8-O-β-D-allopyranoside V. melanocarpum [52]

*
366 (7S,8S)-Syringylglycerol 8-O-β-D-allopyranoside V. melanocarpum [40]
*

367 7,8-Bis-O-isopropylidene-dihydroeugenol V. fordiae Hance [76]

*

368 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-4-pentanolide V. fordiae Hance [45]

*

369 1-O-(6-O-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)- V. foetidum var. [67]

4-allylbenzene ceanothoides

370 Coniferyl aldehyde V. fordiae Hance [57]

371 p-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde V. fordiae Hance [78]

372 p-Hydroxy-cinnamic acid V. schensianum [67]

373 Z-p-Coumaric acid V. foetidum var. [78]

ceanothoides

374 1-O-Caffeoyl β-D-glucopyranoside V. plicatum Thunb. [65]

ex Murray var.
plicatum f. plicatum

375 Syringenin 4-O-(6-cinnamoyloxy)β-D-glucopyranoside V. macrocephalum [52]

* f. keteleeri

376 Coniferyl alcohol 4-O-[6-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)- V. fordiae Hance [78]

* vanilloyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside

377 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one V. cylindricum [67]

378 Umbelliferone V. fordiae Hance [78]
379 7-Scopoletin V. schensianum [65]
380 Jiamizioside C V. dilatatum [52]
*
381 trans-piceid V. lancifolium [40]
382 Rhapontigenin V. fordiae Hance [76]
383 Jiamizioside D V. dilatatum [45]
*
384 O-Hydroxybenzyl salicylate V. cylindricum [67]

385 Benzyl 3-hydroxy-4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoate V. macrocephalum [57]

f. keteleeri

386 Benzyl 3-hydroxy-4-(6-benzoyl-β-D- V. macrocephalum [78]

* glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate f. keteleeri

387 Benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-(6-cinnamoyl-β-D- V. macrocephalum [67]

* glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate f. keteleeri

388 Dideoxyplicatumoside A V. plicatum var. [78]

* plicatum f. plicatum

389 Plicatumoside A V. plicatum Thunb. [65]

* ex Murray var.
plicatum f. plicatum

390 2-(Glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl 3-(glucopyranosyloxy)- V. dilatatum [52]

* benzoate

391 Fordioside V. fordiae Hance [40]

*
392 Henryoside V. cylindricum [76]
393 2'-O-Acetylhenryoside V. cylindricum [45]
*
394 2',3'-Di-O-acetylhenryoside V. cylindricum [67]
*

395 2',6'-Di-O-acetylhenryoside V. cylindricum [57]

*
396 2',3',6'-Tri-O-acetylhenryoside V. cylindricum [78]
*

397 2',3',4',6'-Tetra-O-acetylhenryoside V. cylindricum [67]

*

398 2'β-Acetyl-3'β-(3-methylbutyryl)-henryoside V. veitchii [78]

*

399 2'β,6'β-Diacetyl-3'β-(3-methylbutyryl)-henryoside V. veitchii [65]

*

400 3'-O-[(2S)-2-Methylbutanoyl]-henryoside V. plicatum Thunb. [52]

* var. tomentosum
Miq.

401 Jiamizioside A V. dilatatum [40]

*
402 Jiamizioside B V. dilatatum [76]
*
403 5-O-Caffeoyl shikimic acid V. plicatum Thunb. [45]
ex Murray var.
plicatum f. plicatum

404 Neochlorogenic acid V. dilatatum [67]

405 5-O-Caffeoyl quinic acid butyl ester V. plicatum Thunb. [57]
var. tomentosum
Miq.
406 Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one V. odoratissimum [8]

407 Ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol V. cylindricum [42]

408 5α,8α-Epidioxy-24-norcholesta-6,22-dien-3β-ol V. odoratissimum [9]

409 Stigmasta-4-en-3-one V. odoratissimum [8]

410 Viburodorol A V. odoratissimum [9]
*
411 Methyl (2-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-acetate V. macrocephalum [38]
* f. keteleeri
412 Methyl (2R-3-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-glycerate V. macrocephalum [38]
* f. keteleeri

413 Methyl (3R-4-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxy)- V. macrocephalum [38]

* butanoate f. keteleeri
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26. 27.

28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42. 43.

44. 45. 46. 47.

48. 49. 50. 51.

52. 53. 54. 55.

56. 57. 58. 59.

60. 61. 62. 63.

64. 65. 66. 67.

68. 69. 70. 71.

72. 73. 74. 75.

76. 77. 78. 79.

80. 81. 82. 83.

84. 85. 86. 87.

88. 89. 90. 91.

92. 93. 94. 95.

96. 97. 98. 99.

100. 101. 102. 103.

104. 105. 106. 107.

108. 109. 110. 111.

112. 113. 114. 115.

116. 117. 118. 119.

120. 121. 122. 123.

124. 125. 126. 127.

128. 129. 130. 131.

132. 133. 134. 135.

136. 137. 138. 139.

140. 141. 142. 143.

144. 145. 146. 147.

148. 149. 150. 151.

152. 153. 154. 155.

156. 157. 158. 159.

160. 161. 162.

163. 164. 164.

165. 166. 167. 168.

169. 170. 171. 172.

173. 174. 175. 176.

177. 178. 179. 180.

181. 182. 183. 184.

185. 186. 187. 188.

189. 190. 191. 192.

193. 194. 195. 196.

197. 198. 199. 200.

201. 202. 203. 204.

205. 206. 207. 208.

209. 210. 211. 212.

213. 214. 215. 216.

217. 218. 219. 220.

221. 222. 223. 224.

225. 226. 227. 228.

229. 230. 231. 232.

233. 234. 235. 236.

237. 238. 239. 240.

241. 242. 243. 244.

245. 246. 247. 248.

249. 250. 251. 252.

253. 254. 255. 256.

257. 258. 259. 260.

261. 262. 263. 264.

265. 266. 267. 268.

269. 270. 271. 272.

273. 274. 275. 276.

277. 278. 279. 280.

281. 282. 283. 284.

285. 286. 287. 288.

289. 290. 291. 292.

293. 294. 295. 296.

297. 289. 299. 300.

301.
302. 303. 304. 305.

306. 307. 308. 309.

310. 311. 312. 313.

314. 315. 316. 317.

318 319 320 321

322. 323 324 325.

326. 327. 328. 329.

330. 331 332 333

334 335 336 337

338 339 340 341

342 343 344 345

346 347 348 357

358 359 360 361

368 370 371

372 373 374 375

376 377 378 379

381 382 383 384

390 391. 392 403

404 405. 406 407

408. 409. 410.

411 412 413

Vibsanin A

Vibsanin B
Vibsanin F

1.
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