ME412 MACHINING

Lecture 7
Cutting Tools
03.4.2024
Lecturer : Assoc. Prof. Emel KURAM
Department of Mechanical Engineering
[email protected]

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 Cutting Tools

Figure. (a) A single–point tool showing rake face, flank and tool point; and (b) a helical milling cutter,
representative of tools with multiple cutting edges.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Materials

Figure. (a) The influence of tool material properties on optimization of cutting conditions.

D. A. Stephenson, J. S. Agapiou, Metal Cutting Theory and Practice, Taylor & Francis, Third Edition, 2016.
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 Tool Materials

1.Toughness
2.Hot Hardness
3.Wear Resistance

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 Tool Materials

Table. General characteristics of cutting–tool

materials (These tool materials have a wide range
of compositions and properties; overlapping
characteristics exist in many categories of tool
materials).

S. Kalpakjian, S. R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sixth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Materials

Table. General operating characteristics of

cutting–tool materials.

S. Kalpakjian, S. R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sixth Edition, 2010.
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 Carbides

Table. ISO classification of carbide cutting tools according to use.

S. Kalpakjian, S. R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sixth Edition, 2010.
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 Carbides

Table. Classification of tungsten

carbides according to machining
applications.

S. Kalpakjian, S. R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sixth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Single–Point Tool Geometry

Figure. (a) Seven elements of single–

point tool geometry and (b) the tool
signature convention that defines the
seven elements.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Single–Point Tool Geometry

Chip Breakers

Figure. Two methods of chip breaking in single–point tools: (a) groove–type and (b) obstruction–type
chip breakers.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Single–Point Tool Geometry

Figure. Three ways of holding and presenting the cutting edge for a single–point tool: (a) solid
tool, typical of HSS; (b) brazed insert, one way of holding a cemented carbide insert; and (c)
mechanically clamped insert, used for cemented carbides, ceramics and other very hard tool materials.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Single–Point Tool Geometry

Inserts

Figure. Common insert shapes: (a) round, (b) square, (c) rhombus with two 80° point angles, (d) hexagon with
three 80° point angles, (e) triangle (equilateral), (f) rhombus with two 55° point angles, (g) rhombus with two 35°
point angles. Also shown are typical features of the geometry. Strength, power requirements and tendency for
vibration increase as we move to the left; whereas versatility and accessibility tend to be better with the
geometries at the right.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Single–Point Tool Geometry

Inserts

Figure. Three types of edge preparation that are applied to the cutting edge of an insert:
(a) radius, (b) chamfer, (c) land and (d) perfectly sharp edge (no edge preparation).

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Drills

Figure. Standard geometry of a twist drill.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Drills

Figure. Straight–flute drill that uses indexable inserts.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Drills

Figure. Gun drill.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Drills

Figure. Spade drill.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Milling Cutters

Plain Milling Cutters

Form Milling Cutters
Face Milling Cutters
End Milling Cutters

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Milling Cutters

Figure. Tool geometry elements of an 18–tooth plain milling cutter.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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 Tool Geometry
Multiple–Cutting–Edge Tools

Milling Cutters

Figure. Tool geometry elements of a four–tooth face milling cutter: (a) side view and (b) bottom view.

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2010.
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