SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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UNIT 5
1) Explain Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 JDBC drivers
TYPE I:
The JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) Type 1 driver, also known as the JDBC-ODBC bridge driver,
is one of the four types of JDBC drivers available for connecting Java applications to databases.
Here's an overview of the concept, advantages, and disadvantages of the JDBC Type 1 driver:

Fig : Type I Driver

Concept:
● The JDBC Type 1 driver translates JDBC calls into ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) calls,
allowing Java applications to interact with databases via ODBC drivers.
● This driver works by using the ODBC driver installed on the client machine to communicate with
the database. It acts as a bridge between the JDBC API and the underlying ODBC API.
Advantages:
 Ease of Use: The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver is relatively easy to set up and use, as it relies on
existing ODBC drivers for database connectivity.
 Platform Independence: Since it uses the ODBC standard, the Type 1 driver can potentially work
with any database for which an ODBC driver is available, making it somewhat platform-
independent.
 Widely Available: ODBC drivers are commonly available for many databases and operating
systems, providing broad compatibility for Java applications.

Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari 1

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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Disadvantages:
 Performance Overhead: The JDBC-ODBC bridge introduces a performance overhead because
each JDBC call is translated into an equivalent ODBC call, leading to additional layers of
abstraction and potential performance bottlenecks.
 Limited Portability: While the driver itself is platform-independent, it requires the presence of
an ODBC driver on the client machine, which may not be available on all platforms or may
require additional setup.
 Reliance on ODBC: The Type 1 driver relies on the ODBC standard, which may not be as efficient
or reliable as native JDBC drivers developed specifically for a particular database.

TYPE II:
The JDBC Type 2 driver, also known as the native-API driver, is one of the four types of JDBC drivers
available for connecting Java applications to databases. Here's an overview of the concept,
advantages, and disadvantages of the JDBC Type 2 driver

Fig : Type II Driver

2 Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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Concept:
● The JDBC Type 2 driver translates JDBC calls into database-specific calls using the client-side
libraries provided by the database vendor.
● This driver typically consists of a Java-based client-side driver and a native API library specific
to the database being accessed. The client-side driver communicates with the native API library
to interact with the database.
Advantages:
 Improved Performance: The Type 2 driver can offer better performance compared to the JDBC-
ODBC bridge driver (Type 1) because it eliminates the overhead of translating JDBC calls into
ODBC calls.
 Platform Independence: While the native API library may be platform-dependent, the Java-
based client-side driver ensures platform independence for Java applications.
Disadvantages:
 Platform Dependency of Native API: The native API library used by the Type 2 driver may be
platform-dependent, requiring different versions for different operating systems.
 Installation and Configuration: The Type 2 driver requires the installation and configuration of
the native API library on the client machine, which adds complexity to the setup process.

TYPE III
The JDBC Type 3 driver, also known as the network-protocol driver, is one of the four types of JDBC
drivers available for connecting Java applications to databases. Here's an overview of the concept,
advantages, and disadvantages of the JDBC Type 3 driver:

Fig : Type III Driver

Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari 3

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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Concept:
 The JDBC Type 3 driver implements a three-tier architecture, where JDBC calls from the client-
side Java application are translated into a vendor-independent protocol by a middleware server.
This protocol is then used to communicate with a database-specific driver on the server-side.
Advantages:
 Platform Independence: The Type 3 driver is typically written entirely in Java, making it
platform-independent and eliminating the need for database-specific client libraries on the
client machine.
 Database Independence: Since the middleware server translates JDBC calls into a vendor-
independent protocol, the Type 3 driver can potentially work with multiple databases without
requiring changes to the client-side Java code.
Disadvantages:
 Middleware Overhead: The middleware server introduces additional overhead and complexity
to the architecture, potentially impacting performance and scalability compared to direct
database connections.

TYPE IV
The JDBC Type 4 driver, also known as the thin driver, is one of the four types of JDBC drivers
available for connecting Java applications to databases.

Fig : Type IV Drive

4 Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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Concept:
● The JDBC Type 4 driver is a pure Java driver that communicates directly with the database server
without requiring any intermediate translation layers. It converts JDBC calls directly into
vendor-specific database protocol calls.
Advantages:
 Platform Independence: The Type 4 driver is entirely written in Java, making it platform-
independent and eliminating the need for client-side database libraries or middleware servers.
Disadvantages:
 Database Vendor Dependency: The Type 4 driver is specific to a particular database vendor, as
it directly communicates with the vendor's database server using proprietary protocols. This
may limit portability if the application needs to work with multiple database vendors.

2) What is a ResultSet in JDBC?

A ResultSet in JDBC serves as a crucial interface for retrieving data from a database after executing
a query. Upon execution, the database engine returns a ResultSet object containing the query's
result set, which typically consists of rows and columns of data. The ResultSet provides various
methods for navigating through the data and extracting values from each row.
1. next(): Moves the cursor to the next row in the ResultSet. Returns true if there is a next row;
otherwise, returns false.
2. getInt(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current row
of the ResultSet as an int.
3. getString(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a String.
4. getDouble(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a double.
5. getObject(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a generic Object.
6. getBoolean(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a boolean.
7. getDate(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a java.sql.Date object.
8. getTime(String columnLabel): Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
row of the ResultSet as a java.sql.Time object.

Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari 5

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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3) Provide an overview of the key classes/interfaces in the java.sql package.
How do they contribute to database interaction in Java?
The java.sql package in Java provides classes and interfaces for database interaction. Here's an
overview of some key classes and interfaces in this package and how they contribute to database
interaction in Java:

 DriverManager:
o The DriverManager class manages a list of database drivers. It is responsible for loading
the appropriate driver based on the connection URL provided and establishing a
connection to the database.
o Developers typically use the DriverManager to obtain a connection to the database by
calling its getConnection() method.
 Connection:
o The Connection interface represents a connection to a database. It provides methods for
creating statements, committing transactions, and managing the connection properties.
o Developers use the Connection interface to execute SQL queries, updates, and other
database operations.
 Statement:
o The Statement interface represents an SQL statement that is sent to the database for
execution. It provides methods for executing queries, updates, and stored procedures.
o Developers use the Statement interface to execute SQL queries and updates and retrieve
results from the database.
 PreparedStatement:
o The PreparedStatement interface extends the Statement interface and represents a
precompiled SQL statement. It allows developers to execute parameterized queries
efficiently.
o Developers use PreparedStatement when they need to execute the same SQL statement
multiple times with different parameter values.
 ResultSet:
o The ResultSet interface represents the result set of a database query. It provides methods
for navigating through the rows of the result set and retrieving column values.
o Developers use the ResultSet interface to retrieve data from the database and process it
in their Java applications.

6 Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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4) Explain the significance of DriverManager and Connection classes in JDBC.
The DriverManager and Connection classes are fundamental components of the JDBC (Java
Database Connectivity) API, serving essential roles in establishing connections to databases and
managing database interactions within Java applications.

 DriverManager:
o Think of the DriverManager as the manager or coordinator that helps Java programs
talk to different databases.
o It knows how to find and load the right database driver needed to connect to a specific
type of database.
o By using the DriverManager, Java programs can easily connect to various databases
without worrying about the specific details of each database driver.
 Connection:
o The Connection class is like a bridge or pathway between a Java program and a
database.
o Once a connection is established using the DriverManager, the Connection class helps
in sending and receiving data between the Java program and the database.
o It allows the Java program to execute SQL queries, fetch results, and perform database
operations like inserting, updating, and deleting data.
In summary, the DriverManager and Connection classes are integral parts of the JDBC API,
providing essential functionality for establishing database connections, executing SQL queries and
updates, and managing database interactions within Java applications..

5) Write short notes : i) Statement, ii) PreparedStatement, iii)

CallableStatement.
Statement
The Statement interface is used to execute simple SQL statements without parameters. It is suitable
for executing static SQL queries that do not require dynamic values. Statements are generally
created using the Connection.createStatement() method.
To create an object of the Statement interface and execute a SQL statement, you can follow these
steps:

 Establish a connection to the database using DriverManager.getConnection() method.

 Create a Statement object using the createStatement() method of the Connection interface.

Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari 7

 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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 Execute the SQL statement using the appropriate method (executeQuery(), executeUpdate(), etc.)
of the Statement interface.

Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users");

PreparedStatement
 In Java, creating a PreparedStatement involves several steps. First, you establish a connection to
your database using DriverManager.getConnection(), providing the necessary URL, username, and
password.
 With the database connection in place, you define your SQL query with placeholders (?) for
parameters. These parameters will be dynamically set later. Next, you create a
PreparedStatement object using connection.prepareStatement(sql), where sql is your SQL query string.
 Once the PreparedStatement is created, you set parameter values using methods like setString(),
setInt(), etc., to specify the values for each placeholder in your query. After setting the
parameters, you execute the PreparedStatement using executeQuery() for SELECT statements or
executeUpdate() for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements.
 If your query returns results, you can process them using a ResultSet. Finally, it's important to
close the PreparedStatement, ResultSet, and the database connection properly in a finally block to
release resources and ensure cleanup

// Creating a PreparedStatement object

preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);

// Setting parameters for the PreparedStatement

preparedStatement.setString(1, "value1");

// Executing the PreparedStatement

resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();

// Processing the results

while (resultSet.next()) {
// Retrieve data from the ResultSet
String column1Value = resultSet.getString("column1");
int column2Value = resultSet.getInt("column2");
// Process other columns as needed
System.out.println("Column1: " + column1Value + ", Column2: " + column2Value);
}

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 SYIT SEM IV

Course Name: Java Programming

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Callable Statement
 To create an object of CallableStatement in Java, you follow similar steps to creating a
PreparedStatement, but you use the Connection.prepareCall() method instead of prepareStatement().
 To execute a CallableStatement in Java, you can use the execute() method if you are executing a
stored procedure or function that returns a result set, or you can use the executeUpdate()
method if you are executing a stored procedure or function that performs an update
operation (such as an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE).

String sql = "{call my_stored_procedure(?, ?, ?)}";

// Creating a CallableStatement object
callableStatement = connection.prepareCall(sql);

// Setting parameters for the CallableStatement

callableStatement.setString(1, "value1");
callableStatement.setInt(2, 123);
callableStatement.setDouble(3, 45.67);

// Executing the CallableStatement

callableStatement.execute();

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Prof. Bhakti Chaudhari 9