CHILD DEVELOPMENT
KIRAN KHALID MD
MARCH 19, 2023
STAGES
• Middle Childhood (6/7-11)
• Adolescence (>12)
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (SCHOOL YEARS)
• Freud:
• Latency Age (6-11years):
• Early – self management may be harder
• Late
• Inactive urges -> Sublimated into tasks
• Observation of play (same sex play)
• Development of superego
• Predisposed to guilt/disappointment
• + self esteem -> Academic achievement, extra curricular and relationships with peers
• Inner world is shifting from family to broader networks (peers and teachers)
CONTINUED
• Erikson
• Industry vs inferiority 6-11
• Outcome: competence
• Going to school
• Learning new skills (evaluations)
• Sense that producing things = getting recognition
CONTINUED
• Piaget
• Cognitively: concrete operations (7-11)
• Arithmetic
• Starting to understand others’ viewpoints
• Inductive reasoning (specific -> general)
• Conservation (when something changes in shape/appearance, it is still the same) – e.g.
conservation of liquid
• Decentration (concentrate on multiple aspects of a situation at the same time)
• Ideas of “good/bad”, “fair/not fair”
ADOLESCENCE
• Second individuation – parent relationships change again
• Freud
• Genital Stage (>12) – lasts throughout adulthood
• Puberty and bodily changes
• Early adolescence: more focus on body, worry about “Accidents”
• Later/middle: as changes slow, parental conflict, peer relationships, risky behavior
• Sexual feelings are active -> seeking satisfaction
• Unresolved conflicts from previous stages
• Risk of regression
• May retreat into cyberspace
CONTINUED
• Erikson:
• Identity vs Role Confusion 12-18
• Outcome: fidelity
• Piaget:
• Cognitive: formal operations (>12)
• Starting to understand abstract thoughts/ideas
• Not just more information; changed ways of thinking
• Reason for hypothetical problems
• Deductive reasoning (general principle -> specific situation)
A WORD ABOUT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
• Genetic and environmental (the role of experience)
• Neurogenesis (~day 42 of gestation; completed ~mid gestation; except?)
• Formation of glial cells
• Migration and rudimentary connections
• Prenatal – apoptosis
• Synaptogenesis
• Brain growth - 90% of adult volume by age 6
• Structural development & Functional development
• Synpatic Pruning
REFERENCES
• Normal Child and Adolescent Development : a Psychodynamic Primer. Karen J
GilmorePamela Meersand. Washington, D.C. : American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
• Stiles, J., Jernigan, T.L. The Basics of Brain Development. Neuropsychol Rev 20, 327–348
(2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4
THANK YOU