1. What do you mean by Data Analysis?

Data analysis is a multidisciplinary field of data science, in which data is

analyzed using mathematical, statistical, and computer science with domain
expertise to discover useful information or patterns from the data. It involves
gathering, cleaning, transforming, and organizing data to draw conclusions,
forecast, and make informed decisions. The purpose of data analysis is to turn
raw data into actionable knowledge that may be used to guide decisions, solve
issues, or reveal hidden trends.
2. How do data analysts differ from data scientists?
Data analysts and Data Scientists can be recognized by their responsibilities, skill
sets, and areas of expertise. Sometimes the roles of data analysts and data
scientists may conflict or not be clear.
Data analysts are responsible for collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data to help
businesses make better decisions. They typically use statistical analysis and
visualization tools to identify trends and patterns in data. Data analysts may also
develop reports and dashboards to communicate their findings to stakeholders.
Data scientists are responsible for creating and implementing machine learning
and statistical models on data. These models are used to make predictions,
automate jobs, and enhance business processes. Data scientists are also well-
versed in programming languages and software engineering.
Feature Data analyst Data Scientist

Machine Learning,
Excel, SQL, Python, R, Statistical Modeling,
Tableau, PowerBI Docker, Software
Skills Engineering

Database Management,
Data Collection, Web
Predictive Analysis and
Scrapping, Data Cleaning,
prescriptive analysis,
Data Visualization,
Machine Learning model
Explanatory Data
building and Deployment,
Analysis, Reports
Task automation, Work for
Development and
Business Improvements
Presentations
Tasks Process.

Positions Entry Label Seniors Label

3. How Data analysis is similar to Business Intelligence?

Data analysis and Business intelligence are both closely related fields, Both use
data and make analysis to make better and more effective decisions. However,
there are some key differences between the two.
  Data analysis involves data gathering, inspecting, cleaning,
transforming and finding relevant information, So, that it can be used
for the decision-making process.
 Business Intelligence(BI) also makes data analysis to find insights as
per the business requirements. It generally uses statistical and Data
visualization tools popularly known as BI tools to present the data in
user-friendly views like reports, dashboards, charts and graphs.
The similarities and differences between the Data Analysis and Business
Intelligence are as follows:
Similarities Differences

Data analysis is more technical, while BI

Both use data to make better decisions.
is more strategic.

Data analysis focuses on finding patterns

Both involve collecting, cleaning, and
and insights in data, while BI focuses on
transforming data.
providing relevant information

Data analysis is often used to provide

Both use visualization tools to specific answers, whereas business
communicate findings. intelligence (BI) is used to help broader
decision-making.

4. What are the different tools mainly used for data analysis?
There are different tools used for data analysis. each has some strengths and
weaknesses. Some of the most commonly used tools for data analysis are as
follows:
 Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet Software is used for a variety of
data analysis tasks, such as sorting, filtering, and summarizing data. It
also has several built-in functions for performing statistical analysis.
The top 3 mostly used Spreadsheet Software are as follows:
o Microsoft Excel
o Google Sheets
o LibreOffice Calc
 Database Management Systems (DBMS): DBMSs, or database
management systems, are crucial resources for data analysis. It offers a
secure and efficient way to manage, store, and organize massive
amounts of data.
o MySQL
o PostgreSQL
o Microsoft SQL Server
o Oracle Database
  Statistical Software: There are many statistical software used for Data
analysis, Each with its strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most
popular software used for data analysis are as follows:
o SAS: Widely used in various industries for statistical
analysis and data management.
o SPSS: A software suite used for statistical analysis in
social science research.
o Stata: A tool commonly used for managing, analyzing,
and graphing data in various fields.SPSS:
 Programming Language: In data analysis, programming languages are
used for deep and customized analysis according to mathematical and
statistical concepts. For Data analysis, two programming languages are
highly popular:
o R: R is a free and open-source programming language
widely popular for data analysis. It has good
visualizations and environments mainly designed for
statistical analysis and data visualization. It has a wide
variety of packages for performing different data
analysis tasks.
o Python: Python is also a free and open-source
programming language used for Data analysis.
Nowadays, It is becoming widely popular among
researchers. Along with data analysis, It is used for
Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and web
development.
5. What is Data Wrangling?
Data Wrangling is very much related concepts to Data Preprocessing. It’s also
known as Data munging. It involves the process of cleaning, transforming, and
organizing the raw, messy or unstructured data into a usable format. The main
goal of data wrangling is to improve the quality and structure of the dataset. So,
that it can be used for analysis, model building, and other data-driven tasks.
Data wrangling can be a complicated and time-consuming process, but it is
critical for businesses that want to make data-driven choices. Businesses can
obtain significant insights about their products, services, and bottom line by
taking the effort to wrangle their data.
Some of the most common tasks involved in data wrangling are as follows:
 Data Cleaning: Identify and remove the errors, inconsistencies, and
missing values from the dataset.
 Data Transformation: Transformed the structure, format, or values of
data as per the requirements of the analysis. that may include scaling &
normalization, encoding categorical values.
 Data Integration: Combined two or more datasets, if that is scattered
from multiple sources, and need of consolidated analysis.
  Data Restructuring: Reorganize the data to make it more suitable for
analysis. In this case, data are reshaped to different formats or new
variables are created by aggregating the features at different levels.
 Data Enrichment: Data are enriched by adding additional relevant
information, this may be external data or combined aggregation of two
or more features.
 Quality Assurance: In this case, we ensure that the data meets certain
quality standards and is fit for analysis.
6. What is the difference between descriptive and predictive analysis?
Descriptive and predictive analysis are the two different ways to analyze the data.
 Descriptive Analysis: Descriptive analysis is used to describe
questions like “What has happened in the past?” and “What are the key
characteristics of the data?”. Its main goal is to identify the patterns,
trends, and relationships within the data. It uses statistical measures,
visualizations, and exploratory data analysis techniques to gain insight
into the dataset.
The key characteristics of descriptive analysis are as follows:
o Historical Perspective: Descriptive analysis is
concerned with understanding past data and events.
o Summary Statistics: It often involves calculating
basic statistical measures like mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, and percentiles.
o Visualizations: Graphs, charts, histograms, and other
visual representations are used to illustrate data
patterns.
o Patterns and Trends: Descriptive analysis helps
identify recurring patterns and trends within the data.
o Exploration: It’s used for initial data exploration and
hypothesis generation.
 Predictive Analysis: Predictive Analysis, on the other hand, uses past
data and applies statistical and machine learning models to identify
patterns and relationships and make predictions about future events. Its
primary goal is to predict or forecast what is likely to happen in future.
The key characteristics of predictive analysis are as follows:
o Future Projection: Predictive analysis is used to
forecast and predict future events.
o Model Building: It involves developing and training
models using historical data to predict outcomes.
o Validation and Testing: Predictive models are
validated and tested using unseen data to assess their
accuracy.
o Feature Selection: Identifying relevant features
(variables) that influence the predicted outcome is
crucial.
 o Decision Making: Predictive analysis supports
decision-making by providing insights into potential
outcomes.
7. What is univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis?
Univariate, Bivariate and multivariate are the three different levels of data
analysis that are used to understand the data.
1. Univariate analysis: Univariate analysis analyzes one variable at a
time. Its main purpose is to understand the distribution, measures of
central tendency (mean, median, and mode), measures of dispersion
(range, variance, and standard deviation), and graphical methods such
as histograms and box plots. It does not deal with the courses or
relationships from the other variables of the dataset.
Common techniques used in univariate analysis include histograms, bar
charts, pie charts, box plots, and summary statistics.
2. Bivariate analysis: Bivariate analysis involves the analysis of the
relationship between the two variables. Its primary goal is to understand
how one variable is related to the other variables. It reveals, Are there
any correlations between the two variables, if yes then how strong the
correlations is? It can also be used to predict the value of one variable
from the value of another variable based on the found relationship
between the two.
Common techniques used in bivariate analysis include scatter plots,
correlation analysis, contingency tables, and cross-tabulations.
3. Multivariate analysis: Multivariate analysis is used to analyze the
relationship between three or more variables simultaneously. Its
primary goal is to understand the relationship among the multiple
variables. It is used to identify the patterns, clusters, and dependencies
among the several variables.
Common techniques used in multivariate analysis include principal
component analysis (PCA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and
regression analysis involving multiple predictor variables.
8. Name some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools
used for data analysis.
Some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools are as follows:
 Tableau: Tableau is a powerful data visualization application that
enables users to generate interactive dashboards and visualizations from
a wide range of data sources. It is a popular choice for businesses of all
sizes since it is simple to use and can be adjusted to match any
organization’s demands.
 Power BI: Microsoft’s Power BI is another well-known data
visualization tool. Power BI’s versatility and connectivity with other
Microsoft products make it a popular data analysis and visualization
tool in both individual and enterprise contexts.
  Qlik Sense: Qlik Sense is a data visualization tool that is well-known
for its speed and performance. It enables users to generate interactive
dashboards and visualizations from several data sources, and it can be
used to examine enormous datasets.
 SAS: A software suite used for advanced analytics, multivariate
analysis, and business intelligence.
 IBM SPSS: A statistical software for data analysis and reporting.
 Google Data Studio : Google Data Studio is a free web-based data
visualization application that allows users to create customized
dashboards and simple reports. It aggregates data from up to 12
different sources, including Google Analytics, into an easy-to-modify,
easy-to-share, and easy-to-read report.
9. What are the steps you would take to analyze a dataset?
Data analysis involves a series of steps that transform raw data into relevant
insights, conclusions, and actionable suggestions. While the specific approach
will vary based on the context and aims of the study, here is an approximate
outline of the processes commonly followed in data analysis:
 Problem Definition or Objective: Make sure that the problem or
question you’re attempting to answer is stated clearly. Understand the
analysis’s aims and objectives to direct your strategy.
 Data Collection: Collate relevant data from various sources. This
might include surveys, tests, databases, web scraping, and other
techniques. Make sure the data is representative and accurate.ALso
 Data Preprocessing or Data Cleaning: Raw data often has errors,
missing values, and inconsistencies. In Data Preprocessing and
Cleaning, we redefine the column’s names or values, standardize the
formats, and deal with the missing values.
 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): EDA is a crucial step in Data
analysis. In EDA, we apply various graphical and statistical approaches
to systematically analyze and summarize the main characteristics,
patterns, and relationships within a dataset. The primary objective
behind the EDA is to get a better knowledge of the data’s structure,
identify probable abnormalities or outliers, and offer initial insights that
can guide further analysis.
 Data Visualizations: Data visualizations play a very important role in
data analysis. It provides visual representation of complicated
information and patterns in the data which enhances the understanding
of data and helps in identifying the trends or patterns within a data. It
enables effective communication of insights to various stakeholders.
10. What is data cleaning?
Data cleaning is the process of identifying the removing misleading or inaccurate
records from the datasets. The primary objective of Data cleaning is to improve
the quality of the data so that it can be used for analysis and predictive model-
building tasks. It is the next process after the data collection and loading.
In Data cleaning, we fix a range of issues that are as follows:
1. Inconsistencies: Sometimes data stored are inconsistent due to
variations in formats, columns_name, data types, or values naming
conventions. Which creates difficulties while aggregating and
comparing. Before going for further analysis, we correct all these
inconsistencies and formatting issues.
2. Duplicate entries: Duplicate records may biased analysis results,
resulting in exaggerated counts or incorrect statistical summaries. So,
we also remove it.
3. Missing Values: Some data points may be missing. Before going
further either we remove the entire rows or columns or we fill the
missing values with probable items.
4. Outlier: Outliers are data points that drastically differ from the average
which may result in machine error when collecting the dataset. if it is
not handled properly, it can bias results even though it can offer useful
insights. So, we first detect the outlier and then remove it.
11. What is the importance of exploratory data analysis (EDA) in data
analysis?
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is the process of investigating and
understanding the data through graphical and statistical techniques. It is one of
the crucial parts of data analysis that helps to identify the patterns and trends in
the data as well as help in understanding the relationship between variables.
EDA is a non-parametric approach in data analysis, which means it does take any
assumptions about the dataset. EDA is important for a number of reasons that are
as follows:
1. With EDA we can get a deep understanding of patterns, distributions,
nature of data and relationship with another variable in the dataset.
2. With EDA we can analyze the quality of the dataset by making
univariate analyses like the mean, median, mode, quartile range,
distribution plot etc and identify the patterns and trends of single rows
of the dataset.
3. With EDA we can also get the relationship between the two or more
variables by making bivariate or multivariate analyses like regression,
correlations, covariance, scatter plot, line plot etc.
4. With EDA we can find out the most influential feature of the dataset
using correlations, covariance, and various bivariate or multivariate
plotting.
5. With EDA we can also identify the outliers using Box plots and remove
them further using a statistical approach.
EDA provides the groundwork for the entire data analysis process. It enables
analysts to make more informed judgments about data processing, hypothesis
testing, modelling, and interpretation, resulting in more accurate and relevant
insights.
12. What is Time Series analysis?
Time Series analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze and interpret data
points collected at specific time intervals. Time series data is the data points
recorded sequentially over time. The data points can be numerical, categorical, or
both. The objective of time series analysis is to understand the underlying
patterns, trends and behaviours in the data as well as to make forecasts about
future values.
The key components of Time Series analysis are as follows:
 Trend: The data’s long-term movement or direction over time. Trends
can be upward, downward, or flat.
 Seasonality: Patterns that repeat at regular intervals, such as daily,
monthly, or yearly cycles.
 Cyclical Patterns: Longer-term trends that are not as regular as
seasonality, and are frequently associated with economic or business
cycles.
 Irregular Fluctuations: Unpredictable and random data fluctuations
that cannot be explained by trends, seasonality, or cycles.
 Auto-correlations: The link between a data point and its prior values.
It quantifies the degree of dependence between observations at different
time points.
Time series analysis approaches include a variety of techniques including
Descriptive analysis to identify trends, patterns, and irregularities, smoothing
techniques like moving averages or exponential smoothing to reduce noise and
highlight underlying trends, Decompositions to separate the time series data into
its individual components and forecasting technique like ARIMA, SARIMA,
and Regression technique to predict the future values based on the trends.
13. What is Feature Engineering?
Feature engineering is the process of selecting, transforming, and creating
features from raw data in order to build more effective and accurate machine
learning models. The primary goal of feature engineering is to identify the most
relevant features or create the relevant features by combining two or more
features using some mathematical operations from the raw data so that it can be
effectively utilized for getting predictive analysis by machine learning model.
The following are the key elements of feature engineering:
 Feature Selection: In this case we identify the most relevant features
from the dataset based on the correlation with the target variables.
 Create new feature: In this case, we generate the new features by
aggregating or transforming the existing features in such a way that it
can be helpful to capture the patterns or trends which is not revealed by
the original features.
 Transformation: In this case, we modify or scale the features so, that it
can helpful in building the machine learning model. Some of the
common transformations method are Min-Max Scaling, Z-Score
Normalization, and log transformations etc.
  Feature encoding: Generally ML algorithms only process the
numerical data, so, that we need to encode categorical features into the
numerical vector. Some of the popular encoding technique are One-
Hot-Encoding, Ordinal label encoding etc.
14. What is data normalization, and why is it important?
Data normalization is the process of transforming numerical data into
standardised range. The objective of data normalization is scale the different
features (variables) of a dataset onto a common scale, which make it easier to
compare, analyze, and model the data. This is particularly important when
features have different units, scales, or ranges because if we doesn’t normalize
then each feature has different-different impact which can affect the performance
of various machine learning algorithms and statistical analyses.
Common normalization techniques are as follows:
 Min-Max Scaling: Scales the data to a range between 0 and 1 using the
formula:
(x – min) / (max – min)
 Z-Score Normalization (Standardization): Scales data to have a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 using the formula:
(x – mean) / standard_deviation
 Robust Scaling: Scales data by removing the median and scaling to the
interquartile range(IQR) to handle outliers using the formula:
(X – Median) / IQR
 Unit Vector Scaling: Scales each data point to have a Euclidean norm
(length) (||X||) of 1 using the formula:
X / ||X||
15. What are the main libraries you would use for data analysis in
Python?
For data analysis in Python, many great libraries are used due to their versatility,
functionality, and ease of use. Some of the most common libraries are as follows:
 NumPy: A core Python library for numerical computations. It supports
arrays, matrices, and a variety of mathematical functions, making it a
building block for many other data analysis libraries.
 Pandas: A well-known data manipulation and analysis library. It
provides data structures (like as DataFrames) that make to easily
manipulate, filter, aggregate, and transform data. Pandas is required
when working with structured data.
 SciPy: SciPy is a scientific computing library. It offers a wide range of
statistical, mathematical, and scientific computing functions.
 Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a library for plotting and visualization. It
provides a wide range of plotting functions, making it easy to create
beautiful and informative visualizations.
 Seaborn: Seaborn is a library for statistical data visualization. It builds
on top of Matplotlib and provides a more user-friendly interface for
creating statistical plots.
  Scikit-learn: A powerful machine learning library. It includes
classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and
model evaluation tools. Scikit-learn is well-known for its consistent
API and simplicity of use.
 Statsmodels: A statistical model estimation and interpretation library.
It covers a wide range of statistical models, such as linear models and
time series analysis.
16. What’s the difference between structured and unstructured data?
Structured and unstructured data depend on the format in which the data is stored.
Structured data is information that has been structured in a certain format, such as
a table or spreadsheet. This facilitates searching, sorting, and analyzing.
Unstructured data is information that is not arranged in a certain format. This
makes searching, sorting, and analyzing more complex.
The differences between the structured and unstructured data are as follows:
Feature Structured Data Unstructured Data

Schema (structure of
No predefined
data) is often rigid and
relationships between data
organized into rows and
elements.
Structure of data columns

Excellent for searching,

Difficult to search
Searchability reporting, and querying

Simple to quantify and No fixed format, making it

process using standard more challenging to
Analysis database functions. organize and analyze.

Storage Relational databases Data lakes

Customer records,
Text documents, images,
product inventories,
audio, video
Examples financial data

17. How can pandas be used for data analysis?

Pandas is one of the most widely used Python libraries for data analysis. It has
powerful tools and data structure which is very helpful in analyzing and
processing data. Some of the most useful functions of pandas which are used for
various tasks involved in data analysis are as follows:
1. Data loading functions: Pandas provides different functions to read the
dataset from the different-different formats like read_csv, read_excel,
and read_sql functions are used to read the dataset from CSV, Excel,
and SQL datasets respectively in a pandas DataFrame.
 2. Data Exploration: Pandas provides functions like head, tail,
and sample to rapidly inspect the data after it has been imported. In
order to learn more about the different data types, missing values, and
summary statistics, use pandas .info and .describe functions.
3. Data Cleaning: Pandas offers functions for dealing with missing values
(fillna), duplicate rows (drop_duplicates), and incorrect data types
(astype) before analysis.
4. Data Transformation: Pandas may be used to modify and transform
data. It is simple to do actions like selecting columns, filtering rows
(loc, iloc), and adding new ones. Custom transformations are feasible
using the apply and map functions.
5. Data Aggregation: With the help of pandas, we can group the data
using groupby function, and also apply aggregation tasks
like sum, mean, count, etc., on specify columns.
6. Time Series Analysis: Pandas offers robust support for time series
data. We can easily conduct date-based computations using functions
like resample, shift etc.
7. Merging and Joining: Data from different sources can be combined
using Pandas merge and join functions.
18. What is the difference between pandas Series and pandas
DataFrames?
In pandas, Both Series and Dataframes are the fundamental data structures for
handling and analyzing tabular data. However, they have distinct characteristics
and use cases.
A series in pandas is a one-dimensional labelled array that can hold data of
various types like integer, float, string etc. It is similar to a NumPy array, except
it has an index that may be used to access the data. The index can be any type of
object, such as a string, a number, or a datetime.
A pandas DataFrame is a two-dimensional labelled data structure resembling a
table or a spreadsheet. It consists of rows and columns, where each column can
have a different data type. A DataFrame may be thought of as a collection of
Series, where each column is a Series with the same index.
The key differences between the pandas Series and Dataframes are as follows:
pandas Series pandas DataFrames

A one-dimensional labelled array that A two-dimensional labelled data

can hold data of various types like structure that resembles a table or a
(integer, float, string, etc.) spreadsheet.

Similar to the single vector or column in Similar to a spreadsheet, which can have
a spreadsheet multiple vectors or columns as well as.

Best suited for working with single- The versatility and handling of the
 pandas Series pandas DataFrames

multiple features make it suitable for

feature data
tasks like data analysis.

DataFrames can be assumed as a

Each element of the Series is associated
collection of multiple Series, where each
with its label known as the index
column shares the same index.

19. What is One-Hot-Encoding?

One-hot encoding is a technique used for converting categorical data into a
format that machine learning algorithms can understand. Categorical data is data
that is categorized into different groups, such as colors, nations, or zip codes.
Because machine learning algorithms often require numerical input, categorical
data is represented as a sequence of binary values using one-hot encoding.
To one-hot encode a categorical variable, we generate a new binary variable for
each potential value of the category variable. For example, if the category
variable is “color” and the potential values are “red,” “green,” and “blue,” then
three additional binary variables are created: “color_red,” “color_green,” and
“color_blue.” Each of these binary variables would have a value of 1 if the
matching category value was present and 0 if it was not.
20. What is a boxplot and how it’s useful in data science?
A boxplot is a graphic representation of data that shows the distribution of the
data. It is a standardized method of the distribution of a data set based on its five-
number summary of data points: the minimum, first quartile [Q1], median, third
quartile [Q3], and maximum.

Boxplot

Boxplot is used for detection the outliers in the dataset by visualizing the
distribution of data.
Statistics Interview Questions and Answers for Data
Analyst
21. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are the two main branches of
statistics
 Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics,
which is used to summarize and describe the main characteristics of a
dataset. It provides a clear and concise summary of the data’s central
tendency, variability, and distribution. Descriptive statistics help to
understand the basic properties of data, identifying patterns and
structure of the dataset without making any generalizations beyond the
observed data. Descriptive statistics compute measures of central
tendency and dispersion and also create graphical representations of
data, such as histograms, bar charts, and pie charts to gain insight into a
dataset.
Descriptive statistics is used to answer the following questions:
o What is the mean salary of a data analyst?
o What is the range of income of data analysts?
o What is the distribution of monthly incomes of data
analysts?
 Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics,
that is used to conclude, make predictions, and generalize findings from
a sample to a larger population. It makes inferences and hypotheses
about the entire population based on the information gained from a
representative sample. Inferential statistics use hypothesis testing,
confidence intervals, and regression analysis to make inferences about a
population.
Inferential statistics is used to answer the following questions:
o Is there any difference in the monthly income of the
Data analyst and the Data Scientist?
o Is there any relationship between income and education
level?
o Can we predict someone’s salary based on their
experience?
22. What are measures of central tendency?
Measures of central tendency are the statistical measures that represent the centre
of the data set. It reveals where the majority of the data points generally cluster.
The three most common measures of central tendency are:
 Mean: The mean, also known as the average, is calculated by adding up
all the values in a dataset and then dividing by the total number of
values. It is sensitive to outliers since a single extreme number can have
a large impact on the mean.
Mean = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)
 Median: The median is the middle value in a data set when it is
arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even number
of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
  Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
A dataset can have no mode (if all values are unique) or multiple modes
(if multiple values have the same highest frequency). The mode is
useful for categorical data and discrete distributions.
23. What are the Measures of dispersion?
Measures of dispersion , also known as measures of variability or spread, indicate
how much the values in a dataset deviate from the central tendency. They help in
quantifying how far the data points vary from the average value.
Some of the common Measures of dispersion are as follows:
 Range: The range is the difference between the highest and lowest
values in a data set. It gives an idea of how much the data spreads from
the minimum to the maximum.
 Variance: The variance is the average of the squared deviations of each
data point from the mean. It is a measure of how spread out the data is
around the mean.
Variance(𝜎2)=∑(𝑋−𝜇)2𝑁Variance(σ2)=N∑(X−μ)2
 Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the square root of the
variance. It is a measure of how spread out the data is around the mean,
but it is expressed in the same units as the data itself.
 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): MAD is the average of the absolute
differences between each data point and the mean. Unlike variance, it
doesn’t involve squaring the differences, making it less sensitive to
extreme values. it is less sensitive to outliers than the variance or
standard deviation.
 Percentiles: Percentiles are statistical values that measure the relative
positions of values within a dataset. Which is computed by arranging
the dataset in descending order from least to the largest and then
dividing it into 100 equal parts. In other words, a percentile tells you
what percentage of data points are below or equal to a specific value.
Percentiles are often used to understand the distribution of data and to
identify values that are above or below a certain threshold within a
dataset.
 Interquartile Range (IQR): The interquartile range (IQR) is the range
of values ranging from the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th
percentile (third quartile). It measures the spread of the middle 50% of
the data and is less affected by outliers.
 Coefficient of Variation (CV): The coefficient of variation (CV) is a
measure of relative variability, It is the ratio of the standard deviation to
the mean, expressed as a percentage. It’s used to compare the relative
variability between datasets with different units or scales.
24. What is a probability distribution?
A probability distribution is a mathematical function that estimates the
probability of different possible outcomes or events occurring in a random
experiment or process. It is a mathematical representation of random phenomena
in terms of sample space and event probability, which helps us understand the
relative possibility of each outcome occurring.
There are two main types of probability distributions:
1. Discrete Probability Distribution: In a discrete probability
distribution, the random variable can only take on distinct, separate
values. Each value is associated with a probability. Examples of
discrete probability distributions include the binomial distribution, the
Poisson distribution, and the hypergeometric distribution.
2. Continuous Probability Distribution: In a continuous probability
distribution, the random variable can take any value within a certain
range. These distributions are described by probability density
functions (PDFs). Examples of continuous probability distributions
include the normal distribution, the exponential distribution, and the
uniform distribution.
25. What are normal distributions?
A normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution, is a specific type of
probability distribution with a symmetric, bell-shaped curve. The data in a normal
distribution clustered around a central value i.e mean, and the majority of the data
falls within one standard deviation of the mean. The curve gradually tapers off
towards both tails, showing that extreme values are becoming
distribution having a mean equal to 0 and standard deviation equal to 1 is known
as standard normal distribution and Z-scores are used to measure how many
standard deviations a particular data point is from the mean in standard normal
distribution.
Normal distributions are a fundamental concept that supports many statistical
approaches and helps researchers understand the behaviour of data and variables
in a variety of scenarios.
26. What is the central limit theorem?
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental concept in statistics that
states that, under certain conditions, the distribution of sample means approaches
a normal distribution as sample size rises, regardless of the the original
population distribution. In other words, even if the population distribution is not
normal, when the sample size is high enough, the distribution of sample means
will tend to be normal.
The Central Limit Theorem has three main assumptions:
1. The samples must be independent. This means that the outcome of one
sample cannot affect the outcome of another sample.
2. The samples must be random. This means that each sample must be
drawn from the population in a way that gives all members of the
population an equal chance of being selected.
3. The sample size must be large enough. The CLT typically applies when
the sample size is greater than 30.
27. What are the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses?
In statistics, the null and alternate hypotheses are two mutually exclusive
statements regarding a population parameter. A hypothesis test analyzes sample
data to determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. Both null and
alternate hypotheses represent the opposing statements or claims about a
population or a phenomenon under investigation.
 Null Hypothesis (𝐻0 H0 ): The null hypothesis is a statement regarding
the status quo representing no difference or effect after the phenomena
unless there is strong evidence to the contrary.
 Alternate Hypothesis (𝐻𝑎 or 𝐻1 Ha or H1 ): The alternate hypothesis is
a statement that disregards the status quo means supports the difference
or effect. The researcher tries to prove the hypothesis.
28. What is a p-value, and what does it mean?
A p-value, which stands for “probability value,” is a statistical metric used in
hypothesis testing to measure the strength of evidence against a null hypothesis.
When the null hypothesis is considered to be true, it measures the chance of
receiving observed outcomes (or more extreme results). In layman’s words, the p-
value determines whether the findings of a study or experiment are statistically
significant or if they might have happened by chance.
The p-value is a number between 0 and 1, which is frequently stated as a decimal
or percentage. If the null hypothesis is true, it indicates the probability of
observing the data (or more extreme data).
29. What is the significance level?
The significance level, often denoted as α (alpha), is a critical parameter in
hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. It defines the threshold for determining
whether the results of a statistical test are statistically significant. In other words,
it sets the standard for deciding when to reject the null hypothesis (H0) in favor
of the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
If the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups.
 If p-value ≤ α: Reject the null hypothesis. This indicates that the results
are statistically significant, and there is evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
 If p-value > α: Fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that the
results are not statistically significant, and there is insufficient evidence
to support the alternative hypothesis.
The choice of a significance level involves a trade-off between Type I and Type
II errors. A lower significance level (e.g., α = 0.01) decreases the risk of Type I
errors while increasing the chance of Type II errors (failure to identify a real
impact). A higher significance level (e.g., = 0.10), on the other hand, increases
the probability of Type I errors while decreasing the chance of Type II errors.
30. Describe Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, When deciding between the null hypothesis (H0) and the
alternative hypothesis (Ha), two types of errors may occur. These errors are
known as Type I and Type II errors, and they are important considerations in
statistical analysis.
 Type I error (False Positive, α): Type I error occurs when the null
hypothesis is rejected when it is true. This is also referred as a false
positive. The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by α
(alpha) and is also known as the significance level. A lower
significance level (e.g., = 0.05) reduces the chance of Type I mistakes
while increasing the risk of Type II errors.
For example, a Type I error would occur if we estimated that a new
medicine was successful when it was not.
o Type I Error (False Positive, α): Rejecting a true
null hypothesis.
 Type II Error (False Negative, β): Type II error occurs when a
researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
This is also referred as a false negative. The probability of committing a
Type II error is denoted by β (beta)
For example, a Type II error would occur if we estimated that a new
medicine was not effective when it is actually effective.
o Type II Error (False Negative, β): Failing to reject a
false null hypothesis.
31. What is a confidence interval, and how does it is related to point
estimates?
The confidence interval is a statistical concept used to estimates the uncertainty
associated with estimating a population parameter (such as a population mean or
proportion) from a sample. It is a range of values that is likely to contain the true
value of a population parameter along with a level of confidence in that
statement.
 Point estimate: A point estimate is a single that is used to estimate the
population parameter based on a sample. For example, the sample mean
(x̄) is a point estimate of the population mean (μ). The point estimate is
typically the sample mean or the sample proportion.
 Confidence interval: A confidence interval, on the other hand, is a
range of values built around a point estimate to account for the
uncertainty in the estimate. It is typically expressed as an interval with
an associated confidence level (e.g., 95% confidence interval). The
degree of confidence or confidence level shows the probability that the
interval contains the true population parameter.
The relationship between point estimates and confidence intervals can be
summarized as follows:
 A point estimate provides a single value as the best guess for a
population parameter based on sample data.
 A confidence interval provides a range of values around the point
estimate, indicating the range of likely values for the population
parameter.
  The confidence level associated with the interval reflects the level of
confidence that the true parameter value falls within the interval.
For example, A 95% confidence interval indicates that you are 95% confident
that the real population parameter falls inside the interval. A 95% confidence
interval for the population mean (μ) can be expressed as :
(𝑥ˉ–Margin of error,𝑥ˉ+Margin of error)(xˉ–Margin of error,xˉ+Margin of error)
where x̄ is the point estimate (sample mean), and the margin of error is calculated
using the standard deviation of the sample and the confidence level.
32. What is ANOVA in Statistics?
ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical technique used for analyzing
and comparing the means of two or more groups or populations to determine
whether there are statistically significant differences between them or not. It is a
parametric statistical test which means that, it assumes the data is normally
distributed and the variances of the groups are identical. It helps researchers in
determining the impact of one or more categorical independent variables (factors)
on a continuous dependent variable.
ANOVA works by partitioning the total variance in the data into two
components:
 Between-group variance: It analyzes the difference in means between
the different groups or treatment levels being compared.
 Within-group variance: It analyzes the variance within each
individual group or treatment level.
Depending on the investigation’s design and the number of independent
variables, ANOVA has numerous varieties:
 One-Way ANOVA: Compares the means of three or more independent
groups or levels of a single categorical variable. For Example: One-way
ANOVA can be used to compare the average age of employees among
the three different teams in a company.
 Two-Way ANOVA: Compare the means of two or more independent
groups while taking into account the impact of a two independent
categorical variables (factors) . For example, Two-way ANOVA can be
to compare the average age of employees among the three different
teams in a company, while also taking into account the gender of the
employees.
 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): Compare the means
of multiple dependent variables. For example, MANOVA can be used
to compare the average age, average salary, and average experience of
employees among the three different teams in a company.
33. What is a correlation?
Correlation is a statistical term that analyzes the degree of a linear relationship
between two or more variables. It estimates how effectively changes in one
variable predict or explain changes in another.Correlation is often used to access
the strength and direction of associations between variables in various fields,
including statistics, economics.
The correlation between two variables is represented by correlation coefficient,
denoted as “r”. The value of “r” can range between -1 and +1, reflecting the
strength of the relationship:
 Positive correlation (r > 0): As one variable increases, the other tends
to increase. The greater the positive correlation, the closer “r” is to +1.
 Negative correlation (r < 0): As one variable rises, the other tends to
fall. The closer “r” is to -1, the greater the negative correlation.
 No correlation (r = 0): There is little or no linear relationship between
the variables.
34. What are the differences between Z-test, T-test and F-test?
The Z-test, t-test, and F-test are statistical hypothesis tests that are employed in a
variety of contexts and for a variety of objectives.
 Z-test: The Z-test is performed when the population standard deviation
is known. It is a parametric test, which means that it makes certain
assumptions about the data, such as that the data is normally
distributed. The Z-test is most accurate when the sample size is large.
 T-test: The T-test is performed when the population standard deviation
is unknown. It is also a parametric test, but unlike the Z-test, it is less
sensitive to violations of the normality assumption. The T-test is most
accurate when the sample size is large.
 F-test: The F-test is performed to compare two or more groups’
variances. It assume that populations being compared follow a normal
distribution.. When the sample sizes of the groups are equal, the F-test
is most accurate.
The key differences between the Z-test, T-test, and F-test are as follows:
Z-Test T-Test F-Test

Assumption 1. Populatio 1. Populati 1. The variances

s n follows on of the
a normal follows populations
distributi a normal from which
on. distributi the samples
2. Populatio on or the are drawn
n sample should be
standard size is equal
deviation large (homoscedast
is known enough ic).
for the 2. Populations
Central being
Limit compared
Theorem have normal
to apply. distributions
2. Also and that the
applied samples are
 Z-Test T-Test F-Test

when the
populati
on
standard
independent.
deviatio
n is
unknow
n.

N<30 or population
Used to test the
N>30 standard deviation
variances
Data is unknown.

Z-Test=𝑥ˉ−𝜇𝜎/𝑁Z- T-test=𝑥ˉ−𝜇𝑆/𝑛T- F-Test=𝜎12𝜎22F-

Formula Test=σ/Nxˉ−μ test=S/nxˉ−μ Test=σ22σ12
35. What is linear regression, and how do you interpret its coefficients?
Linear regression is a statistical approach that fits a linear equation to observed
data to represent the connection between a dependent variable (also known as the
target or response variable) and one or more independent variables (also known
as predictor variables or features). It is one of the most basic and extensively used
regression analysis techniques in statistics and machine learning. Linear
regression presupposes that the independent variables and the dependent variable
have a linear relationship.
A simple linear regression model can be represented as:
𝑌=𝛽0+𝛽1𝑋+𝜖Y=β0+β1X+ϵ
Where:
 Y: Dependent variable or Target
 X: Independent variables
 𝛽0 β0 is the intercept (i.e value of Y when X =0)
 𝛽1 β1 is the coefficient for the independent variable X, representing the
change in Y for a one-unit change in X.
 𝜖 ϵ is represents the error term (i.e Difference between the actual and
predicted value from the linear relationship.
 Explain the difference between a dimension and a measure in Tableau.
In Tableau, dimensions and measures are two fundamental types of fields used
for data visualization and analysis. They serve distinct purposes and have
different characteristics:
Attributes Dimension Measure

They are categorical or They are numerical or

qualitative data fields. quantitative data fields.
They represent categories, They represent quantities,
labels or attributes by amounts or values that can
which you can segment be aggregated, or
Nature and group your data. calculated.

They are used for They are used for

grouping and segmenting performing calculations,
data, creating hierarchies and creating the numerical
and the structure for representation of the data
Usage visualizations. as sum, average, etc.

Sales(sum of sales),
Category, Region, Product Profit(sum of profit),
name, etc. Quantity(sum of quantity),
Example etc.

57. What are the dashboard, worksheet, Story, and Workbook in Tableau?
Tableau is a robust data visualization and business intelligence solution that
includes a variety of components for producing, organizing, and sharing data-
driven insights. Here’s a rundown of some of Tableau’s primary components:
 Dashboard : A dashboard is a collection of views(worksheets) arranged
on a single page, designed to provide an interactive and holistic view of
data. They include charts, maps, tables and other web content.
Dashboards combine different visualizations into a single interface to
allow users to comprehensively display and understand data. They are
employed in the production of interactive reports and the provision of
quick insights.
Dashboards support the actions and interactivity, enabling the users to
filter and highlight the data dynamically. Dashboard behaviour can be
modified with parameters and quick filters.
 Worksheet: A worksheet serves as the fundamental building element
for creating data visualizations. To build tables, graphs, and charts, drag
and drop fields onto the sheet or canvas. They are used to design
individual visualizations and we can create various types of charts,
 apply filters, and customize formatting within a worksheet.
Worksheets offer a wide range of visualization options, including bar
charts, line charts, scatter plots, etc. It also allows you to use reference
lines, blend data and create calculated fields.
 Story: A story is a sequence or narrative created by combining sheets
into a logical flow. Each story point represents a step in the narrative.
Stories are used to systematically lead viewers through a set of
visualizations or insights. They are useful for telling data-driven stories
or presenting data-driven narratives.
Stories allow you to add text descriptions, annotations, and captions to
every story point. Users can navigate through the story interactively.
 Workbook: It is the highest-level container in Tableau. It is a file that
has the capacity to hold a number of worksheets, dashboards, and
stories. The whole tableau project, including data connections and
visuals, is stored in workbooks. They are the primary files used for
creating, saving and sharing tableau projects. They store all the
components required for data analysis and visualization.
Multiple worksheets, dashboards and tales can be organized in
workbooks. At the workbook level, you can set up data source
connections, define parameters and build computed fields.
58. Name the different products of Tableau with their significance.
The different products of Tableau are as follows :
 Tableau Desktop: It is the primary authoring and publishing tool. It
allows data professionals to connect to various data sources, create
interactive and shareable visualizations, and develop dashboards and
reports for data analysis. Users can use the drag-and-drop interface to
generate insights and explore data.
 Tableau Server: This is an enterprise-level platform tableau server that
enables safe internal collaboration and sharing of tableau information. It
manages access, centralizes data sources, and maintains data security. It
is appropriate for bigger businesses with numerous users who require
access to tableau content.
 Tableau Online: It is an online version of tableau. In a scalable and
adaptable cloud environment, it enables users to publish, share, and
collaborate on tableau content. For businesses searching for cloud-
based analytics solutions without managing their infrastructure.
 Tableau Public: It is a free version of tableau that enables users to
create, publish and share dashboards and visualizations publicly on the
web. The ability to share their data stories with a larger audience is
perfect for data enthusiasts and educators.
 Tableau Prep: It is a tool for data preparation that makes it easier and
faster to clean, shape, and combine data from diverse sources. Data
specialists can save time and effort because it makes sure that the data
is well-structured and ready for analysis.
  Tableau Mobile: A mobile application that extends tableau’s
capabilities to smartphones and tablets. By allowing users to access and
interact with tableau content while on the go, it ensures data
accessibility and decision-making flexibility.
 Tableau Reader: It is a free desktop application that enables users to
view and interact with tableau workbooks and dashboards shared by the
tableau desktop users. This tool is useful for those who require access to
and exploration of tableau material without a tableau desktop license.
 Tableau Prep Builder: It is an advanced data preparation tool designed
for data professionals. In order to simplify complicated data preparation
operations, it provides more comprehensive data cleaning,
transformation, and automation tools.
59. What is the difference between joining and blending in Tableau?
In Tableau, joining and blending are ways for combining data from various tables
or data sources. However, they are employed in various contexts and have several
major differences:
Basis Joining Blending

Blending is used when we

Joining is basically used
have data from different
when you have data from
data sources. such as a
the same data source, such
combination of Excel
as a relational database,
spreadsheets, CSV files,
where tables are already
and databases. These
related through primary
Data Source sources may not have
and foreign keys.
Requirement predefined relationships.

Foundation for joins is the There is no need for pre-

use of common data like a established links between
customer ID or product tables while blending.
code to establish Instead, you link different
predetermined links data sources separately
between tables. These and combine them by
relations are developed matching fields with
Relationships within same data source. comparable values.

Data Combining When tables are joined, a Data blending maintains

single unified data source the separation of the data
with a merged schema is sources. At query time,
produced. A single table tableau gathers and
with every relevant fields combines data from
 Basis Joining Blending

several sources to
is created by combining produce a momentary, in-
the two tables. memory blend for
visualization needs.

It is useful for data

transformation, It is only useful for data
aggregations and transformation and
calculations on the calculations. It cannot
combined data. The create calculated fields
information from many that involves data from
connected tables can be different blended data
used to build computed sources.
Data Transformation fields.

It can be slower than

Joins are more effective joining because it
and quicker than blending involves querying and
because they leverage the combining the data from
database’s processing the different sources at
power to perform the runtime. Large datasets in
merge particular may have an
Performance impact on performance.

60. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous field in

Tableau?
In Tableau, fields can be classified as discrete or continuous, and the
categorization determines how the field is utilized and shown in visualizations.
The following are the fundamental distinctions between discrete and continuous
fields in Tableau:
 Discrete Fields: They are designed for handling categorical or
qualitative data such as names, categories, or labels. Each value within
a discrete field represents a distinct category or group, with nor inherent
order or measure associated with these values. Discrete fields are added
to a tableau view and are identified by blue pill-shaped headers that are
commonly positioned on the rows or column shelves. They successfully
divide the data into distinct groups, generating headers for each
division.
 Continuous Fields: They are designed for handling quantitative or
numerical data, encompassing measurements, values, or quantities.
 Mathematical procedures like summation and averaging are possible
because continuous fields have a natural order by nature. In tableau
views, these fields are indicated by pill-shaped heads in a green color
that are frequently located on the rows or columns shelf. Continuous
fields when present in a view, represent a continuous range of value
within the chosen measure or dimension.
61. Explain the difference between live connections and extracts.
In Tableau, There are two ways to attach data to visualizations: live connections
and data extracts (also known as extracts). Here’s a rundown of the fundamental
distinctions between the two:
 Live Connections: Whether its a database, spreadsheet, online service
or other data repository, live connections offers a real-time access to the
data source. The visualizations always represent the most recent
information available since they dynamically fetch data. When speed
and current data are important, live connections are the best. However,
they ca be demanding on the performance of the data source, as every
interaction triggers a query to the source system. As a result, the
responsiveness of the data source has a significant impact on how well
live connections perform.
 Extracts: They involve producing and archiving a static snapshot of the
original data in Tableau’s exclusive .hyper format. Extracts can be
manually or automatically renewed to allow for recurring updates. The
ability of extracts to greatly improve query performance is what makes
them unique. They are particularly useful for huge datasets or
circumstances where the source system’s performance may be subpar
because they are optimized for quick data retrieval. Extracts are
particularly helpful when building intricate, high-performing
dashboards.
62. What Are the Different Joins in Tableau?
Tableau allows you to make many sorts of joins to mix data from numerous
tables or data sources. Tableau’s major join types are:
 Inner Join: An inner join returns only the rows that have matching
values in both tables. Rows that do not have a match in the other table
are excluded from the result.
 Left Join: A left join returns all the rows from the left table and
matching rows present in the right table. If there is no match in the right
table, null values are included in the result.
 Right Join: A right join returns all the rows from the right table and
matching rows present in the left table. If there is no match in the left
table, null values are included.
 Full Outer Join: A full outer join returns all the rows where there is a
match in either the left or right table. It includes all the rows from both
tables and fills in null values where there is no match.
63. How can we create a calculated field in Tableau?
You may use calculated fields in Tableau to make calculations or change data
based on your individual needs. Calculated fields enable you to generate new
values, execute mathematical operations, use conditional logic, and many other
things. Here’s how to add a calculated field to Tableau:
 Open the Tableau workbook or the data source.
 In the “data” pane on the left, right-click anywhere and choose “Create
Calculated Field”.
 In the calculated field editor, write your custom calculation using fields,
functions, and operators.
 Click “OK” to save the calculated field.
64. What are the different data aggregation functions used in Tableau?
Tableau has many different data aggregation functions used in tableau:
 SUM: calculates the sum of the numeric values within a group or
partition.
 AVG: Computes the average of the numeric values.
 MIN: Determines the minimum value.
 MAX: Determines the maximum value.
 COUNT: Count the number of records or non-null values.
 VAR: Computes the variance of the sample population.
 VARP: Computes the variance of the entire population.
 STEDV: Compute the standard deviation of the sample population.
 STEDVP: Calculate the standard deviation of the entire population.
65. What is the Difference Between .twbx And .twb?
The Difference Between .twbx And .twb are as follows:
 .twb: It represents a tableau workbook, focusing on the layout and
visualization details created in the tableau desktop. It only contains the
references to the location of the data source rather than the actual data
itself. .twb files are less in size due to their lightweight nature.
Recievers of .twb files must have access to the associated data source in
order for the workbook to operate properly.
 .twbx: It is known as tableau packaged workbooks, provide a
comprehensive solution for sharing tableau workbooks. They include
both actual data source and the workbook layout, including any custom
calculations and visualizations. This embedded data ensures that
recipients can open and view the workbook independently of the
original data source. However, .twbx files tend to be larger due to the
included data.
66. What are the different data types used by Tableau?
Tableau supports 7 variousvarious different data types:
 String
 Numerical values
 Date and time values
 Boolean values
  Geographic values
 Date values
 Cluster Values
67. What is a Parameter in Tableau?
The parameter is a dynamic control that allows a user to input a single value or
choose from a predefined list of values. In Tableau, dashboards and reports,
parameters allow for interactivity and flexibility by allowing users to change a
variety of visualization-related elements without having to perform substantial
editing or change the data source.
68. What Are the Filters? Name the Different types of Filters available in
Tableau.
Filters are the crucial tools for data analysis and visualization in Tableau. Filters
let you set the requirements that data must meet in order to be included or
excluded, giving you control over which data will be shown in your
visualizations.
There are different types of filters in Tableau:
 Extract Filter: These are used to filter the extracted data from the main
data source.
 Data Source Filter: These filters are used to filter data at the data
source level, affecting all worksheets and dashboards that use the same
data source.
 Dimension Filter: These filters are applied to the qualitative field and a
non-aggregated filter.
 Context Filter: These filters are used to define a context to your data,
creating a temporary subset of data based on the filter conditions.
 Measure Filter: These filters can be used in performing different
aggregation functions. They are applied to quantitative fields.
 Table Calculation Filter: These filters are used to view data without
filtering any hidden data. They are applied after the view has been
created.
69. What are Sets and Groups in Tableau?
The difference between Sets and Groups in Tableau are as follows:
 Sets: Sets are used to build custom data subsets based on predefined
conditions or standards. They give you the ability to dynamically
segment your data, which facilitates the analysis and visualization of
particular subsets. Sets can be categorical or numeric and can be built
from dimensions or measures. They are flexible tools that let you
compare subsets, highlight certain data points, or perform real-time
calculations. For instance, you can construct a set of “Hot Leads” based
on the potential customers with high engagement score or create a set of
high-value customers by choosing customers with total purchases above
a pre-determined level. Sets are dynamic and adaptable for a variety of
analytical tasks because they can change as the data does.
  Groups: Groups are used to combine people(dimension values) into
higher level categories. They do this by grouping comparable values
into useful categories, which simplifies complex data. Group members
are fixed and do not alter as a result of the data since groups are static.
Groups, which are typically constructed from dimensions, are crucial
for classifying and labeling data points. For instance, you can combine
small subcategories of product into larger categories or make your own
dimension by combining different dimensions. Data can be presented
and organized in a structed form using groups, which makes it easier to
analyze and visualize.
70. Explain the different types of charts available in Tableau with their
significance.
Tableau offers a wide range of charts and different visualizations to help users
explore and present the data effectively. Some of the charts in Tableau are:
 Bar Chart: They are useful for comparing categorical data and can be
used show the distribution of data across categories or to compare value
between categories.
 Line Chart: Line chart are excellent for showing trends and changes
over time. They are commonly used for time series data to visualize
how single measure changes over time.
 Area Chart: They are same as line chart but the area under the line is
colored in area chart. They are used with different multiple variables in
data to demonstrate the differences between the variables.
 Pie Chart: It shows parts of a whole. They are useful for illustrating
the distribution of data where each category corresponds to a share of
the total.
 Tree Maps: They show hierarchical data as nested rectangles. They are
helpful for illustrating hierarchical structures, such as organizational or
file directories.
 Bubble chart: Bubble charts are valuable for visualizing and
comparing data points with three different attributes. They are useful
when you want to show relationships, highlight data clusters, etc.
 Scatter Plot: They are used to display the relationship between two
continuous variables. They help find correlations, clusters or outliers in
the data.
 Density Map: Density maps are used to represent the distribution and
concentration of data points or values within a 2D space.
 Heat Map: Heat maps are used to display data on a grid, where color
represents values. They are useful for visualizing large datasets and
identifying patterns.
 Symbol Map: Symbol maps are used to represent geographic data by
placing symbols or markers on a map to convey information about
specific locations.
  Gannt Chart: Gantt charts are used for project management to
visualize tasks, their durations, and dependencies over time.
 Bullet Graph: They are used for tracking progress towards a goal.
They provide a compact way to display a measure, target and
performance ranges.
 Box Plot(Box and Whisker) : They are used to display the distribution
of data and identify outliers. They show median, quartiles, and potential
outliers.
71. How can you create a map in Tableau?
The key steps to create a map in Tableau are:
 Open your tableau workbook and connect to a data source containing
geographic information.
 Drag the relevant geographic dimensions onto the “Rows” and
“Columns” shelves.
 Use a marks card to adjust marker shapes, colour and sizes. Apply size
encoding and color based on the data values.
 Add background images, reference lines, or custom shapes to enhance
the map, optionally.
 Save and explore your map by zooming, panning and interacting with
map markers. Use it to analyze the spatial data, identify trends and gain
insights from the data.
72. How can we create a doughnut chart in Tableau?
The key steps to create a doughnut chart in tableau:
 Open the Tableau desktop and connect to the data source.
 Go to the sheet and in the marks card, select a pie chart with categories
and values. Drag the dimensions and measure in the “column” and
“row” shelf, respectively.
 Duplicate the sheet, in the new sheet right click on the “axis” on the left
side of the chart and select “Dual Axis” chart.
On the right axis, right click on the axis and select “edit axis”. In edit
axis, set the “Fixed” range for both minimum and maximum to be the
same and click ok.
 Now, right click on both axes and select “Synchronize Axis” to make
sure that both pie charts share the same scale.
 Create a circle on the second chart by dragging dimensions to Rows in
second chart and remove all labels and headers to make it a blank
circle.
 Select the “Circle” chart in the second chart and set the opacity in the
marks card to be 0% to make circle transparent.
 In the marks card. set the “color” to white or transparent and adjust the
size of the circle as needed to create the desired doughnut hole.
Customize the colors and labels for both pie charts to make them
visually attractive and informative.
73. How can we create a Dual-axis chart in Tableau?
The key steps to create a dual-axis chart in tableau are as follows:
 Connect with the data source. Create a chart by dragging and dropping
the dimension and measure into “column” and “rows” shelf,
respectively.
 Duplicate the chart by right click on the chart and select “Duplicate”.
This will create the duplicate of the chart.
 In the duplicated chart, change the measure you want to display by
dragging the new measure to the “columns” or “rows” shelf, replacing
the existing measure.
 In the second chart, assign the measure to different axis by clicking on
the “dual-axis”. This will create two separate axes on the chart.
 Right click on one of the axes and select “synchronize axis”. Adjust
formatting, colors and labels as needed. You now have a dual-axis
chart.
74. What is a Gantt Chart in Tableau?
A Gantt Chart has horizontal bars and sets out on two axes. The tasks are
represented by Y-axis, and the time estimates are represented by the X-axis. It is
an excellent approach to show which tasks may be completed concurrently,
which needs to be prioritized, and how they are dependent on one another.
Gantt Chart is a visual representation of project schedules, timelines or task
durations. To illustrate tasks, their start and end dates, and their dependencies,
this common form of chat is used in project management. Gantt charts are a
useful tool in tableau for tracking and analyzing project progress and deadlines
since you can build them using a variety of dimensions and measures.
75. What is the Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps?
The Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps are as follows:
Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

Tree maps present

Heat maps uses color
hierarchical data in a
intensity to depict values
nested, rectangular
in a grid. They are usually
format. The size and color
used to depict the
of each rectangle, which
distribution or
each represents a category
concentration of data
or subcategory, conveys
points in a 2D space.
Representation information.

They are used to display They are used to display

hierarchical and continuous data such as
Data Type categorical data. numeric values.
 Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

In heat maps, values are

Color is frequently used n
typically denoted by color
tree maps to represent a
intensity. Lower values
particular attribute or
are represented by lighter
measure. The intensity of
colors and higher values
the color can convey
by brighter or darker
additional information.
Color Usage colors.

It is possible for tree

maps to be interactive, Heat maps can be
allowing users to click on interactive, allowing
the rectangle to uncover users to hover over the
subcategories and drill cells to see specific
down into hierarchical details or values.
Interactivity data.

They are used for They are used in various

visualizing organizational fields like finance,
structures, hierarchical geographic data, data
Use Case data and categorical data. analysis, etc.

76. What is the blended axis in Tableau?

If two measures have the same scale and share the same axis, they can be
combined using the blended axis function. The trends could be misinterpreted if
the scales of the two measures are dissimilar.

77. What is the Level of Detail (LOD) Expression in Tableau?

A Level of Detail Expression is a powerful feature that allows you to perform
calculations at various levels of granularity within your data visualization
regardless of the visualization’s dimensions and filters. For more control and
flexibility when aggregating or disaggregating data based on the particular
dimensions or fields, using LOD expressions.
There are three types of LOD:
 Fixed LOD: The calculation remains fixed at a specified level of detail,
regardless of dimensions or filters in the view.
 Include LOD: The calculation considers the specified dimensions and
any additional dimensions in the view.
 Exclude LOD: The calculation excludes the specified dimensions from
the view’s context.
78. How to handle Null, incorrect data types and special values in Tableau?
Handling null values, erroneous data types, and unusual values is an important
element of Tableau data preparation. The following are some popular strategies
and recommended practices for coping with data issues:
 For Handling Null values:
You can filter out the null values in specified field by right clicking on
the field and choosing “Filter”. Then exclude null values in the filter
options.
Using the ‘ZN()’ or ‘IFNULL()’ functions in the calculated fields to
replace null values.
 For incorrect data types:
Modify data types in the data pane, use calculated fields or use
tableau’s data interpreter.
 For special Values:
Use data transformations tools like split, replace, etc., using calculated
fields or data blending to handle special values.
79. How can we create a Dynamic webpage in Tableau?
To create dynamic webpages with interactive tableau visualizations, you can
embed tableau dashboard or report into a web application or web page. It
provides embedding options and APIs that allows you to integrate tableau content
into a web application.
Following steps to create a dynamic webpage in tableau:
 Go to the dashboard and click the webpage option in the ‘Objects’.
 In the dialog box that displays, don’t enter a URL and then click ‘OK’.
 choose ‘Action’ by clicking on the dashboard menu. Click on the ‘Add
Action’ in action and select ‘Go to URL’ .
 Enter the ‘URL’ of the webpage and click on the arrow next to it. Click
‘OK’.
80. What are the KPI or Key Performance Indicators in Tableau?
Key Performance Indicators or KPI are the visual representations of the
significant metrics and performance measurements that assist organizations in
monitoring their progress towards particular goals and objectives. KPIs offer a
quick and simple approach to evaluate performance, spot patterns, and make fact-
based decisions.
81. what is a context filter in Tableau?
Context filter is a feature that allows you to optimize performance and control
data behavior by creating a temporary data subset based on a selected filter.
When you designate a filter as a context filter, tableau creates a smaller
temporary table containing only the data that meets the criteria of that particular
filter. This decrease in data capacity considerably accelerates processing and
rendering for visualization, which is especially advantageous for huge datasets.
When handling several filters in a workbook, context filters are useful because
they let you select the order in which filters are applied, ensuring a sensible
filtering process.
82.How can you create a dynamic title in a Tableau worksheet?
You can create a dynamic title for a worksheet by using parameters, calculated
fields and dashboards. Here are some steps to achieve this:
 Creating a Parameter: Go to data pane, right click on it and select
“Create Parameter”. Choose the data type for the parameter. For a
dynamic title, yo can choose “string” or “integer”. Then define the
allowable values for the parameter. You can choose all values or some
specific values.
 Create a calculated field: Now create a calculated field that will be used
to display the dynamic title. You can use the parameters in the
calculated field to create a dynamic title. Create a new worksheet. Drag
and drop the calculated field you created in the “Title” shelf of the
worksheet.
 Create a Dashboard: Go to the “dashboard” and add a parameter control
and connect it to the worksheet and then select parameter control in the
dashboard. This will allow the parameter control to change parameter
value dynamically.
Now, whenever you will interact with the parameter control on the
dashboard, the title of the worksheet will update based on the
parameter’s value.
83. What is data source filtering, and how does it impact performance?
Data Source filtering is a method used in reporting and data analysis applications
like Tableau to limit the quantity of data obtained from a data source based on
predetermined constraints or criteria. It affects performance by lowering the
amount of data that must be sent, processed, and displayed, which may result in a
quicker query execution time and better visualization performance. It involves
applying filters or conditions at the data source level, often within
the SQL query sent to the database or by using mechanisms designed specially
for databases.
Impact on performance:
Data source filtering improves performance by reducing the amount of data
retrieved from the source. It leads to faster query execution. shorter data transfer
times, and quick visualization rendering. by applying filters based on criteria
minimizes resource consumption and optimizes network traffic, resulting in a
more efficient and responsive data analysis process.
84. How do I link R and Tableau?
To link R and Tableau, we can use R integration features provided by Tableau.
Here are the steps to do so:
 Install R and R Integration Package:
we have to install R on the computer. Then install the “RServe”
package by using “Install.packages(“Rserve”)”. Open R and load the
RServe library and start running it.
 Connect Tableau to R:
Open the tableau desktop and go to “Help” menu. Select “settings and
 performance” then select “Manage External service connection”.
In the “External Service” section , select “R integration”.
Specify the R server details, such as host, port and any necessary
authentication credentials. Test the connection to ensure its working
properly.
85. How do you export Tableau visualizations to other formats, such as PDFs
or images?
Exporting tableau visualizations to other formats such as PDF or images, is a
common task for sharing or incorporating your visualizations into reports or
presentations. Here are the few steps to do so:
 Open the tableau workbook and select the visualization you want to
export.
 Go to the “File” menu, select “Export”.
 After selecting “Export” a sub menu will appear with various export
options. Choose the format you want to export to. (PDF, image, etc.,)
 Depending on the chosen export format, you may have some
configuration options that you can change according to the needs.
 Specify the directory or the folder where you want to save the exported
fie and name it.
 Once the settings are configured, click on “save” or “E