11

PROJECTIONS OF
PLANE SURFACES
1. PLANE SURFACES - Polygonal Surfaces and Circular Lamina
Plane Surfaces or Planes: A Plane Plane
Surface, (also known as Lamina), has only two
or
dimensions, viz., length and breadth with negligible thickness.
Thickness is neglected since it is
too small
compared with its length and breadth. The plane surfaces may be of
surfaces such as square, rectangular, polygonal
sides are equal, it is a
polyhedral (pentagonal, etc.) or circular lamina, etc. If
Regular Plane Surface, otherwise an Irregular Plane Surface.
Note: Plane Surface- Plane-Plane Figure -Lamina Plate: All -

mean the same.

Traces: A plane, extended if necessary, will meet the reference planes in lines unless itis
parallel to any one of them. These lines are called Traces of the Plane
generally specified by its Traces. Surfaces. A is plane
Horizontal Trace (H.T.) of a plane surface is the line in which
plane surface meets the HP.
Vertical Trace (V.T.) of a plane surface is the line in which the
plane surface meets the VP.
Note: If a plane is parallel to one of the reference
planes, it will not have trace on that reference
plane. It means that a plane parallel to HP will not have H.T. and a plane parallel to VP
will not have V.T.

1.1 TYPES OF PLANE SURFACES

TYPES OF PERPENDICULAR PLANES PLANE SURFACES
Plane surface perpendicular to one reference plane and parallel to the other
Plane surface perpendicular to both the reference planes
Plane surface perpendicular to one reference plane and inclined to the other
OBLIQUE PLANES I PLANE SURFACES
Plane Surface inclined to both reference
planes is termed as Oblique Plane Surface.

2. PLANE SURFACES AND THEIR TRACES

2.1 PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE AND PARALLEL TO THE OTHER

Problem 1: (Fig. ) A square lamina ABCD of side 40 mm is perpendicular to
HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections and locate its tracesS.
11.2 PR0JECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

1. From given slatement, decide

the vicw to be drawn first. NO VT
Lamina is parallel to VP.
When viewed from the front, it Front
View
is scen in true shape and size. Firs
Hence, draw Front View first.
2. Front View: Lamina ABCD VP

is above HP. So, draw its HP

Front View a'b' c' d' in true

size above XY. Hba)
3. Top View: When the lamina is C(d) H.T.
viewed from the top, edge BC FIG. 1 c(d) b(a)
is secn in true length and parallel
to VP Hence draw its Top View be (in true length) parallel to and below XY.
4. To mark invisible corners in Top View: Look at Front View in the direction of arrow.a
and d' are hidden by b' and c' respectively. Therefore in the Top View, ad coincides
with be and is marked as (a)(d). Now be(d)(a) is the Top View.
5. Extend the plane surface to meet the HP. The extension coincides with the Top View.
Hence the Top View be (d) (a) itself is the H.T. Extend the plane surface to meet VP.
The plane surface is parallel to VP and it will not meet. Hence, there is no V.T.
40
Problem 2: (Fig. 2) A VT
c(d) b'(a')
square lamina of side 40 mm b(a)
is perpendicular to VP and
v.
parallel to HP Draw its c(d)
projections. Find its traces. HP
When the lamina ABCD IS
viewed from the top, it is seen Top view
In true shape and size. First
Therefore. draw the Top View b
first. NO H.T.

See Fig. 2 for Solution. FIG.2

Problem 3: (Exercise) A rectangular cardboard ABCD of edges AB 30 mm

and BC = 40 mm is placed such that the edge AB is i) perpendicular to HP and

parallel to VP, (ii) parallel to HP and 1 to VP. Draw its projections and traces.

2.2 PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH HP AND VP

Problem 4: (Exercise)
A thin square plate ABCD ofside 40 mm is perpendicular
to both HP and VP. Draw its projections and find the traces
In the given position, the edges are seen in true length both in front and top views. Hence, draw
either the front view or top view first.
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 113

1.3PERPENDICULAR TO ONE PLANE AND INCLINED To THE OTHER

Problem 5: (Fig. 3 A rectangular
lamina of sides 30 mm x 40 mm is
perpendi-
cular to HP and inclined at 47" to VP. Draw its projections and ohtain the traces.
When viewed from b
.
top. BC is seen in
true length. Draw
Top View first.

2. Top View: Draw

Top View be (in true KP
length) below XY
and at 42 to XY.
3. Edge AD is hidden c(d)
by the edge BC H.T. = 42

and its Top View TOP VIEWV

coincides FIRST b(a)
(a)d)
with bc. Now
is the FIG. 3
be(a) d)
required Top View.
4. Front View: View ABCD from front. Front View a' b' c' d' is seen in reduced size.
ABCD is perpendicular to HP. Though ABCD is inclined to VP. edges CD and AB
are parallel to VP. Hence draw Front View a' b' c' d' such that a' b'.= c'd' = AB.

5. H.T. Extend the lamina to meet the HP. The extension coincides with the Top View.

Therefore, the Top View bc(a)(d) itself is the H.T.

6. V.T.: Extend the lamina to meet the VP at vt which is the required V.T.

lamina of sides 30 mm x 40 mm is
Problem 6: (Fig. 4) A rectangular
VP and inclined at 25° to HP. Draw its projections and traces.
perpendicular to
When the
FRONT VIEW
4 0

lamina ABCD b(a) FIRST b'(a)

is viewed from
=25
front, the edge
BC is seen in
VP
true length. c(d') HY

Therefore,
draw the Front d

View first.

See Fig.
Solution.
4 for
H.T.
FIG. 4
 114 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

3. CHANGE OF POSITION METHOD

Orthographic projections of a plane surface inclined to one reference plane are drawn by
changing the position of the plane surface from simple position to the required position in two
stages, known as the Change of Position Method.

3.1 PLANE SURFACE PERPENDICULAR TO VP AND INCLINED TO HP

Simple Position: A ssume the plane surface to be parallel to HP. Draw the first top view in true
shape and size. Draw the first front view as a line parallel to XKY.
Second Position: Tilt the front view to the given angle to XY. Draw the second front view.
(Tilted front view is the second front view. Its notations may be marked as either a' or
a Both the notations are correct.) Then draw the second top view.

Problem 7: (Fig. 5) A regular pentagonal plate of side 28 mm is placed with one

side on HP such that the surface is inclined at 45° to HP and
perpendicular to VP.
Draw its projections and traces. (UQ)
Simple Position III
II
1. Assume that the pentagonal surface
is parallel 1o HP and 1' to VP. VT
2. Draw First Top View abcde in true
shape and size, (side 28 mm), such x(e) b'(d c 45
that side ae is perpendicular to XY.
3. Draw the First Front View a'b' c'
(d)(e') as a line parallel to XY.
Second Position
4. Tilt the First Front View about a' (e')
to the given angle of 45 with XY.
5. Redraw it to obtain the Second Front
View a' b' c' (d') (e').
6. From First Top View, draw hori- IV
zontal lines through a, b, c, d and e. FIG. 5

7. From Second Front View, draw verticals through a', b', c'.(d) and
(e).
8. Mark intersecting points as a, bi, ci, di and e. Join a
required Second Top View. It is smaller than true size. b C d e which is the
9. H.T.: Mark h which is the meeting point of horizontal
Mark t which is the meeting point of the horizontal
through bj and vertical through a.
through dj and the vertical through a'.
The line ht is the H.T. V.T. coincides with Second Front View.

Problem 8: (Fig. 6) A pentagonak lamina of 40 mm side has a circular hole of

35 mm diameter in its center. The plane stands on one of its sides on HP with its
plane perpendicular to VP and 45° inclined to HP. Draw the projections.
(UQ)
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 11.5

1.
Initially. keep the plane of
the lamina in HP.
(6) 4
First, draw the top view of (d)
the pentagon with a (7
circular hole such that a (8)
45
side of the pentagon is e (8') (7) (d)(6)
X
perpendicular to XY. a 3 b4 5
Project the corresponding
front view.

3 Tilt the front view by 45°

to XY such that the point
a'(e) is lying on XY.
4. Project the corresponding
final top view as shown.

3.2 PLANE SURFACE

PERPENDICULAR TO HP 35
FIG. 6
AND INCLINED TO VP
Problem 9: (Fig. 7) A thin circular metal plate of 48 mm diameter, having its
plane vertical and inclined at 40° to VP. Its center is 33 mm above HP and 25 mm
in front of VP. Draw its projections and locate its traces. (UQ)
. Simple Position: Assume the circle to be parallel to VP. Draw First Front View as a
circle of 48 mm diameter, having its center 33 mm above XY. Divide its circumference
into 12 equal parts as 1, 2,.. 12. Draw First Top View as a line parallel to and 25 mm
below XY. Center o coincides with point 4.
Second Position IV
48
2. Tilt the plate to make 40° with VP.
Reproduce First Top View such that
it is inclined at 40 to XY and 2
center o is kept at the same distance
'
25 mm below XY. Thus, Second
Top View is 1234567.
3. To draw Second Front View, project
all the points upwards from Second 10
Top View and horizontally from First
40
Front View. Draw Second Front
View as an ellipse through the points
12 4 5 67
ofintersection , 2,., 12.
I
4. H.T. and Second Top View coincide.
SIMPLE POSITION SECOND PoSITION
V.T. is the line vt perpendicular to
XY. H.T. and V.T. meet XY at m. FIG. 7
11.6 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

3.3 PLANE SURFACES INCLINED TO BOTH HP AND VP

When a Plane Surface has its surface inclined to one reference plane and an edge or a diagonal or
a diameter parallel to that plane, inclined to the other reference plane, draw its projections in

three stages as follows:

Initial Position ) Assume the plane surface to be parallel to HP and
Simple Position:
draw its projections. In this position, the First Top View will be in true shape and size and the
First Front View will be an edge view, i.e., a straight line parallel to XY.

Tilt the First Front View so as to make the given angle of inclination
Second Position:
with HP and draw the Second Front View. From this view. project the Second Top View.

Final Position: Obtain Final Top View, by redrawing Second Top View such that the given
edge or diagonal or diameter is made inclined to XY at an angle made by plane surface with VP.
Now, the shape of Final Top View remains the same and its relative position changes.
The distances of the corners from XY, ie. the distances of the corners above HP, will be the
same when the plane surface is turned in top view. Project Final Front View by drawing vertical
projectors from Final Top View and horizontal projectors from Second Front View.

Problem 10: (Fig. 8) A thin rectangular plate of sides 50 mm x 25 mm has its

shorter side in the HP and inclined at an angle of 30° to the VP. Project its front
view when its top view is a perfect square of 25 mm side. (UQ)
Simple Position
IV VI
1. Assume the rectangular
plate ABCD is lying on d' (C)K
HP with its shorter side
AB 25 mm 1 to VP.
Draw First Top View abcd.
2. Project corresponding First d'(c) a'(b') a (6)
Front View a'(b') (¢')d'. 30
3. Mark the hidden corners in b C
the First Front View.

Second Position
50
4. Shorter side AB is in 25
HP. Turn the plate about
the shorter side AB until v
its Top View becomes a FIG.8
square of 25 mm side.

Hence, turn First Front View a' (b) (c') d' about edge a' (b') such that its corresponding Top
View a b, ci di is a square of side 25 mm. Obtain Second Front View a' (b') (c) d'.

Inclination of the plate with HP is unknown. Hence first draw Second Top View a bi ci dj, a
square of 25 mm side. Then draw the projectors upwards from Second Top View. On these
projectors, mark the Second FrontView a' (b') (c) d' = length of First Front View = 50 mm.
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 11.7

Final Position: Shorter edge AB is on HP, making an angle of 30° with VP.
Hence turn the Second Top View a b ci d so that the edge a, b is at an angle of 30°
to XY. Thus obtain the Final Top View a by ci di. Project all the points upwards from
the Final Top View and also horizontally from the Second Front View. Complete the

required Final Front View a, b di as shown.

Problem l1: (Fig. 9) A (D) d

rectangular lamina of size

60 mm X 30 mm is seen as

a square in the top view, a(d)

when it rests on one of its (d')
60 a
edges on HP and X
perpendicular to VP
Draw the projections of the
lamina. Find the true
d
incli-nation of its surface 60 L030
with HP. Draw the front
view of the lamina when the Result: True Inclination of the surface of lamina with
HP 60°

edge about which it is FIG. 9

tilted, is inclined at 45° to
VP. (UQ)

Problem 12: (Fig. 10) A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm x 30 mm has its
shorter side in VP and inclined at 30° to HP. Project its top view. if its front view is
a square of 30 mm long sides.
(UQ)
60 030
1. Front view of the P
rectangular plate is a square.
Hence, its surface must be 8 30°
inclined to VP.
Assume the plate to be in
VP such that its shorter edge
is perpendicular to HP. Xps) g () P (S)\

Draw front view. Project

the corresponding top view.
2. In the top view, the line ab
should be so inclined to XY
FIG. 10
that the front view becomes
a square.

Problem 13: (Fig. 11) Draw the projections ofa pentagonal sheet of 26 mm side,

having its surface inclined at 30 to VP. Its one side is parallel to VP and inclined at
45° to HP. (UQ)
11.8 PR0JECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

IV
1. Draw the First
Front View as
such
pentagon
that one side
(edge) p'q is
perpendicular to
&
XY.
2. Project First Top
View from First
15
Front View.
P
3. Redraw
Top Viev such
First pa) TtO p (9
30
that it is inclined I
at 30 to XY and
get the Second FIG. 11
VI
Top View.
4. Project Second Front View from Second Top View and First Front View. Reproduce Second
Front View such that p q is inclined at 45° to XY. Obtain Final Front View.
5. Project Final Top View from Final Front View and Second Top View. Note that pi qis
parallel to XY.

Problem 14: (Exercise) A hexagonal lamina of 26 mm side has a side

VP and inclined at 30° HP.
resting on
to Is surface is inclined at VP.
45 to Draw its
projections.
Problem 15: (Fig. 12) A regular pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides has one edge
in HP and inclined at an
angle of 30° to VP. Draw its projections when its surface is
inclined at 45° to HIP
(UQ)
See Fig. 12 for Solution.
VI
b
(d')
xa(e)b'(d) c a

30

b
IV FIG. 12
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 11.9

lem 16:
Problem 16: (Fig. 13) Draw the projections ofa rhombus having diagonals 65 mm
30 mm long. The smaller diagonal is parallel to both HP and VP while the other is
HP. (UQ)
inclined at 30
to

Assume the VI
. See Fig. 13.
to HP
rhombus PQRS parallel
diagonal PR is (P
and the smaller 30
perpendicular to VP. Hence. xVP q (p')
HP
top view first.
draw the
first front view.
2. Project the
3. Rotate the first
front view such
that the bigger diagonal q's' is
inclined at 30° to XY
65 IV
4. Project the second top view. FIG. 13

5. The smaller diagonal should

be parallel to VP. (Given)
diagonal pi r is parallel to XY.
Hence, rotate the second top view such that the smaller
6. Project the final front view as shown.

An isosceles triangular lamina has base 40 mm long

and
Problem 17: (Fig. 14)
It is so placed on VP such that in the front view it is seen as
an
altitude 56 mm.
inclined at 45
equilateral triangle of 40 mm sides with the side that is contained in VP is
to HP. Draw its top and front views. Also, find the inclination of the lamina 1o VP. (UQ

draw an isosceles triangle above XY

. See Fig. 14. Base is contained in VP (Given). Hence,
with its base 40 mm perpendicular to XY and altitude 56 mm.
2. Project the first top view.
locus of the corresponding points
3. To draw the second front view, maintain the vertices on the
and construct an triangle of 40 mm side with
equilateral an edge perpendicular to XY as
shown.
4. Draw the vertical projectors
56
from the second front view.
Tilt the first top view and
complete the second top view.
5. Measure the inclination of
the lamina to VP =¢ 52°. 0 = 45

6. Draw the final front view such xx VP

HP a (b) (6) a
that the side contained in VP is
inclined at 45° to XY.
VI
7. Project the corresponding final IV
top view. FIG. 14
11.10 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

Problem 18: (Fig. 15) A hexagonal lamina of 20 mm side rests oon one of its
corners on HP. The diagonal passing through this corner is inclined at 45° to HP.
The lamina is then rotated through 90 such that the top view of this diagonalis
perpendicular to VP and the surface is still inclined at 45 to HP Draw the
projections of the lamina. (UO)
. Simple Position
d VI
Assume the lamina to
lie on HP with one
of its diagonals ADD
parallel to VP. b' (

For this position, a' b) C'e)d

draw the First Top
View abcdef below
XY. Project its corr-
esponding First Front
View a' d' on XY.
Look at the First Top
View in the direction
20
of arrow shown. IV v
Mark hidden corners FIG. 15
in First Front View.
2.
2. Second Position: Diagonal AD of the lamina is inclined at 45° to HP. Hence turn the
First Front View a'd' about the corner a' through 45° to XY to obtain the Second
Front View a'd'. Projectthe corresponding Second Top View a b e di er f.
3. Final Position: Then rotate the lamina through 90° such that the Top View a di of
diagonal AD is 1' to VP. Hence redraw the Second Top View, turning it through 90°
such that ad; is perpendicular to XY. a, by e d e f is the required Final Top View.
As per the given condition, diagonal AD of the lamina still makes 45° to the HP. So,
from Second Front View draw horizontal lines and from the Final Top View draw the
vertical projectors. Complete the Final Front View a b
c d, ej f.
Problem 19: (Fig. 16) A
thin 30-60° set-square has its
longest edge in VP and inclined 60
at 30 to HP. lts surface
makes 45° with VP. Draw its 30
projections. (UQ)
1. Simple Position: Assume the
set-square to be in VP with its |(c)
30 c
a
hypotenuse perpendicular to HP. V45
Draw the front view a' b' c'.
Project the top view. FIG. 16
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 11.11

Second
Position: th
Tilt he top view ab to make 45" with XY to obtain the second top
2. the corresponding second front view.
view, Project
inal Position: Reproduce the second Iront view so that the edge a c makes 30° with

final top view as shown.

XY. Project the corresponding

Drohlem 20: A hexagonal plale of 25 mm

(Fig. 17) side is resting on HP such
HP and VP. 1 makes 30 with HP and 60? with
hat one ofits corners touches both
Change of Position Method. (UQ)
VP. Draw the projectiOns oy'

VI
s'(q) 0 30
s''Q) t(p) u
25
P

IV FIG. 17
CHANGE OF POSITION METHOD

A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter rests on HP

on a
Problem 21: (Fig. 18)
HP such that the top view of i
pointon the circumference. The lamina inclined to
is

is an ellipse of minor axis 35 mm. The top view of the diameter through the point 1
the angle
makes an angle of 45 with VP. (i) Draw the projections. (i) Determine
made by the lamina with HP. (UQ)
Simple Position
Divide the circle into 12 equal parts.
1 Draw the First Top View of the circular lamina.
1'7' lying XY.
Draw the corresponding First Front View as a straight line
on

Second Position
of the minor axis of the ellipse in the Second Top View is 35
mm. Hence,
Given: Length distance between
that the
redraw the straight line 1'7' to an inclination of 6 with XY,
so

the two extreme projectors becomes 35 mm.

Draw horizontal lines from the First Top View.

Draw the Second Top View as an ellipse
2.
60 mm and minor axis 35 mm. =

121 such that its major axis

=

I -

View. Mark 1' on XY.

3 Draw the vertical projectors from the Second Top
4. With 1' as center, 60 mm (length of the First Front View
diameter of the circle) as
=

radius draw an arc to intersect the vertical projector from 71 at the point 7'.
Join 1'7' which is the Second Front View. Measure the angle made by the Second
5.
1'7' with XY. Angle made by the lamina with HP =0 =
54".
Front View
11.12 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES

Final Position
V VI
6. The top view of the diameter
through the point
makes 450 with VP (Given).
Therefore, rotate the minor axis of the Second
Top View I 71 such that the Final
View 1,71 makes an Top 10
angle of 45° with XY. (10
7. Complete the
54 12
ellipse of Final X-
Top View by
redrawing 45
10 M0 10
ellipse of
Second Top
View on the 45°
inclined line. 12
8. Draw Final
Front View from
Final Top View
and Second
Front View. 35
Result: 0 54 N FIG. 18

Problem 22: (Fig. 19) A regular hexagonal lamina

hole of 30 mm diameter. of 26 mm side has a central
Draw the front and top views when the
is inclined at 45° to HP. A side of
surface of the lamina
lamina is inclined at 35° to VP. (UQ) d''e) VI

c(f)
4' (10'

4 (10')
45 10
b'(a') 1 C() 7 d'le) b(a)
X
35

10 10
e

IV FIG. 19
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACES 11.13

VI
Problem 23:
(Fig 20) A
semi-circular

lamina of 64 mm

diameter has ils 64

straight edge in 451
4'o'
VP and inclined
X- 7
at an angle of 45° 30
to HP. The
surface of the
lamina makes an

angle of 30 with
Draw the IV
VP. FIG. 20
projections.

4. ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS-I
24. A regular hexagonal plane surface of 25 mm side, has two of its edges parallel to both
from each plane. The surface is inclined
HP and VP and the nearest edge is 15 mm

at 60 to HP. Draw the projections. (UO)

above it such that two of its
Hint: Draw the top view held parallel to HP and 15 mm
be in true shape and size. Draw
sides are perpendicular to VP. The top view will
XY and 15 mm above it. Draw
its corresponding front view as a line parallel to
makes 60 to XY and has its nearest
the front view in the new position such that it
view as usual.
edge 15 mm above XY. Redraw the second top
lamina of 25 mm side, resting on
25. Draw the orthographic views of a regular hexagonal
to HP and inclined at 45 to VP.
HP on one of its sides with its plane perpendicular
Also show its traces.
Take the nearest corner point 25 mm away from VP.

HP on one side and is inclined at 30° to

26. A thin hexagonal plate of 25 mm side lies on
VP. (i) Draw the projections of the plate when
its top edge is 20 mm above HP.
(UO)
ii) Determine its inclination with HP.
that an edge is
Hint: In the simple position, draw the top view of the hexagon such
perpendicular to VP.

Result: Inclination with HP =

28°.

with one of its

27. Draw the projections of a pentagonal plane figure of side 28 mm resting too
edges on HP such that the plane figure is inclined at 30 to VP and perpendicular
HP. Locate its traces.
11.14 PROJECTIONS OF PLANE SURFACEs

28. A rhombus lamina has its diagonals 75 mm and 45 mm long. It is placed such that its
top view appears as a square of diagonal 45 mm long and the vertical plane through the
longer diagonal is inclined at 30 to VP. Draw its projections. Find the inclination
of the longer diagonal with HP (UQ)
a. Initially assume the rhombus on HP such that the smaller diagonal is T to VP.
b. Draw the First Top View of true shape such that the smaller diagonal is perpendicular te
XY. Project the First Front View as a line on XY.
c. Draw the Second Top View as a square of 45 mm diagonal and project the Second
Front View. Measure 0 = 53° = lnclination of the longer diagonal with HP.
d. Draw Final Top View from Second Top View such that longer diagonal is at 30° to
XY. Draw Final Front View by projecting Second Front View and Final Top View.

29. A pentagonal plane figure of edges 25 mm is lying on HP with one of its corners
touching it such that the plane figure makes 60" with HP. Two of the edges
containing the corner on which the plane figure rests make equal inclinations with HP.
When the edge opposite to this corner makes 45° with VP, draw the top and front
views of the plane figure in this position.
Hint: The plane figure is resting with a corner on HP such that the two edges containing
the corner on which the plane figure rests, make equal inclinations with HP. Hence,
draw the top and front views of the plane figure with its surface completely lying on
HP. The front view will be a line on XY line.

30. A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the top view, having its
major axis 60 mm long and minor axis 40 mm long. Draw its front view when the
major axis of the ellipse is parailel to both the reference planes.
Hint: Assume the circle parallel to _HP. Reproduce front view so that its top view is
el'ipse of 40 mm minor axis. Reproduce top view with major axis parallel to XY.

31. A thin circular metal plate of 54 mm diameter has a square hole of 27 mm side, cut
centrally through it. Draw its projections when the plate is resting on HP with its
surface inclined at 30" to HP and an edge ofthe square hole perpendicular to VP.

32. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the front view, its major
and minor axes being 50 mm and 30 mm respectively. Draw its top view when the
major axis is horizontal. (UQ)
Hint: Circular lamina is seen as an ellipse in front view. Hence its surface must be
inclined to VP. Assume the lamina parallel to VP and draw its front & top views.

33. A regular hexagonal lamina of 26 mm side has a central hole of 30 mm diameter.

Draw the front and top views when the surface of the lamina is inclined at 45° to HP.
A side of the lamina is inclined at 35° to VP.

34. A hexagonal plate of 25 mm side has a corner on HP. Its surface is inclined at 50 to
HP. The diagonal through the corner which is on HP, makes 35° with VP. Draw its
projections.