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KINEMATICS

Displacement
The displacement of a particle is defined as the difference
between its final position and its initial position. We represent
the displacement as x.

x = xf xi
The subscripts i and f refer to be initial and final positions.

Average Velocity and Average Speed

The average velocity of an object travelling along the xaxis is

defined as the ratio of its displacement to the time taken for
that displacement.

Δx x f  x i
vav= 
Δt t f  ti

Average Acceleration is defined as the ratio of the change in

velocity to the time taken.
Δv v f  vi
aav = =
Δt t f  ti

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Instantaneous Velocity : The magnitude of instantaneous

velocity at a given instant is called instantaneous velocity at that
instant.
Δx
v(t) =  lim
Δt  0 Δt

The instantaneous velocity function is the derivative with respect

to the time of the displacement function.
dx(t)
v(t) =
dt

Instantaneous Acceleration is defined analogous to the method

for defining instantaneous velocity. That is, instantaneous
acceleration is the value approached by the average acceleration
as the time interval for the measurement becomes closer and
closer to zero.
The Instantaneous acceleration function is the derivative with
respect to time of the velocity function
dv(t)
a(t) =
dt

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Displaceme Velocity Acceleration

nt
1. At rest x v a

x=c
c

O t O t O t

2. Motion with x
x = v ot + x o
v a

constant vo

velocity xo

O t O t O t

3. Motion with x
x = vot +(1/2)aot2
v a

v = aot+ vo
constant ao
vo
acceleration
O t O t
O t

4. Motion with x
x = vot - (1/2)aot2
v a

vo
v = vo aot
constant O
t

deceleration ao
O t
O t

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MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION

The equations of kinematics are summarized as

v = v0 + at
1 2
x = x0+ v0t + at
2
v2 = v02  2a ( x  x0 )

x = x0 + 1 (v0 + v)t
2
Where, x0= Initial position coordinate
x = Final position coordinate
v = Final velocity
a = Acceleration (constant)
t = Elapsed time

FREE FALL

Motion that occurs solely under the influence of gravity is

called free fall.

The equations of kinematics may be modified as

v = v0gt
1
y = y0+ (v0+ v) t
2

y = y0+ v0t  1 gt2

2
v2 = v02  2 g ( y  y 0 )

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The signs of v and v0are

determined by their
directions relative to the
chosen +y axis.

For twodimensional motion in the plane, the x and y

components of these equations are:
vx = v0x+ axt vy = v0y + ayt
x = x0+ v0x+ 1 axt2 y = y0+ y0yt + 1 ayt2
2 2
1
x = x0+ (v0x+ vx)t y = y0+ 1 (v0y+ vy)t
2 2
v x2  vox
2
 2a x ( x  x0 ) v 2y  v oy
2
 2a y ( y  y o )

PROJECTILE MOTION

A projectile motion near the surface of the earth consists of

two independent motions, a horizontal motion at constant
speed and a vertical one subject to the acceleration due to
gravity.

The equations of kinematics for projectile motion are

x = voxt (15)
vy= voygt (16)

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y = yo+ voyt 1 gt2 (17)

2

v 2y  v oy
2
2g (yyo) (18)

IMPORTANT
1. The time of flight is given by
2v o sin 
T=
g

2. The horizontal range is given by

vo2 sin 2
R=
g

3. The maximum height of the projectile is

v o2 sin 2 
H=
2g

4. The trajectory of a projectile is a parabola

y = xtan  1 g
x2
2 (v0 cos ) 2

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CIRCULAR MOTION
Let us consider a particle which moves in a circular path of
radius r and constant speed v, angular speed is given by
 = v/r
v v 2
Thus, acceleration, a = 
t r

Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration in Two

Dimensions
1. The velocity vector is always tangential to the path.
2. The acceleration vector may have two components: one
tangential to the path and one perpendicular to the path.
(a) The component of the acceleration parallel to the path
is due to a change in speed. When the speed is
increasing, the tangential component at points in the
same direction as the velocity; when the speed is
decreasing, the tangential component points opposite to
the velocity.
(b) When the path of an object curves, there is a
component of the acceleration perpendicular to the
velocity. This component of the acceleration ac points
toward the inside of the curve.
(c) The total acceleration is the vector sum of the
tangential and centripetal components.

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