ADAPTIVE DIVISORIA:

Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in Managing the Street

Congestion and Social Protection of Street Vendors with Adaptive
Streets and Centralized Market Square

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio

0011836067

Student – Author

A Research submitted to

DLS-CSB Faculty of the Architecture Program

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Arch. Ramon Bizares

ARCDES MENTOR

2nd Term

Academic Year 2022-2023

De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde

School of Design and Arts

Architecture Program
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Bring back the spaces to those who

they belong.

Page 2 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Approved for Execution by the Thesis Board

Ar. Ramon Bizares

ARCDES10 Thesis Mentor

Ar. Jim Caumeron

Creative Studies Track Coordinator

Ar. Noel E. Nicolas, MSAR, UAP

Technical Studies Track Coordinator

Dr. Maribel C. Tubera, UAP, EnP, MsCM, PhD

Thesis Track Coordinator

Ar. Erika Vixeen Dia

Professional Practice Track Coordinator

Ar. Jose Carlos Gutierrez

Planning Track Coordinator

Ar. Janeil Arlegui, MSAR, UAP

Visual Com and Data Management Track Coordinator

Ar. Walther Ocampo, MSAE, PIA

Architectural History-Theory-Criticism Track Coordinator

Ar. David Barcelona

Building Sciences Track Coordinator

Engr. Iñigo Calixto

Engineering Science Track Coordinator

Ar. Ven Lawrence Quizon

OIC Architecture Program Chairperson

Ar. Harvey Vasquez, UAP

OIC Associate Dean – Environment Studies Cluster De La Salle –
College of Saint Benilde

Ar. Dottie Asela Domingo, EnP, MBA, UAP, PIEP

Dean – School of Design and Arts De La Salle – College of Saint
Benilde

Page 3 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................... 13

Acknowledgement .................................................................................... 14

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................16

1.1 Background of the study .............................................................................17

1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................21

1.3 Research Questions .......................................................................................21

1.4 Research Goal ................................................................................................21

1.5 Research Objectives .......................................................................................22

1.6 Rationale ........................................................................................................22

1.7 Significance of the Study................................................................................23

1.8 Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................24

1.9 Assumptions...................................................................................................24

2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES .........................................................................25

2.1 Review of Related Literature .........................................................................26

2.1.1 Section 1: History and Geography of Divisoria ...........................................26

2.1.1.1. History .................................................................................................26

2.1.1.2 Geography ...........................................................................................28

2.1.2 Section 2: Divisoria as a landmark ............................................................30

2.1.3 Section 3: Vehicular & pedestrian traffic routes .....................................32

2.1.4 Section 4: Street Vendors & their Contested Spaces ...............................33

2.1.4.1 Street vendors & their contribution to economy ................................33

2.1.4.2 Strategies & struggles for business ......................................................34

2.1.4.3 Effects of COVID-19 to street vending .................................................40

2.1.4.4 The Informal Sector & Social Order Making ........................................42

2.1.4.5 Review of Legislative Laws & Ordinances ............................................44

2.1.5 Section 5: Market and Street Design Guidelines .....................................50

2.1.5.1 Public Market Modules ........................................................................50

2.1.5.2 Guidelines on streets/RROW/sidewalks ..............................................52

2.2 Case Studies ...................................................................................................56

2.2.1 Section 1: Local Case Studies ......................................................................56

2.2.1.1 Case Study of Commonwealth Avenue ...............................................56

2.2.1.2 Mobility Nodes and Economic Spaces in Baclaran ..............................59

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

2.2.1.3 Baguio City Night Market ................................................................. 61

2.2.2 Section 2: Foreign Case Studies .......................................................... 62

2.2.2.1 Swanston Street, Melbourne ........................................................... 62

2.2.2.2 Union Green Market Square ............................................................ 66

2.2.2.3 Santa Catarina Market, Barcelona ................................................... 68

2.3 Theories and Concepts....................................................................................... 70

2.3.1 Social space ......................................................................................... 70

2.3.2 Ego-centric and allocentric framing .................................................... 72

2.3.3. Elements of the City ........................................................................... 73

2.3.4 Adaptive Streets .................................................................................. 75

2.3.5 The Umbrella Colony .......................................................................... 82

2.3.6 Urban Square ...................................................................................... 82

3. METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORKS .................................................................. 85

3.1 Development of Dialectics ................................................................................. 86

3.1.1 Thesis .................................................................................................. 86

3.1.2 Antithesis ............................................................................................ 86

3.1.3 Synthesis ............................................................................................. 86

3.1.4 Declaration of Thesis Statement......................................................... 86

3.2 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 86

3.3 Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................... 87

3.4 Methodological Framework............................................................................... 89

3.5 Interview questions formation process ............................................................. 90

3.6 Sampling of respondents ................................................................................... 92

3.7 Interview Summary, Results, and Discussion .................................................... 93

3.7.1 United Resistance ............................................................................... 95

3.7.2 Resilient Coping .................................................................................. 95

3.7.3 Space Consideration ........................................................................... 96

3.7.4 False Implementation ......................................................................... 97

3.7.5 Disciplinary Act.................................................................................... 98

3.7.6 Adaptive Spaces .................................................................................. 99

3.7.7 Landmark Nodes ....................................................................................... 102

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4. STUDY PROPER ....................................................................................... 105

4.1 Site Analysis .......................................................................................... 106

4.1.1 General Maps .................................................................................... 106

4.1.2 Street Characteristics & activities ..................................................... 110

4.2. Streets Re-design ................................................................................. 120

4.2.1 Claro M. Recto Avenue ...................................................................... 122

4.2.2 Juan Luna Street ................................................................................ 123

4.2.3 Soler Street ........................................................................................ 124

4.2.4 Dagupan Extension ............................................................................ 125

4.3. Centralized Market Square.................................................................. 129

4.3.1 Site Study .......................................................................................... 129

4.3.2 Programming ..................................................................................... 132

4.3.3 Design Concept and process ............................................................. 135

4.3.4 Construction plans and details .......................................................... 139

4.4 Perspectives.......................................................................................... 151

4.4.1 Streets ............................................................................................... 151

4.4.2 Centralized Market ............................................................................ 153

5. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 163

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 164

5.2 Recommendations................................................................................ 166

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 166

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................... 175

APPENDICES................................................................................................ 179

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

List of Figures
Figure 1. Divisoria Market in Tondo Manila 1902.. ................................................. 26

Figure 2. Divisoria Manila Street Scene. ................................................................. 27

Figure 3. Jeeps and buses pick up and unload marketgoers ................................... 27

Figure 4. Geographical Review of street front utilization........................................ 29

Figure 5. Streets of Divisoria. .................................................................................. 30

Figure 6. Traffic flow and the number of volumes of vehicles in C.M Recto Avenue,
Juan Luna, Dagupan, Soler streets. ......................................................................... 32

Figure 7. Traffic flow and several volumes of vehicles in C.M Recto Avenue to J.
Abad Santos Street................................................................................................... 37

Figure 8. Street activities on sidewalks around the road area in Simpang Lima Area.
.................................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 9. Spatial values in on sidewalks around Simpang Lima. ............................. 37

Figure 10. Activities and time on the sidewalks around the Simpang Lima road
section ...................................................................................................................... 38

Figure 11. Conformity of activities with condition placed in public spaces on

sidewalks. ................................................................................................................ 38

Figure 12. Spatial networks of informal marketplaces in Hanoi.. ........................... 40

Figure 13. Hawkers Stall for Dry Goods. .................................................................. 47

Figure 14. Hawkers Stall for Snacks/Cariderias ....................................................... 47

Figure 15. Hawkers Stall for Fruits/Vegetables ....................................................... 48

Figure 16. Possible road right-of-way section ......................................................... 53

Figure 17. Levels of the road right-of-way .............................................................. 54

Figure 18. Sidewalk guideline with public RROW or street. ................................... 55

Figure 19. Sidewalk guideline with arcade structure .............................................. 55

Figure 20. Conceptual framework of street vendors and integration in Urban

Planning.................................................................................................................... 57

Figure 21. Summary Of street suggestions to city government. ............................. 58

Figure 22. Respondent selection flowchart ............................................................. 60

Figure 23. Baclaran as a strategic space for multiple activities. ............................. 61

Figure 24. Baguio City Night Market at Harrison Road ............................................ 61

Figure 25. Shoppers at Baguio City Night Market.................................................... 62

Figure 26. Design option 1 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.. .. 64

Figure 27. Design option 2 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.. .. 64

Figure 28. Design option 3 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne. .. 65

Page 7 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 29. Design option 4 for redevelopment of Swanston Street,

Melbourne. ..................................................................................................... 65

Figure 30. Design option 5 for redevelopment of Swanston Street,

Melbourne.. ................................................................................................... 65

Figure 31. Design option 6 for redevelopment of Swanston Street,

Melbourne. .................................................................................................... 66

Figure 32. Shoppers along Pittsburgh Market Square ................................... 67

Figure 33. Sample Friday scheduled market for Union Market square with
legends. .......................................................................................................... 67

Figure 34. Santa Caterina Market exterior ..................................................... 68

Figure 35. Floor plan of Santa Caterina Market ............................................. 69

Figure 36. Triad of interconnected spatial concepts. ..................................... 71

Figure 37. Ego-centric framing diagram ......................................................... 72

Figure 38. Allocentric framing diagram. ......................................................... 73

Figure 39. Five elements of the city ............................................................... 75

Figure 40. Parklets. ........................................................................................ 75

Figure 41. Curb lanes. ..................................................................................... 76

Figure 42. Sidewalk extensions. .................................................................... 76

Figure 43. Temporary street transformation. ............................................... 77

Figure 44. Street Park. .................................................................................... 77

Figure 45. Shared Streets ............................................................................... 77

Figure 46. Cycle tracks .................................................................................... 78

Figure 47. Traffic calming. ............................................................................. 78

Figure 48. Social and eco median ................................................................... 78

Figure 49. Triangle Plaza................................................................................. 79

Figure 50. Residential vision. .......................................................................... 79

Figure 51. Mixed-use vision............................................................................ 80

Figure 52. Commercial vision. ....................................................................... 80

Figure 53. Shared- street vision...................................................................... 81

Figure 54. Transport street vision ................................................................. 81

Figure 55. Progressive type chart of informal to formal economy. .............. 82

Figure 56. Closed and amorphous patterns ................................................... 83

Figure 57. Centered and arc pattern. ............................................................ 83

Figure 58. Symmetric and grind pattern. ...................................................... 84

Figure 59. Theoretical framework. ................................................................. 86

Figure 60. Conceptual framework. ................................................................. 87

Page 8 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 60. Methodological framework .................................................................. 89

Figure 61. United Vendors Alliance leader interview ............................................ 93

Figure 62. Interview with Marvin. ......................................................................... 94

Figure 63. Interview with Jennifer Morales ............................................................. 94

Figure 64. General Map of Divisoria and its Boundary .......................................... 106

Figure 65. Districts of Divisoria .............................................................................. 106

Figure 66. Landmarks of Divisoria .......................................................................... 107

Figure 67. Water and Greenery of Divisoria. ......................................................... 107

Figure 68. Nodes in Divisoria. ................................................................................ 108

Figure 69. Minor and major roads of Divisoria ...................................................... 108

Figure 70. Sun and wind study. ............................................................................. 109

Figure 71. Vendor and parking space distribution map ....................................... 109

Figure 72. Street vendors at the arcade along CM. Recto Avenue........................ 110

Figure 73. Night vendors at the night vegetable market in CM. Recto Avenue. . 110

Figure 74. Street section of CM. Recto Avenue. ................................................... 111

Figure 75. Street vendor beside arcades at Juan Luna Street. .............................. 111

Figure 76. Street section of Juan Luna Street. ...................................................... 111

Figure 77. Street vendors at Ylaya Street with the recently installed stalls.. ....... 112

Figure 78. Street section of Ylaya Street................................................................ 112

Figure 79. Street vendors at Santo Cristo Street. ................................................. 113

Figure 80. Street section of Santo Cristo Street .................................................... 113

Figure 81. Street vendors at Padre Rada Street.. ................................................. 113

Figure 82. Street section of Padre Rada Street ...................................................... 113

Figure 83. Street vendors at Carmen Planas Street. ............................................. 114

Figure 84. Street section of C. Planas Street.......................................................... 114

Figure 85. Street vendors at Tabora Street. ......................................................... 112

Figure 86. Street section of Tabora Street. ............................................................ 115

Figure 87. Street vendors along Divisoria Mall at M. De Santos Street. .............. 115

Figure 88. Street section of M. De Santos Street. ................................................. 115

Figure 89. Vendors and pedestrians at Santa Elena Street.. ................................. 116

Figure 90. Street section of Santa Elena Street. .................................................... 116

Figure 91. Soler Street with vendors and parked motorcycles at 168 shopping mall
................................................................................................................................ 116

Figure 92. Street section of Soler Street. .............................................................. 117

Figure 93. Dagupan extension beside Tutuban Market. ....................................... 117

Page 9 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
Figure 94. Street section of Dagupan Extension............................................. 117

Figure 95. Overview of street elements to apply in re-design proposals. ..... 120

Figure 96. Flora species for proposed roadside planting. .............................. 121

Figure 97. Existing & re-design proposal for C.M Recto Ave. Section ............ 122

Figure 98. Re-design proposal for C.M Recto Avenue. Plan. .......................... 122

Figure 99. Existing and re-design proposal for Juan Luna Street Section. ..... 123

Figure 100. Re-design proposal for Juan Luna Street Plan ............................. 123

Figure 101. Existing and redesign proposal for Soler Street. Section ............ 124

Figure 102. Re-design proposal for Soler Street. Plan. ................................... 124

Figure 103. Existing and re-design proposals for Dagupan ext. Section. ....... 125

Figure 104. Re-design proposal for Dagupan extension. Plan ........................ 125

Figure 105. Activity flow of Hawkers, pedestrians, and tricycle drivers. ....... 126

Figure 106. Activity flow of jeepneys, and delivery trucks. ............................ 126

Figure 107. Activity flow of officers, cyclists................................................... 127

Figure 108. Divisoria, Manila Proposed Masterplan. ..................................... 128

Figure 109. Micro map of the chosen site ...................................................... 129

Figure 110. Site visit. Old Tutuban train station with vendors.... ................... 130

Figure 111. Site visit. Night vendors preparing for the Night market along
Tutuban ........................................................................................................... 131

Figure 112. Site Visit. Tutuban Night Market. ................................................ 131

Figure 113. Site Visit. Shoppers and vendors along Bonifacio drive at Tutuban.
........................................................................................................................ 132

Figure 114. Bubble diagram for programming. .............................................. 132

Figure 115. Zoning diagram of programs at site............................................. 133

Figure 116. Three factors of The Umbrella Colony......................................... 135

Figure 117. Anatomy of an umbrella .............................................................. 136

Figure 118. Folding technique, roof study. ..................................................... 136

Figure 119. Roof study, sun direction ............................................................. 137

Figure 120. Wall panel pattern concept. ........................................................ 137

Figure 121. Wall panel details. ....................................................................... 138

Figure 122. Form development ...................................................................... 138

Figure 123. Site Development Plan. ............................................................... 139

Figure 124. Ground Floor Plan. ....................................................................... 141

Figure 125. Second Floor Plan. ....................................................................... 142

Figure 126. Elevations ..................................................................................... 144

Figure 127. Sections. ....................................................................................... 145

Page 10 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 128. Roof plan.. ........................................................................................... 147

Figure 129. Typical stall templates. ....................................................................... 149

Figure 131. Architectural Bay Section. ................................................................... 151

Figure 132 Structural connections. ........................................................................ 151

Figure 133. Rafter details.. ..................................................................................... 152

Figure 134. Climate study with the market structure. .......................................... 152

Figure 135. Electrical line ....................................................................................... 153

Figure 136 Plumbing line ....................................................................................... 153

Figure 137. Fire exits, stairs, ramps. ...................................................................... 154

Figure 138. Storage areas ...................................................................................... 154

Figure 139. Proposed re-designed of C.M. Recto Avenue. .................................... 156

Figure 140. Vendors at arcaded sidewalk. ............................................................. 156

Figure 141. Proposed re-design of Soler Street. ................................................... 156

Figure 142. Proposed re-design of Juan Luna Street. ............................................ 157

Figure 143. Proposed re-design of Dagupan Extension. ........................................ 157

Figure 144 Jeepney stops along C.M Recto Avenue. ............................................. 157

Figure 145. Aerial View of the market..... .............................................................. 158

Figure 146. Exterior perspective of market with the highest roof apex. .............. 158

Figure 147. Exterior perspective of market along C.M Recto Avenue .................. 158

Figure 148. Exterior perspective of market along Dagupan Extension ................. 158

Figure 149. Exterior perspective from pedestrian bridge. .................................... 159

Figure 150. Ground floor. Social and event space ................................................. 159

Figure 151. Ground floor. Social and event space with the Monument ............... 160

Figure 152. Vegetables and fruits section. ............................................................ 160

Figure 153. Fish and seafood section. ................................................................... 160

Figure 154. Meat and poultry section. .................................................................. 161

Figure 155. Food retail section .............................................................................. 161

Figure 156. Gadgets and electronics section. ........................................................ 161

Figure 157. Toys and decors section ...................................................................... 162

Figure 158. Textile Section. .................................................................................... 162

Figure 159. Atrium area along food retail stores ................................................... 162

Page 11 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

List of Tables
Table 1. The number of personnel, stalls, vendors, and its average daily
collection in Manila. ......................................................................................... 28

Table 2. Summary Matrix type of retailers in Divisoria. ................................... 36

Table 3. Summary matrix of three spaces of co-production during COVID-19 in

Hanoi and Manila .............................................................................................. 41

Table 4. Summary Matrix of Legislations to Street Vending ............................ 49

Table 5. Urban Public market standard stall size. ............................................ 50

Table 6. Sample of floor area table of Danao Market. .................................... 51

Table 7. Stall category and unit of measure ..................................................... 52

Table 8. Suggested Median and Lane Widths Within

Alleys/Roadways/Carriageways by Minimum RROW Width and by Suggested
Vehicle Speeds. ................................................................................................ 53

Table 9. Range of Required Sidewalk and Planting Strip Widths ..................... 54

Table 10. Minimum Planting Strip Widths by RROW Width. ........................... 54

Table 11. Key informants interview table. ..................................................... 57

Table 12. Summary of recommendations integrating the spatial and physical,

legal, institutional, and socio-economic approaches. ...................................... 59

Table 13. Translation of Healey to Lefevbre’s definition of spaces.................. 71

Table. 14. Number of Vendors in Divisoria. ................................................... 104

Table. 15. Complete list of Executive Orders about Street Vending. ............ 118

Table 16. Organized vendor types. ................................................................ 118

Table 17. Unorganized/mobile vendor types. ................................................ 119

Table 18. SWOT analysis of the chosen site. .................................................. 129

Table 19. Computed Program floor area of the centralized Market. ............. 134

Page 12 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Abstract

This study focuses on the management of street vendors and the

congestion in Divisoria, Manila. The goal is to centralize the market and
redesign the streets of Divisoria into a holistic and inclusive space
providing walkability, efficient traffic flow of pedestrians, vendors, and
vehicles, and safety. Characteristics of streets and vendors, space
proxemics of streets, vehicular and pedestrian routes, local government
implementations, and its visions were studied.

The final architectural output will be a centralized market square that

allows for a more open market typology with spaces where culture and
daily life activities can thrive within the market development. Through this
centralization, the mobility of the users will be more manageable, and
social spaces will be developed. This responds to the goal of creating a
holistic and inclusive social space in Divisoria. The proposal also includes
the pedestrianization of the streets to become more inclusive to the users
and enhance Divisoria’s accessibility. These solutions will let different
stakeholders rethink Divisoria as an effective social and economic space.
It will also consider the protocols implemented by the Manila LGU to unify
and reconnect with its surrounding developments.

Keywords: Divisoria, street congestion, street vendors, commercial

streets, social space, social protection, centralized market, adaptive
streets.

Page 13 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my friends, who supported me during this thesis

journey. They gave me insights and advice from the introduction to this
study until the final design output and supported me emotionally. To my
parents, who constantly supported me in doing site visits, and interviews
and gave me the drive to push forward. To Dr. Redento Recio, my
external consultant, who helped me identify my research gaps, and how
to approach my methodology and gave insights regarding informal
urbanism. To my thesis adviser, Arch. Ramon Bizares for guiding me this
whole thesis journey, helping me with endorsement checking, revalida,
and design reviews of my final output. To the almighty God, who gave
me the opportunity and the fate to choose this topic and believe in me to
fight throughout these times.

Page 14 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Page 15 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Page 16 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

1.1 Background of the Study

Divisoria is a well-known commercial center between Tondo and Binondo
and spans an area of 0.5 square kilometers. It is divided into four quadrants
of streets. The first quadrant is composed of C.M Recto Avenue and Ylaya
Street, Moriones Street, Carmen Planas Street, and Santo Cristo Street.
Quadrant 2 is composed of Juan Luna Street, Dagupan Street, and
Bonifacio Drive. Quadrant 3 is Reina Regente Street and Soler Street.
Lastly, Quadrant 4 comprises Tabora Street, M. De Santos Street, and
Chaves Street. (Entrepreneur Magazine, 2010) The known landmarks of
this area are the D8 mall, 168 malls, 999 malls, and the Tutuban Center.
(Medina, 2019)

According to Bolindo in Inquirer.net (2016), Divisoria became a commercial

center during the Spanish colonial years. The Spaniards prohibited
Chinese merchants from the walled area of Intramuros, so they started
doing business in Binondo. It grew to be a trading center when the Main
Station of the Manila Railroad Company was built in 1887 and started
operation in 1892. But as years passed, the train station became
underutilized and was transformed into a shopping center.

Bromley (2000) mentioned that the practice of street vending "generates

significant controversy”. In many places, vendors, community
organizations, formal business or property owners, and pedestrians have
engaged in debatable discussions about vending and public space.

In 2013, during the term of former Mayor Manila Joseph "Erap" Estrada,
the clearing operation of street vendors in Divisoria started because it
disrupted traffic flow. The Manila City Hall granted a new "experimental
night market" for the vendors to sell in the streets because they are
prohibited from selling during the day. The program will be held from Juan
Luna Street to Asuncion Street. They can only stay up until 5 am, so
vendors should stay on the sidewalks. (GMA News, Aug 2013). According
to the report of Rappler (2013), Arvy Tiongson, a sidewalk vendor, told
them the scheme of the night market didn't work. Tiongson claimed that
their current daily gross revenue of P500–P1,000 hardly allows them to get
by. Vendors no longer have enough capital due to the decline in income
since the start of clearing procedures.

Along with these projects, Erap also had a street lighting program to
respond to street crime. He inaugurated 137 brand-new lamp posts along
Benavidez and Asuncion Streets in the Divisoria area in 2016 because the
1.5-kilometer length of the area was dimly lit. (Manila Standard, 2018) In
August 2016, Erap also banned vegetable cargo trucks along C.M

Page 17 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Recto Avenue because it disrupted traffic flow. Dennis Alcoreza, head of

the Manila Traffic and Parking Bureau (MTPB), every night along Recto
Avenue, 20 to 30 vegetable trucks from Benguet, Baguio, and other
provinces unload their loads every night. The local authority has removed
at least 2,000 informal vendors and various obstructions that were
obstructing traffic in the region. The municipal administration has also
carried out road-clearing operations in Binondo, Blumentritt, Quiapo, and
Sta in recent weeks. Cruz-Rizal Avenue as part of its efforts to eradicate
what Estrada referred to as "anarchy in the streets." (Manila Bulletin,
2016)

Aligning with these issues, a 2015 GPS-based navigation app Waze

survey found Metro Manila had the worst traffic on earth, with an average
commute lasting up to 45.5 minutes. (Vila, 2015) Separately, a study by
the Japan International Cooperation Agency revealed that road
congestion in Manila cost the economy P3.5 billion daily in 2017 from
P2.4 billion in 2012. (Vera, 2018)

The clearing operation in Divisoria Manila continues during Former

Mayor Isko Moreno's mayoral term in 2019-2022. On July 3, 2019, he
ordered clearance operations that caused displacement. He advised
them to refrain from paying any "collectors" for the privilege to sell on the
streets, claiming that only City Hall had that authority. Manila cops have
nabbed two people accused of allegedly collecting "rent" from sidewalk
vendors for the city government. He told them they would only need to
pay their P40 a day or P20 in the morning and again in the afternoon to
city hall, and they could stay in less crowded streets. (Rappler, 2019) The
law for the ambulant vendors to pay 40 pesos minimum is the Republic
Act 6039 Section 1, which declares "all vendors shall daily pay their
prescribed market fees and under no circumstances will they be allowed
to accumulate back rentals above fifteen days and any vendor who, after
due notice of demand, shall automatically forfeit his rights as stallholders,
and his stalls may be closed by the market administrator." (Congress of
the Philippines, 1969).

The Divisoria Vendors Association (DVA) massed at Manila City Hall for
a protest against Isko Moreno for not letting them sell, especially as the
Christmas season is coming. Isko declared that the purpose of this
operation was not just because of the traffic jam but also the amount of
litter scattered on the road, specifically on Ylaya Street. (GMA Public
Affairs, 2019) Isko Moreno raised these issues in an interview with
Rappler in July 2019. What he outraged among these vendors was the
traffic jam and the ineffectiveness of waste management on the streets.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

He also mentioned the lagayan system which accused ambulant vendors of

paying more than the said law. He told Rappler that he would let street
vendors stay but only those registered in Manila. He would also push for
collecting 40 pesos minimum tax every day that serves as a "receipt" and
complies with the ordinance of R.A 6039.

During Isko's term, the Covid-19 pandemic also started. Street vendors
struggled more to make a living when the lockdown struck in March 2020.
Trade Secretary Ramon Lopez says he understands that the medical and
health communities oppose his position. Still, he believes it is possible to
reopen more businesses while keeping health and safety protocols in
place. Lopez cited a DTI survey showing that six percent of the total 1.5
million registered businesses or about 90,000 companies, mostly micro,
small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), have shut down due to the
crippling pandemic. (Romero, P., & Romero, A. 2020)

Manila LGU’s response to safe and organized street vending is the new
vending stalls around Ylaya street on June 24, 2020. (ABS-CBN News,
2020) These stalls were also installed with electricity and submeters and
offered for free by the LGU. Aside from this, the vendors are charged to
pay a minimal tax of Php 40 per day. The fees collected equate to Php
1,200 per month. Even the mode for collecting this fee had been tailor-
fitted with the vendors in mind. Php 20 is paid once in the morning and then
another Php 20 in the afternoon. This collection system also ensures that
the former informal entrepreneurs will not view the taxes as an added
burden and will change their mindsets about the perceived costs of
formalization. Mayor Isko says he is training these vendors to become
responsible entrepreneurs and pay their taxes properly (Moaje, 2020).

According to Domagoso's claims, Festina Holdings, the previous lessor of

the Divisoria Public Market, was the buyer of the 3,702 square meter lot.
Festina Holdings reportedly made the highest bid of P1.4 billion. It will be
transformed into a 50-story structure, and the current tenants will be given
stalls in the nearby Pritil Market. (The Manila Times, 2022)

The present Manila Mayor Honey Lacuna had an interview with Manila
Bulletin in April 2022 and explained the whole issue of Divisoria Public
Market. She said that the city government had not managed the Divisoria
public market since March 19, 1992. There was an agreement with Former
Manila Mayor Mel Lopez to give the land of Divisoria public market to the
private company Linkworld Corporation. The land was leased at 20 pesos
per square meter.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

The market went through the proper process and public bidding. The P1.4
billion profit from the sale went to procuring Covid-19 medicines, financial
aid, food packs, and building Manila Field Hospital.

These issues among vendors and the Manila Local Government affect
not just social justice but also the economy and culture of the Divisoria
market. The International Labor Organization reported in 2013 that
informal workers like street vendors and waste pickers represent 72.5%
of total employment in the Philippines outside of the agriculture sectors.
Informal vending provides jobs for the poor and cheap consumer goods
and services. Aligning this study, the country's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) came from the informal sector by 43 percent. Some official workers
have little choice but to start their businesses or work in the informal
sector, which has significantly boosted the economy. Consequently, there
is a lack of projects and programs designed expressly for improvement.
(Cambarihan & Sucuahi, 2016). Reported by De Leon (2022), the
Philippine Statistics Authority's (PSA) March 2022 Labor Force Survey
stated that 17.016 million, or 36.2%, of all employed people might be
classified as working in the unorganized sector. The informal sector
consists of "units" that produce goods and services with the main goal of
giving the people involved work and income so they may make a
livelihood. With little to no separation between labor and capital as factors
of production, these units typically operate at a low level of organization.
Thus, the informal economic sector has great contribution to the overall
economy in the Philippines.

According to Dr. Redento Recio (2019), an urban planning expert at the

University of Melbourne, that even though there has been constant media
coverage, it still has little discussion on the opinions of the affected street
vendors and the effects of clearing operations on their employment. The
condition of the now-spacious Divisoria streets convinced many Filipinos
that clearing operations are justified and must continue within and beyond
Manila. The fight for space in Divisoria should consider the fragile
situation of the vendors and heed their demand for social legitimacy, legal
acknowledgment, and political representation, in addition to clearing the
congestion of the streets.

In conclusion, LGUs can do a lot to ensure that this formalization should

also be extended to the condition of the informal sector. If the local
government of Manila maintains constant communication with its
constituents and is serious in its attempts to ensure that governance is
inclusive, solutions can be found.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Bromley (2000) mentioned that street vending in general has a strong and
latent structuring power, supported by distribution networks that exploit
informal economies. It is regarded as a terminal of a massive supply of
goods and their commercialization. Implementation of the Manila Local
Government of the formalization of the streets in Divisoria focuses on the
development of traffic flow and waste management but failed to look into
the actual conditions and social protection of street vendors. These
implementations lead to alleged massive corruption. The problem focused
on by this study is revitalizing the social spaces of the streets in Divisoria
that are inclusive to the street vendors, shoppers, pedestrians, and
vehicles. To further understand and investigate the research problem and
gather relevant literature valuable in contributing to this research, the
problem can aim to seek different visions: local government, street
vendors, urban design, and social space.

1.3 Research Questions

These key questions will serve as a guide in the analyses of the study and
implementation of the proposal.

1. How did the Divisoria streets become congested and unorganized in the
first place since it started to become a commercial hub?
2. How can this issue be prevented without taking away the social rights of
street vendors? How can street vendors be responsible entrepreneurs
regarding street congestion?
3. How do street networks, spatial configuration, and the environment
affect the vendors, pedestrians, and vehicular movement? What urban
and architectural design strategies can be implemented to produce
inclusive social spaces and enhance the users’ well-being?

1.4 Research Goal

To understand the inefficiencies of management in the Divisoria streets,
this paper seeks to understand the street vendors' lifestyle as well as the
lived experiences of pedestrians and vehicles that affect the effectiveness
of the traffic flow. The project aims to redesign the streets in Divisoria and
centralize the market as a response to the injustice of spatial consideration
to street vendors that, decongest the volume of street vendors and let the
stakeholders re-think these spaces not just for mobility but also for social
and economic. Generally, redesigning these spaces to be inclusive for
stakeholders to rethink how these spaces should be used and be able to
adapt to it. Overall, the proposal will be holistic about the visions of Local
Government, street vendors, and other stakeholders. This research is
necessary to introduce inclusivity to informal business sectors as well as
to the other users of Divisoria, Manila.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
1.5 Research Objectives

The following are the key objectives of this study:

Objective 1: Identify and analyze the recent condition of the Divisoria

and street vendors in its every characteristic through site visits,
interviews, watching YouTube walking vlogs, documentation that aims to
collect the pedestrian and vehicular activities, vendors’ type of
businesses and their strategies in selling as well as collect the goals and
visions of the Local Government.

Objective 2: Understand what causes the inadequate management of

street vendors and which causes traffic jams in the streets. It is important
to recognize the bargain-shopping culture of the Filipinos as well as the
behavior of street vendors regarding their discipline of selling. By
concentrating on the actions and tactics of the street vendors, the
perceptions, and preferences of the stakeholders regarding urban
spaces, and the pedestrian and vehicular behavior of each street, the
congestion situation in the Divisoria streets may be identified.

Objective 3: Recognize and apply urban design ideas, concepts, and

architectural spaces to activate inclusive social spaces and effective
management of pedestrian and vehicular mobility. Additionally,
guidelines from local organizations that follow criteria for redesigning
public spaces and markets will be gathered.

1.6 Rationale
As one country with the most informal sectors, the Philippine government
always considers clearing operations that have ineffective solutions for
street vendors. It is important to consider activating social and adaptive
spaces that benefit all stakeholders. By focusing the conditions of the
informal sector, it could boost the economic and tourist status of the
Philippines.

The researcher wants to understand the reasons why there are contested
spaces among the local government and street vendors and how this
informality is triggered. Giving the street vendors and other stakeholders
in Divisoria an adaptive and inclusive space will respond to an effective
informal management of Divisoria.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Finally, through this study, a socialized public space can also improve the
site’s condition and provide informal vendors and other stakeholders with
an adequate community. The government’s responses and visions in
Divisoria will be gathered and encouraged to resolve the issue holistically.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The research proposal will benefit the following:

Street vendors, to protect and fight their social justice on having the right
to make a living as citizens of Manila and help them make a profit
responsibly.

For pedestrians and vehicular users, this study will help them with their
overall comfort and safety upon going to Divisoria.

Local communities will have public awareness about the underground

economy and the lifestyle of street vendors and be encouraged to unify the
informal and formal sectors. From this proposal, the community will be
enhanced socially.

Local government findings of this study may be used as awareness to the

local government that pertains to the profit of street vendors after the
implementation of the development.

Future researchers may use the ideas presented as a reference in

conducting new research and proposals about the redevelopment in
Divisoria, especially with the “new normal” affected by the Covid-19
pandemic. The theories and concepts introduced could also be used for
different topics of urban and architectural design.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

1.8 Scope and Limitations

First, the distribution of street vending and the potential business should
be considered. The presence of street vendors and pedestrians on
specific streets must also be taken into consideration. The boundaries of
Divisoria in Manila have been the sole focus of this study. Both visions of
street vendors, shoppers, drivers and the local government will be
encouraged to provide a holistic approach rather than being one-sided in
implementing this proposal.

The study is limited to addressing the issues within the congestion of the
following streets of Divisoria — C.M Recto Avenue, Ylaya street, Carmen
Planas Street, Santo Cristo Street, Juan Luna Street, Dagupan
Extension, Bonifacio Drive, Soler Street, Tabora Street, and M. de Santos
Street which are the specified commercial streets in Divisoria.
(Entrepreneur Magazine, 2010). Due to recent changes, Padre Rada
Street, and Santa Elena Street will also be included. It has been part of
the recent night market implementation (Saksi, 2014). The streets are
also limited to a 1km radius from 999 shopping mall. Each street
mentioned will be studied carefully in terms of its commercial
characteristics (e.g., what type of products are mostly sold by the vendors
in this area, what type of carts or platforms the vendors use), what are
the street parameters and the connectivity to other areas. The scope of
the proposal will also investigate existing facilities, specifically the
Tutuban Night Market and neighboring plazas as they will be affected by
the reconfiguration and redevelopment of spaces. But it will not include
tackling the interior and structural components of the surrounding
structures of the site, and the whole urban district of Tondo, Binondo and
San Nicolas.

1.9 Assumptions
• Exclusive clearing operations of streets are caused by the inadequate
management of street vendors.
• Local Government only investigates the side of the local community but
not the livelihoods of the actual vendors.
• Adapting social spaces in Divisoria is more effective than only solving its
mobility.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

2.1 Review of Related Literature

The scope of this study’s related literature determines the existing studies
of Divisoria, the informal sector of street vending, traffic, and route data,
implemented legislative laws, and the Covid-19 impact on street vending.
This shows the overall causes and effects of street vending, both from a
local and international context.

2.1.1 Section 1: History and geography of Divisoria

2.1.1.1 History
Ira (1983) mentioned that the market began on a street called Divisoria
which was the dividing line between Tondo and Santa Cruz. It sprang up
an entire marketing district and each street became synonymous with the
merchandise. Divisoria is derived from the Spanish word that means
“divide”. It sits on the border between Tondo and Binondo. Divisoria has
been the Philippines’ “tiangge capital” where big and small traders invest
and sell their products. It is a market district in the heart of the City of
Manila known for its wide assortment of low-priced goods and wholesale
and bargain shopping.

Limos (2020) in Esquire Philippines mentioned that when the Americans

colonized the Philippines, among their first projects was the renovation of
Divisoria Market. Construction began in 1901 and finished the following
year. It looked like rows of expansive warehouses.

Figure 1. Divisoria Market in Tondo Manila 1902. Image Source: Nitoy Ibanez

Fortunately, Divisoria was not bombed during World War II. On the dirt
road in Divisoria, shoppers from the United States and the Philippines
may be observed. Chinese businessmen's homes, which doubled as
stores, are on the right. Divisoria Market is the structure that is seen in
the figure below.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 2. Divisoria Manila Street Scene. Image Source: “Batang Blumentritt” 1945

Figure 3. Jeeps and buses pick up and unload marketgoers. Image Source: Eduardo De
Leon, 1970

Azcarraga street, today known as Claro M. Recto Avenue, is the thoroughfare

that is convenient for access to trucks and buses from provincial sources. At
4:30 or 5:00 in the morning, the delivery trucks unload their goods from the
provinces. Merchants and vendors from all over the city gather to buy
produce fresh from the provinces and haul it to their markets. Because of its
direct supply, prices are lower, and selections are greater than in other
markets.

According to Bolindo (2016) when they interviewed Rowena Tomeldan, vice

president and head of Ayala Malls Group, Tutuban has a mission to support
regional micro, small, and medium-sized businesses. Ayala also included
their plans to develop multiple commercial buildings as well as hotels and
resorts, they make sure that Tutuban as part of their property, remains eco-
friendly and includes green spaces.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

2.1.1.2 Geography
Wallace Mcintyre (1955) studied the retail pattern of Manila. In this
study, he mentioned that since World War II, Rizal Avenue has replaced
Escolta as Manila’s main business thoroughfare. The presence of
universities, colleges, and public schools tends to increase the number
of retail stores around. He mentioned that the more the local population
increased, they became increasingly dependent on the public markets
and people tended to settle near them. Public markets became a focal
point for residential settlements and parasitic privately owned
businesses.

Table 1. The number of personnel, stalls, vendors, and its average daily collection in
Manila. Image source: Wallace, 1952
According to the efficiency and philosophy of the city admins, a collection
of peddlers swarm around the edges of the buildings. Original market
locations are also influenced by the presence of churches and
waterways. Modern highway, rail, and sea transportation have
emphasized the importance of Divisoria markets. The Divisoria is closest
to the North port area, where inter-island shipping happens.

Wallace also gathered information about the local and international

supply sources in the market. The following are:

LOCAL SUPPLY
a. Trinidad Valley, Baguio - Cabbages, string beans, lettuces,
carrot, white potatoes, onions
b. Rice plain north Manila & Marikina Valley- tomatoes, eggplant,
Chinese cabbage, mongo beans, sweet potatoes, shelled peanuts,
melons, ube, peppers, amargosa
c. Cavite and Batangas, Southern Luzon- coconuts, mangoes,
papayas, citrus fruits
d. Iligan and Northern Mindanao- bananas
e. Nueva Ecija- high quality rice
f. Cotabato- poorer grade of rice
g. Manila bay (shallow waters)- fish, squid, shrimp, crabs

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

h. Iloilo, Island of Panay- the main source of sea fish, tuna, and flounder
i. Palawan- Dried fish, sardines
j. Manila slaughterhouse- fresh meat
k. Candaba swamp, Manila, and Laguna de Bay- duck eggs
l. Batangas, Bulacan, Iloilo - Hen’s eggs
m. Visayas Region- Hogs
n. Batangas- beef
o. Southeastern Luzon- abaca fibers
p. Province of Quezon- rattan
INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY
a. United States of America- citrus fruits, apples, canned goods
b. Thailand- imported rice
c. Switzerland- canned meat, canned dairy products

Each public market has a concentration of retail stores to take advantage

of customers attracted to the market. Talipapas is where people once
settled around the public markets, the markets are now moving to the
people. Even if the private vendors were assigned stalls in the official
markets, the problem of providing decentralized market resources would
still have to be solved.

Figure.4. Geographical Review of street front utilization of Divisoria, Manila. Source:

Wallace, 1955

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Entrepreneur Magazine also featured the area of Divisoria in 2010

where they categorized the streets into quadrants and defined its
characteristics. The August Issue is about the culture and business
practices of Filipino-Chinese business execs in the Philippines and what
makes them so successful.

Figure 5. Streets of Divisoria. Image source: Entrepreneurship 2011.

From the figure, it said that the first quadrant is composed of C.M Recto
Avenue and Ylaya Street, Moriones Street, Carmen Planas Street, and
Santo Cristo Street. Quadrant 2 is composed of Juan Luna Street,
Dagupan Street, and Bonifacio Drive. Quadrant 3 is Reina Regente Street
and Soler Street. Lastly, Quadrant 4 comprises Tabora Street, M. De
Santos Street, and Chaves Street.

2.1.2 Section 2: Divisoria as a landmark for shopping tourism

Cornell, Separa, and Torreon (2022) studied how Divisoria might be

marketed as a possible tourist destination for shopping for both domestic
and foreign visitors. Planning and promoting tourism require a thorough
understanding of travelers' purchasing habits. They also mentioned that
according to Littrell et. al., 2004, the importance of mall shopping for older
tourists and development of tourism shopping villages and marketing
plans, there must be cooperation between tourism and retail industries.
Travelers between the ages of 50 and 90 are said to value cleanliness
and services highly. Additionally, the appearance of malls is given some
consideration.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Based on the results of their studies, Divisoria's reputation as a shopping

paradise is one of the things that draws both domestic and foreign travelers
there. It is regarded as a location where practically any item required for use
at home, in school, or even at work may be purchased. Tourists are drawn to
investigate what the location has to offer to meet their requirements and
desires by the diversity of retail things that Divisoria visitors offer to its diverse
consumers. Shopping and travel go hand in hand, people travel to locations
that satiate their urge to shop, and the ability to draw shoppers results in a
tourism industry. Aside from that, tourists like the availability of locally
produced goods from the Philippines in addition to the range of goods available
in Divisoria. The local goods that can be purchased in Divisoria offer tourists a
shopping experience that helps them understand how Filipinos live and how
culture is represented in these goods. The relatively inexpensive costs of the
things sold are what add more to Divisoria's allure. Compared to other malls,
both domestic and international visitors believe that spending money in
Divisoria will increase its value. They think they have made the most of their
buying budget with a set amount of potential to purchase what they require for
the least amount of money. This cost-effectiveness was enhanced by the
location of the destination, which was regarded as being reachable by all
modes of transportation. Divisoria is conveniently located in the heart of Manila
and is accessible via bus, and jeepney, and if you choose to travel to and from
Divisoria by taxi or LRT the ability to draw shoppers results in the tourism
industry. Aside from that, tourists like the availability of locally produced goods
from the Philippines in addition to the range of goods available in Divisoria.
Compared to other malls, both domestic and international visitors believe that
spending money in Divisoria will increase its value. They think they have made
the most of their buying budget with a set amount of potential to purchase what
they require for the least amount of money. This cost-effectiveness was
enhanced by the location of the destination, which was regarded as being
reachable by all modes of transportation. Divisoria is conveniently located in
the heart of Manila and is accessible via bus, jeepney, and if you choose to
travel to and from Divisoria by taxi or LRT.

They also have found out that by emphasizing the ethnically diverse shopping
available in Divisoria, tourists may become more drawn to the area. A unique
selling feature of the area might be the added benefit of experiencing the
diverse cultures of the Philippines through Divisoria, which could result in a lot
of good word-of-mouth advertising. The wide range of goods available in
Divisoria makes it a haven of culturally rich shopping opportunities where local
and foreign visitors can access both domestically produced goods from the
Philippines and imported goods from other Asian nations and even from
outside the region.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
Their study also emphasized the need to put safety first when Divisoria
residents go shopping. Since both domestic and international visitors find
the physical characteristics and auxiliary services to be only somewhat
suitable, administrators must capitalize on the existing low volume of
customers to make the necessary structural upgrades. Divisoria should
be rebuilt as a tourist destination for shopping that not only satisfies
tourists' shopping needs but also fosters the belief in customers that
shopping can still be fun and safe despite the onset of the Covid-19
pandemic.

Christmas is the peak season of shopping in Divisoria as shoppers flock

to buy gifts. Tingcungco of GMA News (December 2022) has reported
that the average number of people that go to Divisoria daily is 11,300
until 10 pm during weekends. This data has been provided by the police
officer. According to the officer, the volume has increased after the last
two year the of pandemic since the COVID protocols become less strict.
Weekends and holidays have the most people.

2.1.3 Section 3: Vehicular and pedestrian traffic and routes in

Divisoria

The data was requested from MMDA as a reference for the flow of traffic
analysis in the Divisoria Area. The latest data they could provide is from
the year 2019. It is stated at what specific time and date is extracted. The
map above shows the profile of the street, and the arrows depict the flow
direction of vehicles. The arrows in the middle of the table mimic the flow
direction on the map. The table contains the number of vehicles both at
morning and afternoon peak.

Figure 6. Traffic flow and the number of volumes of vehicles in C.M Recto Avenue, Juan
Luna, Dagupan, Soler streets. Image source: Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (2019)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

This figure concludes that the vehicle that has the most volume in total are
motorcycles with 9,064 counts in the flow of direction no. 6 from Moriones
street going to C.M Recto Avenue and no. 11 from Abad Santos Avenue to
C.M Recto Avenue. At A.M peak, 11:00 am to 12:00 pm, motorcycles have
the most volume with 465 counts in the same flow direction of nos. 6 and
11, both going through C.M. Recto Avenue. At P.M. peak, 1:00 pm- 2:00
pm, motorcycles still have the most volume with 535 counts in the same flow
direction (nos. 6 and 11) going through C.M. Recto Avenue.

Figure 7. Traffic flow and several volumes of vehicles in C.M Recto Avenue to J. Abad
Santos Street. Image source: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (2019)

This figure concludes that the vehicle that has the most volume in total are
motorcycles with 9,263 counts in total with the flow of direction no. 5 from
Mayhaligue to Soler street. At AM peak, 7:00- 8:00 am, motorcycles still
have the most volume with 1,131 counts in the same flow direction (no.5)
However, the data is different at P.M peak, which is 12:00- 1:00 pm since
cars have become the most amount of volume with 624 counts. This is the
same flow direction from Mayhaligue to Soler street.

Upon analysis of the data, we can see that motorcycles are the most used
vehicle in this area and its flow of direction is going to C.M Recto Avenue,
the main thoroughfare of the area, and Soler Street. This analysis will be
used for the study proper in Chapter 4 regarding the vehicular routes and
types going through the area. The informal business sector plays a
significant role in shaping the urban economy in developing countries, and
street vending is a big element in this informal sector.

2.1.4 Section 4: Street vendors and their contested spaces

2.1.4.1 Street vendors and their contribution to the economy

Karutnaratna (2022) defined street vending as an income-
generating activity where individuals sell their wares along streets
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

and sidewalks to passing pedestrians and motorists. Street vendors

provide inexpensive goods at convenient locations for customers and
street vending has become a popular business category that tends to
attract more customers due to the lower prices of their items compared
to the other formal retail businesses.

Bhowmik (2005) identifies lack of gainful employment as one of the major

reasons for the growth of street vending across many countries, coupled
with poverty in rural areas which has pushed persons with a lack of skills
and education from their villages to the urban areas and main cities.
Accordingly, street vendors are generally treated as those who are
unsuccessful or unable to get regular jobs.

Bromley (2000) recognized that street vending has persisted for centuries
and recognized it as an ancient and important occupation in the informal
economy which is prevalent in almost all countries and major cities
around the world.

2.1.4.2 Strategies and struggles for business

According to Suharto (2003), urban informal street vendors think that to

serve a wide market, a location should be convenient for customers and
have access to major thoroughfares. In essence, informal street sellers'
locations should be taken into consideration by local government and
urban planners as possible business locations. Regulation and oversight
of the operations of the street enterprises covered by the phrase
"locational policy" cannot in any way resolve the problems connected to
street business activities. Space allocation must reflect market trends to
be acceptable to merchants.

A study on Baguio City's long-standing vendors found that they are the
most tolerant of business, but the city's streets are also occupied by
ambulant merchants who greatly increase traffic. But when the local
government acts against street trading, it frequently does so everywhere,
irrespective of the status of the vendors, and as a result, it penalizes
those who have secured permits to sell. By legitimately paying daily rental
payments to collectors or entering into private agreements with tiny store
owners, vendors support their claim to occupy illegal locations. (Milgram,
2011)

Strategies of street vendors with these issues include organizing

themselves into associations, like the Baguio Vendors Association
(BVA), accessing assistance from Non-government Organizations
(NGOs), and publicly protesting. Another strategy is atado or tempuc
system where street vendors maintain to protect their goods during the
periodic clean-up raids. Rather than displaying a full array of products.
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Store premises and street vendors also help each other so buyers could
buy both of their products. This premise is an example of “permeable
borders between formal and informal enterprises”.

According to a study by Recio and Gomez (2013), street vendors cluster

in spaces with high levels of business opportunity. Agglomeration in a few
locations increases turnover because:
a. concentrations of vendors become known and attract more
customers
b. more street vendors increase pedestrian and vehicular congestion
c. more on-street business may forestall and block easy entry to
nearby off-street business

Recio also identified different types of vendors in Monumento-Rizal

Avenue that he observed and studied.

1. Ambulant/Mobile Vendors - These vendors might be categorized as

ambulant or mobile. They make use of carts, clothes, tables, and
improvised steel panels.

2. Semi-fixed, Semi-static Vendors - have standardized and controlled

stalls and displays to advertise and sell their goods.

3. Salaried Street Vendors- Some of these hawkers receive regular

payments under various time schedules. Recio stated that they do not own
the capital used to finance the goods and the necessary equipment.

In summary, this study by Recio and Gomez (2013) sought problems with
street vendors economically and politically. There are a number of topics
that relate to law and governance. Vendors stated that the government
won't formally acknowledge their existence and contributions. This can be
seen in the fact that street vendors are not permitted. There is no office to
address the complaints of sellers. Laws affecting street vendors are
another major problem. These regulations are, at most, neutral in their
treatment of vending as legal employment. At worst, the laws are
contradictory, which keeps the hawkers' legal situation unstable.

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Table 2. Summary Matrix of media and messages of type of retailers in Divisoria. Image
Source: Gali et. al (2013)

Despite having many buyers or consumers, they still experience

struggles like violating ticket payments to policemen due to illegal selling
on the sidewalks, thieves stealing their products, land insurance
exposing them to capital loss hazards.

Wahyono and Widjajanti (2018) also identified the behavior of street

sellers in Semarang, Indonesia, and determined the livability of the
environment. According to the study's conclusions, street vendors'
activity (i.e., the things they offer, the size of their trading spaces, their
evaluation of those areas, their use of space, their selling hours, their
trade periods, and the characteristics of those spaces) impacts how
livable space is (access, natural elements, safety, and parking space).
Street vendors, especially in the Simpang Lima district, impacted the
growth of Semarang. More and more street vendors in Simpang Lima are
occupying more and more open space. In front of the Baiturrahman
Mosque, one of the street vendors' operations causes a traffic jam.

The government has so far relocated the street sellers more frequently
than it has organized and given them enough space. Government
relocation initiatives also never succeed. When street vendors are
relocated to locations that the government has created, they inevitably
go back to their previous location. The relocation's location is thought to
be out of sync with the nature of its operations. Always choosing locations
where they might approach customers without obstructing their ability to
perform functional tasks, street vendors.

First, based on the idea that the primary activities in the Simpang area
influence and encourage street vendors to utilize space for activities in
the public space, this analysis is conducted to identify the space in
accordance with the perception of street vendors to be used as a place
of activity, to be livable, that is, to move safely and comfortably.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

a. Analysis of Street Activities with Street Places on Sidewalks Around

Road Area in Simpang Lima Area

Figure 8 Street activities on sidewalks around the road area in Simpang Lima Area.
Source: Wahyono and Widjajanti (2018)
The results of this study show that street vendors are interested in using
the sidewalks near Simpang Lima street as a site to conduct business
because they believe there is enough space available there. In addition to
providing a place that is free for the customer, street vendors view the
footprint on the sidewalk as a place to accommodate any repetitive trading
activities that begin with organizing, presenting, and processing the
merchandise. They can also freely move while serving the customer.

b. Analysis of Spatial Values in Public Space (with Real and Unreal

Boundaries) on Sidewalks Around Simpang Lima Roadces.

Figure 9. Spatial values in public space on sidewalks around Simpang Lima.

Source: Wahyono and Widjajanti (2018)
The limitation of a location of the activity is to demonstrate the point at which
a behavior ceases, even though this type of trading space is tied to the
availability of space in the public area. the kind of delimiter designed to meet
the requirements and nature of the activity. Along with evaluating the locations
in the public space that are available, this type of space can be adjusted to the
activities of street vendors so that they can take advantage of such locations
for their business.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

c. Analysis of The Activities and Time on The Sidewalks Around The

Simpang Lima Road Section

Figure 10. Activities and time on the sidewalks around the Simpang Lima road section.
Source: Wahyono and Widjajanti (2018)
Meanwhile, it is clarified that street sellers' activity hours correspond to
the residents and the local communities' circadian rhythms and daily
routines. As a result, the times of community events and visits to the
neighborhood coincide with when street vendors are active on the
sidewalk along Simpang Lima Road.

d. Analysis of Conformity of Activities with Condition Place in Public

Spaces on Sidewalks Around Simpang Lima Road Section

Figure 11. Conformity of activities with condition placed in public spaces on sidewalks.
Source: Wahyono and Widjajanti (2018)

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This research examines how well the activities of the strain vendors fit
within the parameters of the area's comfort or livability, which include the
access aspect, the natural element, the security of the space (activity place
permits), and parking space.

The study's findings reveal that the sidewalk vendors near the Simpang
Lima street segment stated that they sell non-food items such as clothing,
toys, groceries, cigarettes, magazines, and newspapers in addition to food
and beverage products. They also display their goods, serve customers,
and prepare and process their products.

In summary, street vendors in Simpang Lima use the sidewalks around the
Simpang Lima road section to conduct business in accordance with their
natures. It can be said that street sellers consider these factors while
deciding where to conduct business. This research examines how well the
activities of the strain vendors fit within the parameters of the area's comfort
or livability, which include the access aspect, the natural element, the
security of the space (activity place permits), and parking space.

The study's findings reveal that the sidewalk vendors near the Simpang
Lima Street segment stated that they sell non-food items such as clothing,
toys, groceries, cigarettes, magazines, and newspapers in addition to food
and beverage products. They also display their goods, serve customers,
and prepare and process their products.

In summary, street vendors in Simpang Lima use the sidewalks around the
Simpang Lima Road section to conduct business in accordance with their
individual features. It can be said that street sellers consider these factors
while deciding where to conduct business.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

2.1.4.3 Effects of COVID-19 on street vending and informal sector

A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted by Meher et. al (2021)

between May 16, 2020, and June 1, 2020, in the state of Maharashtra,
India. A purposive sample of 20 street vendors, breadwinners of their
families, who sold essential perishable goods including food items, was
selected for the study. Their experiences during lockdown were
documented. The selection of participants and data collection was done
through an iterative process till data saturation was reached.

Before the pandemic, numerous studies had publicly reported the

harassment of street vendors by police and local authorities in nations
where it is illegal to sell goods on the street. Which makes it extremely
difficult to carry out the vending activity for free. Additionally, we
discovered that the merchants were subjected to police harassment
throughout the lockdown, including forced evictions, the seizure of
property, and/or the imposition of fines.

After the announcement of the lockdown, angry street sellers raised

important concerns with the administration. Unlike the formal sector, they
had no access to social safety programs. Without a job, they would have
no income, yet their costs would still need to be paid. As a result, there
was a pressing need to help them on a humanitarian basis. Government
and policymakers must also develop evidence-based, comprehensive
plans after holding appropriate consultations with representatives of
India's street sellers.

Recio, Gomez, Thai, and Nguyen (2022) used a co-production lens to

examine how informal vending has affected employment possibilities and
the unofficial distribution of goods and services at the municipal and local
levels. It focuses on Hanoi and Manila, two significant cities in the
Philippines and Vietnam, respectively. Instead of comparing the
conditions in different regions, their goal is to perform an analysis where
the relationships of one context could enrich our understanding of the
other.

Figure 12. Spatial networks of informal marketplaces in Hanoi. Source: Recio et. Al 2022

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Localized Tolerance & Mobile trading Mutual aid practices

occupation of key locations

Manila • White lines placed on the • Mobile palengke’ • Street vendors have
streets by local [mobile market] was distributed aid to their fellow
authorities serve as a implemented to unemployed street workers
reminder to buyers to encou ge residents to since March 2020.
geographically distance remain indoors while
themselves. afford i.e food was
supplied to their
nearby area. • Community pantry in April
2021
• When smaller,
perpendicular inner
streets opened, vendors • Manila Vendors
tended to gather there so Alliancece’s (MMVA) • Mayors recommend
they could withdraw if the collaborated with an coordination with the
police or other authorities NGO in delivering neighborhood barangays or
instructed them to fresh fruit and village-level officials rather
conduct cleaning vegetables to than tregulatinglate the
operations. customers activity.

• Utilize social media • Interpreted it as

to market their FilipBayanihanihan
business and attract (solidarity) in times of need
customers. and a form of resistance
against the government's
incapacity to offer sufficient
aid.

Hanoi • Carried out routine raids • Small-scale vendors

each day to make sure chose to move from
nobody was dealing ing alley to alley while
or gathering people. shouting the names • The informal farmer-to-
of the things they consumer connections
were selling to get
money.
• Local government agencies
organized a task force of
volunteers to help farmers
harvest their crops and
• Utilize social media
transport the goods to
to market their
quarantine checkpoints
business and attract
where wholesalers were
customers.
waiting.

Table 3. Summary matrix of three spaces of co-production during COVID-19 in Hanoi

and Manila. Source: Author

Recio et. al explained how street vending is a form of making a living and a
way of service delivery that adapts to lockdown situations brought on by
pandemics, and how it can open up possibilities for co-production in the
context of mobility constraints experienced by both citizens and government
agencies Despite the fact that the central government was strapped for cash
and under pressure from the COVID-19 crisis, street vending continues to be
crucial to the operation of cities. This is because it provides vendors, who are
frequently poor urban residents, with employment and income during a time
when most of the economic activity has halted.

This led to the conclusion that, in Manila and Hanoi, public space is essential
for supporting low-income populations' livelihood activities. It is not yet
apparent, though, whether setting aside space for vending in prominent
metropolitan sites can serve as an overall objective for a long-term
collaboration or if it will instead complicate the situation. Because of this, the
authors clarify who will ultimately oversee the process and with whom a
longer-term connection will be developed.

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2.1.4.4 The Informal Sector and Social Order Making

Workers in the formal sector are described as "very small-scale units

producing and distributing goods and services, and consistently largely
independent, self-employed producers, some of whom also employ
family labor and/or a few hired workers or apprentices" by The
International Labor Organization (ILO) on Informal Sector in 1993.
Informally employed people tend to have limited or no access to
structured markets, credit institutions, formal education and training
institutions, or many public services and facilities. They are also mostly
unregistered and unrecorded in official statistics. They are not allowed to
operate outside the bounds of the law, and even in jurisdictions where
they are licensed and abide by some legal requirements, they nearly
always fall outside the purview of social security, labor laws, and
workplace safety regulations.

The Kalipunan ng Maraming Tinig ng Manggagawa Ng Impormal (KA-

TINIG) has a social reform project of legalizing street vending. In 1997,
this was approved of executive order 452 which provides guidelines to
ensure the security of registered vendors in the workplace. Former
President Estrada (1998) ignored this appointing process. KA-TINIG
could not influence local governments to implement the executive
order. In summary, the creation of the lagayan system had the
unforeseen side effect of hampering the KA-TINIG’s social reform
project.

In contrast, there is also the state control project which tackles the MMDA
sidewalk-clearing operations. Operation teams, armed with steel pipes
and police escorts, demolished stalls, dispersed vendors, and
confiscated their goods. It altered the dominance of street vending from
one of urban poverty to a lack of discipline and law implementation. With
this operation, some Local Government officials changed their attitude
toward street vendors. The MMDA’s sidewalk clearing operations,
directly and indirectly, thwarted KA-TINIG’s lobbying efforts through a
radical change in the issue. Its associated policies of local government,
and movement of street vendors.

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But this project also failed. Former president Arroyo ordered this to gain
votes from the poor in February 2004. Metro Manila Vendors Association
(MMVA) negotiated with MMDA to demand the suspension of clearing
operations. This failed since some street vendors still disobeyed by selling
their goods on thoroughfares, which is strictly prohibited. But the street
vendors’ resistance and bribing strategies hinder MMDA’s operation. Thus,
the outcome of KA-TINIG’s social reform project and MMDA’s state control
project failed to eradicate the lagayan system.

These resulted in legalizing vending spaces alongside streets, where

municipal governments have more authority. It outlawed places like EDSA,
where many street sellers were scattered. It responds to Kusaka's query
regarding the extent of poverty in Metro Manila, a weaker societal segment
capable of resisting the authority of the state to enact laws.

Kusaka recommended that urban governance should be able to improve

without depriving the poor of their livelihood through:
1. Letting scholars and practitioners should pay attention to the agency of the
poor
2. Need for external intervention in order to create a democratic social order
3. Enable the poor to “long term” solutions while refraining from reverting to
the lagayan system which is short-term and caused by bribing strategies.

Bhowmik (2005) examines street sellers in Asia in an effort to look into the
scope of street vending in various nations and the demographics of the
vendors. Additionally, it gathers data on the level of vendor unionization as
well as that of other groups that advocate for their welfare, such as non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), self-help organizations (SHOs), and
advocacy groups.

Despite all the promises, the Philippines' actual treatment of street vendors,
particularly in Metro Manila, where a third of all vendors work, is no better
than in the majority of the other nations stated before. There are thought to
be 50,000 street vendors in Metro Manila, the majority of whom are
unregistered and hence illegal, even though the headcount never
materialized. According to the hawkers permit services, there are
approximately 15,000 street vendors in the metropolitan area, but only 5,000
of them are legally permitted to sell their wares. These estimates are
significantly underestimated, according to other reports. The lack of defined
spaces for street vendors to sell is one of their biggest issues. Additionally,
street sellers are held accountable for the squalor on the streets and the
resulting traffic issues.

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In conclusion, although there are more street vendors in Asian countries,

it may be said that these governments don't pay much attention to the
needs of this sector. Governments, sadly, never recognize their
contributions. Instead, the governments usually show antagonism toward
them. Asian countries' economies are supported by a sizable informal
sector. The governments don't care about this industry's existence.

2.1.4.5 Review of Legislative Laws and Ordinances

At this section it enumerated and evaluated the following laws and

ordinances implemented by the government and organizations about
street vending to further understand its principles and if these are actually
applied. These could also be references and guidelines with the proposal
of this study.

a. Local Government Code, 1991

Every local government is required and given the authority to accomplish
general welfare goals under Section 16, the General Welfare Clause.
Two of these welfare goals include the enhancement of economic
prosperity and social justice and the promotion of full employment among
its citizens.

The local government unit's role and authority regarding the use and
management of local roads within its geographical jurisdiction are further
explained in Section 21. The LGU's authority to temporarily restrict and
regulate local roadways for vending purposes is explained explicitly in the
fourth point under this clause.

b. Republic Act 7924 (MMDA Charter)

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is given
responsibility for the efficient provision of services throughout
Metropolitan Manila under Republic Act No. 7924. The MMDA is required
by law to oversee street vending as well as roads and other issues.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

c. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Resolution No. 02-

28, Series of 2002

This resolution gives the MMDA and Local Government Units (LGUs) the
go-ahead to remove all illegal buildings and obstacles from Metro Manila's
sidewalks, streets, avenues, lanes, bridges, parks, and other public areas.
Republic Act No. 7924 gives the MMDA the authority to establish
guidelines, coordinate and oversee the execution of all projects and
programs pertaining to traffic management, as well as to create and carry
out plans, policies, and procedures aimed at enhancing public safety.

Additionally, it states that all items, goods, and structures found on or along
roads, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks, bridges, parks, and other public
places shall be confiscated by the government without prior notice," and that
the government is not to be held responsible for any damage resulting from
the removal, confiscation, or disposal of the said items.

A special permit from the concerned Local Government Unit and MMDA is
required for any temporary or limited-time use of roads, streets, avenues,
alleys, walkways, bridges, parks, and other public spaces, according to a
specific portion of the resolution regarding use of roads and streets, etc.

d. Executive Order No. 452, S. 1997

Executive Order No. 452 (EO 452), signed by former president Fidel V.
Ramos in 1979, provided the national guidelines to ensure the security of
registered vendors in the workplace. Section 1 of the document discussed
the establishment and membership of the Inter-Agency Council on the
Security of Registered Vendors, which has the responsibility of developing
and putting into effect national workplace security policies and programs for
registered vendors. The Philippine National Police (PNP), the Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI), the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE),
the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), one representative
from each of the League of provinces, cities, and municipalities, the
Philippines Councilors' League, and two representatives of the Workers in
the Informal Sector, who will be appointees by the

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e. Ordinance No. SP-1364, s- 2003: Vendors Registration and Security

Ordinance

An ordinance requiring street vendors, peddlers, market stall less

merchants, and ambulant vendors to register. The establishment and
membership of the Vendors Registration Council are discussed in
Section 3 of the ordinance. The chairperson of the council is the head of
MDAD, and the other members are the heads of the Business Permit and
Licensing Office, the DPOS, the City Planning Development Office, the
Task Force, the District Director of the Central Police District Office, the
chairperson of the city council committee on markets and
slaughterhouses, and at least two (2) representatives of vendor
associations that have been duly accredited by the city council.

According to Section 4, the functions of the council are:

• Formulate policies and programs that will accord protection and security
to registered and accredited vendors or peddlers;
• Recommend appropriate measures to the City Mayor to enhance the
participation of vendors in local socio-economic development efforts;
• Conduct regular surveys for vacant areas for vending;
• Monitor and ensure that order and discipline are maintained within the
vicinity of all marketplaces.

f. Memorandum: ACMA-1309-1720, September 2013, Guidelines on the

Implementation of the Temporary Vending Site Development Program

The Market Development and Administration Department (MDAD) has

created guidelines for the implementation of a temporary vending site
development program on the basis that legalizing and regulating informal
trade will help it fit into urban planning as an integral aspect of urban
economies. Three categories of temporary vending site designation are
mentioned in the guideline:
• Class A- Critical (situated along main thoroughfare, within 200 meters
radius of existing markets, and other busy areas resulting to traffic
obstructions)
• Class B- Less Critical (situated on the secondary roads/streets, has
minimal adverse effect on public)
• Class C- Non Critical (situated on inner roads/streets, has no adverse
effect on the public).

Important guidelines for the development of temporary vending sites

include: providing a 1 meter setback as a path-walk for pedestrians (5
meters in case of areas traversing to major thoroughfares), painted

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

marking to delineate limits of vending activities, using uniform stalls in

accordance with the design and standards set by MDAD (Figures 8-9),
implementing a proper waste disposal system, registering vendors with MDAD
and paying taxes on time, routinely monitoring and perusing temporary
vending sites.

Figure 13. Hawkers Stall for Dry Goods. Image Source: Sunita Shreshta (2016)

Figure 14. Hawkers Stall for Snacks/Cariderias. Image Source: Sunita Shrestha (2016)

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Figure 15. Hawkers Stall for Fruits/Vegetables. Image Source: Sunita Shrestha (2016)

g. Ordinance No. SP-1074, S-2001

This regulation prohibits anyone, including street vendors, from hawking
their goods inside the boundaries of a pedestrian overpass, lays out the
consequences for doing so, and serves additional purposes. Any
infringement of this ordinance's provisions will result in a sentence of at
least five days in jail and up to one hundred pesos in fines, depending on
the severity of the offense.

h. Ordinance No. SP- 1724, S- 2006

This Ordinance prohibits owners of residential and commercial properties
along state and city roadways from allowing sidewalk vendors to exploit
their property's frontage and surrounding area to evade law enforcement.
The ordinance also outlines the consequences for violating this law by
business owners.

i. Ordinance No. SP- 2068, S-2011

This ordinance prohibits anyone, natural or legal, from occupying or
constructing buildings, shanties, or other structures in any area of the
streets, alleys, sidewalks, open spaces, or other public spaces, and/or
from using those areas as residence, vending locations, places of
business and commerce, or as recreational areas, unless specifically
authorized by the government. The Department of Public Order and
Safety and the Barangays are the ordinance's enforcers, and they are
responsible for conducting a routine inspection for the presence of
unlawful constructions or shanties, as stated in section 6 of the code.

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Policy/laws/ordinances Summarized description of the policies/laws

National Local Government Code, 1991 LGUs are required to implement general welfare objectives;
the LGU's authority to temporarily restrict and regulate local
Level
roads for vending reasons is explained.

Republic Act 7924 (MMDA Charter) Requires MMDA to control roads and carry out street
sweeping operations

Executive Order No. 452, S. 1997 Requires each municipality to create a system for vendor
registration, permit issuance, workplace designation, and
empowerment

Regional MMDA Resolution No. 02-28, Series RA 7924 empowers the MMDA and LGU to remove all
of 2002 illegal buildings and impediments from Metro Manila's
Level
sidewalks, roadways, avenues, etc.

City Level Ordinance No. SP- 993 S-2000 Local legislation supporting the application of EO No. 452

Ordinance No. SP-1364, s- 2003 Describe the registration process, vending space
assignment, and permit provision.

Memorandum: ACMA- 1309- 1720, Guidelines for carrying out the development program for
September 2013 temporary vending sites

Ordinance No. SP-1074 Prohibits anybody from selling anything inside the grounds
of the pedestrian overpass, including street vendors.

Ordinance No. SP- 1724, S-2006 Prohibits owners of homes and businesses along highways
and city streets from allowing street sellers to use their
property's frontage and proximity

Ordinance No. SP- 2068, S-2011 Prohibiting anyone from occupying or building anything on
any part of the sidewalks, alleyways, or streets

Table 4. Summary Matrix of Legislations to Street Vending. Source: Author

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By examining the existing laws and regulations about street vending, both
the national and local levels have policies in place to support regulated
street vending. These policies are very well formulated and cover a
variety of topics, including the provision of vending space, registration,
issuance of permits, empowerment penalties, and guidelines in
temporary vending sites. However, proper implementation of these
policies is the main issue since these laws are still disobeyed and not
well-developed and failed to look at the actual livelihood and culture of
street vending.

2.1.5 Section 5: Public Market and street design guidelines

2.1.5.1 Public Market Modules

The 1989 market design methodology developed by the previous

Department of Interior and Local Government is still in use today.
The guidelines for determining floor area were presented in this
publication. The recommended stall sizes for an urban public
market are listed below. When the market is designed, the floor
area calculations are done by multiplying the quantity of
fundamental modular units by the number of hallways and
restrooms.

Table 5. Urban Public market standard stall size. Source: Department of

Interior and Local Government of the Philippines. 1989.

The document also has provided a sample computed floor area

of existing markets with the needed facilities and utilities.

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Table 6. Sample of floor area table of Danao Market. Source: Department of Interior and
Local Government of the Philippines. 1989.

In site planning, any market's choice of location is important, since markets

are really nothing more than transit stops, and the issue of location is strongly
related to the issue of transportation. The viability of a market's current
location and the need for a new site will be substantially influenced by
changes in transportation and changing road networks. Market operations
are influenced by management methods and by the physical layout. They
need to achieve an unobstructed traffic circulation pattern and effective
parking control with adequate parking facilities being provided, the maximum
possibility for interaction between the market users leading to the possibility
of optimum price formation, provision and full utilization of support facilities,
adequate arrangements for display and sale of produce to maintain produce
quality, and efficient produce and supply handling.

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This guideline also mentioned space utilization which is one of

the secrets of markets' success. The primary design choice has
to do with figuring out the market's "core" space, or the region
where transactions take place. Both the space occupied by the
vendors and the local circulation space required to get to their
stalls or locations is included in this section. This space could be
entirely enclosed or could include covered space (like a stall)
together with access platforms or gangways that lead outside.
The throughput of the market will be directly impacted by the
amount of sales space that is available and the rentals that may
be charged.

Table 7. Stall category and unit of measure. Source: Department of Interior

and Local Government of the Philippines. 1989.

These guidelines will be used with the proposed centralized market on

Chapter 4.

2.1.5.2 Guidelines on streets/RROW/sidewalks

To evaluate and review the design of existing streets in Divisoria, this study also
investigated the IRR National Building code of the Philippines, Presidential
Decree 1096 (2005) regarding the guidelines on streets, road right of ways
(RROW) and sidewalks.

It is stated that:

RROW/access streets or alleys shall have the following widths:

(a) Interior or rear lots shall have a RROW/access street with a minimum width
depending upon the number of buildings or units which it serves provided,
however, that said RROW/access street shall not be less than 3.00 meters in
width and provided further that such RROW shall be provided with a minimum
4.00 meters wide at its intersection with the main RROW and provided, finally,
that such RROW shall not be used for any form of parking.

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(b) Multiple living units on the same lot on which apartments, row houses or
accessorias or a group of single detached buildings are built be provided with a
RROW/access street directly connecting said buildings or units to a public
street/road or alley following the schedule as shown in Table VIII.G.3.

(c) For commercial or industrial areas, sufficient lane widths, shoulders and
maneuvering spaces for longbodied/articulated vehicles should be considered
within the RROW.

(d) Privately-owned RROW/access streets shall be duly registered and annotated

in the lot title as such for as long as the apartments, row houses, etc., using said
RROW/access streets, still exist.

Table 8. Suggested Median and Lane Widths Within Alleys/Roadways/Carriageways by

Minimum RROW Width and by Suggested Vehicle Speeds. Table source: IRR National
Building Code of the Philippines (2005)

Figure 16. Possible road right-of-way section. Source: IRR National Building Code of the
Philippines (2005)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 17. Levels of the road right-of-way Source: IRR National Building Code of the
Philippines (2005)

For sidewalks it is advised in the following summarized tables and figures

below.

Table 9. Range of Required Sidewalk and Planting Strip Widths (total at both sides of
RROW) by RROW Width. Source: IRR National Building Code of the Philippines
(2005)

Table 10. Minimum Planting Strip Widths by RROW Width. Source: IRR National
Building Code of the Philippines (2005)

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Figure 18. Sidewalk guideline with public RROW or street. Source: IRR National Building
Code of the Philippines (2005)

Figure 19. Sidewalk guideline with arcade structure. Source: IRR National Building Code of
the Philippines (2005)

Summarizing these existing studies, it has found out how Divisoria emerged
as a commercial hub as well as how the site was “informalized” by street
vendors due to lack of management. It has affected different implementations
of laws and regulations that are yet to develop, as well as the unjust social
protection of the street vendors. Bromley (2000) mentioned that the practice
of street vending generates enormous controversy especially on its contested
spaces. With this controversy, street vendors initiated different forms of
resistance and alliances to fight for its social rights.

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2.2 Case studies

This section looked into existing proposals, and establishments, as well

as studies with different forms of methodologies regarding street vending.
It is divided into local and international context. By looking at these, it
gains knowledge not just about the results of these studies, but guides
on how the architectural or urban proposal can be approached.

2.2.1 Section 1: Local case studies

2.2.1.1 Integrating Management of Street vendors in Urban

Planning, A Case Study of Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City
Philippines (Shrestha, 2016)

Shrestha (2016) highlighted that the lack of cooperation in the

administration of street vendors and their varying views on whether street
vending is legal are substantially impeding their ability to be managed
effectively. She recommended adjusting the urban spatial environment
to accommodate street vendors through the allocation of vending space,
which includes proper demarcation, improvement of the vending area,
provision of service facilities, planning and standardization of the vending
space, enforcement of the registration procedure, regulation of them
through coordinated monitoring mechanism, provision of necessary
socio-economic support, promotion of vendor organization, and improved
participation in planning.

She referenced Bhowmik (2005) and Bromley (2000) about street

vendors having no legality and it generates controversy. She concluded
on her conceptual framework that informality is a mode of production of
space; vendors should have a right to urban space through
comprehensive management of informal sectors/street vendors and
inclusive and integrated planning. She also pointed out that there are
three major dimensions of planning — Spatial and physical, Legal and
Institutional Dimensions and Socio-economic dimensions.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 20. Conceptual framework of street vendors and integration in Urban Planning. Image
Source: (Shrestha, 2016)

A case study of Commonwealth, Quezon City becomes her research design

through data analysis and interpretation both qualitative and descriptive
analysis. In this study she conducted interviews of officials of the local
government which deals with the management of street vendors.

Table 11. Key informants interview table. Image Source: (Shrestha, 2016)

She asked about the current policies and laws of Quezon City in street
vending and how these are implemented. She also asked what interventions
they did through spatial and physical, legal and institutional and socio-
economic approaches.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
Rather than interviewing the key informants, Shrestha also conducted a
survey with street vendors in the area regarding its basic socio-economic
profile and its concerns. Since there was no official data about the
statistics of street vendors, she approximately counted the participants at
the peak of the vending hour and through an ocular survey. The survey
was conducted into different clusters.

Figure 21. Summary Of street suggestions to city government. Source: Shrestha, 2016
She concluded and analyzed the answers of the key informants and
street vendors to verify its policies and programs in spatial/physical, legal
and institutional, and socio-economical dimensions. The figure below
states the present management measures of the LGU and identifies its
gaps.

As mentioned in the related literature, even though there are multiple

policies it is not well implemented. For spatial/physical integration the
LGU has performed practices in designating street vending areas in a
limited capacity, yet it still lacks management and utilities and there
weren’t proper vending sites. For the legal and institutional approach,
Barangays give permits to ambulant vendors, and there were difficulties
in registering new applicants because of the limited space, there was also
monitoring of unofficial collection, yet this was still inadequate. Lastly, the
socio-economic approach was livelihood support programs for enhancing
skills and training, the LGU also said there was access to social security
welfare, yet the street vendors said that they have limited access to it.

Shrestha concluded that some government officials also suggested the

need for long-term solutions considering the root cause of the street
vending phenomenon to restrict the growing number of street vendors. It
is mentioned that poverty and lack of jobs in rural areas is the force
behind people's migration to the cities and these people end up with
street vending.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Considering the socioeconomic characteristics of street vendors and their

aspirations, the legal framework in place for managing them, the extent to
which they are incorporated into current planning documents, the positive
and negative aspects of the local government's current management efforts,
as well as any gaps in those efforts, recommendations for comprehensive
management are based on the findings and analysis of all the sections.

Integrated planning, regulation enforcement, as well as promotion and

support programs are required for street vendors to function successfully and
have regulated and improved vending environments in order to manage
these existing street vendors effectively.

Table 12. Summary of recommendations to the author integrating the spatial and physical,
legal, institutional, and socio-economic approaches. Source: Shrestha, 2016

2.2.1.2 Mobility nodes and economic spaces (Recio, 2019)

Recio, Roitman and Mateo (2019) have analyzed three interrelated factors
that sustain street vending in Baclaran: a) pedestrians and commuters as
captive market of hawkers; b) mixed land use and agglomeration of activities;
c) multi-layered socio-spatial relations.

The materials obtained contain local, state, and federal laws, ordinances,
plans, programs, and agreements that deal with street use and unofficial
vending. Three FGDs were held to account for the perspectives of vendors
who were excluded from the interviews. With the snowball method,
participants in the FGD included the following:
1) organized vendors
2) unorganized vendors with varied religious affiliations
3) unorganized Muslim vendors

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Figure 22. Respondent selection flowchart. Source: Recio et. Al 2019

Due to the socio-spatial hierarchy in policy enforcement, the
connections between business transactions and political relations in an
urban context merit investigation. Even though they are "based in
networks of personal contacts with economic as well as non-economic
reasons," informal vendors maintain unstable political ties that provide
them access to sensitive regions. These embedding processes can
offer conceptual and empirical insights that urban agglomeration and
intensification cannot. They argue that politicians and planners should
consider how contested urban places are used in relation to social
interactions and political goals. This contributes to the explanation of
why there are still unlicensed merchants in mobility nodes, resulting in
conditions that affect the transportation sector.

In conclusion, the case demonstrates how financial needs affect street

vendors' presence. Planners need to be aware that transportation hubs
are used by the poor as sites to conduct commerce and make a living
in cities with high unemployment rates, in addition to being nodes for
movement. Urban planners must, however, take the "natural market"
perspective into account when making laws and land-use plans. Given
the multiple functions of transportation hubs as places of economic,
sociocultural, and political exchange where commuters congregate and
hawkers make a living, transport design should pay particular attention
to socio-spatial issues. Calls for going beyond just the geographical
aspect of the trading-transport nexus. As already indicated, socio-
political connections and economic realities have an impact on
Baclaran's regional patterns.

It is also, crucial to look at the trading-transport nexus to properly

comprehend how the interaction between "formal" and "informal"
agreements results in an uneven utilization of public space. This
involves determining how a small-scale informal transportation system
forms in the transportation sector, establishing the causal linkages
between drivers and causes using quantitative measurement, and
assessing how effective policies can handle the issues.

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Figure 23. Baclaran as a strategic space for multiple activities. Source: Recio et. Al 2019

2.2.1.3 Baguio City Night Market, Harrison Road

After sunset, the famous Baguio Night Market on Harrison Road continues to
animate and illuminate the city on a mountain. The city's night market has
been operating along a 500-meter stretch of Harrison Road for more than ten
years, primarily to provide ambulant vendors, who are frequently detained by
the staff of the Public Order and Safety Division (POSD) due to their violations
of the anti-peddling ordinance, with an alternative location to sell their wares.
The night market's original location was the basketball court of the Baguio
Athletic Bowl, but it later moved to Harrison Road, where the high quality of
the goods being offered by the more than 1,000-night market merchants
operating there helped it become one of the city's top tourist destinations.
According to blog writer Leo Cesar (2022), an area of Harrison Road that is
unavailable to both public and private vehicles in the evening. In preparation
for another busy night, vendors and merchants set up their stores and
arrange their merchandise. The colorful night starts as the clock strikes nine
o'clock.

Figure 24. Baguio City Night Market at Harrison Road. Source: Leo Cesar, 2022

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Figure 25. Shoppers at Baguio City Night Market. Image Source: Leo Cesar, 2022

But Baguio City officials are mulling the transfer of the night market on
Harrison Road to address the heavy traffic it causes in the area and
sanitation issues. The Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) sent a notice to the local government, through the City
Buildings and Architecture Office (CBAO), for the relocation of the night
market operations as this occupies a national road. Mayor Magalong,
however, asserted the need to continue the night market operation as it
is the source of livelihood of over 1,044 vendors participating in the
nightly activity which generates some PHP14 to PHP16 million in annual
income to the city with the least infrastructure development. Magalong
recommended that there must be uniformity in the designs of the
makeshift tents being used by the night market vendors as part of the
attractions, apart from making sure that the no cooking policy, as
recommended by the City Health Services Office, would be strictly
observed in the area. Night market vendors must strictly comply with
the rules and regulations.

For these case study, it could be used for organizing the vendors into
one place and be able to give them space. The centralized market
concept of this proposal is based on this approach of organizing the
market. Having vendors be in one place maintains order and peace but
also enhances tourism.

2.2.2 Section 2: Foreign case studies

2.2.2.1 Swanston Street, Melbourne
Dr. Kathy Alexander, Chief Executive Officer presented about the
redevelopment of Swanston street in Melbourne. It is regarded as
Melbourne's main thoroughfare. Its proximity to the Queen Victoria
Village and Collins, Bourke, and Lonsdale Streets in the CBD, as well
as the presence of famous buildings like St. Paul's Cathedral, RMIT,
Melbourne University (further north), Federation Square, the State
Library, and Melbourne City Baths on the Street and the City Square
will guarantee

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pedestrians continue to use the Street effectively. In March 2009, it is

proposed to be re-developed. In summary, there are design options:
increased motor vehicle and bicycle access, managed service delivery,
increase pedestrian movement, increase tram passenger and motor vehicle
access. The existing street has conflict between the different mode uses
especially between cyclists and motorists/tour buses. There’s also has been
pedestrian congestion especially during its peak time. Swanston Street was
closed for vehicles in 1992. pedestrian and cycling lanes improved, with the
addition of bicycle lanes, wider footpaths, and new street furniture, improved
signage, tree planting, and art installation. The cityscape became livelier and
more dynamic during the day as a result of the restriction to general traffic,
greatly enhancing the street experience for pedestrians and users of public
transportation. Swanston Street, however, became empty during night.
Swanston Street was reopened to general traffic in the evening (between 7
p.m. and 7 a.m.) in 1999 because of this, additional safety measures were
also implemented to activate the street at night. Increased illumination,
improved signage, and rules for traffic management were some of these
initiatives.

Figure 26. Design option 1 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 27. Design option 2 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

Figure 28. Design option 3 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 29. Design option 4 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

Figure 30. Design option 5 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

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Figure 31. Design option 6 for redevelopment of Swanston Street, Melbourne.

Source: Council Report of Melbourne, 2009.

This re-development led to also apply it to Divisoria to give more liveliness and
bring back its spaces to people than cars. Streets will be improved through
adding elements. Divisoria could be re-developed not just for mobility but also
for social and economic space.

2.2.2.2 Union Green Market Square, New York City

Freshly harvested produce, heritage meats, award-winning farmstead
cheeses, artisan pieces of bread, jams, pickles, flowers, wines, ciders,
syrups, and a wide range of other products are sold at the Union Square
Greenmarket in New York City. Regularly scheduled activities and events
at the market include cooking and educational demos. Most importantly,
it gives them a chance to interact with the 60,000 other market attendees.
Union Square is flanked on all sides by restaurants, parklets, and shops
and is conveniently situated near numerous bus and subway lines.
According to Wally Gobetz, using an $800 grant from the America the
Beautiful Fund, architect and planner, Benepe launched the
Greenmarket initiative in 1975 to show how temporary markets might
revitalize neighborhoods and establish community gathering spots on
vacant lots and underutilized parks. More than 30 neighborhoods across
all five boroughs are currently supported by the program's farmers’
markets.

According to Project for Public Spaces (PPS), the Union Square

Greenmarket now hosts 140 local farmers, fishers, and bakers over the
course of four days, up from seven farmers on its debut day in 1976.

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New York City's iconic Union Square, serves tens of thousands of visitors.
The market was a major factor in the district's recovery, turning a run-down,
abandoned neighborhood into a flourishing commercial, residential, and
tourist hub. There are scheduled farmers’ markets every day and they are
organized into different types of products.

Figure 32. Shoppers along Pittsburgh Market Square. Source: The City Lane, 2018

Figure 33. Sample Friday scheduled market for Union Market square with legends.
Image Source: GrowNYC, 2022

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2.2.2.3 Santa Catarina Market, Barcelona

EMBT (Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue) at 1997-2005 chosen

to re-develop the heritage site rather than demolish it. The concept
was to look intrinsic to its history. Glazed porcelain tiles fired at a low
temperature have been used to cover the roof. It was able to use
dazzling, translucent glazes on these white paste tiles. This was
crucial if it were to generate the extremely sharp colors that had
selected when it first dreamed during the project. The outstanding roof
and its colors contributed to its status as a notable public building, thus
being a landmark. It also helps vitalize the liveliness of its surrounding
neighborhood making it a successful project.

Figure 34. Santa Caterina Market exterior, Barcelona, Spain. Image source: Alex
Gaultier, 2005.

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Figure 35. Floor plan of Santa Caterina Market. Barcelona, Spain.

Image source: EMBT 2005.

Its design concept could be used with centralized market square to enhance
its vitality within the neighborhood of Divisoria and boost its business
opportunity with the relocated vendors. The concept of its parametric and
colorful roof could be used not just for legibility but could be designed with
natural ventilation.

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2.3 Theories and Concepts

The last section of the related studies also included existing urban
theories and concepts that will adapt to the methodology and
architectural and urban intervention of this proposal.

2.3.1 Social Space

Lefebvre (1991) is interested in the intricate relationships that exist

between the physical environment and how we live in it. She works to
conceptualize these relationships and give emotional expression to our
experiences. He contends that human activities such as ordinary
material engagement, intellectual conceptualization, and cultural
expression all contribute to the continuous production of "space."

He defined “social space” as a thing among other things nor a product

among other products. It rather subsumes things produced and
encompasses their interrelationships in their coexistence and
simultaneity. A social space is produced and reproduced with the forces
of production. It cannot be adequately accounted for either by nature or
by its previous history. Social labor transforms spatial-temporal
configurations, and that space has “content”.

Absolute space, on the other hand, assumes meanings addressed not

to the intellect but to the body, meaning conveyed by threats, sanctions,
and a continual putting-to-the-test of emotions. He defined that absolute
space does have dimensions and levels existing like heights and
depths.

For Lefebvre, through imagination, the lived spaces of pictures and

symbols might offer a way to "alter and appropriate" the dominance of
those creating "conceived" environments. More generally, it
demonstrates that although it occasionally appears that planning policy
groups function in relatively reclusive thought worlds, the conceptions
of strategy-makers are not autonomous inventions. Professional and
policymakers' ideas need to resonate in some way with tangible
experiences and cultural images to have substantial influence.

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Figure 36. Triad of interconnected spatial concepts. Source: Lefebvre

Healey (2007) studied urban maps and their tactics and translated Lefebvre's
idea of space. There are disagreements in the field of geography between
viewpoints that see space as a surface on which one may detect objective
patterns and others who see spatiality as a fundamental characteristic of all
social and natural relationships. It is necessary to pay attention to the creation
of space in order to understand "geography."

Lefebvre highlights how his various approaches to interpreting space interact

dialectically to produce challenges, dominances, and resistance. Through
these interactions, what is "real," both materially and ontologically, is created.

Table 13. Translation of Healey to Lefevbre’s definition of spaces.

Source: Healey

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2.3.2 Ego-centric and allocentric framing

Burgess, Maguire, and Keefe (2002) explained to understand the

experience of the movement of a body through space is to how spatial
memory works. The brain uses spatial frameworks, dimensionality,
orientation, and self-motion. Psychologically, there are kinds of spatial
framing: ego-centric and allocentric framing.

Ego-centric framing is providing information about an object relating to

the user. It is a method of processing sensory and motor information.
The body relies on a cognitive load from the mind which establishes a
stable direction sense with its surroundings. It relies on self-motion that
automatically updates internal representation which makes the ability to
perform the equivalent mental rotation.

Figure 37. Ego-centric framing diagram. Image Source: Debbie Goh Yan Ping, 2018

Allocentric framing, on the other hand, relies on its surroundings and is

independent of the orientation and location of the user. Factors that
enhance this spatial processing are the recognition of landmarks,
topographical scenes, the shape of space, and pathways. These factors
can effectively encode this information and make a move from ego-
centric processing. This framing could be applied to adapt easily to
different situations.

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Figure 38. Allocentric framing diagram. Image Source: Debbie Goh Yan Ping, 2018

2.3.3 Image of the City, Kevin Lynch

Lynch focuses his research on the cities of Boston, Los Angeles, and Jersey
City in the United States. These cities are spread around the United States
and have distinct demographics, socioeconomic distributions, and
architectural styles. His research looks at how people see cities and how they
construct mental images of how the city looks and where major structures or
landmarks are located. He believes that city planners should focus on how
easy it is to navigate the city. Citizens use the structure of their cities and the
identity of landmarks to help them navigate through them. Lynch claims that
city planners should not be concerned with regulating the meaning or
symbolism of various landmarks or the layout of a city since urban
populations are too heterogeneous and the meaning differs from person to
person.

“There are other influences on imageability” Lynch admits that several

elements of what makes a city imageable are lacking from his research.
Emotional connections are formed by factors such as social function,
historical significance, or the name, which are just as essential as the physical
characteristics studied by Lynch. He points out that while this research
focuses on how physical characteristics shape a mental map, the impact of
emotional connections should not overlook. Rather than the region's physical
elements, emotional connection could be a recall of a significant event or a
reminder of a loved one.

The contents of the city image that have been researched so far, which are
related to physical forms, can be divided into five types of elements:

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1. Paths are the channels that the observer travels on a regular,
irregular, or possible basis. Streets, walkways, transportation lines,
waterways, and railroads are examples. These are the most prominent
aspects of many people's images. People view the city as they move
through it, and other environmental factors are ordered and associated
along these lines.
2. Edges are the linear elements not used or covered as paths by
the observer. Shores, railroad cuts, development borders, and walls are
examples of linear interruptions in continuity between two phases. They
are not coordinate axes, but rather lateral references. Such edges could
be barriers, which are permeable and separate one region from another;
or they could be seams, which are lines that connect two sections.
Although not as prominent as roads, these edge aspects are essential
organizing qualities for many people.
3. Districts are medium-to-large areas of the city with a two-
dimensional extent that are regarded as having a common, defining
character. Most individuals organize their city in this style to some
extent, with individual preferences for whether paths or districts are the
most important aspects.
4. Nodes are crucial points in a city that an observer can enter and
that act as intensive focuses to and from which they are traveling. They
can be essentially intersections, points of discontinuity in transit, points
of crossing or convergence of lines, or they can just be concentrations
that gain prominence from being the condensation of some physical
property, such as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square.
Because junctions are often the confluence of pathways, and events on
the journey, the concept of a node is related to the concept of a path.
5. Landmarks are usually characterized as a single physical
object, such as a building, a sign, a store, or a mountain. They may be
located within the city or at such a distance that they represent a
continuous direction for all practical purposes.

Lynch's study focuses on how pathways, edges, districts, nodes, and

landmarks interact and influence one another. He points out that these
classifications aren't mutually exclusive, and that some pieces may
have distinct functions for different people. Lynch's research highlights
the significance of individual perspective and the interaction of these
traits in a city's general understanding within or around a city, edges are
elements that define limits or borders. They differ from routes in that
they are barriers rather than paths that are utilized to traverse the city.
Walls, waterfronts, and other structures that form visible, yet permeable
boundaries assist inhabitants to understand where a city or area ends
are examples of edges. A natural edge, such as a shoreline, is more
difficult to manage or control, but man-made edges, such as a wall or
park edge, may vary more frequently throughout time.

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Figure 39. Five elements of the city. Source: Lynch

2.3.4 Adaptive Streets, Strategies for Transforming the Urban Right-of-

Way
Shwindeller and Lewis (2014) have released a handbook with illustrations to
help people, planners, and officials rethink how streets might be modified to
promote utility and enjoyment as well as improve human and environmental
health. The vision includes — strengthen neighborhood interaction that
provide invitations for people to stay and interact to livable and dynamic
conditions; encourage active transportation and safe streets that support
walkability and bikeability providing human health benefits as well as calms
traffic speeds and reduces the collision rate in a virtuous cycle; activate
streets for new uses and play to program streets as places to play and
socialize; and foster human and ecological health to support natural
processes and ecological systems that a direct relationship with human
health. The book consists of collected strategies for different urban areas,
tools to consider in urban areas, and its remix visions in the streets.

Figure 40. Parklets. Source: Shwindeller and Lewis

The first strategy they proposed are parklets. On-street parking spaces are
converted into intimate areas that people can utilize and enjoy.

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A public-private collaboration between the city and a community sponsor

is often involved. Parklets are intended to be temporary edifices. The idea
is to stay away from busy or fast-paced roadways. Through initiatives that
revitalize and reinvent the public sphere, they advance a low-cost, simply
implementable strategy for improving public spaces.

Figure 41. Curb lanes. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

At strategic areas, the walkway is extended into the parking lane using
curb bulbs, sometimes known as "curb extensions." By slowing down
turning vehicles, a curb bulb placed at an intersection can shorten
pedestrian crossings and increase safety. In addition to serving as a
pedestrian crossing in the middle of the block, it can also be utilized to
calm traffic by visibly narrowing the road. Additionally, it can offer room
for public facilities like bike parking, transit stops, seating areas, and
green infrastructure.

Figure 42. Sidewalk extensions. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

Wider sidewalks can enhance the city experience for pedestrians. This
tactic can create space for café seating, street furniture, plants, and
landscaping in commercial districts. It can also be effective on transit
streets to handle larger crowds of people waiting for trolleys and buses,

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sidewalk extensions can be made permanent and long-term once the pilot
has demonstrated its practicality and worth.

Figure 43. Temporary street transformation. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

Streets can encourage physical activity, social engagement, and community
building by making them pedestrian-only and reducing through traffic. Play
streets can be added to other public areas like parks to give children and
adults more opportunity to be active in their communities.

Figure 44. Street Park. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

A street park is created when a section of a non-arterial street is permanently

converted into a park area. It permanently bans cars from a section of a
street, freeing up the area for activities like play, urban gardening, or
community gatherings. The quiet residential lanes are a good place to use
this tactic.

Figure 45. Shared Streets. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

A shared street invites all users to use the space, including vehicles, bicycles,
and pedestrians. A street will change into a space that is largely for
pedestrians, with bikes and vehicles being allowed as "guests" if the curb is
removed and new surface treatments like pavers are added. Creating a
continuous level surface between the two frame building faces is a common
way to carry out this idea.

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Figure 46. Cycle tracks. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

By providing cyclists of all ages and abilities with a physical barrier from
oncoming traffic, cycle tracks, also known as protected bike lanes, modify
streets for riding. By using paint to create temporary cycling paths, this
method can be evaluated. flexible delineators, bollards, or planters. This
remix should take into account linkages to other approaches as well as
ties to the network of present and future bicycle infrastructure.

Figure 47. Traffic calming. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

Traffic calming is frequently necessary to lower speeds and improve

safety in order to make streets more hospitable and accessible to a
variety of user groups. Numerous traffic calming techniques can be used
in conjunction with other plans of action to modify a street holistically. On
neighborhood greenway roads, vertical components like speed humps
and speed tables can be used with chicanes and curb extensions to slow
down traffic.

Figure 48. Social and eco median. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis
Medians or center islands are typically used on wider right-of-way parts
for traffic calming. When there is enough width, medians can occasionally
be converted into linear park spaces. These unused areas can offer
chances for neighborhood amenities like urban farming, playgrounds,
and seats on some low-traffic roadways.

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Figure 49. Triangle Plaza. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

When there is a break in the grid or streets are at an angle, this tactic makes
use of an extra-large section of the right-of-way. To create a new public
space, a section of the street can frequently be closed off and connected to
an unutilized area known as an "island."

With these strategies, there are still things to consider like understanding site
considerations such as safety, climate, scale, accessibility, context, and
maintenance. Once these have been considered, it can begin to review how
the site can be used. Activity programming that is adaptive, flexible, and can
respond to user needs and seasonality. Finally, it should investigate the
detailed scale and physical elements that provide a safe environment with
invitations for human use and interaction.

Figure 50. Residential vision. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

It could be necessary to add traffic calming measures for residential streets.

One method to lessen the width and pace of vehicles on a thoroughfare is to
install curb bulbs or chicanes. Public amenities like sitting, vegetation, and
stormwater infiltration can be accommodated by these kinds of interventions.
Local greenways or bicycle boulevards are suitable locations to introduce
these initiatives.

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Figure 51. Mixed-use vision. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

This vision on the other hand demonstrates how a variety of tactics can
be utilized to convert a mixed-use street into a community-focused area.
According to this concept, the parking space might be used for urban
farming, parklets, food trucks, or regularly closing the street to traffic to
create a play street. When the street is blocked from traffic, transportable
materials and furniture can be used. It also suggested using epoxy gravel
to pave the pavement to symbolize how pedestrian-friendly it is.

Figure 52. Commercial vision. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

This vision offers several simple tactics for a busy commercial main street
with little room for sidewalks. While removing some parking places to
make room for parklets, curb extensions, bike parking, and green
infrastructure, the proposed vision keeps the current traffic flow. By
offering areas for people to engage in a variety of activities, parklets could
respond to the functions of buildings. A more long-term plan might call
for bigger walkways with integrated café seating and planting in
succeeding iterations.

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Figure 53. Shared- street vision. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

This shows how a non-arterial street in a commercial or mixed-use

neighborhood can be changed by utilizing a shared street approach.
Although vehicles are permitted, walkers generally use the street.
Pedestrians are not limited to using the sidewalks once the curbs are
eliminated and a flat area is created. In the above diagram, surfaces were
bikes and cars are allowed to travel at very low speeds, are denoted by
lighter-colored paving. Additionally, it is simple to convert this street into a
weekend festival street for events.

Figure 54. Transport street vision. Source: Schwindeller and Lewis

Lastly, an active transport street is in a business area and able to
accommodate biking, walking, and bus and/or trolley transit. A safer and
busier corridor is made possible by the addition of amenities including curb
lamps, demonstration cycling tracks, and traffic-calming components. A road
diet is a method of traffic control that involves narrowing the road and
reducing the number of travel lanes to make room for pedestrians and bicycle
upgrades.

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2.3.5 The Umbrella Colony
Paul Yabuku explains that the "umbrella" characterizes the urban shape
of a third-world country. It is a type of small-scale architecture. It gives
the relationship between people and architecture. It is introduced for
socio-economic lifestyle, which vendors have the part. The umbrella
defines architecture with its three factors, territory, identity, and protection
from the climate. It is where someone has pride, claim, and a voice in a
community. From the figure below he explains that it is a progressive type
of chart, from a street vendor to a mall that would visualize economic
progression in a nation. He describes that this is where it evolves into an
architecture.

Figure 55. Progressive type chart of informal to formal economy. Source: Paul
Yabuku, 2019

2.3.6 Urban Square

Yongduk (2015) conducted a study to reevaluate the idea of "publicity" in

cities as a tactical area for the purpose of revitalizing the city. In addition
to suggesting design strategies for a mixed-use building that will enhance
interaction between the urban context and the buildings, the study
analyzes the connectivity between the urban plaza and architectural
space.

The intersections of roads or pedestrian paths dictate the design of

plazas or squares, an essential part of urban open space. This area has
seen social contact for private purposes based on people congregating,
and this formation is like the living room in a home. The value of the city
as a place where people can discuss or communicate their thoughts, just
like they do in their living room, is highlighted by the city's enormous
density in modern civilization.

Urban plazas share the characteristic of having a huge gathering of

people, but they also host a variety of activities, which can be categorized
as traffic, events, passing, or playing in the plaza, among others.

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a. Passing Plaza
b. Traffic Plaza
c. Event Plaza
d. Meeting Plaza
e. Playing Plaza

Plan types of urban plazas are defined into three parts which are a plaza
faced with roads, connected with roads, and isolated from roads.

Figure 56. Closed and amorphous patterns. Image source: Yongduk, 2015

Figure 57. Centered and arc pattern. Image source: Yongduk, 2015

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Figure 58. Symmetric and grid pattern. Image source: Yongduk, 2015

Public squares serve as outdoor gathering places for a variety of citywide

activities and events. It is crucial to improving the standard of living in
cities. Squares are frequently the focal point of municipal events and social
networks due to their openness and durability. In between the structures,
squares provide physical spaces that provide breathing room. Good
squares are locations to meet people (Whyte, 2003). This does not
necessarily imply that strangers will interact with strangers all the time. It
suggests that people feel at ease sitting, "hanging out," or eating in the
square's open spaces.

Mossop (2001) suggested that in public areas that promote gathering and
socializing, public culture and urban values are exhibited. Liveable cities
should provide more desirable and appealing locations to accommodate a
variety of activities for the inhabitants. People can connect, participate in
spectacles and ceremonies, or simply sit or wait in relative comfort and
safety when there is activity and sociability in the public space. The ability
of the general population to be drawn to an area where they can engage
in social and recreational activities, whether on their own or in groups, is
referred to in this study as sociability.

Urban squares are intended to be public gathering areas that connect

people to streets and buildings where they can congregate and take a
break from the city's busy streets and traffic. Instead of segregating
spaces, a good public area should be well-connected to other areas and
provide possibilities for people to engage in unplanned activities. As a
result, to support various goals, squares must possess attributes such as
permeability, legibility, opportunities, and robustness. (Lynch, 1981).

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CHAPTER 3
FRAMEWORKS AND
METHODOLOGY

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3.1. Development of Dialectics

3.1.1. Thesis
Street vendors cluster in areas with business opportunities to attract
more customers. They reconfigure spaces to suit their specific needs.
3.1.2. Antithesis
The local government needs more coordination involved in managing
street vendors, which causes controversies among them.
3.1.3. Synthesis
Integrating proper planning and design for the management of street
vendors and applying the concept of Adaptive streets and a Centralized
Market Square that encourages inclusive and efficient space for mobility
and economy.
3.1.4 Declaration of thesis statement
Manage spaces for the stakeholders in Divisoria using adaptive streets
and a centralized market square.

3.2 Theoretical Framework

Figure 59. Theoretical framework.

This framework shows how theories and concepts are related to one
another. Lefebvre’s “production of space” are defined through lived,
conceived, and perceived spaces. Lived spaces relate to ego-centric
framing which the body relies on a cognitive load from the mind which
establishes a stable direction sense with its surroundings. It relies on
self-motion. Hence, the movement relies on how these spaces are
designed. On the other hand, allocentric

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framing relies on its surroundings and is independent of the orientation and

location of the user. In Chapter 2, it was discussed that perceived and
conceived spaces are usually caused by the local government, and social
masses respectively. They manipulate the space on how they should be
“lived”. Hence why allocentric framing, perceived and conceived spaces are
related. Elements of the city are part of the production of these spaces and
spatial framing. These are paths, nodes, edges, districts, and landmarks.
The spatial framing movement could be perceived, conceived, and lived
depending on the design of these elements. Paths and nodes define the
mobility and circulation of a city. Edges serve as a protection and territory
since they could be barriers that are permeable and separate one region
from another. Districts and landmarks give a sense of the territory and
identity of the city. Mobility, protection, identity, and territory are design
factors that will be used as a concept to the adaptive streets and centralized
market. With these in mind, it would effectively re-define the social space
on Divisoria.

3.3 Conceptual Framework

Figure 60. Conceptual framework.

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The conceptual framework shows the overall research design. It

shows how the main goal, and its objectives are applied through the
related literature, case studies, and theories and concepts. The first
objective is about identifying the context of Divisoria through providing
the historical, and geographical data as well as its most recent traffic
data and route. The second objective is about understanding the
causes and conditions of street vendors. It has found out its strategies
and challenges in streets due to ineffective management and how they
were ignored as an informal sector, even though they play a big role
in the country’s economic development. It also found out the effect of
Covid-19 and how they cope through “co-production”. These studies
also investigated the existing implementations and laws and how
these aren’t effective.

The last objective tackles more about the potential of design concepts
and theories by looking into local and foreign case studies with
different methodologies and concepts of street vendors and urban
markets. Shrestha’s case study looked into spatial, economic and
legal dimensions of the street vendors in Commonwealth Avenue
relating it to the studies of laws and implementations of the
government.” “Mobility nodes and economic spaces” and Taytay
Tiangge Market used the theory of “elements of the city” in tackling
and proposing about the current condition of market areas locally. On
the other hand, Swanston Street in Melbourne, also tackles Lefebvre’s
“production of space” theory since it looked into the urban preferences
of street vendors, how they were designed, and how they were
handled but the local government. It is connected to the concept of
Adaptive streets. It shows how spaces were perceived, conceived and
lived by stakeholders. Lastly, the case study also has provided an
existing urban typology, which is a Union Market Square and Santa
Caterina Market which is mostly connected to the concept of urban
plaza and how it effectively manages the street vendors and provides
an interactive community.

All the theories, as explained in the theoretical framework, are related

in the “Adaptive streets” concept and the urban square plaza answers
the research goal of revitalizing the spatial design of Divisoria.

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3.4 Methodological Framework

Figure 60. Methodological Framework.

The methodology is divided into two — user analysis and site analysis. Semi-
structured interviews will be conducted into user analysis. The approach of
the study is more of a subjective approach since its part of the objective being
holistic, meaning it answers from respondents aren’t stratified. It allows
different opinions and perspectives. The respondents are divided into three
groups: street vendors, bureaucrats, and other stakeholders. Street vendors
are sub clustered into leader organizations, organized, unorganized/mobile
street vendors. For the bureaucrats, it is sub-clustered into a city
representative and a police officer. Lastly, the other stakeholders include
transport drivers (both public and private) and shoppers (weekly and
seasonal) in Divisoria, Manila. The interviews will be analyzed through
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. It will run through transcribed
interviews that will be clustered into themes that has consistent answers and
thoughts. It is important to get different perspectives from these groups to
apply the objective of a holistic approach. Going back to Lefebvre’s theory of
production of space, where spaces are controlled by humans, and the role of
the government or the one who has power and money, are the ones who
produce the spaces. On the other hand, the other stakeholders which include
vendors, shoppers, vehicle drivers are the ones who consume it. The
clustering of respondents is chosen based on this theory since one of the
objectives of this methodology is to “reproduce social spaces”.

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For the site analysis, it consists of detached observation that includes
documentation of Divisoria, Manila at specific streets. General maps will
also be gathered as a guide for the study proper. This includes boundary
and district, landmarks, roads, nodes, climate map. These maps will be
studied and will be used in the design process. Generally, this
framework shows what and how data will be collected in this study and
how will it be applied to the final design intervention.

3.5 Interview questions formation process

A semi-structured interview is a data collection method that relies on

asking pre-determined questions. However, these questions are not set
in order or in phrasing. In research, semi-structured interviews are often
qualitative in nature. They are generally used as exploratory tools for
marketing, social science, survey methodology, and other research
fields. (George, 2022)

Most questions for the bureaucrats will rely on their current

implementations of Divisoria and its street vendors and what other
visions they wanted to improve. For the street vendors, it will mostly be
asked about their current conditions and how the government's
implementation has affected them. Street vendors will be clustered into
“organized” and “unorganized” by asking if they have permanent stalls
and if they are registered. For transport drivers, they are mostly asked
about the traffic condition and if they think that street vendors are part
of this issue. The bureaucrats will be asked on their current
implementations about Divisoria and how they think its condition and
how it is still improved. Lastly, for the shoppers, they will be asked about
their preferences in products and why they generally chose Divisoria,
and what is their overall experience shopping in that place. All
respondents are asked about their opinion of the proposed design
concepts — adaptive streets and urban market square.

For city official:

1. Are there any more implementations the city of Manila has done for the street
vendors aside from giving new stalls, managing vendors in the Tutuban Night
Market, and giving the opportunity for food vendors to sell their products at
night in Recto Avenue?
2. Also, as part of my data collection I would like to kindly ask how many in total
are registered vendors Divisoria, Manila? May I ask if you had a record for the
number of specific vendors like for food, clothes etc.?
3. Were there specific schedules for street vendors to sell on the streets? For
instance, this specific street vendor is scheduled to sell only on Fridays.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4. As part of my design proposal, I want to know your opinions about adding

these street elements like parklets, bicycle corals, sidewalk extensions, triangle
plazas, curb bulbs/social spaces. Do you think it is feasible to implement these in
Divisoria? If not, how do you think these streets and their users should be managed?
5. Do you think it was effective for street vendors to have a designated urban
area so that they could be well managed? For instance, an urban plaza like the
Tutuban Night Market.

For police meisic officer:

1. What were the implementations of city and barangay officials that helped the
street vendors in Divisoria?
2. How do you generally think these streets in Divisoria should be managed
and designed for not just for street vendors but also for other users like pedestrians
and vehicles?
3. Do you think it was effective for street vendors to have a designated urban
area so that they could be well managed? For instance, an urban plaza like the
Tutuban Night Market.

For street vendor organization leader:

1. When did you start this organization/alliance?
2. Why did you start this organization/alliance?
3. Are you also a street vendor?
4. What are the implementations of the government in managing Divisoria that you find
effective? How did that affect you?
5. What do you think the government should do to manage the street vendors?
6. How do you think the streets should be designed to lessen congestion as well as so
that you can be managed?
7. Do you think that street vendors should have a designated urban area so that they
could be well managed?

For street vendors:

1. Are you a member of any street vendor association?
2. What are the implementations of the government in managing Divisoria that you find
effective? How did that affect you?
3. What do you think the government should do to manage the street vendors?
4. What type of products do you sell and why did you choose to sell these?
5. How much do you earn every day?
6. What time do you usually start selling?
7. What time of the day, what day of the week, month of the year you have the most
sales?
8. What types of urban areas attract you (schools, parks, plazas, nearby markets)?
9. What do you think are the characteristics of these places?
10. How do you think the streets should be designed to lessen congestion as well as so
that you can be managed?
11. Do you think that street vendors should have a designated urban area so that they
could be well managed? For instance, an urban plaza.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
For transport drivers:

(For public drivers)

1. How many passengers do you usually have daily?
2. What type of passenger do you usually have? Students, workers, shoppers,
tourists?
3. Where do they usually go?
4. What time do you start and what time do you end traveling?

(For both public and private drivers)

5. What areas mostly occur traffic?
6. What time of the day has the most traffic?
7. What do you think is the cause of traffic? Do you think the street vendors cause
the traffic jam?
8. What are the implementations of the government in managing Divisoria that
you find effective? How did that affect you?
9. Do you think that street vendors should have a designated urban area so that
they could be well managed?

For shoppers:
1. When do you usually go to Divisoria? (Hour/Day/Season)
2. What products do you usually buy in Divisoria?
3. Why do you prefer buying here?
4. Do you usually buy from street vendors? If so, what type of product?
5. How is your overall experience in shopping in Divisoria? Congested? Too hot?
Feel unsafe?
6. What type of marketing strategy of the vendors are you usually attracted to?
Sounds? Dancing? Shouting of products? Flashy displays?
7. What do you think is the cause of traffic? Do you think the street vendors cause
the traffic jam?
8. What are the implementations of the government in managing Divisoria that
you find effective? How did that affect you?
9. Do you think that street vendors should have a designated urban area so that
they could be well managed? For instance, an urban plaza.

3.6 Sampling of respondents

Purposive sampling is a method of sampling where a researcher uses
his or her own selection of individuals from the population to take part
in the study. It is a non-probability sampling method, and it is subjective.
Researchers frequently think that by using excellent judgment and
obtaining a representative sample. Since part of this study’s objective is
to have a holistic approach toward different stakeholders of Divisoria, it
is important to consider different perspectives to avoid biases. The
respondents are divided into three groups: street vendors, government
officials, and other stakeholders. Street vendors are sub-clustered into
leader organization, unorganized (mobile vendor/ no permanent stall),
and organized (has permanent stall). For government officials, it is sub-
clustered into city.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

officials and police meisic officer. Lastly, stakeholders are sub-clustered into
transport drivers (private and public vehicles) and shoppers (weekly and
seasonal). The researcher took note of the gender and age balance as well
to be more inclusive and avoid biases. Getting the different opinions of these
groups, it will help the proposal to be more holistic.

3.7 Interview Summary Results and Discussions

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the

qualitative data of the respondents. IPA explored their subjective experiences
from an idiographic approach, which ran through the transcribed data of
interviews and emphasized on the detailed unique experience of individuals;
the recurring themes present in the interview created structures that ultimately
formed a generalization of the phenomenon (Willig, 2008). IPA was utilized to
find a deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics of the respondents’
experiences which were present experiences during the data collection.

Figure 61. Sir Jose Meralpes and Ate “Greta”. United Vendors Aliiance leader interview.
October 27, 2022.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 62. Interview with Marvin, Unorganized vendor at Tutuban Market. Nov 6,
2022.

Figure 63. Interview with Jennifer Morales, Public transport driver at Manila. Nov 6,
2022.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

3.7.1 United resistance

United resistance was produced by the ineffective management of street
vendors, which usually oppressed people. Organizations are created to protect
their social rights.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“So tumindi yung kanyang ano… tumindi yung kanyang atake at tumindi ren yung
pananawagan ng manininda na di kailangan itaboy, ang kailangan ay i-regulate,
kailangan ay ayusin.” (… the attack and protest of vendors become stronger to
regulate order instead of sending them away.)
“... nabuo ang kanilang pagkakaisa para humingi ng mga kaukulan ng demand.”
(…the unity is created to ask for concerned demands.)

3.7.2 Resilient Coping

The respondents consistently mentioned the resilience of the vendors in
earning a living amidst the controversies that they dealt with. Vendors do not
mind if they've been given luxury or comfort if they earn. This identifies how
vendors work hard because it is their only choice of living.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“... pag nawalan ng trabaho yan dalawa lang pupuntahan yan kundi magmaneho yan
bilang mag-driver o mag vendor.” (… if they become unemployed there are only two
options, become a driver or a vendor.)

• Organized street vendor, “Ella”

“Syempre hindi naman kami naghahangad na maayos na building… syempre yung
tama lang na structure o bahay na nagsisilbing lugar.” (We do not ask for a proper
building... we only need a decent structure or space.)

• Unorganized vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Kasi umulan ulan den minsan… pag matiyaga ka den” ‘Bawal dito ma’am. Kaya
tinitignan tignan ko talaga ma’am. Tiyaga lang po talaga.” “Okay lang kahit mainit
ma’am basta nakapwesto kami ng maayos. Di’ naman kami maarte eh.” (Even if it is
raining you should be patient. This space is prohibited, that is why I always look out.
It’s always patience. It’s okay if it’s hot if we have decent space. We aren’t that
choosy.)

• Unorganized vendor, “Raymart”

“…basta wag lang po nila ako hulihin.” (… as long as they do not catch me.)

• Regular shopper, Nino Marquez

“… kasi yung mga taong mga gusto mag hanap-buhay ng tama.” (…. because
people want to earn for a living decently.)

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

• Public driver, “Asyong”

“... hindi den naman naten masisisi yang mga vendors na yan kase syempre
kailangan den nila mabuhay nyan eh… may mga kanya kanyang pamilya den
yan hindi ba?” (… we can’t blame the vendors because they must earn for a living
for their own families.)

• Police Meisic Officer

“.. yon ang nakatulong sa kanila para makapag hanapbuhay ng maayos.”
(… that’s what helps them to earn a living.)

3.7.3 Space consideration

The respondents consistently brought up the issue of spaces and vendors.
Vendors mostly seek to have spaces in public to give them an opportunity
to earn a living.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“… kinikilala nila ang mga vendors at meron talaga siyang espasyo sa gobyerno.
Kumbaga meron syang espasyo… inaayos sya ng gobyerno. Nilalagay siya kung
saan siya pwepwede. Ganon den sana dapat. Dapat ganun din sa Pilipinas.” (…
vendors are taken for consideration, and they have their own space in the
government. It means the government gives order to them. They are given
opportunities. Hopefully that’s also the situation in the Philippines.)
“Dapat merong alternatibong pamamaraan. Kung bawal sila dito, ano ang dapat
o saan sila pwpwede?” (They should have an alternative plan. If they are
prohibited here, where do they go?)

• Organized street vendor, “Ella”

“... bigyan ng pondo pa yung mga bawat tindahan na magkaroon na maayos na
pwesto kung maprprovide nila yung ganon, mas better dba?” (… the stalls should
be receiving more funds and space, it is better, right?)
“... kung mabibigyan mo kame na maayos na lugar na pwede kung saan
makapag pwesto at maraming tao, why not dba?” (… if we are given a space that
is decent and has customers, why not?)

• Unorganized street vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Kahit papano bibigyan kami ng ano kasi konti lang kame eh, konting ano lang.
konting pwesto.” (Somehow, we should be given some space.)

• Unorganized street vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Depende kung hindi pinagbabawal.” (It depends when it is not prohibited)

• Unorganized street vendor, Marvin

“Bigyan ng lugar ganon… mga vendors.” (Give space to the vendors)

• Public driver, Jennifer Morales

“Ang akin lang, dapat may pwesto sila.” (For me, they should have a space)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

• Public driver, “Asyong”

“… mailagay sila sa tamang lugar.” (… they are placed to a decent space)

• Police Meisic officer

“... para mabigyan ng pagkakataon ang mga vendors nakapag tinda ng maayos at
ng legal.” (… give opportunity to vendors to sell properly and legally)
“... meron tayong dry, wet market sa gabi, mga gulay, which is pinapayagan naman.”
(… we have a wet and dry market at night, like vegetables, which is prohibited)

• Bureau of Permits, Manila Hawker’s Division Officer

“ … they're given an opportunity to sell at night.”

3.7.4 False implementation

This shows how the local government responds to the issues in Divisoria, yet
those issues are still present. This leads to false implementations and there
are still underlying issues that need to be considered. Specifically, the issue
talked about the congestion that is still present in Divisoria.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“Halimbawa, yung Divisoria… clinearing yang Divisoria hindi para madaanan ng
kalsada. Social preparation yan para tumaas ang value ng lupa kamo sa Divisoria.”
(For example, with Divisoria… it is cleared not because to give way. It is a social
preparation to ascend the value of the land of Divisoria…)
“.... kasi hanggang ngayon naman traffic pa den sa Divisoria. At mga pinupwestuhan
ng mga vendors don pinalitan lang nila ng parking yon.” (… because until now there
is still traffic in Divisoria. The stall spaces of vendors are transformed into parking
only.)

• Organized Street vendor, Jay Vacunawa

“... maganda naman ginawa nila, marami nga lang talaga nagutom kase don sa
Recto maraming nawalan ng hanap buhay.” (… they did a great job, but there were
a lot of people who starve from Recto because they do not have livelihoods.)

• Unorganized Street vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Sa manininda? Wala naman eh. Paglinis siguro, paglinis dito, pero hinde eh
naclearing den kame eh.” (To vendors? There’s nothing. Maybe waste
management, but we were also affected by clearing.)

• Regular shopper, Dianne Aquino

“Congested pa din ... wala pa din maayos na parking. Kasi may time na di pa din
makadaan mga sasakyan sa mga streets ng Divisoria.” (It is still congested… there
is not a decent parking. There are still times when the vehicles can’t move in the
streets of Divisoria.)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
• Private driver, Lariel Eguaras
“...talagang trapik lang sya ngayon, wala ng vendors sa gilid dyan eh, puro
sasakyan yan eh, ginawang parking lot.” (… it’s really traffic now, there are no
vendors in the corners, but its full of vehicles and it is transformed into parking
lot.)

• Public driver, “Asyong”

“...sa Recto may gulayan, kapag gabi matrapik na don.” (… at Recto, there is a
vegetable market. During the night, it is traffic)

3.7.5 Disciplinary act

Respondents mentioned being disciplined in using public spaces. They
usually mentioned that it's up to their disciplinary acts that will contribute
in managing Divisoria.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“...Kase guguhitan mo lang yan e. Ginuhitan mo, bike lane na yan, ginuhitan
mo yan, motorcycle na yan. Etong bangketa, pedestrian dapat pero
sinasampahan ng motor, kase kayang sampahan.” (… because you will only
draw a line. There is a respective bicycle and motorcycle lane in each line. This
sidewalk should be for pedestrians, but motorcyclists still go through it because
they could.)

• Organized street vendor, “Ella’”

“… normal naman kase andito tayo sa Pilipinas syempre dapat discipline
lang…” (… it’s normal because we are in the Philippines, there should only have
discipline.)

• Unorganized vendor, Raymart

“Dapat sana nakaayos para hindi sagabal. Yon yung nagbibigay ng traffic den
eh. “(There should be order so there wouldn’t be hindrance. That’s what causes
traffic.)

• Regular shopper, Nino Marquez

“… lagi silang nasa gitna imbis na nasa bangketa. Lagi sila nandon… lumalabas
pa sila sa bangketa.” (… they are always at the center of the road instead in the
sidewalks.)
“... makikita mo naman sa kanila maasar ka kasi nga nakaharang sila sa
kalsada, nakaka-ano ng trapiko…” (… you can see it and get annoyed to them
because they interfere the road which causes traffic…)

• Occasional shopper, Evangeline Eguaras

“ ... mga sasakyan den kasi maraming pasaway. Minsan mga tricycle pa-singit
singit yan. Tapos mga jeep basta na lang pumapark. Bumaba ng pasahero nasa
gitna. “ (… there are also non-disciplined drivers. There are tricycles that go into
corners… and the jeep parks everywhere to load and unload passengers.)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

• Occasional shopper, Melanie Angeles

“…pero sa Divisoria… basta parang walang ano yung mga tao.. Walang.
Oo ayon disiplina. Dba? Basta lang sila tatawid lalo na yung mga ano
dba? Nag-aabang sila ng sasakyan kase madami silang dala.” (… but in
Divisoria… there are no… what is called? Discipline. They just cross the
road especially to those people who waits for transportation because
they’re carrying a lot of things.)

• Private transport driver, Warren Capyete

“Nasa tao lang siguro den.” (It is up to the people.)

• Public transport driver, Jennifer Morales

“Matigas den kase ulo nung iba eh di sila marunong makisama, lalo na mga
nagbebenta ng gulay, ayan.” (Some people are hard-headed because they won’t
cooperate, especially the vegetable vendors.)
“….wag nalang nila sasakupin lahat ang daan. Sinasakop kasi nila eh.” (… they
should just not take the space of the road.)
“ Ayusin lang nila para hindi sila nakakasagabal.” (Just give an order so that they
won’t interfere.)

• Public transport driver, “Asyong”

“ … syempre karamihan naman mga driver ng jeep kahit saan na yan humihinto
hinto yan. Syempre ayan nag cacause den ng traffic yan dba? Pag huminto sila, sa
likod… bara bara na yon.” (… most jeep drivers stop anywhere, and that’s what
causes traffic right? If they stop, the next vehicles at their back will get congested.)
“Siguro… baka kailangan lang ng disiplina.” (Maybe… it needs discipline.)

• Meisic Police officer

“ Wala eh… meron sila pwesto, binigyan sila pwesto dyan sa Ylaya.” (… they are
given space, they are given space there in Ylaya.)

• Bureau of Permits, Manila Hawker’s Division Officer

“Nasa disciplina nalang yan ng vendors, which they should be since they were given
a lot of opportunities. “ (It is up to the vendors’ discipline, which they should be,
since they were given a lot of opportunities)

3.7.6 Adaptive spaces

Adaptive spaces refer to the public streets and spaces that should look into
the different cultures of the stakeholders in Divisoria. It usually responds on
how spaces could be beneficial to all the stakeholders as well as encourage
holistic social spaces.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“.. kaya kung magdedesign tayo ng kalsada, siguraduhin natin na yung kalsada at
bangketa ay ligtas.” (… that is why if we design roads and sidewalks, we make it
safe)

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
“... dapat dinidisenyuhan at kanyang tindahan na naaangkop sa kanyang
kultura ng parking, sa kultura ng plaza at sa kultura ng palengke.” (… the
design should be appropriate within the culture of parking, plaza, and public
market.)
“Kung tinatanong kung anong design, yon, kung ano ang naangkop doon sa
kultura ng lugar.” (If it’s asked what design it should be appropriate within the
culture of the place.)

• Organized vendor, Jay Vacunawa

“...tapos yung sasakyan dapat may sariling daanan. Wala dapat papasok dito.”
(…. and the vehicles should have their own road. They should not go through
here.)

• Organized vendor, “Ella”

“...sama sama yung bilihan ng ganto. Naka-cluster dapat. Maiwasan den yung
mga situation na masisikip na lugar para maging stable den, maayos ang
management.” (…. the products should be clustered. Situations like crowded
places should be avoided and managed to be stable.)
“...for the sake of person, sa mamimili, sa nagtitinda. Syempre dba? Para
naman yon sa lahat” (… it’s for the sake of person, shoppers, vendors. It’s for
everyone right?)

• Unorganized vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Oo malawak para hindi masikip yung mga tao.” (Yes, it should be wide, so it
is not crowded)

• Unorganized vendor, Marvin

“…para hindi sila pagala-gala.” (…. So, they wouldn’t just be anywhere.)

• Regular shopper, Nino Marquez

“Unsafe den kase mas marami tao don eh, kaya kailangan mo ng pag-iingat
kapag nandon ka sa maraming tao.” (It is unsafe since its crowded, that is why
you need to be careful.)
“Mas maganda, tapos mas maganda rin sya tignan.“
(It is better to look at.)

• Regular shopper, Dianne Aquino

“Wala silang maayos na loading and unloading ng products. Pag nag uunload
sila ng products, itong street na ito ... one-way lang sya.” (They don’t have a
proper loading and unloading of products. If they unload products, this street…
it is one-way.)

• Occasional shopper, Evangeline Eguaras

“Minsan may time naman na maluwag.. minsan naman crowded den lalo na
siguro yung palait na yung Pasko maraming tao.” (Sometimes its not crowded…
sometimes it is especially during Christmas.)

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

“Oo mas maganda kase … andon na lahat. Atsaka safe. Di ka masagasaan kasi
kung nasa kalsada dba? May daan daan na sasakyan” (Yes, it is better since…
everything is there. And it is safe. Because when you’re on the road there are
vehicles that could run over you.)
“...maganda kaso kung makipot ang kalsada… papaano? Wala ng space na
lalagyan kasi yung maglalagay ng lane for street vendors ... wala na. Maliliit kase
yung kalsada eh usually sa Divisoria.” (…. It is better but if the road is narrow... how?
There is no lane for street vendors. The streets in Divisoria is usually narrow.)

• Occasional shopper, Melanie Angeles

“... doon ka na sa medyo maluwag luwag.” (… it’s better to be at places that is wide.)
“… ang gusto naman talaga naten eh yung comfort eh. Yon kase ikaw pupunta ka
sa isang lugar… ayon magulo, marami… dikit-dikit ang tao. O baka mamaya
magkahawaan kame ng ganito… may Covid. Kaya yung gusto ko yung… comfort…
alam kong safe ako.” (… what we all want is comfort. If you go to a place… it’s
chaotic, crowded… people are close by each other, or you might get infected… there
is Covid. That is why I want is… comfort… I know that I am a safe.)

• Private driver, Lariel Eguaras

“Oo mas maayos talaga yon, kung magkakaroon sya ng isang area lang.
Tatanggalin nga lang sila sa ano… busy area.” (Yes, it is better if there is only one
area. They will be separated to… busy area.)
“Basta mahalaga makadaan yung mga tao ng maayos.” (What’s important is that
people could pass adequately.)

• Private driver, Warren Capyete

“...lahat siguro makikinabang dito kasi yung mga nagtitinda nandon sa tamang lugar,
tapos yung parking ng motor nasa tama ren. May nadadaanan.” (…. everyone could
benefit here because the vendors are in the right place, and the motor parking is at
the right place also. There is space.)

• Public transport driver, Jennifer Morales

“Ayusin lang yung ano… yung trapik dyan sa CM Recto Avenue… para lahat
nakakadaan” (Just manage the… traffic at CM Recto Avenue… so that everyone
could pass through.)

• Public transport driver, “Asyong”

“Kailangan den may mga puno’t halaman para kung sakaling ano…hindi sya
maalinsangan ba… maganda simoy ng hangin.” (There’s should also be trees
and plants so that.... it would not be sultry… there is a cool breeze.)

• Bureau of Permits, Manila Hawker’s Division Officer

“Kailangan ano… naangkop depende sa kultura nga ng Divisoria kasi nga
madami pa din hindi discipline.” (It should be… appropriate depending on the
culture of Divisoria because there are a lot who aren’t disciplined.)

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 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

3.7.7 Landmark Nodes

Landmark nodes refer to what vendors and stakeholders usually go to

a place and why they prefer going there. This includes specific places,
urban areas, and types of markets. It serves as an “icon” in a city thus,
being famous and becoming a “node” where people usually gather.

• UVA Leader, Jose Meralpes

“...may lugar talaga na para sakanya… gaya ng parking… plaza…
palengke..”
(… there is a respective place for it… like parking… plaza… public market…)

• Organized vendor, Jay Vacunawa

“...kunyari sa simbahan, dapat medyo malapit ka den sa simbahan pag
nagtitinda ka” (… for example at church, it should be near the church if you’re
vending.)

• Organized vendor, “Ella”

“...depende naman yan sa tindahan kung ikaw ay nagtitinda ng pagkain
syempre don ka dapat malapit sa school. Kung ikaw naman nagtitinda ng
bulaklak don ka sa sementeryo.” (… it depends on the type of market, if you
are selling food, it should be near a school. If you are selling flowers, it should
be near a cemetery.)

• Unorganized vendor, Renz Villanueva

“Gusto ko malapit sa ganto, mga mall, kase doon madaming kita.” (I want to
be near a mall because that is where I have more income.)

• Unorganized vendor, Raymart

“Yun ang maganda yung maraming tao para maraming kita.” (It is better to
be at a lot of people since there is more income.)
“Pwede yon basta maraming tao.” (It’s okay if there are a lot of people.)

• Unorganized vendor, Marvin

“Eskwelahan, maraming bata” (School, there are a lot of children.)

• Regular shopper, Dianne Aquino

“kung ilalayo pa yung street vendors doon sa mga mismong malls.. parang
feeling ko mahihirapan den ang shoppers.” (… if you put away street vendors
from the mall… I think the shoppers might have a hard time.)

• Occasional shopper, Evangeline Eguaras

“Oo nasa isang lugar nalang sila, doon mo nalang sila pupuntahan.” (Yes
they are all in one place, you could go there.)

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

• Occasional Shopper, Melanie Angeles

“Ano.. don sa ano labas ng Tutuban.. sa Dagupan” (There... outside Tutuban… at
Dagupan.)
“Katulad nyan hiwa-hiwalay…. Kung damit, damit lang talaga, kung prutas, prutas
lang talaga dba? Para hindi yung halo halo.” (Like that it is segregated… if its
clothes, its only clothes, if fruits, it should be fruits only right? So it isn’t mixed up.)

• Private transport driver, Lariel Eguaras

“...naging.. centro ng kalakalan” (… it becomes a center of trade.)

• Private transport driver, Warren Capyete

“...bandang 999 mall” (… around 999 mall.)

• Public transport driver, Jennifer Morales

“Dyan sa may 999 shopping mall” (Here at 999 mall.)

• Public transport driver, “Asyong”

“...estudyante atsaka mga nagsisimba sa Quiapo, pabalik naman mga namimili sa
Divisoria:” (… students and churchgoers at Quiapo, and they I go back for shoppers
in Divisoria.)

• Police meisic officer

“iyang Tutuban Night Market andyan naman.”
(… the Tutuban Night Market is there.)
• Bureau of Permits, Manila Hawker’s Division Officer
“Divisoria is really a commercial place hindi ba?” (Divisoria is really a commercial
place, right?)

Upon interview from the Bureau of Permits, Hawker’s Division. They also
have provided complete lists of the number of registered vendors in each
street, as well as the Executive Orders about street vending in Divisoria.

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Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Table. 14. Number of Vendors in Divisoria.

Alongside these data, during the interview, Hawkers Manila office
personally stated that C.M Recto Avenue has 25% vendors with
permanent stalls and 50% of Ylaya, Tabora, M. De Santos, Santo Cristo,
C. Planas, Sta. Elena, and P. Rada only have 50% permanent stalls. This
means the other percent are all hawkers/mobile vendors.

Table. 15. Complete list of Executive Orders about Street Vending.

Source: Manila Bureau of Permits, Hawker’s Division

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

CHAPTER 4
STUDY PROPER

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.1 Site Analysis

4.1.1 General Maps

Figure 64. General Map of Divisoria and its Boundary

As stated at the scope and limitations in Chapter 1, the study proper of
Divisoria will be around 1km from the 999 Shopping mall and it will include
certain landmarks and streets.

Figure 65. Districts of Divisoria

Divisoria is divided into three districts, San Nicolas, Tondo and Binondo.
Binondo is divided by its estuary. Tondo is the upper part of Divisoria, on
the lower right is Bindondo and lower left is San Nicolas.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 66. Landmarks of Divisoria

The known landmarks in Divisoria are mostly the shopping malls. This
identifies the commercial district of Divisoria. Among these shopping malls,
within its vicinity, there is also the PNR train Tutuban station along
Mayhaligue street where they preserve the trading and train station of
Divisoria, as stated in Chapter 2, Section 1

Figure 67. Water and Greenery of Divisoria.

Within the site’s vicinity is the Estero De Binondo that goes along C.M Recto
Avenue. The estuary also divides the district of Binondo. There is also the
Tutuban Park beside the Tutuban Center where the Bonifacio Monument
could be found.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 68. Nodes in Divisoria.

The nodes are intersections of 3-4 streets. These will be used to later
studies of redesigning the streets for traffic calming.

Figure 69 . Minor and major roads of Divisoria

C.M Recto Avenue, Soler street, Juan Luna Street, Dagupan Ext. are the
major roads of the study proper with their wide road and this is where most
vehicles can go, the minor roads are mostly where street vendors can be
located.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 71. Vendor and parking space distribution map.

Every street has its known characteristic and known street vendors. The figure above
shows it’s known street vendors in each street and where the public parkings where.

Figure 70. Sun and wind study. Generated at SunCalc.org

Sun’s study has also taken into consideration became part of the design process. This
includes the direction of morning, noon and afternoon sun. It also took into
consideration the Northeast and Southwest Monsoon so it knows where is the cool
breeze and rainstorm wind. These will be used for the design ventilation and
protection for the climate.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
4.1.2 Street characteristics and activities

Figure 72. Street vendors at the arcade along CM. Recto Avenue. Site Visit. October
27, 2022.

Figure 73. Night vendors at the night vegetable market in CM. Recto Avenue. Site visit.
November 6, 2022.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 74. Street section of CM. Recto Avenue. Illustrated by the author.

C.M Recto Avenue is the main thoroughfare of Divisoria. The Night Market
mostly for dry goods occurs along here starting from 6 pm.

Figure 75. Street vendor beside arcades at Juan Luna Street. Site visit. October 27,
2022.

Figure 76. Street section of Juan Luna Street. Illustrated by the author.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

There were not many street vendors on Juan Luna Street, if there is
there are hawkers or “walang pwesto”. Street vendors are prohibited to
sell here. Though Juan Luna also has stall owners inside the arcade of
commercial establishments.

Figure 77. Street vendors at Ylaya Street with the recently installed stalls provided by
LGU.
Site visit. October 27, 2022.

Figure 78. Street section of Ylaya Street. Illustrated by the author.

Ylaya Street is full of the new stalls implemented by Isko Moreno. It is

composed mostly of textile vendors. This street is congested given the
massive space of the LGU stalls.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 79. Street vendors at Santo Cristo Street. Site visit. Nov. 6, 2022.

Figure 80. Street section of Santo Cristo Street. Illustrated by the author.

Santo Cristo street is mostly composed of street foods and dry goods
vendors.

Figure 81. Street vendors at Padre Rada Street. Marcelo Butac’s walking vlog tour
at Youtube at 0:43. November 4, 2022.

Figure 82. Street section of Padre Rada Street. Illustrated by the author.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
P. Rada is mostly composed of wet market vendors, and meat and fish
markets.

Figure 83. Street vendors at Carmen Planas Street. Marcelo Butac’s walking vlog tour
at YouTube at 0:37. August 21, 2022.

Figure 84. Street section of C. Planas Street. Illustrated by the author.

C. Planas is composed mostly of gadgets and machine parts and dry

goods vendors. They usually showcase their products with a cloth on
the ground.

Figure 85. Street vendors at Tabora Street. Site visit. Oct. 27, 2022.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 86. Street section of Tabora Street. Illustrated by the author.

Figure 87. Street vendors along Divisoria Mall at M. De Santos Street. Google Maps
Street view. Nov. 2021.

Figure 88. Street section of M. De Santos Street. Illustrated by the author.

Tabora and M. De Santos streets, on the other hand, are full of

vendors who sell toys, plastics, and decorations. Along M. De Santos
Street near the Divisoria Mall are usually vendors gathering for more
potential customers. You could also see the parking for cargo beside
the Divisoria Mall.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 89. Vendors and pedestrians at Santa Elena Street. Site Visit. Oct. 27, 2022.

Figure 90. Street section of Santa Elena Street. Illustrated by the author.

Santa Elena street is mostly composed of dry goods too like fruits and
vegetables.

Figure 91. Soler Street with vendors and parked motorcycles at 168 shopping
mall. Site visit. Nov 6, 2022.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 92. Street section of Soler Street. Illustrated by the author.

Soler street does not have street vendors and when they do, they are
hawkers, because they are prohibited to sell there. Soler street is mostly
composed of vehicle parking.

Figure 93. Dagupan extension beside Tutuban Market. Google Maps Street view. Nov 2021.

Figure 94. Street section of Dagupan Extension. Illustrated by the author.

Dagupan extension go along the Tutuban Night Market and there weren’t
vendors there, it is mostly parked cars, but it isn’t as congested as Soler
street.

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
This study also investigated the different type of vendors with their furniture and
products. This is important to take note that will be applied at the re-design and
centralization proposal. The author has provided a summarized table and figure
what type of vendors are present in Divisoria, Manila.

Table 16. Organized vendor types. Illustrated and studied by author.

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Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Table 17. Unorganized/mobile vendor types. Illustrated and studied by author.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.2 Streets Re-design

Waste management
Figure 95. Overview of street elements/activity to apply in re-design
proposals.

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 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Curbside lanes will be used as stop zones for the loading and unloading of
passengers and supplies, which are mostly the cause of traffic. Pedestrian
crosses will be enhanced more with proper stoplights and signages for the
safety and comfort of pedestrians. It will be implemented at the nodes. Cycle
tracks will also be included as well as buffers for control of pedestrian and
vehicular mobility. Buffers at sidewalks will be planting strips. To also
implement proper management, the proposed design will provide segregated
trash bins in the stop zones and officers are encouraged to monitor them from
time to time. Garbage collection will occur every 6:00 am-7:00 in the morning.
There will be street cleaners to monitor not just the trash around the
sidewalks and streets but maintain the roadside plants. There will be penalty
fees when trash will not properly dispose. This will be monitored by the
officers from time to time. This regulation could be successful if the
government do not blame the waste fully with the vendors, but instead work
it with them.

Figure 96. Flora species for proposed roadside planting.

The flora that will be used for the vegetation at the streets will be the wild
petunia, green and gold, and the mahogany tree. According to Delizo,
Swietenia macrophylla King, mahogany is a foreign species from South
America that grows quickly and has straight boles and dark green leaves. It
is relatively simple to handle and windfirm when grown in deep spoil. It is also
known that there are recognized insect or fungal enemies at this period.
According to Dayan (1995), The species was initially introduced to the
Philippines in 1914 and is native to Brazil and Peru. It is currently expanding
in Zambonga, Laguna, Samar, Abra, Ilocos, Benguet, Isabela, and
Marinduque. Therefore, it is endemic in the Philippines. Buxus
microphylla ‘Kingsville’ or Dwarf boxwood is a low-growing shrub for
landscaping that has round, bright green leaves. It grows up to 2 ft. (0.6 m)
tall and 2.5 ft. (0.8 m) wide. The dwarf shrub works well as border edging,
ground cover, low-growing hedges, and containers. Little leaf Boxwood
(Buxus microphylla ‘Compacta’), on the other hand, is a dwarf evergreen
shrub with oval, leathery leaves. The low-maintenance shrub is perfect for
developing short, formal hedges, container planting, and boundary edging.
The little shrub thrives in full sun to total shade, like most boxwoods. It grows
about 0.3m tall. The leaves grow about 0.6 cm long.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
4.2.1 Claro M. Recto Avenue

Figure 97. Existing (top) and re-design (bottom) proposal for C.M Recto
Avenue. Section.

Figure 98. Re-design proposal for C.M Recto Avenue. Plan.

C.M Recto Avenue medians will be full of mahogany trees to activate

shade and breeze among the street. Alongside the median will be the
cycle tracks. Curbside lanes will also be applied for the proper loading
and unloading of passengers. There are designated areas for curbside
lanes that could be referred to figures 105 and 107.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.2.2. Juan Luna Street

Figure 98. Existing and re-design proposal for Juan Luna Street Section.

Figure 100. Re-design proposal for Juan Luna Street Plan.

On the other hand, Juan Luna and Soler streets will mostly use
curbside lanes for proper stop zones and control of pedestrians and
vehicles. Through the curb lanes, it can also provide space for
vending activities.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
4.2.3. Soler Street

Figure 101. Existing (top) and re-design (bottom) proposal for Soler Street.
Section

Figure 102. Re-design proposal for Soler Street. Plan.

Just like, J. Luna Street, Soler Street will mostly use curbside lanes for
proper stop zones and control of pedestrians and vehicles. Soler is
surrounded with shopping malls and sidewalks are used for motorcycle
parking. The parking will be retained but, pedestrians and vendors are
prioritized. Through the curb lanes, it can also provide space for vending
activities.

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 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.2.4. Dagupan Extension

Figure 103. Existing (top) and re-design (bottom) proposals for Dagupan
extension. Section.

Figure 104. Re-design proposal for Dagupan extension. Plan.

Dagupan Ext. will activate more social spaces as well as shared of streets
for pedestrians, vehicles, and vendors using buffers and curbside lanes. It
is expected that more street vendors will gather in these streets for potential
customers after the implementation of the market square since it goes along
the chosen site.

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 105. Activity flow of Hawkers, pedestrians, and tricycle drivers.

Figure 106. Activity flow of jeepneys, and delivery trucks.

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 107. Activity flow of officers, cyclists.

Every stakeholder/user has been studied and considered with its activity
flow around the site. For Figure 104, the hawkers/pedestrians will mostly
be along the sidewalks the planting strip will serve as buffers so they will
be disciplined to not take over the vehicular lanes and stay on their
vending/pedestrian spaces. But every sidewalk is potentially business-
driven, given the study that arcaded sidewalks have stores that tend for
hawkers to also stay there. Tricycle terminals will be located around known
landmarks like the Divisoria Public market and 999 shopping mall around
Ylaya Street, and the Dragon 8 shopping mall at Dagupan extension.
Tricycle drivers could still access the minor roads until the major roads but
they will only have designated stops on the major roads and terminals to
load and unload passengers to avoid congestion. Figure 105 shows the
flow of jeepneys and trucks. The jeepneys route will only go around the
major roads and have designated stops. The same goes for delivery trucks
which are encouraged to load and unload supplies at the implemented
regulation of the Local Government – 4:00 to 6:00 am. Lastly, police meisic
officers will retain their tents to stay and guard each intersection of the
street, this already exists at the site, yet the only difference they will be
less strict at hawkers since it is proposed that they can stay around the
sidewalks of the major roads. The presence of police meisic officers will
regulate and discipline the activity of users. Cyclists’ lane is beside the
median of C.M. Recto Avenue side to side. The figure below (Figure 108)
is the proposed master plan of Divisoria with its summarized flow of
activities.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 108. Divisoria, Manila Proposed Masterplan and stakeholders flow of activity.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.3 Centralized Market Square

4.3.1. Site study

Figure 109. Micro map of the chosen site of the centralized market square

The chosen site for the centralized market square is the Existing Tutuban
Night Market. It is chosen for more business opportunities, re-development
of social spaces as well as proper management of the vendors. Basically,
the market will be redeveloped to accommodate more users. It is reported
by GMA News in 2022, the market currently accommodates 150 stalls of
textile, toys, and décor vendors. These vendors will be added with the
computed total floor area.

Table 18. SWOT analysis of the chosen site.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
The site’s strength is that it is along known landmarks and C.M Recto
Avenue, the main thoroughfare of Divisoria, which led to the market
being more accessible and legible. This proposal’s strength is that it has
internal circulation among vehicular trucks, vendors, and shoppers and
becomes more manageable in terms of clustering of programs, rather
than being separated among the streets. Its weakness is its size limit of
the area comparing it with the given high volume of vendors. But one of
its solutions is to have a second floor to maximize its area. The
opportunity of this site is that it will enhance the business of the informal
economy of street vendors especially its surrounded by landmarks as
well as it is accessible from two main roads such as C.M Recto Avenue
and Dagupan Extension. This site is already strong in regards as a
tourist spot. The proposal will only re-develop the social spaces. Lastly,
the threats to this proposal and the site are the business competition
and the possible higher fee of the rent. But there are also proposed
planned incentives from the Government that are enumerated below to
boost the business opportunity of the centralized market square, as well
as convince this relocation to vendors, government, and shoppers:
• Free seminars and training about business for vendors. It could be also
organized by leaders of their organizations (e.g., United Vendors
Alliance)
• During the promotional stage of the market square, free to small fees
will only be collected for vendors to adjust. The fees will solely be used
for management and utility purposes. They could start with the standard
40 Php/Rate per day.
• Utilize social media for the promotion of the new market square.
• Activate more events to attract tourists. (Open-mic, live music, pop-up
bazaar, etc.)
• Add more free stalls (that will be redesigned later) for the vendors.
• The market is proposed to open from 8 am to 11 pm to help vendors
boost their business and vend at a longer. Starting from 4 am – 6 am,
trucks could deliver their supplies to the market.

Figure 110. Site visit. Old Tutuban train station with vendors. November 6,
2022.

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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 111. Site visit. Night vendors preparing for the Night market along Tutuban.
November 6, 2022

Figure 112. Site Visit. Tutuban Night Market. November 6, 2022

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 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 113. Site Visit. Shoppers and vendors along Bonifacio drive at Tutuban.
November 6, 2022

4.3.2. Programming

Figure 114. Bubble diagram for programming.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Different markets are clustered with their adjacent programs. Food

markets it separated into textile and plastic products to maintain food
security and proper waste management. There will be also an event
space or a social space to engage more users. Alongside, the market
space, ancillary facilities are also part of the program.

Figure 115. Zoning diagram of programs at site.

With the high volume of vendors, the design is initially going to have
second floors. The vehicle spaces will be at first floor along with the
food wet and dry market. The social/event space will be adjacent to
the main entry of the site as well, to engage users to go and check
out the market. Food retail areas are surrounded along the social
space so people could also relax and eat. At the second floor. There
are the textile, toys and plastics and decors, appliances. The food
retail space is the same space from the ground floor, so it is easily
accessible for guests and customers. There will be an atrium (open
below) so people could have a view from the second to ground floor.

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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Table 19. Computed Program floor area of the

centralized Market.
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Arch. Ramon Bizares
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

As stated, the programming will have computed floor area that will
consider the given market stall dimensions by the Manila Hawkers
Division and DILG (Refer tables 5 and 14). The market will have
three main divisions - the market, ancillary facilities, and the social
space. This table guides the number of parking car slots, standard
area of each room, toilet room, and other utilities which is mostly
based on the number of floor area of the market. It is also
considered to have extra space to accommodate expansion.
Mostly the corridors/hallways are 3 meters apart (originally 2.4m)
so the space is big enough for carts, and shoppers. This whole
table will be the main guide in creating the actual floor plan of the
proposal.

4.3.3. Design concept and process

Figure 116. Three factors of The Umbrella Colony.

Paul Yabuku (2020) stated that an “umbrella” is a type of small-scale

architecture that symbolizes the urban form of a developing country. He
defined that this answers an identity relationship between people and
architecture. Umbrella forms a colony, and it gives the owner a name in the
world. This type of architecture introduces to compliment socio-economic
lifestyle. There are three factors that define an “umbrella colony” – territoriality
which introduces a space and open-air trade among street vendors.
Protection promotes safety from climate. Identity gives pride, claim and
attention in a community of informal trade. This is the main concept of the
market that will be used multiple times from developing forms to structural
concept.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 117. Anatomy of an umbrella.

To apply the concept, the author studied how an umbrella was used and
its components. Basically, umbrella has the main canopy and support
that both can be opened and folded.

Figure 118. Folding technique, roof study.

Just like an umbrella, the roof (canopy) of the structure is developed
through folding. It started with how the umbrella is folded downward in
different directions. The author developed the form by adding
“tetrahedron ribs” to add more folds and create a more interesting form.
Now this technique is applied in the base form of the site which is an L-
shaped property. Starting from the base it develops by adding lines/ribs
to morph primary folds until it creates different directions. Now, the final
form was developed through the direction of sun and wind. The roof has
the most unique shape, and it is intended to be like that to have the also
have the sense of identity from the Umbrella Colony.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 119. Roof study, sun direction.

As stated above, the roof is morphed based on a study of the sun and wind,
so it applies the concept of “openness, identity, and protection” at the same
time. The yellow depicts the morning sun in which the right side is semi-open
upward to let the morning sun go through the interior. The noon sun is the
red one on the middle where the roof is mostly covered for users to be
protected on the hard sunlight. Lastly is the orange light, the afternoon sun
which is intentionally to also go through the interior, specifically at the highest
point of the roof.

Figure 120. Wall panel pattern concept.

After the study of roof, the author also considered in creating a skin that will
envelope the building that is open yet protected. The concept is to create a
pattern in a panel. The top-shaped umbrella was used as basis. It was later
morphed and developed into a star-liked shaped to add more openings until
it was framed. The final panel with its specific dimensions is shown in the
figure below.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 121. Wall panel details.

The wall panel is 1.2 m wide and 3 meters in height with 0.8-meter
thickness. The whole framing in every star is 40 mm width. The material
that is proposed to be applied on this panel is aluminum powder coated.
This type of panels already existed and could be fabricated by Meta
Décor. Meta Décor is known in fabricating panels, especially facades
with patterns. Its size and material are based on its standards.

Figure 122. Form development.

Having all elements, the form is slowly developed from its base to
having three main programs that give a sense of territory. The form is
now added to have a wall and floor plate (ground floor and second floor)
for protection. As stated, the wall pattern is proposed to be the main
envelope of the market to a sense of openness and protection.
Openness could mean both for natural ventilation and the concept of an
open-air trade. After the skin, the roof is added for protection, but it was
morph into different folds that finally both give the factor of protection,
openness, and territory. Protection means security and safety from
robbery and climate. Territory gives programmatic divisions and
openness means open for air-trade and natural ventilation. It was also
planned to not implement AHU and do not use much lighting to save
energy. The figure above is the overall design thought process how it
was developed from base to final.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.3.4. Construction plans and details

Figure 123. Site Development

Plan.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

As stated, the site is along C.M Recto Avenue and Dagupan Extension.
The main entry will be coming from C.M Recto Avenue with the
viewpoint going to the left. But there are different entry and exits from
Dagupan Extension as well. The vehicles going to the parking could
enter from C.M Recto going along Bonifacio Drive to the parking and
exit vice-versa. Delivery trucks route will be going along Dagupan
Extension to the loading and unloading dock. Shoppers/ could primarily
enter from C.M Recto Avenue but they also could enter along Bonifacio
Drive and Dagupan Extension.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 124. Ground Floor Plan.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 125. Second Floor Plan.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

The ground floor plan is composed of vegetables, fruits, meat, poultry, fish,
and seafood vendors. The food dry market (vegetables and fruits) becomes
the division of the wet food market, the food retail space, and the social space
to avoid the smell and waste from the main social area. The more private
areas like supplying area, utility rooms, and parking are at the rear for private
circulation and wouldn’t hinder the public area and it is adjacent to the wet
market. The area of loading and unloading dock is open to the second floor
because trucks need higher ceilings.

The second floor consists of textile, toys, decor, and appliances market areas
where it is all dry market. The textile area is the biggest with a high number
of stalls, it is adjacent to the toys and décor section. The toys and décor
section will also be adjacent to the gadgets and appliances. Going from the
main market area the food retail space is on the right side that has a view
deck open below the social space. There is also a stair going from the
social/event space below to the second floor. There are two public stairs and
ramps for the guests and shoppers that they can access, and one for the
private staff, specifically suppliers from the rear area. The parking lot has 52
slots and 3 PWD slots that could go enter and exit from the open road at the
back. Stairs and ramps are both on the very corners so in case of fire, it is
more accessible to the exit area. The plan also considered having an admin
room for management, a pump room, an equipment and machinery room,
and an electrical room for utility. There will also be toilet areas both for males,
females, and PWDs on each floor. There is also a private ramp from the
ground supply going to the second floor. The plan does not consider having
elevators and AHU rooms to save energy and cost.

The inner columns (supporting the ceiling) are maximized to be 13 meters

apart, its size is proposed to be 0.6 x 0.6 m. The outer columns (to support
the roof) are proposed to have a size of 0.8x 0.8 m. It is thicker since it will
be supporting the main framing of the roof. In each midpoint, there is an
umbrella-like column that serves as a shaft and a stretcher (refer to figure
113) that becomes the primary support of the roof framing.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 126. Elevations.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 127. Sections.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

The ground-floor height will be 3.2 meters and the second-floor height
will be 3 meters. The highest point of the roof apex will be 11.5 from the
second floor which sums up that the market is 17.7 m in height. There
will be a ceiling from the ground to the second floor as well as beams, but
when it comes to the second floor it is open and it directly could see the
rafters and framing of the roof. It is intended to become open for natural
ventilation and applies the design concept of the Umbrella Colony. As
seen on the elevations as well, that there are different entry doors in each
side.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 128. Roof plan.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

The roof has the most unique shape, and it is intended to be like that to
have a sense of identity. As seen both from elevations and sections and
has different heights and widths in each frame. The roof structurally will
be supported through rafters and the outer columns. It has three
midpoints, and it will be supported by an umbrella-like column.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 129. Typical stall templates.

There are total of eight different stalls in the centralized market.

The meat, poultry, fish, seafood, vegetables, fruits have a linear table/desk
to showcase their products. There will be a bar to hand their products as well.
These stalls are designed to be more private, meaning their products are only
showcased at one side and the back part is for their supplies. The food retail
stores also have a similar layout, and it will have chairs on the front for
customers. On the other hand, Textile, toys, decors, and souvenirs are more
open to the customers to go in the stall and freely shop and its products could
be hanged or placed on wall mounted shelves. However, the gadgets stalls
have similar layout at the food stalls as well since it has to have security with
its products. Each stall has their own electrical and water supply that is
discussed at figures 148 and 149. It is expected that the Manila Local
Government/Tutuban Center management will support in funding this stalls
just like what they did on the stalls on Ylaya Street. Vendors could freely
showcase their products however they want, and they have their own stall
number and stall names.

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Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

The standard size of textile, toys, decors, souvenirs, and gadgets are
minimized to 5.76 s qm. To maximize more space with the high volume
of vendors, but this area size is enough to accommodate its supplies,
basing it to the study of types of street vendors (refer to tables 16 and
17).

Figure 130. Exploded axonometric diagram.

The figure above shows what will be the proposed materials in each
component of the building. The roof will be made of solid polycarbonate
roof sheet. Polycarbonate sheets can simply be mixed with flame
retardant compounds to increase the heat resistance. It is also a type of
thermoplastic, which means that even after being exposed to direct heat
several times, they do not degrade. However, one downside of this
roofing material is that it is susceptible to scratches. These translucent or
transparent thermoplastics are available in a variety of hues and allow
light to travel through them naturally. Coconut lumber wood will be used
for the framing of the roof. Coconut wood with a high density can be
utilized for load-bearing structures like trusses and joints (from the stem's
edge). Due to the tiny diameter of coconut stems, which limits the size of
sawn lumber, the ideal width and thickness of recovered boards are
25mm and 50mm, respectively. The solution to this problem is the glued
lamination of the wood to the required dimensions for projects that require
greater amounts of lumber. (Construct PH, 2023). The roof framing will
be only composed of rafters and outer columns, based on the model
study it is enough to withhold the main frame of the roof. Coconut wood

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

has the potential to be utilized in the manufacture of luxury goods fit for
export. The flooring will be ceramic tiles and as stated the skin, meta décor
panel, is made of aluminum powder coated. Powder coating is carried out
for more practical reasons, such as to slow down the deterioration of the
aluminum material and guarantee that its properties endure even after
many years. It is a form of surface finish that is typically used to develop
vibrant designs and finishes for ornamental purposes on many types of
metal materials.

Figure 131. Architectural Bay Section.

Figure 132. Structural connections.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 133. Rafter details.

Structurally speaking, the components will be supported by riveted,

bolded and welded connections. The section shows how the market can
structurally be possible.

Figure 134. Climate study with the market structure.

The roof will have its gutter system around the outer frame. The roof
has its enough canopy line to protect the shade from the sun (refer
figure 115 for the study of the direction of the sun).The structure concept
is intentionally to be open for natural ventilation. There is no ceiling at
the second floor and it is open for wind to pass through. The metadecor
pattern has openings for the wind to also pass through it, yet enough to
maintain security and protection from harsh winds.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 135. Electrical line.

Figure 136. Plumbing line.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 137. Fire exits, stairs, ramps.

Figure 138. Storage areas.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

This proposal also included utility lines like electrical, plumbing, fire exits,
stairs, and storage areas. Each stall from the ground to the second floor
will have its own lighting which is why the electrical line will go along the
stalls. There will be only one electrical room that is located on the ground
floor near the equipment and machinery room. The plumbing line will go
through the wet market, food retail areas, and toilet rooms since there will
be sinks, toilet and drainage for food security. There is a pump room
beside the admin office. As stated, there will be three stairs/fire
exits/ramps. Two of them are for public and one for the staff on the supply
areas. Lastly, each floor has a storage area that will accommodate what
program is adjacent in every floor.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
4.4. Perspectives
The following perspectives are the visualization of the final architectural
and urban output of the proposed re-design streets and centralized
market.
4.4.1 Streets

Figure 139. Proposed re-designed of C.M. Recto Avenue

Figure 140. Vendors at arcaded sidewalk.

Figure 141. Proposed re-design of Soler Street.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 142. Proposed re-design of Juan Luna Street.

Figure 143. Proposed re-design of Dagupan Extension.

Figure 144. Jeepney stops along C.M Recto Avenue.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

4.4.2 Centralized market

Figure 145. Aerial View of the market.

Figure 146. Exterior perspective of market with the highest roof apex.

Figure 147. Exterior perspective of market along C.M Recto Avenue.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 148. Exterior perspective of market along Dagupan Extension.

Figure 149. Exterior perspective from pedestrian bridge. (Soler Street to Dagupan
Extension)

Figure 150. Ground floor. Social and event space.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 151. Ground floor. Social and event space with the Bonifacio Monument.

Figure 152. Vegetables and fruits section.

Figure 153. Fish and seafood section.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 154. Meat and poultry section.

Figure 155. Food retail section.

Figure 156. Gadgets and electronics section.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Figure 157. Toys and decors section.

Figure 158. Textile Section.

Figure 159. Atrium area along food retail stores.

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, to answer the research question in Chapter 1 “What urban
and architectural design strategies can be implemented to produce
inclusive social spaces and enhance the users’ well-being?” This proposal
led to re-designing the streets with elements that enhance not just mobility,
but also, create social and economic spaces. Main road streets are re-
designed since these are the main thoroughfares and where landmarks
and shop stalls are located thus where street vending is primarily active.
By having planting strips as buffers, social and eco medians, designated
jeepney and tricycle stops, bike lanes, lighting systems, and designated
lanes will lead to disciplinary acts and space considerations among the
users of Divisoria.

The centralized market at the existing Tutuban Night Market decongests

the high volume of street vendors in the streets, specifically those who
have permanent stalls. Re-locating them will boost their business
opportunity especially when it is fully supported by the Local Government.
Aligning this proposal is LGU’s plan referring to table 113 where they are
planned to be relocated. The centralized market offers social space where
pop-up bazaars, open mic events, and live band shows are encouraged to
happen to boost its legibility as a market. There are designated sections
for the wet and dry food markets as well as textiles toys, decors, gadgets,
and appliances. The market also provides a utility area for supplies and
management. Its private and public circulation is thought well to avoid the
congestion and discomfort of the users. The strength of centralizing the
market is that it promotes more manageable street vending in terms of
circulation and business opportunities. This centralized market is the main
landmark that is for vendors who aren’t maintained and mostly supported
by the Local Government because of its congestion in the streets.

The study has two proposals of re-designing and relocating to balance the
volume and economic activity of street vending in Divisoria, Manila. Both
urban and architectural design approaches have been applied to this
proposal. To quote Dr. Redento Recio (2023) “This proposal will lead to all
the stakeholders in Manila to re-think streets not just for mobility, but also
as a social and economic space and that is extensive to the informal
economy.”

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

5.2 Recommendations

This study serves as the first step in implementing re-designed streets

and a centralized market in Divisoria, Manila. The study’s scope is
extensive to an urban approach thus, it could be further interpreted to
redesign the whole district, not just the streets. The centralized market
could also be studied more on how to expand its area and its business
opportunity for the street vendors.

Future researchers are encouraged to have extensive studies study of

the urban settings in Divisoria and its roles in political issues in the Manila
Local Government and implement strategic designs not just in the context
in street vending.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
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AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

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Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

GLOSSARY
Adaptive – providing, contributing to, or marked by adaptation

Adjacent – having a common endpoint or border.

Allocentric – having a common endpoint or border.

Ambulant – traveling from place to place.

Atado – where street vendors maintain to protect their goods during the

periodic clean-up raids.

Avenue – a passage cleared for public vehicular travel.

BOP- Bureau of Permits

Bureaucrat – a worker in a government agency

BVA – Baguio Vendors Association

Capital – relating to or being assets that add to the long-term net worth

of a corporation.

CBAO – City Buildings and Architecture Office

Centralized – to concentrate by placing power and authority in a center

or central organization.

Conceive – to take into one's mind.

Coexistence – to live in peace with each other especially as a matter of

policy.

Cognitive – thinking, reasoning, or recalling; of, pertaining to, or

involving conscious intellectual activity.

Congestion – to concentrate in a small or narrow space.

Controversy – a discussion marked especially by the expression of

opposing views.

Co-production – to produce (something) jointly.

COVID-19 – Coronavirus Disease 2019

Dialectics – discussion and reasoning by dialogue as a method of

intellectual investigation

DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government

Discipline – control gained by enforcing obedience or order.

District – a territorial division (as for administrative or electoral

purposes)

DOE – Department of Energy

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
DOLE – Department of Labor and Employment

DPWH –Department of Public Works and Highways

DTI – Department of Trade and Industry

DVA – Divisoria Vendors Association

Dynamic – marked by usually continuous and productive activity or change.

Economy- the arrangement or mode of operation of something; thrifty and

efficient use of material resources

EDSA – Epifanio de los Santos Avenue

Endemic – native and abundant to that area

EO – Executive Order

Factor – one that actively contributes to the production of a result.

FGDs – Focus Group Discussions

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

Hawker – someone who sells goods informally in public places.

Holistic – related to or being concerned with wholes or whole systems as

opposed to the study, treatment, or dissection of something into its

component pieces.

ILO – International Labor Organization

Imageability a measurement of how quickly someone who witnesses a

physical object, word, or environment will be able to conjure up a distinct

mental image.

Inclusive – including everyone.

Intrinsic – being or relating to a semiconductor in which the concentration of

charge carriers is characteristic of the material itself instead of the content of

any impurities it contains

IPA – Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

IRR – Implementing Rules and Regulations

KATINIG – Kalipunan ng Maraming Tinig ng Manggawang Impormal

Labor – the services provided by workers for pay as opposed to those

provided by business owners for profit.

Lagayan system – a system where street vendors offer economic resources

and in return the officials tolerate them.

Landmark – an anatomical structure used as a point of orientation in locating

other structures.Legibility – capable of being discovered or understood.

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Legislative – belonging to the branch of government that is charged with

such powers as making laws, levying and collecting taxes, and making

financial appropriations.

LGU – Local Government Unit

LRT – Light Rail Transit

MDAD – Market Development and Admin Department

Median lane – being in the middle or in an intermediate position.

Memorandum – an informal written record of an agreement that has not

yet become official.

MMDA – Metro Manila Development Authority

Mobility – ability or capacity to move.

Modular – constructed with standardized units or dimensions for flexibility

and variety in use.

Monsoon – season of the southwest monsoon in India and adjacent

areas that is characterized by very heavy rainfall.

MTPB – Manila Traffic and Parking Bureau

MSMEs – Micro Small Medium Enterprises

Municipality – a primarily urban political unit having corporate status and

usually powers of self-government.

NGO – Non- Government Organizations

Nodes – a point at which subsidiary parts originate or center.

Operation – an exertion of power or influence

Ordinance – a law set forth by a governmental authority.

Pandemic – taking place over a large geographic area (such as several

continents or countries) and often affects a sizeable section of the

population

Parametric – something represented by a parameter.

Perceive – to attain awareness or understanding.

Permit – a written warrant or license granted by one having authority.

Plaza – a public square in a city or town.

PNP – Philippine National Police

Reconfigure – to rearrange (something) into an altered form, figure,

shape, or layout.

PSA – Philippine Statistics Authority

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with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
Regulation – an authoritative rule dealing with details or procedure.

Resilience – a capacity to quickly bounce back from or adapt to adversity or

tragedy.

Resistance – an underground organization of a conquered or nearly

conquered country engaging in sabotage and secret operations against

occupation forces and collaborators.

Revenue – the sum of money earned from a particular source.

Robustness – strongly formed or constructed.

RROW – Road Right of Way

SHO – Self- Help Organization

Socioeconomic – relating to or involving a combination of social and

economic factors.

Spatial-temporal – of or relating to space-time.

Stall – a booth, stand, or counter at which articles are displayed for sale.

Stakeholder – one who is involved in or affected by a course of action.

Talipapas – where people once settled around the public markets, the

markets are now moving to the people.

Thoroughfare – a way or place for passage.

Translucent – permitting the passage of light.

UVA – United Vendors Alliance

Utility – a program or routine designed to perform or facilitate especially

routine operations.

Vending – to sell especially as a hawker or peddler.

Ventilation – circulation of air and light

Vitality – capacity to live and develop.

Page 178 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

APPENDICES

Page 179 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

A. INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES

United Vendors Alliance Leader- Jose Meralpes Jr.

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Kailan ninyo Yung UVA nag start sya.. hindi pa UVA. Way back tayo ng United Resistance
sinimulan tong UVA 2004. Yan yung tourist well vendors alliance. Pero dahil
at baket ninyo nalilimitahan lang sya doon sa mga vendors nasa tourist well Resilient-coping
sinimulan? ... nanganak pa ulit sya ng isa pang alyansa.. yung alyansa ng
manininda para sa karapatan. Yung ALMACA kung tawagen.
2006-2010 yan. Dahil nalimitihan ulet sya gusto nya i-
regionalize yung kanyang organizing sa mga vendors kasi
tumitindi yung ano… tumitindi yung nasabi sa mga
manininda. Nanganak ulet sya ng isang united na vendors sa
ilalim ng UVA. So, di na sya naglimit. Kung sa Manila ka, nasa
Pasay ka… basta within Metro Manila ka… pwede puma-loob
sa alliance. 2010 yan. 2010 dahil nilabas yung executive
order 004 na naglalayong na linisin yung mga bangketa para
ibigay ulit sa mga pedestrians. So tumindi yung kanyang
ano… tumindi yung kanyang atake at tumindi ren yung
pananawagan ng manininda na di kailangan itaboy, ang
kailangan ay i-regulate, kailangan ay… ayusin. Kase dapat
kilalanin na ng estado na may ganito ng anyo ng trabaho sa
pilipinas, yung pag i-street vendors kase wala ka na mabigay
na trabaho eh.. yung panahon na yon, 2010… nasa financial
crisis ang Pilipinas. Kung matatandaan naten, napaka
daming establishmento na nagsara. Tapos tumindi yung
contractualization noong panahon na yon, tapos kapag uh..
yung…natanggal ka sa trabaho.. wala kang security of tenure
eh..halimbawa… mga janitorial services, mga manpower
services.. wala naman syang ano eh. Tapos..yung panahon
din na yan ay mas lalong tumindi yung pang-aagaw ng lupa
sa kalayunan na naging sanhi ng pagdami ng mga urban
communities dito sa bansa. Syempre papasok yan, mga
construction workers. Papasok yan mga contractual na
paggawa… pag nawalan ng trabaho yan dalawa lang
pupuntahan yan kundi magmenaho yan bilang mag-driver o
mag vevendor. Pinaka matindi magiging mangngalakal yan o
kaya mangangalkal yan ng basura. Yon na ang pinaka
mababa. Kaya dumami ang bilang ng vendors kung hindi ako
nagkakamali..umaabot sya ng 27,000… sa kasalukuyan dito
lang iyon sa Maynila. So ngayon…. dahil don sa tindi ng atake
sakanila… nabuo ang kanilang pag kakaisa para humingi ng
mga kaukulan ng demand. Both, sa national at sa local
hanggang sa kasalukuyan.

2 Ano ano bang mga Kung sa patakaran naman syempre ang Estado naman.. hindi Space consideration
pinagsasagawa o sya gagawa ng patakaran na magiging komportable doon sa
kaya patakaran ng ano eh… sa mga vendors. Tignan naten… halimbawa sa mga False implementations
Manila Government kapitalistang bansa ganyan ng Paris, ng US, ng Japan…mga
ang tingin ninyo ibang bansa na mauunlad… kinikilala nila ang mga vendors
nakatulong sa at meron talaga siyang espasyo sa gobyerno. Kumbaga
inyong organisasyon meron syang espasyo… inaayos sya ng gobyerno. Nilalagay
at paano ba ito sya kung saan sya pwepwede. Ganon den sana dapat. Dapat
nakaapekto sainyo? ganon din sa Pilipinas. Kase phenomena talaga yung pag-
dami ng vendors kung mauunawaan naten… phenomena
siya ng MAMP na lipunan. Pag sinabi nating MAMP yung
mala kolonyal na lipunan. Phenomena siya. Sa kahirapan yon
eh. Niluluwal siya ng kahirapan. Dati naman konti lang
nagtitinda eh kahit nga kami di kami nagtitinda dati,
nagtrtrabaho naman kame eh. Ang problem nawawalan
talaga ng trabaho. Yon yung phenomena ng mala kolonyal at
feudal na lipunan. Kaya kung magkakaroon man sana ng
patakaran… yun yung isinusulong sana namen na
magkaraoon ng magna carta for vendors. Kung hindi man
magkaroon man lang sana ng city ordinance sa Manila para
proteksyonan yung mga manininda kasi wala kahit yung mga
stall na nakatayo sa Maynila walang ordinansya yan.
Kumbaga na anytime na gustong tanggalin ng gobyerno,
tatanggalin yan. Gaya ngayon meron executive order no. 15

Page 180 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

na pure clearing operations. Meron executive order no. 07-

A, meron executive order no. 32. Walang pag sasaayos sa
vendors ang mga executive order na yan. Tapos ang palaging
sinasabi nila… ay para maibalik yung bangketa o kalsada sa
mamamayan. Pero sekondaryong malayo iyon.
Sekondaryong malayo siya na yung mitihi ng gobyerno.
Unang una yon ay social preparation para pag-taas ng
value… ng lupa sa Maynila. Halimbawa, yung Divisoria…
clinearing yang Divisoria hindi para ano… para madaanan ng
Kalsada. Social preparation yan para tumaas ang value ng
lupa kamo sa Divisoria. Tignan mo yung Divisoria Mall kung
papaano ibinenta… (oo nga po eh yon yung kay Festina
Holdings po ba?) oo.. social preparation yan eh. (yun nga po
yung sabi nila na parang ano daw po binenta nga po para
makakuha ng…) sekondaryo yon… sekondaryo yon malayo
yon para sa pedestrian kase hanggang ngayon naman traffic
pa den sa Divisoria. At mga pinupwestuhan ng mga vendors
don pinalitan lang nila ng parking yon. (ang sabi po kase ni
mayor lacuna …yung kinuha po nilang income don ginawa
po nila for covid-19 response daw po) hindi totoo yan..
meron pondo talaga para sa Covid. Nasaan yung 11 trillion
ng gobyeron naten? Nasaan yung mga vaccine na binili ng
gobyerno? At hindi mo kailangan magbenta kaya mo
pakainin ang mamamayan manilenyo sa loob ng isang taon
o dalawang taon sa pamamagitan ng pondo ng maynila. 43
billion ang pondo ng Maynila. So saan niya kukunin yung
sinasabi niya na ginamit don? Gaya namin maliliit na
manininda wala naman kaming natanggap mula sakanila eh.
Ang natanggap namen sakanila ay puro clearing operations.
3 Ano po ba tingin Tingin namen dapat harapin nila yung mga demands ng mga Space consideration
ninyo dapat nilang vendors. Harapin nila, kausapin nila mga vendors. Hindi yung
gawen para maging nagclclearing ka ngayon ng hindi mo alam kung ano ang
maayos ang mga gagawin mo sakanila. Dapat… kahit ang commission of
maging lagay na human rights sinasabi na dapat merong alternatibong
street vendors? pamamaraan. Kung bawal sila dito, ano ang dapat o saan sila
pwpwede.
4 Sa tingin niyo po Ang kalsada ng Pilipinas kahit ilayo naten siya sa mga Adaptive spaces
paano dapat ma- vendors..urban poor ang kayle naten. Wala tayong mga Landmark nodes
design ang mga kalye na tinatawag na “pedestrian-friendly. “ Tandaan naten Disciplinary act
lansangan o street ang kalye sa Pilipinas ay hindi ligtas. Kaya kung magdedesign
para maging maayos tayo ng kalsada, siguraduhin naten na yung kalsada at
maging lagay ng bangketa ay ligtas. Kasi sa ibang bansa pag bike lane, bike
manininda? lane yan. Hinde yan daanan ng kahit anong saksakyan,
ganon den sa motorcycle. Dito kase sa Pilipinas, hindi tayo
naguusap sa disiplina ng mga motorista. Maguusap tayo
paano dinisenyo ang mga kalsada. Kase guguhitan mo lang
yan e. Ginuhitan mo, bike lane na yan, ginuhitan mo yan,
motorcycle na yan. Etong bangketa, pedestrian dapat pero
sinasampahan ng motor, kase kayang sampahan. (may
design dapat na hindi sampahan?) oo… may design na ganon
eh, kasi mga pedestrian sa bang bansa, nakikita naten.. ligtas
na ligtas talaga siya. Ngayon… Sa vendors, hindi talaga ligtas
yung vendors na nasa bangketa sya. Wala talagang design na
ganon. Dapat ang vendors nasa tatlong ano sya… nasa
tatlong lugar. (Ano po? Ano po yong lugar na yon?) para
hindi siya tinatawag na obstruction. May lugar talaga na para
sakanya… gaya ng parking… plaza… palengke.. yan nang mga
lugar na dapat andon yung street vendor, at dapat
dinidisenyuhan at kanyang tindahan na naangkop sa
kanyang kultura ng parking, sa kultura ng plaza at sa kultura
ng palengke. Halimbawa pag sa Rizal park, ano ang
naangkop na disenyo dyan? Syempre nipa hut dapat yan
para sa culture ng Rizal park, yung tinatawag na kasaysayan
nya… hindi sya mawawala. Kase ang Rizal Park… ay meron
syang supreme court decision, ang sinasabi sa supreme
court decision… ‘Luneta Park is beyond the commerce of a
man and cannot be subject for lease opening’ hindi mo
pwede sabihin na hindi sya pwedeng ipag-pribado. Dapat
hindi rin sya pwede pa-upahan so dapat livelihood ang
Page 181 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
itinatayo dyan. Kaya ang disenyo nya, disenyo ng livelihood.
Ano ang kultura ang meron sa Luneta? Ganon din sa mga
Plaza. Kase mga plaza beyond the comerce of a man den yan
eh, ganon din siya dapat.. pati sa Palengke. Kasi wala
namang ibang makikita sa palengke kung hindi vendors lang
talaga eh. Kaya nga siya palengke. Kung tinatanong kung
anong design, yon, kung ano ang naangkop doon sa kultura
ng lugar.

ORGANIZED VENDOR 1 – Jay Vacunawa, 33 Christmas décor and textile vendor

QUESTION RESPONSES THEMES

1 Isa ka po bang Organisasyon… organisasyon sa utang. (Pero rehistrado po
miyembro ng ba kayo?) Oo.
association ng mga
street vendors?
2 Ano po ba mga Yung.. ano pangkabuhayan namin (Eto po ba yung stall na
pinasasagawa ng pinagawa ni Mayor Isko?) oo (Kailan po ba sya nilantad
gobyerno o patakaran nung 2019 po ba?) 2019. (Tapos binabayaran nyo po tong
ng Manila stall?) Wala
Government yung
nakatulong sainyo as a
street vendor?
3 Ano pa po dapat sa Okay naman, maganda naman ginawa nila, marami nga lang False implementation
tingin nyo gawen ng talaga nagutom kase don sa Recto maraming nawalan ng
gobyerno para maging hanap buhay.
maayos ang
pamamalakas ng
street vendors katulad
niyo, lalo na den pos a
mga di pa rehistrado?
4 Maliban po dito Mga tela
(Christmas décor)
meron po ba kayong
mga ibang produkto
binebenta?
5 Magkano po kinikita Depende. (Pag matumal po?) Pag matumal wala. (Pero pag
nyo araw-araw? mabenta po?) Mga tatlong libo, araw araw.
6 Anong oras po Mag mula 6 hanggang 8 ng gabi
nagsisimula nagtitinda
7 Anong panahon Christmas season (Pag undas po?) Wala matumal yon kasi
yung marami kayong naguuwian mga tao.
kita
8 Pag nagtitinda po ba Pag dayo lang yon eh, pero pag ganto may lugar… sa mga Landmark nodes
kayo, anong area po palengke. Kunyari sa simbahan, dapat medyo malapit ka
madalas nyong gusto, den sa simbahan pag nagtitinda ka
kunyare malapit po ba
dapat sa eskwelahan
kasi maraming sa
estudyante?
9 Yung place po ba na Maraming ilaw, para maliwanag ka
yon dapat madaming
ilaw? Marami po bang
security para safe?
Ano dapat yung lagay
na place na yon?
10 Paano po ba dapat Eto pwede na to yung naka organize yung stalls. Tapos yung Adaptive spaces
ma-design ang mga sasakyan dapat may sariling daanan. Wala dapat papasok
lansangan para dito. (Pero nakikita naman po kayo kaagad ng customers?)
maging maayos ang oo kasi may mga display naman.
lagay ng street
vendors?
11 Tingin nyo po ba Oo tama rin yon.
dapat may isang area
para makatinda ng
maayos ang mga
street vendors katulad
na lamang ng urban
plaza?

Page 182 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

ORGANIZED VENDOR 2 – “Ella”, 21 Fruit and vegetable vendor

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Isa ka po bang miyembro ng Yes po. Talipapa Association Vendors United Resistance
association ng mga street vendors
tulad ng UVA
2 Ano ano po ba ipinagsasagawa o Syempre yung timbangan nung bayan tapos pangalawa
mga patakaran ng Manila yung paglilinis nung ano… yung CLAYGO pag-aaply sa
Government ang nakatulong bawat tindahan. Chaka yung sa pagtatapon at separation
sainyo as a street vendor? ng basura
3 Ano pa po ba tingin nyo dapat Usually… normal naman kase andito tayo sa Pilipinas Disciplinary acts
gawen ng gobyerno upang maayos syempre dapat discipline lang chaka bigyan ng pondo pa
ang pamamalakad ng street yung mga bawat tindahan na magkaroon na maayos na Space consideration
vendors at Divisoria? pwesto kung maprprovide nila yung ganon, mas better
dba? Walang trapik kung maayos, yung pagdagdag ng
mga enforcers para maayos yung mga dumadaan. Ganon
lang. (Pero ano po ba tingin nyo sa ginawa nyong clearing
operations recently?) For me, maganda kasi compared
dati hindi makapasok ang mga estudyante, pag uwian
grabe sobrang hassle.
4 Anong klaseng produkto Mga goods, gulay…. sari-sari, konting grocery
binebenta ninyo?
5 Magkano kinikita nyo araw- Pinakamababa 3,000 a day, pinakamataas naman 6,000
araw? Pag mga pasko mga 10,000 ganon
6 Anong oras kayo nagtitinda? 6am – 9pm tapos may break po ng 12pm-3pm
7 Pag nagtitinda po kayo saang Sa lahat ng maraming tao, syempre mas mabenta eh. Landmark nodes
area nyo madalas gusto? Malapit Pero depende naman yan sa tindahan kung ikaw ay
sa eskwelehan, sa plaza? Sa park? nagtitinda ng pagkain syempre don ka dapat malapit sa
school. Kung ikaw naman nagtitinda ng bulaklak don ka sa
sementeryo. Ganong specifically na depende sa tinitinda
8 Paano ba dapat ma-design ang Syempre hindi naman kami naghahangad na maayos na Space consideration
mga lansangan para sa maayos na building… syempre yung tama lang na structure o bahay Resilient-coping
malalakad ng street vendors? na magsisilbing lugar. Halimbawa, sama sama yung Adaptive spaces
bilihan ng ganto. Nakacluster dapat. Maiwasan den yung
mga situation na masisikip na lugar para maging stable
den, maayos ang management. Pero kinakailangan kase
ng pondo dyan. Ang mga nagtitinda kase ang sakop lang
nila is yung mga tinitinda nila at minsan hindi mo naman
maiiwasan talagang meron talagang binayaran sa pwesto
na yan iba pa yung utang, iba pa yung buwis… chaka kame
kung popondo lang kame para lang sa mga ganyang tulad
ng pagpapatayo kami ng building para maayos kalagayan
namin, di naman kailangan dba? (Parang mas maganda po
ba pag open space?) hindi naman… pero depende pa den
sa situation kung may pondo, kung mabibigyan mo kame
na maayos na lugar na pwede kung saan makapagpwesto
at maraming tao, why not dba? Pero yung kame lang na
nasa tabi-tabi lang mga streets nagbabayad pa naman
kami ng buwis dba. Wala kaming choice.
9 Ang magiging project ko kase ay Yes.. for the sake of person, sa mamimili, sa nagtitinda. Adaptive space
urban plaza para sa mga street Syempre dba? Para naman yon sa lahat. Pagiging maayos
vendors . Tingin nyo po ba ang management. Payag ako don.
magiging effective po ba yon
maging lugar para sa street
vendors lalo na sa mga nawalan
ng kabuhayan dahil sa clearing
operations?

Page 183 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

UNORGANIZED VENDOR 1- Renz Villanueva, 28 Street food vendor

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Isa ka po bang miymebro ng Hinde po eh
association o organisasyon ng mga
street vendors?
2 Ano po bang pinagsasagawa ng Parang wala naman. Sa manininda? Wala naman eh. False implementation
gobyerno na tingin nyong Paglinis siguro, paglinis dito, pero hinde eh naclearing
nakatulong sainyo? den kame eh.
3 Ano po ba dapat gawin ng Kahit papano bibigyan kami ng kasi konti lang kame eh, Space consideration
gobyerno para maayos ang konting ano lang.. konting pwesto, di kami huhulihin
pamamalakad ng street vendors? dba?
4 Ano po bang klase produkto Chicken skin
binebenta ninyo?
5 Magkano kinikita ninyo araw Depende. Kasi umulan ulan den minsan… pag matiyaga Resilient coping
araw? ka den, di mo rin masabi yung minimum. Minsan
matumal den. (Pag matumal magkano po ba?) Nasa
400-500 ganon (Pero pag malakas?) aabot ng 700-900.

6 Anong panahon po marami Uhhh. Christmas o bagong taon… (Pero dito ka lang ba Resilient coping
kayong kita? sa Juan Luna nagbebenta?) Hindi po eh paikot ikot ako,
kasi may nanghuhuli den dito eh. Bawal dito ma’am.
Kaya tinitignan tignan ko talaga ma’am. Tiyaga lang po
talaga.
7 Pag nagtitinda po ba kayo, saang Gusto ko malapit sa ganto, mga mall, kase doon Landmark Nodes
area po ba kayo madalas gusto? madaming kita.
8 Ano po ba tingin nyo ang lagay ng Madaming ilaw at madaming tao para kahit papano Resilient coping
mga areas na yon? Like yung sinabi makabenta kami. (Okay lang po ba kahit mainit?) Okay
mo na mall? lang kahit mainit ma’am basta makapwesto kami ng
maayos. Di naman kami maarte eh.
9 Sa tingin into po ba paano ba Oo malawak para hindi masikip yung mga tao. Adaptive space
dapat madesign ang streets o
lansangan para maging maayos ang
lagay ng street vendors tulad niyo?

UNORGANIZED VENDOR 2- Raymart, 39 (Isabela) Street food vendor

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Isa po ba kayong miymebro ng association Hindi po.
ng street vendors katulad po ng UVA, Metro
Manila Vendors Alliance?
2 Ano po bang mga patakaran o Wala po ako masabi. Bago lang den po kase Resilient coping
pagsasagawa ng gobyerno na tingin nyong ako dito eh, pero maayos naman po lagay ko
nakatulong sainyo as a street vendor? ngayon dito sa pagtitinda basta wag lang po
nila ako hulihin.
3 May mga iba po ba kayong binebenta Wala na po.
maliban sa taho?
4 Magkano po kinikita nyo araw araw? Hanggang limang daan lang po. (Pag
matumal…?) Wala na. Sakto pang kain lang.
5 Anong oras po ba kayong oras nagtitinda? Madaling araw mg alas-tres hanggang alas-
onse ng umaga
6 Anong panahon po ba kayo maraming kita? Pag december talaga
7 Pag nagtitinda po ba kayo saang area po ba Depende kung hindi pinagbabawal. Space consideration
kayo madalas gusto?
8 Ano po bang tingin nyo iba pang lagay ng Yun ang maganda yung maraming tao para Landmark nodes
area na yon? maraming kita.
9 Sa tingin nyo po ba paano ba dapat ma- Dapat sana nakaayos para hindi sagabal. Yon Adaptive space
design ang mga lansangan o streets? Kasi yung nagbibigay ng traffic eh. Basta nakaayos
nagkaroon ng clearing operations para sila.
mabawasan ang traffic. Pero paano po ba sa
tingin nyo madisenyo ang lansangan para
walang nahuhuling street vendors?
10 Sa tingin nyo po ba dapat may isang area Kung isang area lang po eh…. Baka ayaw nila. Landmark nodes
para don magtitinda ang street vendors na Wala naman bibili kung isang area lang yon.
katulad niyo? Kunyare, isang plaza?O mas (Pero kung sinabi png pupuntahan talaga sya
maganda ba naglilibot kayo? ng tao like landmark sya. Tingin nyo po ba
epektibo yon?) Pwede yon basta maraming
tao.
Page 184 of 198
Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

UNORGANIZED VENDOR 3- Marvin, 18 (Malabon) Street food Vendor

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Isa po ba kayong miyembro ng mga Hinde

assosication ng street vendors?
2 Ano po bang mga patakaran o Mas naging okay kasi mas nakakadaan ng
pagsasagawa ng gobyerno na tingin nyong maayos
nakatulong sainyo as a street vendor?
3 Ano pa po bang mga produkto madalas Ice cream lang talaga
ninyong binebenta?
4 Magkano po kinikita nyo araw-araw? Pag matulal nasa 300-500 lang. Pag malakas
nasa libo rin naman
5 Anong panahon po marami kayong kita? December (Madalas po ba kayong nandito, o
palibot libot den po kayo sa ibang street? Ano
pong mga street pinupuntahan nyo?)Palibot
libot lang den sa may Juan Luna, Ylaya ganon.
6 Pag nagititinda po ba kayo saan nyo Eskwelahan, maraming bata Landmark Nodes
madalas gusto?
7 Ano po bang tingin nyo iba pang lagay ng Parehas maraming tao at maraming ilaw. Landmark nodes
area na yon?
8 Sa tingin nyo po ba paano ba dapa ma Bigyan ng lugar ganon mga vendors. Space consideration
disenyo ang mga lansangan o streets para
maging maayos ang pamamalakad ng
vendors katulad ninyo?
9 Pero sa tingin nyo po ba dapat may isang Oo para hindi sila pagala-gala. Disciplinary act
area ng maayos mga street vendors katulad
na lang ng plaza, katulad netong Tutuban
Park?

PRIVATE TRANSPORT DRIVER – LARIEL EGUARAS, CAR

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Anong lugar sa Divisoria may traffic madalas? Sa Recto Avenue atsaka sa Binondo. (Saan sa
banda sa Binondo?) Sa Reina Regente
2 Ano sa tingin nyo yung oras at araw na Ano.. weekend. Basta sa Divisoria kase andon
pinakama-traffic? lahat na namimili. Mga Sabado, Biyernes, Linggo .
Holiday, Pasko
3 Sa tingin niyo po ba yung mga street vendors Sa ngayon, wala na. Tinanggal na yan eh. False implementation
ang isa sa mga rason baket may trapik don? Talaganag trapik lang sya ngayon, wala ng vendors
sa gilid dyan eh, puro sasakyan yan eh. Ginawang
parking lot.
4 Ano pa ba dapat tingin niyo gawen ng Sa Divisoria… Wala naman na ata magagawa don Landmark Nodes
gobyerno para pamamalakad ng kondisyon sa kase palengke yon eh parang naging main ano sya
Divisoria? eh… naging.. centro ng kalakalan. Kahit sabihin
mong may ibang market… eh tumatak na satin na
don mura kaya don nagpupunta lahat ang tao.
5 Kase po nung nagpunta ako don marami pa rin Oo mas maayos talaga yon, kung magkakaroon sya Adaptive space
pong nag hahabulan na pulis at street vendors ng isang area lang. Tatanggalin nga lang sila sa
(hawkers), sa tingin niyo po ba para maayos nag ano… busy area.
pamamalakad doon, mas okay ba yung ilalagay
sila sa isang lugar tulad nalang ng isang
plaza?Parang night market, tianggehan.. ganon.
6 Pero yung isa pa po kasing proposal, yung Oo pero meron na don ah? Yung Tutuban Night Adaptive space
streets kase ang mangayayare…. ang design nya Market dba? Pag ala-sais sarado na yung kalsada.
magiging katulad ng ibang bansa na pedestrian- Basta mahalaga makadaan yung mga tao ng
friendly. Tingin nyo ba epektibo yon? maayos.

Page 185 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

PRIVATE TRANSPORT DRIVER – WARREN CAPYETE - MOTORCYCLE

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Anong lugar sa Divisoria may traffic Di ako familiar sa mga street street eh, pero Landmark nodes
madalas? madalas sa may bandang 999 mall
2 Ano sa tingin nyo yung oras at araw Mga uwian. 5pm
na pinakama-traffic?
3 Sa tingin niyo po ba yung mga Number 1 oo
street vendors ang isa sa mga rason
baket may trapik don?
4 Ano pa ba dapat tingin niyo gawen Nasa tao lang siguro den. Disciplinary act
ng gobyerno para pamamalakad ng
kondisyon sa Divisoria?
5 Tingin ninyo ba dapat may iisang Yon mas maganda yon gawen
lugar ang mga tindero o tindera para
sa pamamalakad na maayos, katulad
ng Urban Plaza?
6 Tingin mo ba mga gantong design Oo lahat siguro makikinabang dito kasi yung Adaptive space
ng streets katulad ng malawak na mga nagtitinda nandon sa tamang lugar, tapos
sidewalks, parkings, pedestrian lanes, yung parking ng motor nasa tama ren. May
may mga puno at iba pa… ay nadadaanan.
magiging epektibo para sa mga street
vendors at drivers na katulad ninyo?

PUBLIC TRANSPORT DRIVER – JENNIFER MORALES - TOKTOK

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Ilang pasehero po kayo sa isang araw? Minsan apat, minsan tatlo sa isang araw
samin. Depende kung malakas o punuan
2 Ano anong klase ba etong mga pasahero na Mga trabahador at empleyado
ito? Estudyante? Tourista? Trabahador?
3 Saan po sila madalas pumupunta? Sa Morayta (Meron den po ba mga papuntang
Divisoria madalas?) Opo
4 Anong oras po kay nagsisimula bumiyahe Alas-otso ng umaga natatapos ng ala-siyete
at anong oras kayo natatapos? ng gabi
5 Anong lugar sa Divisoria may traffic Dyan sa may 999 shopping mall Landmark nodes
madalas?
6 Ano sa tingin nyo yung oras at araw na Ngayon mga 5-6pm
pinakama-traffic?
7 Sa tingin niyo po ba yung mga street Matigas den kase ulo nung iba eh di sila Discplinary act
vendors ang isa sa mga rason baket may marunong makisama, lalo na mga gulay, ayan
trapik don?
8 Ano pa ba dapat tingin niyo gawen ng Ayusin lang yung ano… yung trapik dyan sa Adaptive space
gobyerno para pamamalakad ng kondisyon CM Recto Avenue… para lahat nakakadaan
sa Divisoria?
9 Tingin ninyo ba dapat may iisang lugar ang Ang akin lang, dapat may pwesto sila. Kahit na Space consideration
mga tindero o tindera para sa pamamalakad nasa gilid wag nalang nila sasakupin lahat ang Disciplinary act
na maayos, katulad ng Urban Plaza? daan. Sinasakop kasi nila eh.
10 Tingin mo ba mga gantong design ng Ayusin lang nila para hindi sila nakakasagabal. Disciplinary act
streets katulad ng malawak na sidewalks,
parkings, pedestrian lanes, may mga puno at
iba pa… ay magiging epektibo para sa mga
street vendors at drivers na katulad ninyo?

Page 186 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

PUBLIC TRANSPORT DRIVER- “Asyong”, 30 – PEDICAB

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Ilang pasehero po kayo sa isang araw? Sa isang buong araw? (Opo) Siguro
pumapatak den ng mga singkwenta mahigit.
2 Ano anong klase ba etong mga pasahero na Maramihan, estudyante atsaka mga Landmark Nodes
ito? Estudyante? Tourista? Trabahador? nagsisimba sa Quiapo, pabalik naman mga
namimili sa Divisoria
3 Saan po sila madalas pumupunta? Sa Quiapo pabalik ng Divisoria, balikan den
eh. Parang ano lang kami jeep, paikot ikot
lang den.
4 Anong oras po kay nagsisimula bumiyahe Minsan 12pm hanggang 8pm
at anong oras kayo natatapos?
5 Anong lugar sa Divisoria may traffic Sa dulo, sa may ano.. sa may Recto may False Implementation
madalas? gulayan, kapag gabi matrapik na don tapos lalo
na dyan sa Juan Luna, minsan.
6 Ano sa tingin nyo yung oras at araw na Mga hapon na siguro mga alas-dos hanggang
pinakama-traffic? 5pm ayon matraffic na yan. Pero pag umaga
wala naman
7 Sa tingin niyo po ba yung mga street Meron pa namang iba, hindi lang naman Disciplinary act
vendors ang isa sa mga rason baket may syempre karamihan naman mga driver ng jeep
trapik don? kahit saan na yan humihinto hinto yan.
Syempre ayan nag cacause den ng traffic yan
dba? Pag huminto sila, sa likod… bara bara na
yon
8 Ano pa ba dapat tingin niyo gawen ng Siguro… baka kailangan lang ng disiplina. Self-disciplinary act
gobyerno para pamamalakad ng kondisyon (Disiplina lang talaga ng tao?) oo yon lang
sa Divisoria? talaga
9 Tingin ninyo ba dapat may iisang lugar ang Oo naman, ganon naman dapat talaga eh
mga tindero o tindera para sa pamamalakad kaysa kakalat lang sila sa daanan. Syempre isa
na maayos, katulad ng Urban Plaza? lang talaga yan sa mga nagcacause ng trapiko
10 Meron po kasi mga street vendors na di Kailangan den may mga puno’t halaman para Adaptive spaces
naiiwasan na nasa lansangan, tingin mo ba kung sakaling ano…hindi sya maalinsangan ba.. Resilient coping
Paano dapat madisenyo ang mga lansangan maganda simoy ng hangin. Tsaka hindi den Space consideration
para maayos ang mamamalakad ng tao at naman naten masisisi yang mga vendors na
hindi rin nawawalan ng kabuhayan ang yan kase syempre kailangan den nila manuhay
street vendors? Tingin nyo po ba epektibo nyan eh… may mga kanya kanyang pamilya
ang magkaroon na malawak na sidewalks, den yan dba? Kaya ang kailangan talagang
parkings, pedestrian lanes, may mga puno at gawen dyan… mailagay sila sa tamang lugar.
iba pa?

POLICE MEISIC OFFICER

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 What were the implementations of city and Vendors? Tungkol sa vendors yan? Wala eh… Disciplinary acts
barangay officials that helped the street meron sila pwesto, binigyan sila pwesto dyan Resilient-coping
vendors in Divisoria? sa Ylaya. Ayon mga stalls. Yon ang nakatulong
sa kanila para makapaghanap-buhay ng
maayos.
2 How do you generally think these streets in Maayos naman ah? Nadaanan naman ng
Divisoria should be managed and designed maayos.
for street vendors and other users like
pedestrians and vehicles?
3 Do you think it was effective for street Oo, yang Tutuban Night Market andyan Landmark nodes
vendors to have a designated urban area so naman. Lahat naman ginagawan ng paraan ng Space consideration
that they could be well managed? For city government para mabigyan ng
instance, an urban plaza like the Tutuban pagkakataon yung mga vendors nakapagtinda
Night Market. ng maayos at ng legal. Dito den (C.M Recto)
meron tayong dry, wet market sa gabi mga
gulay, which is pinapayagan naman.

Page 187 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

CITY OFFICIAL- HAWKERS’ DIVISION OFFICER BUREAU OF PERMITS

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Are there any more implementations the city of So far, that’s all and I think that’s effective Space consideration
Manila has done for the street vendors aside naman given na kahit nagkaroon ng ano ... Disciplinary acts
from giving new stalls, managing vendors in the issues. Rather than that … meron den Mga
Tutuban Night Market, and giving the opportunity executive orders… makikita mo naman sa mga
for food vendors to sell their products at night in
binigay ko sa iyo. Nasa disiplina nalang yan ng
Recto Avenue?
vendors, which they should be since they were
given a lot of opportunities.
2 Also as part of my data collection I would like to Ayan… nandyan den yan sa papel na yan per
kindly ask how many in total are registered street. Per street sya naka- ano ... specify.
vendors in Divisoria, Manila? May I ask if you had And not all of them have stalls. Mostly nga
a record for the number of specific vendors like sakanila mobile vendors na. Especially on CM
for food, clothes, etc.? Are all of them had stalls?
Recto Avenue. 25% of the given data only
have stalls… the rest could be mobile or yung
tinatawag ng na hawkers. So, if you total it….
halos 260 lang ang may stalls sa CM Recto
Avenue ganon. Yung ibang streets naman 50%
lang may stalls. Kunyari sa Ylaya… 90 lang
halos may stalls.
3 Were there specific schedules for street vendors The schedule given are mostly for night. If you Space consideration
to sell on the streets? For instance, this specific have been at Divisoria… uh ... there is a wet
street vendor is scheduled to sell only on Fridays. and dry market every 6pm- 1am at C.M Recto
Avenue. For days… wala naman, basta they’re
given an opportunity to sell at night.
4. As part of my design proposal, I want to know You mean like the streets sa ibang bansa? Yes. Adaptive spaces
your opinions about adding these street elements Pero you also have to uh.. ano ito.. take note
like parklets, bicycle corals, sidewalk extensions, yung kultura ba? Kultura ng mga Pilipino. Hindi
triangle plazas, and curb bulbs/social spaces. Do lahat parehas sa ibang bansa. Kailangan ano…
you think it is feasible to implement these in
naangkop depende sa kultura nga ng Divisoria
Divisoria? If not, how do you think these streets
and their users should be managed?
kasi nga madami pa din hindi disiplina. Pero ok
yan.
5 Do you think it was effective for street vendors Oo kaya in-implement yan kasi Divisoria is Landmark Nodes
to have a designated area so that they could be really a commercial place dba? It’s
well managed? For instance, an urban plaza like manageable compared to 5 years ago ... 6
the Tutuban Night Market. years ago. It’s not that congested anymore.
But I think not all could be accommodated in
one area especially sa data I have given to you.
Sabi ko nga.. maybe pwede mo hatiin yung
data na binigay ko sayo.

Page 188 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

REGULAR SHOPPER- NINO MARQUEZ

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Kailan po kayo madalas pumupunta sa Dalawa o tatlong beses sa isang linggo
Divisoria?
2 Ano po ba mga produkto na binibili niyo sa Parts ng machine
Divisoria?
3 Baket mas pinipili niyo bumili dito kaysa sa Mas mura kasi ang bilihin kaysa sa mall. Mas
mga malls? mababa yung presyo
4 Bumibili ka rin po sa street vendors? Yung Yung mga ano... mga cellphone, mga LED
mga nasa lansangan? Kung oo, anong lights, tapos yon nga mga pagkain pag
produkto mga binibili niyo? kumakain ka. Mga mami, pares…
5 Ano po masasabi niyo sa experience niyo Unsafe den kase mas madami tao don eh, kaya Adaptive space
pag nagshoshopping sa Divisoria? Masikip po kailangan mo ng pag-iingat kapag nandon ka sa
ba o mainit? Or do you feel unsafe? maraming tao. Talagang mainit den pag
madaming tao.
6 Ano po bang klaseng “marketing strategy” Meron (mga sounds) ... lalo na sa pang-hasa ng
na naakit ka sa mga street vendors? Kunyari mga kutsilyo tapos sa mga LED na ilaw..
po, pag sumasayaw po sila? Kung may syempre maattract ako… gusto mong bumili,
sounds? gusto mong subukan… gagamitin mo (Pag
maraming ilaw po?) Oo. Tapos sa street
vendors naman basta yung mga pagkain nila
lalo na yung mga pares kase may mga bagong
silang ano.. (mga bagong?) kunyare may
hinahalong beef na kakaiba.
7 Ano po ba sa tingin nagcaucause ng trapiko MALAKE. Malake… kasi ano eh… lagi silang Disciplinary act
sa Divisoria? Sa tingin niyo po ba malaking nasa gitna imbis na nasa bangketa. Lagi sila
part po yung street vendors sa trapiko. nandon… lumalabas pa sila sa bangketa.
8 Ano po ba mga isinagawa ng gobyerno sa Meron… kaya lang sa akin… mas malaki… kasi Resilient coping
tingin niyo na epektibo sa pag-aayos ng yung mga taong mga gusto mag hanap-buhay Disciplinary act
lansangan ng Divisoria. Paano po ba ng tama parehas… yon yung ano sakanila…
nakakaepekto ito sainyo? pero kung makikita mo naman sakanila
maaasar ka kase nga nakaharang sila sa
kalsada, nakaka-ano ng trapiko pero syempre
parehas sila naghahanap-buhay.
9 Sa tingin niyo po ba dapat may iisang lugar Oo tama yon ganon dapat
ang mga street vendors katulad po ng isang
plaza?
10 Meron po kasi mga street vendors na di Mas maganda, tapos mas maganda rin sya Adaptive spaces
naiiwasan na nasa lansangan, tingin mo ba tignan. Pero dapat nasa ayos den.
paano dapat madisenyo ang mga lansangan
para maayos ang mamamalakad ng tao at
hindi rin nawawalan ng kabuhayan ang street
vendors? Tingin nyo po ba epektibo ang
magkaroon na malawak na sidewalks,
parkings, pedestrian lanes, may mga puno at
iba pa?

Page 189 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
REGULAR SHOPPER- DIANNE PEARL AQUINO, 23

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Kailan po kayo madalas Kung pwede weekly. Yung schedule kase ng driver
pumupunta sa Divisoria? complicated… basta ano sya..either walang pasok
uhh. Friday ... Saturday or Sunday on mornings. Ang
rule as much as possible ... lagi kami maaga.
2 Ano po ba mga produkto na Yung mga paninda ... ano… fruits and vegetables.
binibili niyo sa Divisoria? Tapos mga wholesale na mga paying, tsinelas mga
kutsilyo. Marami. Actually, marami ka kasi mabibili
do na wholesale.
3 Baket mas pinipili niyo bumili dito Ano siya ... sa mall kase pumapatak na 4x
kaysa sa mga malls? expensive.
4 Bumibili ka rin po sa street Street foods. Mga ihaw… kwek-kwek. Kung wala den
vendors? Yung mga nasa lansangan? kami Nakita na prutas na gusto naming tapos may
Kung oo, anong produkto mga Nakita kami sa bangketa. Actually, puro street
binibili niyo? vendors nga yung mga ano eh… pag gabi na… pag 6
na ng gabi.
5 Ano po masasabi niyo sa Lately, feeling ko mas safer siya kaysa kay Erap non. False implementation
experience niyo pag Mas mabaho sya. Nung kay Isko.. nung pumupunta Disciplinary act
nagshoshopping sa Divisoria? kami, mas malinis na. Di na kami nakakaamoy ng
Masikip po ba o mainit? Or do you mababantot, kasi mas naintroduce sila na maging
feel unsafe? malinis. Congested pa din ... wala pa din maayos na
parking. Kasi may time na di pa din makadaan mga
sasakyan sa mga streets ng Divisoria kasi nga puno
ng vendors. Mainit? Mainit talaga.
6 Ano po bang klaseng “marketing Pag naka-demo yung product. Kunyari ... si mama
strategy” na naakit ka sa mga street hindi naman kailangan ito ah? Narinig niya ... parang
vendors? Kunyari po, pag may fireworks ... pumuputok, tapos nakasabit lang
sumasayaw po sila? Kung may don sa tindahan. Electric lang sya na nagiingay.
sounds? Parang dinemo lang nila, so napatingin si mama.
Nagustuhan ... binili niya. Ganon ... mga naka-
display.
7 Ano po ba sa tingin nagcaucause Ano… hindi technically yung street vendors talaga. Adaptive spaces
ng trapiko sa Divisoria? Sa tingin Wala silang maayos na loading and unloading ng
niyo po ba malaking part po yung products. Pag naguunload sila ng products, etong
street vendors sa trapiko. street na ito ... one-way lang sya.

8 Ano po ba mga isinagawa ng Yung kay Isko. Kay Isko talaga eh. (Pero nakita mo ba
gobyerno sa tingin niyo na epektibo yung ginawa nila sa Ylaya? Yung may mga stalls sila?)
sa pag-aayos ng lansangan ng halos lahat sila may stall. Hindi lang mga street
Divisoria. Paano po ba street. Meron den sya may maliliit tapos nasa loob
nakakaepekto ito sainyo? ng building, sa sidewalk.
9 Sa tingin niyo po ba dapat may Ano kasi ... kung shopper ka… you want it all. Parang Landmark nodes
iisang lugar ang mga street vendors SM, you got it all for you dba? If kunyare, hindi ba
katulad po ng isang plaza? sabi ko sayo ang random ng mga binibili ko ... mga
kung ano-ano. So ganon na talaga yung forte na
buhay nya kase iba iba yung mga nandon. So
malamang… kung ilalayo pa yung street vendors
doon sa mga mismong malls.. parang feeling ko
mahihirapan den ang shoppers.
10 Meron kasi mga street vendors na Siguro maganda kunyare.. kunyare lang i-elevate mo Adaptive spaces
di naiiwasan na nasa lansangan, yung ibang street vendors para sa ibaba.. cars lang.
tingin mo ba paano dapat madisenyo Pero andon pa den sya. Di sya ganon kalayo.
ang mga lansangan para maayos ang
mamamalakad ng tao at hindi rin
nawawalan ng kabuhayan ang street
vendors? Tingin nyo po ba epektibo
ang magkaroon na malawak na
sidewalks, parkings, pedestrian
lanes, may mga puno at iba pa?

Page 190 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

OCCASIONAL SHOPPER- EVANGELINE EGUARAS

QUESTIONS RESPONSES THEMES

1 Kailan po kayo madalas pumupunta Pag may attendan lang na occasion. (Seasonal
sa Divisoria? lang po?) Seasonal lang
2 Ano po ba mga produkto na binibili Ano eh… nung nagpupunta ako.. mga décor ng
niyo sa Divisoria? store. Pang-decorations o kaya pag may wedding
don ako bumibili ng damit.
3 Baket mas pinipili niyo bumili dito Mas mura kase yung price
kaysa sa mga malls?
4 Bumibili ka rin po sa street vendors? Ah oo meron den mga tsinelas, tapos minsan may
Yung mga nasa lansangan? Kung oo, ukay-ukay den don na mura lang.
anong produkto mga binibili niyo?
5 Ano po masasabi niyo sa experience Minsan may time naman na maluwag.. minsan Adaptive space
niyo pag nagshoshopping sa Divisoria? naman crowded den lalo na siguro yung palait na
Masikip po ba o mainit? Or do you feel yung Pasko maraming tao. Pero pag minsan na..
unsafe? hindi naman. common lang na panahon…
maluwag naman. okay naman
6 Ano po bang klaseng “marketing Ah oo ... yung may mga ano … pag may nakikita
strategy” na naakit ka sa mga street may maganda yung pwesto. Yung may mga sounds
vendors? Kunyari po, pag sumasayaw may nagsasalita “sampu-sampu, bente-bente”
po sila? Kung may sounds? Saan po ba mga ganon.
kayo mas napapmili?
7 Ano po ba sa tingin nagcaucause ng Tingin ko di lang street vendors... mga sasakyan Disciplinary act
trapiko sa Divisoria? Sa tingin niyo po den kasi madaming pasaway. Minsan mga tricycle
ba malaking part po yung street pa-singit singit yan. Tapos mga jeep basta nalang
vendors sa trapiko. pumapark. Bumaba ng pasahero nasa gitna.
Usually, ganon eh.
8 Ano po ba mga isinagawa ng Nung last time na pumunta kame muhkang okay
gobyerno sa tingin niyo na epektibo sa okay na. Natanggal yung mga nagtitinda. (Inayos
pag-aayos ng lansangan ng Divisoria. talaga ni Isko?) Oo inayos talaga lumuwag siya.
Paano po ba nakakaepekto ito sainyo?
9 Sa tingin niyo po ba dapat may iisang Oo mas maganda kase … andon na lahat. Atsaka Adaptive space
lugar ang mga street vendors katulad safe. di ka masasagasaan kasi kung nasa kalsada
po ng isang plaza? dba? May daan daan na sasakyan.
10 Meron po kasi mga street vendors na Oo pwede yon mas maganda kaso kung makipot Adaptive space
di naiiwasan na nasa lansangan, tingin yung kalsada… papaano? Wala ng space na Landmark nodes
mo ba paano dapat madisenyo ang mga lalagyan kasi yung maglalagay ng lane for street
lansangan para maayos ang vendors ... wala na. Maliliit kase yung kalsada eh
mamamalakad ng tao at hindi rin usually sa Divisoria. (Mas prefer niyo na nasa isang
nawawalan ng kabuhayan ang street lugar nalang sila) Oo nasa isang lugar nalang sila,
vendors? Tingin nyo po ba epektibo ang doon mo nalang sila pupuntahan.
magkaroon na malawak na sidewalks,
parkings, pedestrian lanes, may mga
puno at iba pa?

Page 191 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
OCCASIONAL SHOPPER- Melanie Angeles

1 Kailan po kayo madalas pumupunta sa Pagka may occasion. (Katulad ng?) Katulad ng
Divisoria? pasukan, papasko. Ayon
2 Ano po ba mga produkto na binibili niyo sa Usually damit na pang-bata ... tapos yung mga
Divisoria? prutas ... kasi mura den don mga prutas
3 Baket mas pinipili niyo bumili dito kaysa sa Ayon nga mas mura
mga malls?
4 Bumibili ka rin po sa street vendors? Yung Oo kase usually mga nagtitinda sa Divisoria.. Landmark nodes
mga nasa lansangan? Kung oo, anong mga talagang nasa sidewalk vendors.. doon
produkto mga binibili niyo? kase mura.
(Nasabi niyo po na madalas kayo bumibili ng
damit, doon po ba kayo namimili sa Ylaya?)
Ano.. don sa ano labas ng Tutuban.. sa
Dagupan (ah doon sa Dagupan extension po?)
Oo, sa Juan Luna den.
5 Ano po masasabi niyo sa experience niyo Normal nalang na masikip kasi dami talagang
pag nagshoshopping sa Divisoria? Masikip po tao kase naghahanap ng mura.
ba o mainit? Or do you feel unsafe?
6 Ano po bang klaseng “marketing strategy” Hinde yung mga banner nila... kase ano yung Adaptive Spaces
na naakit ka sa mga street vendors? Kunyari “3 for 100” “3 for 50” ganon. (Pero pag
po, pag sumasayaw po sila? Kung may sumisigaw po sila katulad ng “tatlo for 100”
sounds? Saan po ba kayo mas napapmili? ganon? Mas naaakit ka po ba?”) Kasi pag
ganong may sumisigaw mas madaming tao…
tsaka ano naman kase pareparehas lang din
ang presyo.. doon ka na sa medyo maluwag
luwag. (Ah pag sa maluwag po?) oo walang
tao.
7 Ano po ba sa tingin nagcaucause ng trapiko Oo syempre.
sa Divisoria? Sa tingin niyo po ba malaking
part po yung street vendors sa trapiko?
8 Ano po ba mga isinagawa ng gobyerno sa Kasi… ngayon wala na yung ano dba? Di naman Disciplinary act
tingin niyo na epektibo sa pag-aayos ng nawawala.. pero na minimize yung street
lansangan ng Divisoria. Paano po ba vendors.. kasi nag-lagay sila ng stall sa ano
nakakaepekto ito sainyo? dba? (Sa Ylaya?) oo hiwalay sila. Dba nung
nangyari yon.. yung foot traffic syempre
nabawasan kaya wala na yung tumatawid,
wala na yung mga ganyan dba? Pero sa
Divisoria.. basta parang walang ano yung mga
tao.. walang (Disiplina?) Oo ayon disiplina.
Dba? Basta lang sila tatawid lalo na yung mga
ano dba? Nag-aabang sila ng sasakyan kase
madami silang dala.
9 Sa tingin niyo po ba dapat may iisang lugar Syempre.. syempre. Katulad nyan hiwa- Landmark nodes
ang mga street vendors katulad po ng isang hiwalay…. Kung damit, damit lang talaga, kung
plaza? prutas, prutas lang talaga dba? Para hindi yung
halo halo
10 Meron po kasi mga street vendors na di Oo syempre kase tayo pag namimili naman Adaptive space
naiiwasan na nasa lansangan, tingin mo ba tayo… ang gusto naman talaga naten eh yung
paano dapat madisenyo ang mga lansangan comfort eh. Yon kase ikaw pupunta ka sa isang
para maayos ang mamamalakad ng tao at lugar… ayon magulo , marami… dikit-dikit ang
hindi rin nawawalan ng kabuhayan ang street tao. O baka mamaya magkahawaan kame ng
vendors? Tingin nyo po ba epektibo ang ganito.. may Covid. Kaya yung gusto ko yung…
magkaroon na malawak na sidewalks, comfort… alam kong safe ako.
parkings, pedestrian lanes, may mga puno at
iba pa?

Page 192 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

B. METHODOLOGY IMAGES (SITE VISITS AND CONSULTATIONS)

C.M Recto Avenue going to Tutuban Center Tutuban Center

Street vendor in Soler Street. Toys at Tutuban Night Market.

Page 193 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Food retail stores at Tutuban Night Market. Motorcyclists parking at 168 Shopping Mall, Soler St.

Tutuban Park with the Bonifacio Monument.

Page 194 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Hawkers at Juan Luna Street Arcade. Stores at Juan Luna Arcade.

Famous Aling Beba (‘Magic Water’ vendor) at J.Luna Street. Meisic Police station at C.M Recto Avenue.

Page 195 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Sidewalk vendors at Juan Luna Street. Textile supply carts at Ylaya Street.

Hawkers at C.M Recto Avenue sidewalk arcade. Vehicles along C.M Recto Avenue.

Page 196 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square

Methodology valdation with Dr. Redento Recio via Zoom Meeting. (October 22, 2022)

Proposed Design review with Dr. Redento Recio via Zoom Meeting. (January 23, 2023)

Page 197 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023
 Adaptive Divisoria:
Revitalization of Divisoria’s Streets and Spaces in managing the
Street Congestion and Social Protection of Street vendors
with Adaptive Streets and Centralized Market Square
C. PHYSICAL MODEL STUDIES

Page 198 of 198

Maria Genesis S. Bonifacio
Arch. Ramon Bizares
Term 02
AY 2022-2023