PNEUMATIC BASED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT 2008-2009

Submitted by:
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:
College name:
Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT
PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved
chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate
duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks

to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind
guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt
thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).
PNEUMATIC BASED CAR PARKING SYSTEM
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE
 SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Pneumatic control components
3.2 Valves
3.3 Hose
3.4 Pressure gauge
3.5 Control unit
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Components of the machine
4.2 General machine Specifications
4.3 Pneumatic Calculation and drawing
5 Fabrication
6 Working principle
7 Merits
8 Applications
9 List of materials
10 Cost Estimation
11 Conclusion
Bibliography

photography
 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title
1 Piston Rod
2 piston
3 Double acting pneumatic cylinder
4 Solenoid valve (cut off valve)
5 Solenoid valve
6 Hose collar
7 Top plate
8 Bottom plate
9 Supporting angle
10 Lifting plate
11 Overall Diagram
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATURE

 A =Area of cylinder(m2 )

 D=Diameter of Piston (m)

 F =Force exerted on the piston (N)

 H=Height (m)

 L=Length(m)

 P=Pressure (N/m2)

 V=Volume (m3)
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS:

This project has mainly developed for car parking system. After bringing the car
on the lifting platform, using the pneumatic cylinder the base can be raised and the car
can also be rotated on the circular parking arrangements with the help of motor section
and ease the parking. The major components required are Pneumatic cylinder, solenoid
valve and control unit.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle for

transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor.

Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to

run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to

typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the

transport of people rather than goods. However, the term "automobile"

is far from precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do

similar tasks.

Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it

unoccupied for more than a brief time. It is against the law virtually

everywhere to park a vehicle in the middle of a highway or road;

parking on one or both sides of a road, however, is commonly

permitted. Parking facilities are constructed in combination with most

buildings, to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users.

CHAPTER-2
 LITERATURE SURVEY

LITERATURE SURVEY

PNEUMATICS:

The word ‘pneuma’ comes from Greek and means wind. The

word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is

derived from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly

understood to means the application of air as a working medium in

industry especially the driving and controlling of machines and

equipment.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for

carrying out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has

Played a more important role in the development of pneumatic

technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air

which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure

to suit the capacity of the system. When the pneumatic system is

being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary

to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by

means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine

that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a

high pressure.
 Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed

and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at

intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot

Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and

volumes of particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV =C (or) PiVi =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which

for free is about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a

column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer.

Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used

system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for

low Cost mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive

operations. Many factories and plants already have a compressed air

system, which is capable of providing the power (or) energy

requirements and control system (although equally pneumatic control

systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied to

other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all pneumatic system are usually

Economic and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low

level. It can have out standing advantages in terms of safety.

PNEUMATIC POWER:

Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases to transmit and

control power. Pneumatic systems typically use air as the fluid

medium because air is safe, low cost and readily available.

THE ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS:

1. Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly exhausted back

In to the surrounding environment and hence the need of special

reservoirs and no-leak system designs are eliminated.

 2. Pneumatic systems are simple and economical

3. Control of pneumatic systems is easier

THE DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS:

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics due to

compressibility of air.

2. Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design

limitations(less that 250 psi).

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which

must be made available. In sufficient quantity and at a pressure to

suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system is being

adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to

deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means

using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that

takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high
pressure. Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air

compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air

At intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.

Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which

decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will

result increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.

COMPRESSOR MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN TWO GENERAL TYPES.

1. Positive displacement compressor

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply

air for pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

 Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at

low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for

pneumatic control application unless built in multistage designs and

are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating

compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to

deliver more than 500m3/min.In single stage compressor, the air

pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to

15bars.Discharge pressure in the range of 250bars can be obtained

with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four

stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable

For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as

soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in

capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at

lower costs per driving powers in the range.

PARKING:
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor private property

belonging to a house, the side of the road where metered or laid-out

for such use, a parking lot or car park, indoor and outdoor multi-level

structures, shared underground parking facilities, and facilities for

particular modes of vehicle such as dedicated structures for cycle

parking.

In the U.S., after the first public parking garage for motor vehicles

was opened in Boston, May 24, 1898, livery stables in urban centers

began to be converted into garages. In cities of the Eastern US, many

former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, continue to operate as

garages today.

Automatic parking is an autonomous car maneuvering from a traffic

lane into a parking place to perform parallel parking, perpendicular or

angle parking. The automatic parking aims to enhance the comfort

and safety of driving in constrained environments where much

attention and experience is required to steer the car. The parking

maneuver is achieved by means of coordinated control of the steering

angle and speed which takes into account the actual situation in the
environment to ensure collision-free motion within the available

space.

The car is an example of a nonholonomic system where the number of

control commands available is less than the number of coordinates

that represents its position and orientation.

One of the first experimental prototypes of automatic parallel parking

was developed at INRIA on a Ligier electric car in the mid 1990s. It

was extended to an automatic perpendicular parking in the early

2000s.

Automatic parking systems are being developed by several

automobile manufacturers. A commercial version of automatic

parallel parking was introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation in Toyota

Prius in 2004. BMW recently demonstrated its Remote Park Assist

system on a 750i. This system initiates parking by keychain remote.

Lexus also debuted a car, the 2007 LS, with an Advanced Parking

Guidance System. As well in 2007 the V W Touran debuted with an

automatic parking system developed by Valeo.

CHAPTER-3
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT

3.1.1 Pneumatic cylinder:

 An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input

energy of compressed air i.e.penuamtic power is converted into

mechanical Output power, by reducing the pressure of the air to that

of the atmosphere.

3.1.1a) single acting cylinder:

Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an

operating medium in only one direction. Single acting cylinders

equipped with one inlet for the operating air pressure, can be

production in several fundamentally different designs. Single

cylinders Develop power in one direction only.

Therefore no heavy control equipment should be attached to

them, which requires to be moved on the piston return stroke single

action cylinder requires only about half the air volume consumed by a

double acting for one operating cycle.

3.1.1 B) Double acting Cylinders:

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the

full pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is

required to retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end
positions of the piston stroke. In all intermediate position a separate

externally mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the

damping feature.

The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston

before the end of the stroke is required. As a result the sit in the

cushioning chamber is again compressed since it cannot escape but

slowly according to the setting made on reverses. The air freely

enters the cylinder and the piston strokes in the other direction at full

Force and velocity.

3.2 VALVES

SOLENOID VALVE

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic

system. Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to control the

direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The directional valve

does this by changing the position of its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the

manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into

automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve.

 A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy

into straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a

mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism.

Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is

energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that

they can be recognized when called upon to make repairs,to do

service work or to install them.

PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE

1. Coil

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are

separated by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with

a varnish that is not affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often

fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts

AC,230volts AC,460volts Ac,575 Volts AC.6Volts DC,12Volts DC,

24 Volts DC,115 Volts DC &230Volts DC.they are designed for such

Frequencies as 50Hz to 60Hz.

2. Frame

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made

of laminated sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes

through the coil. The magnetized coils attract the metal plunger to

move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are

usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for

receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid

frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less

Fiber cloth.
 3. Solenoid plunger

The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The

plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together

under high pressure, so that there will be no movement of the

lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a

pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The

solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction

and is usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either

the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt

and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many

applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of

5/2Valve.the spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore
according to spool position: the ports get connected and

disconnected.

The working principle is as follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets

Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to

‘R’.

Position-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’

Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains

closed.

SOLINOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off

valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the

electronic control unit.

In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction

of vice cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single

acting cylinder.

3.2.2 Flow control valve:

 In any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control

the speed of actuator. The flow control can be achieved by varying

the area of flow through which the air in passing.

When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to

actuator as a result its speed will increase. If the quantity of air

entering into the actuator is reduced, the speed of the actuator is

reduced.

3.2.3 Pressure control valve:

The main function of the pressure control valve is to limit (or)

Control the pressure required in a pneumatic circuit.

Depending upon the method of controlling they are classified as

1. Pressure relief valve

2. Pressure reducing valve

3.3. Hoses:

Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of

polyurethane. These hose can with stand at a maximum pressure

level of 10 x105N/m2.

Connectors

In our system there are two type of connectors used. One is the
Hose connector and the other is the reducer. Hose connectors

normally comprise an adopt hose nipple and cap nut. These types of

connectors are made up of brass (or) aluminum (or) hardened

pneumatic steel.

3.4 PRESSURE GAUGE:

Pressure gauges are usually fitted with the regulators. So the

air Pressure adjusted in the regulator is indicated in the pressure

Gauge, is the line pressure of the air taken to the cylinder.

3.5 CONTROL UNIT:

In pneumatic multipurpose device is an air-operated device

used for many small operations. It is a portable one. Compressed air

is the source of energy for this device.

Here the compressed air form the compressor firstly enters the

Control unit. In the control unit the pressure of the air is controlled unit

the pressure of the air is controlled and sent to the valve to operate
the pneumatic cylinder. The gate valve controls the pressure volume

of air and pass through the solenoid valve to operate the cylinder for

the movement of up and down.

CHAPTER-4
 DESIGN AND DRAWING

CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS

The circular car parking system is consists of the following

components, to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the

machine.

1. Pneumatic cylinder
 2. Solenoid valve

3. Flow control valve

4. Control unit

1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder:

Technical Data

Stroke length: cylinder stroke length 100mm =0.1m

Piston rod : 10mm =18 X10-3m

Quantity : 1

Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Eastover

End cones : Cast iron

Piston : EN-8

Media : Air

Temperature: 0-80°C

Pressure Range: 8N/m2

2. Solenoid Valve

Technical data

Size : 0.635x10-2m

Part size : G0.635x10-2m

Maximum pressure: 0-10 x10 5 N/m2
Range

Quantity :1

3. Flow control valve:

Technical data

Port size: 0.635 x 10-2 m

Pressure: 0-8 x105 N/m2

Media : Air

Quantity: 1

4. Connectors

Technical data

Max working pressure : 10 x105 N/m2

Temperature : 0-100°C

Fluid media :Air

Material :Brass

5.Hoses

Technical data

Max pressure : 10 x105 N/m2

Outer diameter : 6mm =6 x 10-3 m

Inner diameter : 3.5mm =3.5 x10-3m

4.2 GENERAL MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:

TOP PLATE:

Outer Diameter of the plate = 500mm

Inner diameter of the plate = 160mm

Height of the plate = 60mm

Material mild steel

Quantity =1

BOTTOM PLATE:

Outer Diameter of the plate = 500mm

Inner diameter of the plate = 20mm

Height of the plate = 60mm

Material mild steel

Quantity =1

SUPPORTING ANGLE:
Length of the angle = 25mm

Width of the angle = 25mm

Height of the angle = 430mm

Material = mild steel

Quantity =4

LIFTING PLATE:

Diameter of the plate = 150mm

Thickness of the plate = 2mm

Material = mild steel

Quantity =1

4.3 DESIGN CALCULATION

Max pressure applied in the cylinder (p) : 8N/m2

Area of cylinder (A) : (3.14/4*(D 2)

: 12.56cm2

: 12.56 X 10-4m2

Force exerted in the piston (F) : Pressures applied X area

of cylinder.
DRAWING
DRAWING FOR H – TYPE CAR PARKING
 Chapter -5

FABRICATION

CHAPTER-V

FABRICATION
 Here the required components of the parking system are top

plate, bottom plate, supporting angle and lifting plate are made of

mild steel sheet of thickness 2mm by cold working (hammering) the

sheet to the required shape and dimensions. Here the lifting the car

from the bottom to top level by using the pneumatic which is fixed

below on the bottom plate by meant of nut and bolt. In the pneumatic

cylinder piston rod they fixed the lifting plate with the help of nut. The

supporting angles are fixed to the top plate and bottom plate by

meant of welded. By the above process the circular car parking

model is ready to work.

 Chapter -6

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-VI

WORKING PRINCIPLE
After placing the car in the lifting arrangement in the base floor, the vertical movement is

controlled with the help of the pneumatic cylinders, which are right below the lifting

base. In this project we will be using a two storey building, so two pneumatic cylinders

are used for lifting the cars. If we have to lift the car to first floor means first cylinder

alone is actuated, if we have to lift to second floor both the cylinders are actuated. Thus

the car can be lifted. After lifting the car to the required floor, the driver will be able to

park the car in the parking place. In the same way the vehicle can be driven out of the

parking are with the help of the pneumatic cylinders

CHAPTER -7
 MERITS

CHAPTER-VII
 MERITS

 Reduced manpower

 Reliable & flexible

 Versatility

 Good performance

 Less expensive

 Simple size and less weight

 Chapter-8

APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER-VIII

APPLICATIONS
 This project is very useful to parking the vehicle.

CHAPTER-9
 LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-IX

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

 The various factors which determine the choice of material are
discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.

S.No DESCIRPTION QTY Material

1 Double acting Pneumatic 1 aluminum

cylinder
2 Solenoid valve 1 aluminum

3 Flow control valve 1 aluminum

4 Top plate 1 M.S

5 Bottom plate 1 M.S

6 Lifting plate 1 M.S

7 Supporting angle 4 M.S

8 PU tubes 5meter polyurethane

 Chapter-10

COST ESTIMATION

Chapter-X

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST.
S.No DESCRIPTION QTY MATERIAL AMOUNT

(Rs)

1 Double acting 1 aluminum

Pneumatic cylinder
2 Solenoid valve 1 aluminum

3 Flow control valve 1 aluminum

4 Top plate 1 M.S

5 Bottom plate 1 M.S

6 Lifting plate 1 M.S

7 Supporting angle 4 M.S

8 PU tubes 1meter polyurethane

2. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, drinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

=3000+1000

=4000

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

=2000

4.TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=3000+1000+2000

=6000

Total cost for this project =6000

 Chapter-11

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-XI

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile department. It is very useful for having the four

wheeler, because they need not take any risk for park the vehicle.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the

shortest time available.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Pneumatic handbook -R.H.warrning

3. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool

Institute, Bangalore.

4. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

5. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

6. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY