FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI

o P.M.B 1526, IMO STATE

o A REPORT ON
 200 LEVEL STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME
o (SIWES)
o AS IN-DOORS TRAINING IN PETROLUEM
ENGINEERING AUDITORIUM,CONDUCTED BY BIBO
CHEMICALS AND MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY,EZIOBODO ELU,OWERRI WEST IN IMO
STATE.

PRESENTED BY
OKAFOR CHIBUEZE VICTORY
REG NO: 20191163043
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING(B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING.

JANUARY 2023.

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 CHAPTER ONE
STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

INTRODUCTION
The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme is the accepted skills
training program which forms part of the approved minimum academic
standards in various degree programs for all the Nigerian Universities. It is
a skills training program designed to expose and prepare students of universities
and other tertiary institutions for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to
meet after graduation.

The scheme is aimed at bridging the existing gap between theory and practice of
Sciences, Agriculture, Medical Sciences (including Nursing), Engineering and
Technology, Management, Information and Communication Technology, and
other professional educational programmes in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. It
is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work
methods, and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries,
offices, laboratories, hospitals, and other organizations.

It is a mutual co-operative joint scheme of partnership between

Industries/large companies , Federal Government and University management
for the overall interest of the students.

The scheme is aimed at bridging the gap existing between the theory usually
taught at our present day universities and the real practice of all human

endervours. This Scheme encompasses the fields of engineering, sciences,

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environmental technology, technical education, science education and other
professional education programs in the Nigerian Tertiary institutions.

It aims at exposing Nigerian students to machines and equipment, professional

work methods and the ways of safeguarding the work area and workers in
industries and organizations.

BACKGROUND OF SIWES.
In 1974, the Federal government of Nigeria introduced the national policy on
industrial training called the Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES).This program, under the umbrella of the ministry of education through
the industrial Training Fund (ITF), was designed to help students acquire the
necessary practical education/experience in their fields of study and other related
programs.

Prior to the establishment of this scheme, there was a rising concern and trend
among industrialists that graduates from higher education institutions lacked
appropriate practical experience for employment. Students who entered Nigerian

universities to study science and technology were not previously trained in

the practical aspects of their chosen fields. As a result of their lack of

work experience, they had difficulty finding work.

As a result, employers believed that theoretical education in higher education was

unresponsive to the needs of labor employers. Thousands of Nigerians faced this

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difficulty till 1973. The fund's main motivation for establishing and designing the
scheme in 1973/74 was launched against this context.

The ITF (Industrial Training Fund) organization decided to aid all interested
Nigerian students and created the SIWES program. The federal government
officially approved and presented it in 1974. During its early years, the scheme
was entirely supported by the ITF, but as the financial commitment became too
much for the fund, it withdrew in 1978. The National Universities Commission
(NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) were given control
of the scheme by the federal government in 1979. The federal government
handed over supervision and implementation of the scheme to ITF in November
1984. It was taken over by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in July 1985, with the
federal government bearing entire responsibility for funding.

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.
Specifically under the Industrial Training Fund, the objectives of the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme are to:

1. Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of higher learning to acquire

industrial skills and experience in their respective courses of study.
2. Prepare students for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to experience
after graduation.

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3. Expose students to work methods and techniques of handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in their Institutions.
4.. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier; and enhance
students’ networks for later job placements.
5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge to real work
situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and
6.. Enlist and strengthen Employers’ involvement in the entire educational
process; thereby preparing the students for employment in Industry and
Commerce.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SIWES UNIT.

By the directive of the National University Commission (NUC) and the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF), the unit is mandated to carry out the following functions:

1. Develop, implement, and regularly review guidelines for SIWES.

1. Registration of eligible students for Industrial Training (IT).
2. Issue introductory letters to students for the employers.
3. Organize orientation programs for all students going for IT in
collaboration with ITF.
4. Ensure that students have all required documents for successful
placement and completion of IT training before embarking on
SIWES.
5. Ensure the master placement list is timely prepared and submitted
to the Industrial Training Fund and National Universities
Commission yearly (not later than 3 months before the
commencement of Industrial Attachment).

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 6. Organize and coordinate supervisory visits to students at I.T sites.

ROLES OF INVOLVED PARTIES.

The SIWES program involves the student, the university and the industry. The

training is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated

by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National University Commission

(NUC).

The role of the Government.

1. Make it mandatory for all ministries, companies and government

parastarters to offer attachment place for students.

2. Make it a policy to include a clause on every major contract lasting over a

period of nine months being awarded to contractors to take students on

attachment.

3. Make adequate funds available to the federal ministry of industry to fund

the scheme.

Role of the coordinating agency.

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1. In collaboration with ITF, compile the list of employers for institution

placement units.

2. Establish SIWES coordinating body for the program.

3. Evolve a minimum national guide program for supervised industrial training

activities for approved courses.

4. Appoint full time industrial coordinators to operate the scheme at agency

level.

Role of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

1. Organize biennial conference seminars on SIWES.

2. Provide logistics material needed to administer the scheme.

3. Compile list of employers with the available training places for industrial

attachment and forward such lists to the coordinating agencies.

Role of the Employer.

1. Control and discipline the students and permanent staff.

2. Accept students and assign them to relevant on the job training.

3. Provide medical care for the students within the limits of the employer’s

conditions of service during attachment.

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4. Attach experienced staff to students for effective training and supervision.

Supervisors should not handle more than ten students at a time.

5. Pay students monthly allowance as at when due.

Role of the university.

1. Prepare and submit master placement lists to the respective coordinating

agencies and ITF.

2. Place students on attachment with employers.

3. Establish SIWES coordinating bodies and appoint department/SIWES

coordinators within institution.

4. Organize orientation program for students to prepare them for industrial

training. Representatives may be invited to give talk to the students during

the orientation program.

Role of students.

1. Comply with the employers and regulators.

2. Arrange for their accommodation during the period of attachment.

3. Be regular and punctual in their respective place of attachment.

IMPORTANCE OF SIWES.

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1. It provides students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical

knowledge in real life situations and prepare for the labour market after

graduation.

2. It exposes the student to more practical work methods and techniques.

3. It strengthens links between employers, universities and the Industrial

Training Funds (ITF).

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 Chapter Two

History of Bibo Enterprise

Bibo enterprise is an indigenous and fast growing company
which has been in existence for the past 10 years. In her guest to
serve humanity, she decided to get a branch in Eziobodo in order
to meet up with the periodic industrial training of students
within Owerri West, in Imo State. She has been able to penetrate
the markets with her products mostly in mulit-purpose liquid
wash, hair cream, paints, germicide, insecticides and air
freshener, just to mention a few. Aside from production, she is
also renowned in the areas of consultancy and indoors/outdoors
service.
They have the mission of engaging students actively in
production while in school, to enhance proper transition. This is
in line with her mentoring scheme. Bibo is well staffed and has
registered with the appropriate bodies to enable her have no
hitches in the market. Below is the organogram of bibo
enterprise and their respective roles.

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11
 Organization Structure of Bibo Enterprices
(ORGANOGRAM)

Managing Director

Executive
Secretary

Production Marketing Chief Personnel

manager manager Accountant manager

Production Sales Accountant Training and

purchase executive clerk development
control

Sales Rep Employee

Factory Canvasser service
casual staff

Functions
Managing director
The managing director is responsible for implementing the company’s policy and
changes if need be. As the aim of every company is to make profit, growth and
increase shareholder’s returns, it is also the role of the managing director to do the
same in Bibo enterprice. Aside that, he convenes a board meeting and manages
communication gap among the shareholder’s. He is equally responsible for
representing the image of the company, coaching and mentoring other staff.

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Skills needed in managing director’s role.
Visionary leadership
Ability to motivate
Communication and negotiation
Strong financial acumen
Executive secretary
Responsible for supporting high level executive and management or entire
department to provide administration support and performs numerous duties
including scheduling, writing correspondent emailing, handling visitors, answering
questions and request.
Production manager
The production manager is involved in the planning, coordination and control of
manufacturing process.
Responsibilities
Oversee the production processes decides what resource are required monitor
product standard implemented and quality-control programmes.
Marketing manager
The market manager directs the day to day marketing activities of the organization
and long term marketing strategy of the company.
Duties
- Managing all marketing activities for the company within the marketing
department.
- Co-ordinating marketing campaign with sales activities.
- Creation and publication of all marketing materials in line with marketing
plans.
- Monitor and report on effectiveness of marketing communication.

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Chief Accountant
The chief accountant has the following duties.
- Implementation of financial decision of the company.
- Overseeing the preparation of financial documents of the company.
- Making investment decision for the firm.
- An integral member in the financial planning of the company.
Sales executives
Sales executives sells a company’s products and service to individuals
organizations and government. Sales may be domestic in international.
The sales executive strives to maintain good relationship with existing clients and
equally endeavors to approaching and wining new costumers.
Training and development
This unit focus on improving the knowledge and skills of the employee in order to
promote the company’s value and enhance the growth of the company.
Casual staff
These are workers that works on contract or demands.

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 CHAPTER 3
PETROLUEM JELLY

Petroleum jelly (also called petrolatum) is a mixture of mineral oils and waxes,

which form a semisolid jelly-like substance. This product hasn’t changed much

since Robert Augustus Chesebrough discovered it in 1859. Chesebrough noticed

that oil workers would use a gooey jelly to heal their wounds and burns. He

eventually packaged this jelly as Vaseline.

Petroleum jelly’s benefits come from its main ingredient petroleum, which helps

seal your skin with a water-protective barrier. This helps your skin heal and retain

moisture. Read on to learn what else you can use petroleum jelly for.

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Petroleum jelly is a blend of mineral oils and waxes which works by creating a
sealing barrier between cells in dry or damaged skins and thereby locking in
moisture and speeding up natural recovery and healing the skin from within, the
main ingredient in Vaseline production is petroleum jelly.

Vaseline is often used every day in our homes. As long as the human population
continues to grow so also the need for Vaseline will grow, this makes Vaseline a
highly lucrative business both in Nigeria and in other countries of the world.

Benefits and uses for petroleum jelly

1. Heal minor skin scrapes and burns
A study shows trusted Source that petroleum jelly is effective in
keeping skin moist during post-surgery healing. This may be
particularly good for regular, less dramatic skin injuries. Make sure that
the surface you apply petroleum jelly on is properly cleaned and
disinfected. Otherwise, bacteria and other pathogens can get trapped
inside and delay the healing process.

2. Moisturize your face, hands, and more

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Face and body lotion: Apply petroleum jelly after a shower. As an occlusive
moisturizer, it prevents your skin from drying out. You can also use it for dry
noses during cold or allergy season.

Cracked heels: Soak your feet in warm water with some salt added to it.
Towel-dry thoroughly and apply petroleum jelly and clean cotton socks.

Improve your gardening hands: After washing and drying, use some
petroleum jelly and a clean pair of gloves to help lock in moisture and
accelerate healing.

Chapped lips: Apply to chapped lips as you would any chap stick.

Read more: Choosing a healthy facial moisturizer »

3. Help for pet paws

Your dog’s pad skin can crack and produce a great deal of discomfort. Clean
their paws with cotton gauze, dry, and apply the jelly. Ideally this should be
done after a walk or when your pet is resting. Only use a small amount as
your pet may lick their paws, and consuming too much could cause an upset
stomach.

4. Prevent diaper rash

Petroleum jelly has been shown trusted Source to reduce the incidence of
diaper rash in babies. Clean and towel-dry your little one’s skin properly
before applying. Petroleum jelly will form a protective barrier that will help
protect the skin from constant exposure to moisture. Make an appointment
with the doctor if there is a persistent rash.

5. Remove eye makeup

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 Oil is an effective way to remove makeup, and petroleum jelly is safe to
use in the eye area, according to a study on eye ultrasounds. Use a
cotton pad or Q-tip (for hard to reach areas), and press gently without tugging
too hard on your skin. Make sure to close your eyes as you wipe. Some
people also swear by using it on crow’s feet lines.

6. Save split ends

Sun and wind exposure as well as pool water can dry up your hair. Petroleum
jelly can reduce the look of split ends and add shine to your hair. Rub a small
amount of jelly between your palms and apply to hair ends.

7. Prevent skin stains from hair dye or nail polish

Apply petroleum jelly along your hairline to prevent hair dye from staining
your skin. This also works if you like to paint your nails at home. A barrier of
petroleum jelly is easy to wipe away when you’re done.

8. Preserve perfume scents

Using petroleum jelly as a base for your perfume can help it last longer.

9. Use as lube for stuck objects

If a ring is stuck on your finger, put some jelly on your finger, making sure you
get some around and under the ring. This will help the ring slip off your finger.

For door hinges, apply a bit of jelly right on the hinge and swing the door a
few times to spread evenly. Wipe off the excess.

The process of Petroleum jelly production is very simple

provided the raw material( Reagents) are readily

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available; in the production of petroleum jelly, water is
NOT needed, paraffin oil serves as water.

Apparatus Involved
Heating source: For melting the wax and jelly
Pot : This serves as our production vessel
Beaker: For accurate measurement of liquid chemicals
Stirrer: For stirring the whole mixture
Weighing balance: For accurate measurement of solid chemicals
like the wax

Reagents and thier functions

1. Paraffin oil- This is the oil that helps to reduce thickness of vaseline
since water is not needed in the production.

2. petroleum jelly - This is the major constituent of the cream that helps
to thicken and hold the cream together with the ability to protect the
skin from harsh whether

3. Paraffin wax- This serves as a thickening agent and helps to holds the
mixture together

4. Lanolin – This reagents gives the Petroleum jelly an elastic feel,

making it very gentle on the skin.

5. Fragrance ( as desired)- It gives a nice flavor or scent to your

petroleum jelly

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6. Vitamin E - It serves as an anti-oxidant for nourishing dry and crack
skin

you can choose to add color or not to your petroleum jelly . the color
ranges from blue, green, yellow, brown to neutral. It is important to
note that oil based would be used if such a choice should be
considered.

Quantity involved

Paraffin oil- 500ml

Petroleum jelly: 250g
Paraffin wax: 60g
Lanolin: 2-3 teaspoon
Vitamin E: 100ml
Fragrance: 25ml

Production Process of petroleum jelly

– Drop a clean pot on a heat (stove),add the paraffin oil ,paraffin wax,
petroleum jelly and lanolin and allow them dissolve and mixed properly

_ Remove from heat source and allow to cool for some time

– Add Vitamin E and fragrance and allow it to blend properly

– Then scoop into Petroleum jelly's container and allow it to

settle inside the container while cooling gently.

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 Potential side effects
Allergies: Some people are more sensitive and can develop allergies if they
use petroleum-derived products. Always keep an eye out for irritations and
adverse reactions when using a new product.
Infections: Not allowing the skin to dry or cleaning the skin properly before
applying petroleum jelly can cause fungal or bacterial infections. A
contaminated jar can also spread bacteria if you insert jelly vaginally.
Aspiration risks: Check with your doctor before using petroleum jelly around
the nose area, especially in children. Inhaling mineral oils may cause
aspiration pneumonia.
Clogged pores: Some people may break out when using petroleum jelly. Make
sure you clean the skin properly before you apply the jelly to reduce the risk
of breakouts.

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 CHAPTER 4

PAINT
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or
solid mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a
thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to
protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be made in many colors
—and in many different types. Paint is typically stored, sold, and
applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid. Most paints are
either oil-based or water-based and each has distinct
characteristics.
Paint is also a decorative and protective coating commonly applied
to rigid surfaces as a liquid consisting of a pigment suspended in a
vehicle, or binder. The vehicle, usually a resin dissolved in a solvent,
dries to a tough film, binding the pigment to the surface.
For easy understanding, Paint is essentially a coating or covering
material applied in metallic or non-metallic surface for decorative or
protective purpose.
Paint was used for pictorial and decorative purposes in the caves of
France and Spain as early as 15,000 BC. The earliest pigments,
which were natural ores such as iron oxide, were supplemented by
6000 BC in China by calcined (fired) mixtures of
inorganic compounds and organic pigments; vehicles were prepared
from gum arabic, egg white, gelatin, and beeswax. By 1500 BC the
Egyptians were using dyes such as indigo and madder to make blue
and red pigments. The exploitation of linseed oil (a drying oil useful
as a vehicle) and zinc oxide (a white pigment) in the 18th century
brought a rapid expansion of the European paint industry. The 20th

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 century saw important developments in paint technology, including
the introduction of synthetic polymers as vehicles and of synthetic
pigments; a new understanding of the chemistry and physics of
paints; and coating materials with greater fire retardancy, corrosion
resistance, and heat stability. Most significant was a return to
water-based paints in the form of latex paints that combine easy
application and cleanup with reduced hazard of fire.

In modern paint manufacture, pigment particles are dispersed in

the vehicle by cylindrical mills that tumble heavy metal or ceramic
balls through the paint, or by sand grinders that circulate a
suspension of sand through the paint at high speed.

The basic white pigments include zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, lithopone,
and titanium dioxide. Most black pigments are composed of
elemental carbon. Common red pigments include the minerals iron
oxide, cadmium, and cuprous oxide and various synthetic organic
pigments. Yellow and orange pigments include chromates,
molybdates, and cadmium compounds. Blue and green pigments
are either inorganic (synthetic ultramarines and iron blues) or
organic (phthalocyanines). Extenders or fillers are sometimes added
to paint to increase its spread ability and strength.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD PAINT

1. Hiding power: A good paint should be able to cover the existing surface of
material uniformly and thoroughly.

2. Color: After its use on outer surface, they are exposed to the atmosphere.
Hence, it may be affected by rain or various types of radiation from sunlight,
which causes bad effects on the color. A good paint must maintain its color under
all these conditions or any other circumstances.

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3. Easy Application: They must have to be used over wide surface areas.

4. Economic in Cost: Types of paint should be selected according to the

construction and its cost should be as low as possible.

5.The paint must be present a good attractive appearance: The paint must have a
shiny and appearance, it must have a very unique appearance.
6. It should be free from cracking and blistering: A good paint must not have crack
appearance after its application on a surface. It’s a good trait for a paint to have a
good appearance after application.

7.Paint must resist corrosion: The paint must be able to resist rusting due
to prolonged exposure to moisture and moist appearance.

TYPES OF PAINTS.
1. Emulsion paint
2. Satin paint
3. Oil paint
4. Car paint
5. Screeding paint
6. Spray paint
7. Marble paint
The Emulsion paint:-
Emulsion paint is water based paint which contains small polymer particles
that have pigment inside.

Apparatus Involved

 Big Bowl
 Industrial mixer
 Weighing balance

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  Beaker
 Small bowl
List of Chemicals For Paint Production.
 Water
 Calcium carbonate (Base matrix)
 Titanium dioxide (Titan)
 P. V. A
 Nitrosol/ Bermacol
 Ammonia
 Colourite
 Hydrosol
 Genipour
 silicate

FUNCTIONS OF THE ABOVE LISTED CHEMICALS FOR PAINT

PRODUCTION
WATER : Water is used in mixing all the chemicals / materials together. In order
to achieve homogeneous mix, Soft and clean water is recommended with a
normal water temperature.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: This is the base matrix of emulsion and texture paint,
meaning that without calcium carbonate there is no emulsion and texture paint.
They are two types of calcium carbonate, they are Delomite which has the
formula of CaMg(CO3)2 and Calcite which is CaCO3. Impurities makes calcite to be
off-white.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE: This chemical is popularly known as TITAN, it’s makes your
paint looks shining. it’s mostly used when producing brilliant white paint. Note;
Titan is still useful when producing other colour but more significant in brilliant

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white paint. It enables paint to have proper coverage. It is an odourless white
powder with PH of 7.5. it occurs in crystalline forms.

P. V. A : The full name of this chemical is Polyvinyl Acetate, is a GUM that help
your paint to stink together and to stink to the wall of the building. your paint will
be stain free if you use the adequate proportion of the gum. It is prepared from
the polymerization of vinyl acetate. It's Chemical formula is (C4H6O2)n

AMMONIA: These chemicals are very corrosive and they serve the same
function. they are preservative, they prevent the paint from decaying and
increase the paint durability. It is a colourless gas with pungent smell. It is easily
liquefied due to its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. It is very soluble
in water. It's formula is NH3.

NITRO SOL/ BERMACOL These chemicals also serve the same function. they
increase the paint viscosity i.e it’s a thickener and also increase paint durability.

HYDRO SOL: This agent brighten your paint colour and it’s also used to correct
dullness in paint. It is also a dispersant, which prevents the agglomeration of the
pigment particle and therefore forms an integral part of the formulation.

GENIPOUR: this is an extender; it’s help your paint to spread over a large area
when painting.

SILICATE: This is usually used in the production of brilliant white paint, it’s make
the paint to be very tough and strong.

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 Quantity of Reagents Required

 3 bags of CaCO3
 12kg of PVA
 1.25kg of Bermacol
 1.5kg of Titan
 25CL of NH3
 50CL of Genipour
 1kg of yellow oxide.

Procedures

 In a big bowl, pour in 70 liters of water

 Dissolve titan thoroughly in the water
 Dissolve calcium in the same bowl
 Pour in PVA and stir constantly
 Pour in Genipour and stir thoroughly
 Dissolve Bermacol separately in a smaller bowl and pour into the
production container
 Add ammonia and stir constantly for 10 minutes before the
application.

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 CHAPTER 5
GERMICIDE
A germicide is a substance that kills bacteria and
microorganisms on surfaces. Germicides also fall into the
category of bacteriostatic agents that do not directly kill
bacteria but hinder their development. Unlike Antiseptic that is
used on living things, germicide is basically used on non-living
surfaces like the floor, wall surfaces, on tables etc.

Germicides are also used as chemicals used to combat pests

and pathogens of plants, weeds, as well as parasites and
vectors of dangerous diseases of humans and animals.
A Common example of a germicide is Izal.
A germicide is a substance that kills bacteria and
microorganisms. Germicides also fall into the category of
bacteriostatic agents that do not directly kill bacteria but hinder
their development.

Germicides are also used as chemicals used to combat pests

and pathogens of plants, weeds, as well as parasites and

28
vectors of dangerous diseases of humans and animals.
Germicides are distinguished as a separate class chemical
preparation. Nevertheless, it is customary to consider them
among fungicidal agents (fungicides), which often combine
antifungal and antibacterial activity.

Categories of germicides
Oxidizing (oxidizing) germicides. The basis is triazine, amines,
organic bromine compounds, glutaraldehyde, a quaternary
phosphonium salt, and ammonium chloride. Their effect on
microorganism cells occurs both outside and inside. Microorganisms
die due to the oxidation of cell membrane substances and cell
destruction from the inside.

Non-oxidizing (non-oxidizing) germicides. They are based on bromine,

chlorine, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and hydrogen
peroxide. They protect against microorganisms in systems where
oxidizing biocides cannot be used. These are organic substances, they
have high stability, activity that does not depend on pH, they are able
to eliminate bacteria, fungus, and algae.

Disadvantages - high consumption for effective cleaning, toxicity, and

special storage conditions, with frequent use, microorganisms can
become addicted and develop new strains.

Established germicides

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The most well-known germicides in microbiology are copper
compounds (copper-containing fungicides), which affect
microorganisms in water bodies and soils. These agents disrupt the
processes of mineralisation of organic compounds and bind with the
enzymes of microbial cells, disrupting the metabolic processes
occurring in them and inhibiting the vital activity of pathogens.

Phthalimides have weak bactericidal activity whose effect on the

metabolism of microorganisms is like the effect of copper preparations
on it. Previously, this agent was used in conjunction with broad-
spectrum germicides that have a complex preparation that is used to
protect the cotton from gummosis and root rot.

Formaldehyde
Among the germicides that are not currently used, formaldehyde can
also be mentioned, previously it was considered a good agent for
dressing the seeds of some hulled crops.

The germicide effect on pathogens is exerted by many substances

intended for biological plant protection, for example, the antibiotic-
fungicide phytobacteriomycin, which is effective in combating bacterial
diseases of vegetable crops. It is active against mucous and vascular
bacteriosis, soft rot, and blackleg of potatoes.

Substances-producers of other fungi also have bactericidal activity;

some of them can be used in agriculture. Examples include herbicide,
polymycin (Actinomyces Polimicini), celloidin, and polymyxin. There are
a lot of similar compounds, but due to the spectrum of action and other
circumstances, not all of them have found practical application.

30
The effects of germicides
The bactericidal effect of several germicides determines the presence
of certain characteristics of their behavior in the environment. They
usually persist for a long time in the soil since they inhibit the bacteria
"responsible" for the microbiological decomposition of foreign
compounds.

What Microorganisms Naturally Live in the Mouth?

The action of most germicides depends on the temperature and pH of
the medium. Their activity is in the protein. Surfactant changes in
different ways, for example. anionic surfactants enhance the effect of
alcohols and phenols do not affect chloramines and weaken the effect
of quaternary salts.

Properties of germicides
The properties of germicides are possessed not only by drugs intended
for the treatment or protection of crops, but also by substances
produced in plants under the influence of these agents. Thus, the
antibiotic property was observed in allicin isolated from garlic.

According to the objects of control, germicides are divided into several

groups: used for the destruction of insect pests such as insecticides;
ticks - acaricides; parasitic fungi - fungicides; bacteria - bactericides;
rodents - rodenticides; weeds - herbicides; trees and shrubs -
arboricides. Some defoliants cause leaf fall.

Allocate a group of systemic germicides, which can penetrate plants,

move in their tissues, and cause the death of a harmful microorganisms
(pest, parasite, etc.) that feeds on this plant. When working with

31
germicides, it is necessary to observe personal safety measures related
to protecting the environment from chemical contamination.

Reagents Used in Germicide Production.

1. Carbolic Acid: Carbolic Acid is also known as Phenol. Its use dates back to 1865
where it was used for washing hands and for disinfecting surgical instruments.
Phenol is a white aromatic crystalline solid that is volatile. It is slightly acidic
and should be handled with
2. Lysol: All purpose cleaner that eliminates viruses, bacteria, soap scum, and
tough grease.

3. Pine oil: Pine oil is an important oil that is produced from steam distillation
of twigs, needles, and cones from different species of pine. It is used as a
cleaning product, disinfectant, sanitizer, microbicide (or microbistat),
virucide or insecticide. In Germicide Production, pine oil serves as a
cleaning agent.
4. White binder: This is what binds the chemicals together.
5. Izal perfume: Just as the name implies, it boosts the fragrance of the
germicide produced.
6. Water: Water is a universal solvent. Serves as the base of the product.

In the production of germicides, the following steps are taken:

 Pre Production Analysis

 Actual Production
 Post Production analysis

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Pre Production Analysis

Pre Production analysis is the work done on a product, before full-scale

production begins.

It includes samples development and approvals, sourcing and testing

raw materials. Efficient production can't be reached without the pre-
production processes.

Steps in Pre Production Analysis

 Wash and rinse all Apparatus

 Determine quantity for production.
 Weigh reagents and set them apart.

Actual Production
- Pour Five Litres of water in a bowl.
- Pour in binder and stir.
- Pour in the measured carbolic Acid, stir.
- Pour in the measured Lysol and stir.
- Pour in the measured phenol and stir.

- Pour in the measured Parfum and Stir.

- Leave for 24 hours till it becomes ready for use.

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 CHAPTER 6

EXTRACTION OF LAUDARY STARCH FROM CASSAVA

Cassava ( Manihot esculenta crantz) is a perennial, subtropical crop
which is valued for its underground starch tubers. It is a starchy root
crop grown mostly in the hotter low land tropics and is an important
source of energy as a staple food for more than 500million people in
African, Latin American and Asia. Tuber of cassava is also used as a raw
materials in the garment, bakery, food and pharmaceutical industries.
Though described as an inferior source of nutrients because of its low
protein contents and poor protein quality. Yet, most of the total world
production of cassava is processed for human consumption directly as
food or indirectly as a feed for livestock, and its food quality is generally
improved through processing.

Cassava tuber is the main source of starch and minerals, its flour (10-
30%),in combination with wheat, flour are used in bread industry to
reduce pressure on wheat. Nutritionally ,cassava contains potassium,
ion, calcium, vitamin A, folic acid, sodium, vitamin C , Vitamin B-6 and
protein (Montanganc et al, 2009). Nutritional quantity especially
protein can be added in composite flours in cassava soya, cassava-
peanut bread.

The possibility of using starchy tubers instead of wheat flow in foods

depends on their chemical physical properties. This practical is aimed
at standardizing the procedure for the extraction of starch from
cassava.

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RAW MATERIAL

Cassava roots were procured from a local market in Eziobodo, Owerri

west in Imo state.

APPARATUS

 Blender
 Sieve
 Conical flask
 Tray
 Weighing balance

EXTRACTION OF STARCH
Fresh tubers of cassava were washed, peeled chopped into
approximately 1 cm and then ground in a high speed blender for
5 minutes. The pulp was suspended in ten times its volume of
water, stirred for 5 minutes and filtered using a sieve. The filtrate
was allowed to stand for 2 hours for the starch to settle and the
top liquid was decanted and discarded. After decanting the top
liquid, the sediment (starch) was dired.

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STAGES INVOLVED

Cassava tuber

Peeling

washing

grating/grinding

mixing with water

filtrating/screening

settling

starch washing

settling/dewatering

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 drying

cassava starch

CHAPTER 7

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
The two months industrial training was indeed a rewarding experience
and an eye opener to the importance of Chemical Engineering. Indeed,
the need for expertise in Chemical Engineering cannot be over
emphasized especially in the area of design of Reactor and simple
machines for production.
The training period availed me of the opportunity to be better equipped
to contribute to the development of the nation and to favorably compete
with the intellectual counterparts all over the world through the
experience gained in the field such as people and facilities management,
safety in handling construction tools, and the ability to fit into industrial
work environment.
It can be said that the objectives of SIWES was accomplished.
Generally, I would say that the industrial training exercise was a
rewarding and exciting experience, but like anything in life , it was not
without problems and failures.
Personally I enjoyed my experience, aside from the fact that I learnt a lot
about my chosen profession, I got to experience an entirely new way of
life outside the academic environment with a different but unique set of
people. Although it was challenging at times, it was an experience I
would gladly undergo again.
I would like to recommend that the students be permitted to work in any
company in any part of the country they choose, as long as they able to
secure the employment themselves and make arrangements for their
own accommodation, this is with the provision that the company
selected must have some relevance to their field of study, aside from the
fact that this place less pressure on available companies, It also
encourages the students to work harder wherever they may be, since
people I general tend to work harder in environments they enjoy.
I would like to say that the experience was a educative and a good
stepping stone to excellence in my chosen carrear.

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It was a thoughtful mutual path taken by both the federal government
and the university management to increase the professionalism of its
students.

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