CHAPTER

Introduction to
Operating System

Syllabus
Operating system, Evolution, Generations mainframe
systems - Batch, Multi programmed, Multitasking, Time
sharing, Desktop, Multiprocessor systems, Distributed
Systems, Clustered systems, Real time systems. Recernt
operating systen characteristics.

Statistical Analysis

BTE Paper Marks allotted for thËs chapter

Winter 2008 12 Marks

Summer 2009 12 Marks

Winter 2009 12 Marks

Summer 2010 16 Marks

Winter 2010 18 Marks

 1-2 Introduction to Operating System Operating System(MSBTE) 1-3 Introduction to Operauntyyhe
POperating System (MSBTE)
1.1.1 Introduction to Operating System
1.1 Operating System, Evolution, and a. What are the parts of computer system? Explain with the
Generations
help of diagram. W-08
W-10
Describe evolution of operating system. Computer system can be divided into four components
Hardware : These are physical parts of machine
Among three major categories of software, system
1.
which provides basic computing resources. The
software plays very important role. For each an every
major classification of hardware devices is
machine operating system is required. You are aware subsequent.
that there are three major categories of the software as Keyboard, Mouse,
a) Input Devices
follows: Microphone, Web Camera, Scanner ete.
1 System software Output Devices Printer, Monitor
b)
2 Application software (Sereen), Plotter, Speakers etc.
3 Software development languages and advanced c) Central processing unit.
and web tools
d) Networking devices : LAN card, Router,
An operating system falls in the category of system bridge, Hub, switch, modem ete.
software. As mentioned above, it is impossible to start d) Other devices like Motherboard, power
or boot the machine without an operating system. OS is supply,different drives like DVD writer etc.
a bridge between computer hardware and user. 2. Operating system : Operating system plays
Operating system is also called as platform for the important role here. It works like acoordinator or
machine. If user would like to use readymade mediator between the computer hardware and
ap lications or even if trs to use system development user. Since it is system software, it can interact
tools or languages, an operating system should be with hardware. User use different programs or
present on the machine. applications called as software. The
There are many important functions performed by an harmonization of hardware and software is most
operating system like memory management, TO important job done by 0S.
Management, CPU job scheduling ete. You will ind 3. Application programs: They define the ways
claboration of these functions in detail in next in which the svstem resources are used to solve
chapters. the computing problems of the users eg Word
Major operating systems known worldwide are MS processors, compilers, web browsers, database
DOS, Microsoft Windows X, MAC, OS2, UNIX, Linux, systems, video games etc. Applications are
Sun Solaris ete. There are di fferent generations of readymade packages ready to use. They utilize
the hardware as well as software resources and
operating system which we are going to discuss later in
the same chapter
fulfills user's computing requiremnent.
 operating 5ysrem(MoBIE)
Operating System (MS8TE) 1-4 Introduction to Operating System The software means set of programs clubbed together
4. Users : Users are human beings, machines and to achieve a partieular set of tasks or activities.
other computers Fig. 1.1 shows the four major Software is not restricted to only application area but it
components of computer system. is used broadly for even system software and other
categories of software.
Llser
3
n
Usor
System software is a set of programs which are used to
manage the computer hardware as well as the
application programs used by the users. Remaining
types of software except system software are used as an
Campler Assemblor Text editor Database
program program program system application software Or cornputer programming
System and applica tion programs
languages or may be front ends, back ends ete.
System software mainly tries to bridge the gap between
Operating system computer users and computer hardware. Users do not
Computer harcware understand how to operate hardware parts directly
without any help of programs. Even computer
hardware does not understand what user wish to do.
Fig. I.1: Four components ofaconmputer system
An operating system is a major part of system
Computer-system operation involves one Or more
software. The other parts of system software could be
CPUs, device controllers connected through common
compilers, interpreters, translators, some utiities ete.
bus providing access to shared memory. Concurrent
An operating system (OS) is software that manages
execution of CPUs and devices tries to use memory
computer resources and provides users with an
continuously. interface used to access those resourees.
Monitor
Disks
Mouse Keyboard Pinler Imagine a mobile phone without an operating system,
you may not understand how to call someone and even
send message.
An operating systen takes care of the files ereated by
the user using different applications. It establishes the
Dsk Grphics
oontroller USB oontroller acdapter
communication channel between conputer user and
hardware

Memory Operating system processes systen1 data, user input,

soction
and responds by allocating and managing tasks. It also
manages internal system resourees as a service to
Fig. L.2:Computer system
 1-6 Introduction to Operating Systerm Operating Systern (MSBTE) 1-7 Introduction to Orpertr Woul
be
Operating System (MSBTE) Sys
users and programs of the system. An operating system 1.1.2 Functions of an Operating System
performs the following basic functions like:
Q. List any four functions of operating systerm.
Controlling and allocating memnory. S-10
2 Prioritizing system requests. Operating system is responsible for many importan
3Controlling input and output device. functions carried out for smooth functioning of a computer
4. Facilitating computer networking and managing system. Following list demonstrates O8 functions.
fles. 1. Transferring input from input devices to memory.
Operating systems is must in almost all devices for 2. Transferring input from memory to CPU.
communication purposes. Anything made with 3. Shifting processed data from CPUto output devices.
integrated circuits, such as personal computers, Show messages on the screen in case of input as well as
4.
internet servers, cell phones, music players, routers, output.
switches, wireless access points, networlk storage, game
5. Control input and output devices.
consoles, digital cameras, sewing machines and
telescopes. 6 Loading of application programs from storage devices
When computer starts or boots, the program stored in into main memory.
the firmware i.e. ROM memory gets execute which 7. Copy or move data from one storage device to other.
checks the status of all hardware devices whether they 8. Display appropriate error messages by giving the
re working properly r not. Read only memory allows current status of peripherals and processes.
to just read the data. Once program written in this
9 Execution of programs and user instructions.
memory it is difficult to erase the contents of ROM.
10. Protection of storage devices from overwriting.
Firmware is collection of memories like ROM, EPROM,
EEPROM etc. 11. Maintain details of files or directories with their
After execution of BOOT program, operating system respective details.
starts executing. The operating system gets loads into 12. To provide security to user's data, programs and other
main memory i.e. RAM. files.
Kernel is a key program which is called as heart of an 1.1.3 Operating System Evolution and Generations
operating system. It is defined as "The one programn
running at all times on the computer" Everything else Describe evolution of operating system. W-10
is either a system program or an application program. History of an operating system is of a great interest
Examples of an operating system are MAC, OS, UNIX, and is strongly linked with the development and history of
it
LINUX, SOLARIS, and Windows XP etc different generations of computer system. From this you
 Operating System (MSBTE) Introduction to Operating System
1-8
Operating Systerm (MSBTE) 1-9 Introduction to Operating Spstet
would be able to find out the development stages in computer
system. It had changed drastically in size, capacity, type and Due to the heating problem and space vacuum
speed. Its Cost reduced rapidly till the affordable extent to tubes were unreliable. In this generation, the
ordinary persons. programs written were in machine language
1.
Zeroth generations computers :(Mechanical parts) Again there was no operating system in this
generation.
The first zeroth generation computer was made Second generation computers
3.
up of analyticalengine which was designed by an
English Mathematician Charles Around 1955 the vacuumn tubes were replaced by
Babbage.
(Charles Babbage is known as Father of Modern transistors. The problem of space and size was
solved. The cost of machine was changed
Computer). This machine was mechanical design
with wheels, cogs, gears etc. dramatically.
This machine was able to do certain basic An assembly language was a second generation
caleulations only. Due to slow speed and language. Second generation computers followed
unreliability, this design was not to0 popular. batch system i.e. one by one job were executed in
the system.
There was no operating system used with this
mechanical hardware. The job cards were used to mount the job. The
2 First generation computers major limitation on computer was it could run
just a job at a time.
This generation gave electrical design instead of Then operator were suppose to unload the job and
mechanical one. Due to electrical design the
tape (stored) and then he could have load another
machine speed was fast as compare to rnechanical
design job by printing the detailed steps of job done to
Some decades later Howard Aiken at Harvard, assure that the full job was done. Burroughs was
John Von Neumann at Princeton, J. Eckert and one of the few companies which produced an
William Mauchely and K. Zuse in Germany operating system called Master Control Program
(MCP) which had many features of today's
succeeded in designing of new electrical machine.
This machine was a calculating machine with operating system such as multiprogramming.
vacuum tubes as a central component. But the Multiprocessing and virtual storage.
vacuum tubes were having the problem of heating The drawback of transistors was the eurrent
(Burn of components due to heating of vacuum leakage Due to this problem the transistors are
tubes) and they were required the large space as replaced in the third generation
compare to other iuu t a in thhe machine
 Operating System (MSBTE) 1-10 Introduction to Operating System Operating System(MSBTE) 1-11 introduction to Operating 5
4. Third generation computers Control program for microcomputer (CPM
The transistors were replaced by silicon chip in almost the first operating system on te
third generation. In this generation IBM Microcomputer. It was developed on Intel 8080
introduced the range of system/360 series of 1974 as a first system. PL/M was used instead of
machines, which were known as "Family of assernbly language.
Computers". For these range of machines they With many developments in microcomputers
delivered the following operating systens : DOS, UNIX, Linux, GUI ie. windows operating
1. CP-67/CMS for the powerful 360/76, using were invented.
virtual storage. NOS i.e. Network Operating Systemn development
2 OS/MVT for bigger 360
systems. started from the same phase.
3 OS/MFT for the mediun 360 systems. In short the history or evolution of operating
4. DOS/360 for the small 360 systems. system took place as follows :
5. The systems/360 Was based 1. The Ist generation (1945-1955) : vacuum
On ICs
(Integrated Circuits). These reduced the cost tubes and plug boards.
of machine and also it's size. Also the 2. The 2nd generation (1955-1965)
performance was improved. transistors and batch systems.
Following were the advantages of OS : 3. The 3rd generation (1965-1980) : ICs and
1. ICs multiprogramming.
2 4. The 4th
Portability generation (1980- 1990)
3. Job control languages. personal computers.
4.
5 The latest operating systems network,
5.
Multiprogramming. distributed, etc.).
Spooling. 1.2
6 Time sharing. Mainframe Syste m
5 Fourth generation computers Define operating systern. State the different types of
In fourth generation computers the technique operating systern. W.09, S-10
used was "Large Scale
Integration". This As disCussed
in the previous section,
operatingg system
technique packed thousands of transistors on can be defined as a system software without which
SInall area of sihcon chip From this phase the machine can not boot
fast developmen of icc computers started.
4operaing System(MSBTE) 1-12 Introduction to Operating System Operating Systerm (MSBTE) 1-13 Introduction to Operating System
There are various types of operating systems available Batch monitor or supervisor was the major component
As per the requirements of processing. Among these which permanently placed in the part of the memory
types let's discuss the major types as follows : Another part of memory is used to process users job,
i.e. the current job in the batch.
1. Batch processing system.
2. Multiprogramming systemn. System working
Area
Batch Mornitor
3 Multitasking. Current job of
Job 1 Job 2

Time sharing system. User working

Batch
Area Beginning of Ed of Bsth
5. Desktop systemns. job Card

Fig I.3: Schematie of batch processing system

1.2.1 Batch Processing System The left side of diagram is memory map in which haif
Q. Explain Batch Monitoring tunctions. W-08 position is oceupied by batech monitor known as systetn
Explain batch processing operating system. S-09 area and the remaining memory contains current job of
batch for execution.
In early days punch cards were used to record the
user'sjobs. But this was manual and tedious job which The major parta of bateh monitor were louder and
was done by human operator. control interpreter card which does loading of jobs snd
To avoid the continuous human operators devotion the controls input ad output respectively
concept of batch processing grown up.
Abat h stands for the sequence of user jobs. In this SEND
type of 0S the job sequence was decided by an
operator Data Frorn Prograrn

The jobs were recognized with the special markers

which were indieating the start and the end of those S PUN
jobs.
In system the jobs were submitted to the batch S Load
processing system (BPS) and then those were executed Progran to be oomplied
utomatically without any operator interruption.
After execution of a job, it was send to that particular
user who owes it Each job was an independent job in a (SFTN
batch
SJot
The was achieved by automating transition from
execution of joh to that of the next job of the sanne Fig 14: Batch of jobs
batch.
 It
Mu

Operating System (MSBTE) 1-14 Introduction to Operating System Operaling System(MSBTE) 1-15 Introduction to Operating
Batch monitors functions
area as resident area of monitor +tranaient ares
Batch monitor keeps control On processing of monitor.
environment Sharing and protection
3)
These functions can be categorized into three main
tasks : These are the major function which OS provides
for the purpose of multi user system. The sharing
1
Scheduling of the data can be done by choosing an
2 Memory appropriate operating system. This results in
3. Sharing and protections. reducing the cost of hardware and processing
time.
The first two functions were done before the execution During the job processing the resources. are
of program and third one was done after job was allocated or de-allocated sequentially.
executed
1)
The protections functions are more complicated
Scheduling than sharing.
Scheduling is the activity of determining which In short in Batch systemns :
service request should be handled next by a User does not interact with the system
server. Here service request means the user jobs Jobs with similar needs were grouped into
& server is nothing but CPU.
2.
Batches.
Batch processing uses FCFS- first come first 3 Reads a stream of jobs operates on it and
Serve scheduling criterion. i.e. the job which generates output.
comes first is executed first. i.e. as per the job
sequence jobs are executed
First come, first served ie. job which comes
first gets execute first.
2) Memory management 5. It can use Spooling technique.
During batch processing operations, memnory is O.S.
divided into two parts called System area and
User
User area. An issue of partitioning of memory for Prograrm
system area and user area is handled by an Area

operating system area Fig. 1.5:Memory layout of a batch system

Some part of the monitor ie. some part of code of
monitor 1s permanently stored in the memory. At
1.2.2 Multiprogramming
the same time other parts are loaded into the Describe multiprogramming. S-091
transient (temporary) area. This led to system Q. Describe multiprogramming. W-10
 Operating System(MSBTE) 1-17 Introduction fo Operating Systen "
2Operating Systerm (MSBTE) Introduction to Operating System
1-16
a) Buffering
Multiprogramming is the most important feature of an The solution to the slowness of IO devices is
operating systems.
buffering. In buffering when input devices accept
A single user cannot keep I/O devices as well as CPU data, it transfers to CPUfor process
busy. Using multiprogramming techniques we can At this time instead of keeping LO devices idle,
avoid CPU &VO device idle time and maximum input devices are instructed to accept next data.
processing can be done. When it finishes accepting new data, CPU gets
From the pool of jobs operating system picks one job free and starts processing next data.
and begins executing it. While execution due to some
The temporary memory is used for buffering or
reasons job may wait for some time e.g. may be waiting storing the data. In the same way output devices
for storage or for any sort of inputOutput operation.
can also be kept continuously busy.
In non-mnultiprogramming system OS may wait or idle. In buffering interrupts are used to find put_the
But in multiprogramming system an operating system working status of L/O devices. These interrupt
will switch to next job and will start executing it. informs whether I/O devices are in working or
When this current job waits operating system switches finished their job.
to another job and so on this way multiprogramning As soon as IO devices finish their work interrupt
technique continuously keep CPU and VO devices in interrupts the CPU. When CPU is interrupted,
use. the CPUstops its current job and transfers it to
The other alternatives for keeping CPU and other the fixed location.
devices continuouslv in use we can use spooling and Interrupt service also checks whether buffer is
buffering techniques. But multiprogramming is more full or empty and then buffer operation takes
useful as compare to spooling and buffering. place.
In short buffering can be defined, as An LO
buffer is a memory area temporarily used to
Operating Systern implement on I/O operations."
job 1 Spooling
b)
job 2 Q. Explain spooling S-10
jab 3 When the request is made to the printer to output
a tirne, the time is copied into a system buffer and
written to disk When the job is completed the
job 4
1024M
Output actually printed, this form of
Fig. L6 :Multi-progran1mning progranming is known as spooing
 Cpeta
Operat

Operatng System (hMSBTE) Introduction to Operating System

1-18 Operating System(MSBTE) 1-19
Introduction to perating Syten
The spooling is an acronym for Simultaneous Operating Systorn
Peripheral Operation On-Line. The large
buffer uRed for spooling is disk. job 1

Due to spooling it is possible for the input devices job 2

to accept more data, also it is possible to store the
output till O/P devices gets ready for accepting job 3
the data.
job 4
Buffering overlaps the VO devices job with it's
own computations. But spooling overlaps VO
devices one job with the computation of other 1024M
jobs.
In simple spooling system while one job is printed Fig. L.8: Memory layout of multiprogramming system
at the same timne another job may get input. Thus In short in multi-programmed batch systens :
spooling can keep CPUand input loutput devices 1. Spooling results in several jobs waiting to get
as busy as possible at higher rate as processed.
compare to
buffering. 2. If several jobs are available on Direct Access
An important data structure provided by spooling device, Job scheduling becomes p0ssible.
is job pool. Spooling arranges some jobs having 3. An important aspect of Job scheduling is ability
read operation and some which are waiting to to MULTIPROGRAM.
run. 4. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization.
It helps an operating systemn to arrange the jobs 5 When a job needs to wait, CPU switches to
and let OS select job for execution. It increases another job.
the CPU utilization 6 CPUnever sits idle.
1.2.3 Multitasking
Disk
What is multitasking operating system? State acvantages of
multitasking operating system. W-08
a. Multitasking. S-09
Describe Multitasking. W-10
Card FHeader Line Ponter
A multitasking operating system is distinguished by its
Butternng prooe8 ability to support simultaneous or concurrent execution
Fio. L7: Memory layont of multiprogramning systenn of two or more processes.
4Operating System(MSBTE) 1-20 Introduction to Operating System
Operating System(MSBTE) 1-21 Introduction to Operating System
In multitasking operating system the code as well as
data of several processes is stored into main memory. 1.2.3(a) Difference between Multiprogramming and
Multitasking Operating Systems
It also maintains the synchronization between LVO
devices and processes/ In this way, user can use a. Differentiate between multiprograrriming and muititasking
S-10
different application in background and current OS.
application in foreground. Sr. Multiprogramning Multitasking
In multitasking the resources are made continuously No. operating System operating systems
working. 1. Multiple jobs are Multiple programs are
The CPUswitches from one task to another for reading collected and pool of job is executed at a time.
and processing. Thus idle time of peripherals gets fnomerd Each iob is then
reduced. executed one by one.
The more programs get reside into main memory as the 2 Programs are éxecuted Time sharing principle
main memory gets partitioned. one by one. used while multiple
programs are executed
Many jobs can be handled simultaneously.
Due to multitasking many users and user terminal can 3. Same program execution Multiple applications
also be connected to this type of OS. takes place in foreground can be used in
and background by doing foreground and
Advantages of Multitasking operating system are as
follows : resource management. background.
(a) Multiple programs can run simultaneously 4. Multiple jobs reside in | Multiple programs
reside in the main
(b) It inereases the speed of execution by doing themain memory.
memory.
resource management.
(e) It keeps CPUas well as /O devices continuously 1.2.4 Time Sharing Operating System
busy
reside the Q. Describe time sharing system along wilth example. W-10
(d) Multiple programs Can in main

memory Cards and tapes based systems allowed only sequential

(e) Multiple applications Can be opened in access to programs and data So only one application
background as well as foreground system could be used ata time
It used time sharing principle to speed up the In early days the computers were so user friendly that
(
processing speed. testing and development of programswas very easy for
operators or programmers. But this arrangement
resulted into more turnaround time.
 5.

Operating System (MSBTE) 123 Introduction to Operating Syte

Operating System (MSBTE) 1-22 Introduction to Operating System * Advantagesof time sharing operating system:
Dåe to time wastage of CPU ie. CPU's idle time was 1. Operating system works on time sharing basis
more which was unreliable. In early days the cost of resource sharing.
computer was more. 2. Time management is properly done with multiple users
in an interactive manner.
In time sharing system the tine is managed properly
for multiple users in an interactive manner and at a 3. CPU scheduling and multiprogramming enhances the
reasonable cost. performance of system.
The main principles used by time sharing were CPU 4 I/O operations are interactive.
scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user 5. CPUscheduing is fast.
with a small portion of total time shared. Disad vantages of time sharing operat ing system :
Each user has a separate program in memory. 1 Time sharing systems are dificult and complicated.
Normally short execution programs are used to execute 2. They are expensive to build.
in such type of OS. 3. Time management involves complicated algorithms.
In this type of system L/Ooperations is also interactive. 4. Effective time management may become difficult in
CPU does not wait for any case of more users.
operation of any job. it CRT 1.2.5 Desktop Systemns
immediately gets switched to Desktop systems are generally a single user svstern. ie.
other job. it is dedicated to a single user. Desktop svstems are
Time sharing system allows CPU
also called as personal comnputers
many LUserS to share CRT The desktop operating system is user friendly which
computers simultaneously. All provides maximum user COnvenenCe and
actions and commands are responsiveness.
CRT
short in size in such type of
CPU utilization is NOT very important issue
system. Fig. 1.9: Time sharing OS desktop system :
As the user job switching time is very short users are Personal computers computer system
in impression that they are working on their own non dedicated to a single user which has VO devices
shared cornputer. like kevboards, mouse, sereens, printer, Scanner
Time shared systems are more difficult and expensive etc
to build. User convenience and responsiveness
In early davs due to this till 1970 they were not too 3. Desktops can adopt technology developed for
popular, but after this period the new operating system larger operating systenm
was evolyed which was combination of the batch Often individuals have sole use of computer and
systern and time shared system do not need advanced CPU utiltzation and
Many existing batch systerns were modified into bateh protection features
systern and tine sharing system
 Operating System (MSBTE) 1-24 Introduction to OperatingSystem
5.
operating Systern (MSBTE) 1-25 Introduction to Operating Systerm *
Desktops can run severanl different types of 2 Processors share the computer bus, the clock,
operating systems. e.g. : Windows, MAC, OS/2, memory and peripheral devices.
UNIX, Linux ete.
3 Referred to as tightly coupled systems.
1.3 Multiprocessor Systems (Parallel) 4 Inereased throughput.
The today's normal machines are generally single 5 Speed-up ratio with "n" processors is somewhat
processor systen. ie. they use just a single CPU for less than "n".
processing. 6 Common multiprocessing systens are
The new concept or trend evolving in the market is Symmetrie multiprocessing
multiprocessor systems.
More than one processor can be plnced in a single
Two or more similar processors connected via a high
bandwidth link and managed by one operating system,
cabinet which share bus, resources clock and might be
memory. These systems are called tightly coupled where each processor has equal access to I/O devices.
systems. Asymmetrie multiprocessing
The main advantage of parallel systems is to get Each processor is assigned a specific task. A master
maximum work done in shorter period. Also this is an processor controls the system, and allocates work to
economical solution for the users. i.e. Instead of many slave processors. Other processors may have predefined
single CPUsystems they can choose a multiprocessor work.
machine system. Advantages of Multiproce ssor system :
The same copy of the data into main memory can be 1. More than one processor can be used
shared by multiple processors for processing them 2
instead of making its copies. Processor shares other resources like bus, clock,
memory, peripheral devices etc.
These systems provide reliability that if one processor 3. Tightly coupled system.
gets failed the system does not get halt or fail.
One CPUcan run aparticular task and other can work
4. Maximum work can be done in shorter period
1.4 Distributed Systems
as a backup CPU. They can make comnmunication
whenever necessary Q.
The nost common
Explain distnbuted systern in detait S-10
multiprocessor system Uses
syinmetric multiprocessing8 asymnmetrie Distibuted systems are loosely coupled aystem8. There
Inultiprocessing are exactly opposte to tightly coupled.
In symmnetric multiprocessing the same copy of OS is In this svsten processor does not share memory or
assigned to both the processors devices even clock. Each processor has got its own
In asymmetric multiprocessing the different operating memory
HYstems are assigned to other proeessors The processor communieates with each other through
In short high-speed buses or telephone lines
1 More than l processor. multiprocesaing The tvo processor in this systen may be diflerert Le
they may be
mieropprocessors, work stations.
minicomputers ete.
 Operating System (MSBTE) Introduction to Operating Systerm
1-27

Operating System (MSBTE) 1-26 introducticn to Operating System technology to make a single virtual or logieal server.
These functions may be different. The main advantages From a technology point of view, cluster architectures
of distributed systems are Resource Sharing. If number provide the opportunity for system architects to link
of sites or machines is connected to each other then together powerful UNIX systems into even more
user can share the resources of other terminal or site. powerful servers. And, since there are multiples of each
Speed of computation : Due to the partitioned of the component in a cluster, it is possible for the virtual
computation the work gets done in short period so st server to continue to process information when a
the highest rate
components fails or when system operators cho0se to
Reliability : If any machine or node gets fail, the other maintain one component of the cluster.
machines can work continuous.
Cluster architectures are not new to information
Communication:Communication among the differcnt.
system planners. Since the early 1980s, several
systems is possible. It may be electronic messaging or
fle transfer or exchange of programs or data. suppliers have offered cluster sys tems based on
In short proprietary operating environments.
1 Processors DO NOT share the memory or the Best known is Digital Equipment Corporation's (now
clock. Compaq) use of clustering to provide scalability and a
2. Each processor has its own memory uniform application environment for its VAX amily of
3 Loosely coupled systems give the impression that computers.
there isasingle OS controlling the network. The cluster architecture is one of several ways to
Distribute the computation among several
exploit parallel processing - the harnessing of several
physical locations. processors to work on one or more workloads. Other
6
Loosely coupled system - Each processor has its
own Local memorv: processors communicate with parallel approaches include symmetric multiprocessing
one another through various communications (SMP), non uniform memory access (NUMA) and
lhnes, such as high speed Buses or telephone massively parallel processing (MPP)., which are
lines. different methods ained at building more powerful
Advantages of distributed systems. computers with multiple microprocessors Clustering
Resources sharing allowstwo or more systems to share storage
Computation speed up- loadsharing 1 Provides high reliability.
Reliability 2 Asymmetric clustering : one server runs the
Communications application or applications while other server's
1.5 Clustered Syste m standby.
3 Symmetrie clustering: all N lios ts are running the
Chuster architecture interconnects two Or more
application
computers uSing additional network and software
 1-29 Introduction to Operating Systerm
Operating System(MSBTE) 1-28 Introduction to Operating Systerm Operating System (MSBTE)
These applications are generally same for multiple
1.6 Real Tine System users to use.

They don't have multiple applications at a time for

. Describe real time systems. State any two examples of its many users.
applications. S-09
W-09 Generally users are not allowed to develop or modify
Q. Explain the real time operating systerm in briet.
programs.
Q. What is reat time operating system? Elaborate with an
example. W-10 They can only input the data and can get the results.
These are dedicated systems for One specifie
The advent of time sharing provided 'good' response
application.
time to computer users. While the actual response
times varied with load conditions in time system. A real time uses sensors which brings data to
computers and analyses the data and sets the proper
Due to time slicing response time was maintained. This controls to modify the sensor input.
satisfied some users for same application.
However time sharing could not satisfied the
requirements of some applications. SensorsCPu
Due to this real time OS were developed to meet the Controt

response requirements of such applications. Real Time

Real timne applications: A Real time application is an Fig. 1.10: Real time OS
application which requires a timely 'response from the
computer system to prevent failures. System which controls scientific experimental, medical
1.6.1 Worst Case Response Time systems etc. are real timne systens.
Ln short in real time systen :
The worst-case response time of an application is the 1 Real time systems are also called as Multi
largest value of the response time for which it can still tasking systems.
function correctly. This timely' system is used where is 2 Logicalextension of Multiprogramming systeins.
time is a very inportant factor Multiple jobs are executed by CPU switching
3.
The system is also known as online system. In this, among them.
system reports or result o/p in given time constraints. 4 Switching is very frequent, s0 that users can
An instant o/p are generated in this type of system, interact with programs while they are running
some of the examples of these system are Railway
reservation, Airline Reservation, Flight control
5 An interactive or Hands-on computer systen
6 Allows many users to share the computer
systems, Banking ete
resourees simultaneously.
 1.30 tntbnduction te Operating Bysterm operating Systerm (MSTE) 1.50 introco
Aoperating Bysten(MserE)
Real ime systems are ued when proeessing Heattiné systefm Tie sheFiogeyte
must be done within the ixedtime eonatraints. No
Considered to work correctly, only if it returns The rel time sharing n ferme shating operafey
correct reulta with given time conatralnta. operating Nystenis sel ysteY, al fre se
9 Bxamples t Poceaa control in induatrial planta, whieh 65ffereit are provle te pros
roboties, air trafie control, telecommunieations, processes are xuted for exeCtio 6f p
military command and control aysterms, ete. Pew for sorme time slt but inwhi als leads to th
other examples are Railway Reservation aystems, BOIme process ezeeution, ortt
ATM machines ete. time slot ean be extendedwhict
10. Hard real-time Nystems1 Secondary storage for process exeeution bu ente fronns
limited or absent, data stored in short-term context switching cas aother
also take place in sarne process oes nt iete
memory. read-only memory (ROM).Not
rnanner ite woking withus tane
supported by general-purpose operating systems. lot then extra t e sot
1 Soft real-time systems : Limited utility in willnot be given to it.
industrial control Or robotics useful in
applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
4. For example- you are For example n case you
requiring advanced operating-system features. running a process with a are exectinga praceas
time slot of 5 seconds and which requres7 seconds
1.6.2 Difference between Time Sharing System and in case process does not for its copletion but
Real-time System conplete in 5 second and process requires 8
requires 1 extra second seeonds then 1 second
Sr. Real time system Time sharing system then it will be executed in time period will
No. be
next execution cycle but extended and afer that
1 In real time system, a job In time sharing system, time slot will not be anothber tune switching
has to be completed fixed time is given to each extended take place
within fixed deadline proces3 and all the
(time allowed). procesSes are arranged in 1.7 Desktop Systems
a queue.
Personal eomputers are called as desktop sv stems In
2 If job is not completed If the job is not completed the period of their first decade. the CPUs were not that
within the given time within the given tine eficient to protect an operating Vstem from user
then system may extend then it jumps to the next programs In these days Coperating sstems were
time for doing the job leaving the previous unable to provide the features- lke multiuser and
operations. job unfinished. After multitasking
processing to each job, it
again gives the same time
The goala of operating svstems nitally were to
for unfinished job Imaximize CPUand peripheral utilization Afterwards
systema staarted provxhingg leatures for maximzing user
convenienceand responsiveness
EOperatng Systenm (MSBTE) 1.31 ntroduction to Operating Syste ROperting System (MSBTE) 1-32 Introchuction to Operating Systen
Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh were the 1.9 Features of Recent Operating Systems
operating systems used. The MS-DOS operating systen The most recent operating system includes various
was overtaken by Microsoft's multiple versions of
Microsoft Windows, and IBM changed MS-DOS to the releases by Microsoft i.e. various versions of Windows
OS2 multitasking system operating systems. The other popular category is UNEX and
Apple Macintosh is an operating systems used for Linux i.e open source software. A new trend in the market
advanced technology hardware. The other popular includes mobile phone operating systems like Android,
multi user operating systems were UNIX and LINUX. Windows, Symbian etc. MAC and OS/2 operating systems
Microconputers immediately adopted some of the are also used for specific technology machines Windows
technology developed for larger operating systems. For versiong have got following features :
mainframe conputers it is difficult to adopt the (a) User friendly
-operating systems available in the market. For
mainframes specific operating systems are required. (b) Multitasking and multiprogramming
1.8 Multiprocessor Systems (c) Online compatibility
(d) High GUI Interfaces
Explain the multiprocessor systerns concept. W-09
(e) Plug and play technology
Most of the systems are single processor systems ie.
these machines have single processor, generally this () High security
CPU is called as main CPU. There are systens which (g) Stand alone and Multiuser features.
are known as multiprocessor systems. They are also (h) Easy updations in
known as parallel systems or tightly coupled programs
systemns.. UNIX and Linux come under one category ie. open
These types of sy stems have more than one processor souree software. It possess following characteristics.
withthe main CPU which shares the computer bu3, the (a) Open source software
clock, and sometimes memory and peripheral devices. (b) Highly secured operating svstem
The main advantages of multiprocessor systema are
1 Increase in throughput
(e) Strong kernel program
2 Econony of scale (d) High security in nnultiuser enviroment
3 Increased reliability (e) Cost eflective
The operating 8ysterns Patehes of code are added by experts trom the
used for single processor CPU CPU 2 different corners of the world.
and multiprocessors ire
almost same with soie (g) Highly portable
additional features like (h) EIieient & effective tile svstems
Mmory
multitasking, Imultiuser Features of Mobile phone operating system
ete Fig 1.11: Multiprucessor system Compatible with desktop Cs
 Operating System (MSBTE) 1-34 introduction to Opertins Q.
16

Operating System(MSBTE) 1-33 Introduction to Operating System Summer 2c09- Total Marks 12
2 Internet Access
3 Strong multimedia features. Q. 4 Describe multiprograrnming and muititasking.
4. Portable device management (Sections 1.2.2 and 1.2.3) (4 Marksy
a. 5 Describe real time systems. State any two examples of ts
Exercise applications. (Section 1.6) (4 Marks)
Short Questions Q. 6 Explain batch processing operating system.
Q.1 What are important parts of computer system ? Explain with (Section 1.2.1) (4 Marks)
the help of diagram.
Winter 2009-Total Marks 12
Q.2 What is an operating system ? Give examples of operating
systems.
Q.7 Define operating system. State the different types of operating
Q.3 List different Mainframe systems. system. (Section 1.2) (4 Marks)
Q. 4 List functions of an operating system. Q.8 Explain the multiprocessor systerns concept.
Long Questions (Section 1.3) (4 Marks)
Q.1 Explain generations of operating system. Q.9 Explain the real time operating systerm in brief.
Q.2 Explain Batch, Multi programmed, Multitasking, Time sharind (Section 1.6) (4 Marks)
and Desktop operating system.
Summer 2010 - Total Marks 16
Q.3 Expiain muitiproces sor systems.
Q.4 Explain distributed systems. a. 10 List different types of O.S. explan spooling.
(Sections 1.2 and 1.2.2(b)) (4 Marks)
Q.5 What is clustered systems ? Write in detail.
Q. 11 Differentiate between multiprogramning and multitasking OS.
O.6 What is real time systens.? Explain in details.
(Section 1.2.3(a)) (4 Marks)
1.10 BTE Questions and Answers Q. 12 Explain distributed system in detail (Section 1.4) (4 Marks)
Q. 13 List any four functions of operating system
Winter 2008- Total Marks 12
(Section 1.1.2) (4 Marks)
Q.1 ExplanBatch Monitoring functions. (Section 1.2.1) (4 Markd Winter 2010 - Total Marks 18
a. 2 What ts multitasking operating system? State advantages
multitasking operating system (Section 1.2.3) (4 Mark O. 14 Describe time sharing systerr along withh exarmple
(Section 1.2.4) (4 Marks)
a.3 What are the parts of computer system? Explain with the he
of dagram. (Section 1.1.1) (4 Markt
 Operating System(MSBTE) 1-35 Introduction to Operating System
a. 15 What is real tinme operating system? Elaborate with an
example. (Section 1.6) (4 Marks)
a. 16 Describe multiprogramming and multitasking.
(Sections 1.2.2 and 1.2.3) (4 Marks)
a. 17 Describe evolution of operating system.
(Section 1.1) (4 Marks)