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Age, sex ratio, spawning season and fecundity of Alburnoides samiii (Pisces:
Cyprinidae), from Sefidroud River (the southwestern Caspian Sea basin)
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Article No.: e151309 http://biozoojournals.ro/bihbiol/index.html
Age, sex ratio, spawning season and fecundity of Alburnoides samiii (Pisces: Cyprinidae), from
Sefidroud River (the southwestern Caspian Sea basin)
Mohammad MANSOURI-CHOREHI1, Hamed MOUSAVI-SABET1,2,*,
Masoud SATTARI1,2, Akbar NASROLLAHZADEH1 and Aliakbar HEDAYATI3
1. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1144, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran.
2. The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
3. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
*Corresponding author, M. Mousavi-Sabet, Phone: +98 (13) 44320895, Fax: +98 (13) 44320895, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Received: 01. June 2015 / Accepted: 10. September 2015 / Available online: 28. October 2016 / Printed: December 2016
Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine reproductive biology of Alburnoides samiii including age structure, maturity,
sex ratio, spawning season and fecundity, which are barely known. A total of 312 specimens were caught monthly from the
Sefidroud River in the southwestern Caspian Sea basin, including 152 males, 128 females and 32 immature. Age, sex ratio, fecundity,
oocytes diameter, gonadosomatic, modified gonadosomatic and Dobriyal indices were estimated. Regression analyses were used to
find relations between fecundity and fish size (length and weight), gonad weight and age. Sex ratio differed significantly from unity,
and the percentage of males was greater than that of females. This fish reached sexual maturity at a total length of 45 and 49 mm (1+
in age) for females and males, respectively. The mean of oocytes diameter was calculated as 0.732 mm. Spawning was started from
mid spring and latest to late summer. The gonad indices (GSI, MGSI and DI) increase from late April, peaking at early May, and
decrease until late September. The averages of absolute and relative fecundities were calculated 1571 per individual and 202 per
body weight in gram, respectively. The absolute fecundity was significantly related to body length and gonad weight. Based on the
pattern of gonad indices, it was concluded that this fish has a prolonged active reproductive period.
Key words: Gonadosomatic index, Dobriyal index, Oocyte diameter, Spirlin, Iran.
Introduction Figure 1. Map of the southern
Caspian Sea basin in north of
The genus Alburnoides, distributed in Europe and the Middle Iran showing some of the
East from France north of the Alps eastwards to the Black, most important rivers system
Caspian and Aral Sea basins (Berg 1949, Coad & Bogutskaya and the study area, Sefidroud
2009). In Iran eleven Alburnoides species are found including; River.
A. samiii De Filippii, 1863 A. holciki Coad and Bogutskaya,
2012, A. idignensis Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009, A. namaki
Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009, A. nicolausi Bogutskaya and
Coad, 2009, A. petrubanarescui Bogutskaya and Coad, 2009,
A. qanati Coad and Bogutskaya, 2009, A. tabarestanensis
Mousavi-Sabet, AnvariFar & Azizi, 2015, A. coadi Mousavi-
Sabet, Vatandoust & Doadrio, 2015, A. parhami Mousavi-
Sabet, Vatandoust & Doadrio, 2015, and A. samiii Mousavi-
Sabet, Vatandoust & Doadrio, 2015 (Bogutskaya & Coad
2009, Coad 2015, Azizi et al. 2015, Mousavi-Sabet et al.
2015a,b). The members of the genus Alburnoides have small
body size, which generally prefers shallow, high oxygen,
fast-flowing waters, rocky and mountain streams to live, and
spawns on gravel in swift currents (Penaz 1995, Freyhof
2014).
Since the reproduction parameters are particularly im-
portant in the management of resources, conserve and re-
store fish populations and asthere is no comprehensive data Guilan prov., at the north of Iran (latitude: from 37°01'16.82" N to
36°50'44.71" N; longitude:from 49°37'56.86" E to 49°35'01.23" E). The
on biological aspects of A. samiii. Therefore, the main aim of
bottom of the sampling site was commonly sandy with incidental silt
the present study was to provide data on the reproductive and pebbles with 5-30 cm in diameter and the water was generally
biology of this species, including age structure, maturity, sex clear with slow running. The depths of river at the sampling sites
ratio, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, oocyte diameter, and ranged from 20 to 70 cm. Fish samples were obtained from the river
spawning season, time and duration which are necessary for monthly intervals from November 2013 to October 2014 by elec-
conservation programs of this fish. trofishing (200-300 V), with mesh size of 0.5 cm. Each sampling cov-
ered about 100 meters of river. Two times sampling were done in
May 2014, because of the higher reproductive activity. After anesthe-
Materials and methods sia, the caught specimens were preserved in 10% formaldehyde. The
water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and water hardness of the
Study area, sampling, and habitat. sample site were measured simultaneously. The parameters given
The study was carried out in downstream of the River Sefidroud in above ranged 9.4- 26.7 °C, 7.29-8.04, 5-10 mg L-1 and 175-199.5 mg L-1,
the southwestern Caspian Sea basin (Fig. 1), which is situated in respectively.
94 M. Mansouri-Chorehi et al.
Biometry and data analysis
Total length (TL), standard length (SL) and fork length (FL) to the
nearest 0.1 mm, body weight (Wb) to the nearest 0.01 g and gonad
weight (Wg) to the nearest 0.001 g were measured. The fish size at
first maturity was estimated by observation of ripe gonads. To exam-
ine the monthly changes in gonads as a mean for estimating the
spawning season, gonad indices including: gonadosomatic (GSI),
modified gonadosomatic (MGSI) and Dobriyal (DI) were calculated
following the formulas: GSI= (Wg × Wb-1) × 100, MGSI = (Wg × Wb-1)
– Wg × 100 (Nikolsky 1963) and DI= 3√Wg (Dobriyal et al. 1999). The
absolute fecundity (Fa) was estimated in 26 ovaries by calculating the
number of oocytes with a diameter greater than 0.2 mm. The sex of
each specimen was determined using a Zeiss SV 6 dissecting micro-
scope. Six to eight scales were removed from the left side of the body
between the lateral line and dorsal fin and mounted under binocular
stereoscope for age determination (Ambrose, 1989). The relation-
ships between fecundity and body length, body weight, ovary
Figure 2. Variation of mean (±SE) gonadosomatic index (GSI) and
weight, and age were determined by regression analysis. The Chi
modified gonadosomatic index (MGSI) of female (F) and male (M)
square test was used to assess sex ratio deviation from a 50:50 (Woot-
for A. samiii from the southwestern Caspian Sea basin in different
ton, 1998). Comparison of significant differences in the GSI index be-
months, from November 2013 to October 2014.
tween samples taken on different months was done using analysis of
variance (ANOVA I). The data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16.0)
software and Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet.
Results
Size, sex ratio, and age.
A total of 312 specimens of Alburnoides samiii were caught,
including 152 males, 128 females and 32 immature. The
range of total length was 45-112 mm, standard length was
35-95 mm, fork length was 40-102 mm, and body weight was
0.8-17.3 g. The longest captured fish for male and female
were 98 and 112 mm, respectively. The age of the fish ranges
from 1+ to 3+ years (Table 1). The majority of the caught fish
were 2+ years old (56.09%), some were 1+ (30.77%) and
small percentage was 3+ (13.14%). Alburnoides samiii reached Figure 3. Variation of Dobriyal Index (D.I.) and of female (F) and
sexual maturity at total length of 45 and 49 mm (1+ in age) male (M) A. samiii from the southwestern Caspian Sea basin in dif-
for female and male, respectively. The overall ratio of fe- ferent months, from November 2013 to October 2014.
males to males was 1: 1.19 and χ analysis showed this to be
2
significant (χ2= 1.029; P< 0.05). Oocyte diameter and fecundity
The size of oocytes ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 mm with a mean
Gonadosomatic, modified gonadosomatic and Dobriyal in- of 0.732 (SD ±0.384). They were highest in April (1.1 mm)
dices and May (1.14 mm) and lowest in November (0.51 mm).
In order to determine the reproduction period, GSI, MGSI There was a peak in the number of yellowish-yolk oocytes
and DI were evaluated by monthly intervals. Significant dif- (1-1.7 mm diameter) in May (Fig. 4).
ferences were observed in female and male for GSI, MGSI The absolute fecundity varied in a wide range from 763
and DI in different months (P<0.05). There was no signifi- to 2901 eggs per specimen with an average of 1571.1 (SD ±
cant difference between GSI and MGSI trend for each sex 586.7). The relative fecundity was 88 to 412 with a mean of
(P>0.05). The gonad indices increased from late April, 202.7 (SD ± 79.8) per gram body weight (Table 2).
peaked in early May, and decreased in late September (Figs Significant correlations were observed between absolute fe-
2-3). In females, DI was estimated as 0.37 in early May and cundity and fish body length and also gonad weight (Table
fall down in late September (0.02) for females. According to 3). The regression coefficient values were calculated as
GSI, MGSI and DI the spawning period was started in May 0.3976 and 0.3318 for gonad weight and total body weight,
and continue to until late September in this region. respectively.
Table 1. Length and weight (mean ± SD) in different age groups of males and females of A. samiii from the
southwestern Caspian Sea basin (SL = standard length; TL = total length; Wb = body weight; n = number of
specimens; SD = standard deviation; M = male; F = female).
Age n SL (mm) TL (mm) Wb (g)
M F M F M F M F
1+ 46 30 54.04±7.08 51.04±6.24 66.14±7.99 62.25±7.51 3.21±1.40 2.57±0.92
2+ 97 66 62.38±8.18 66.26±9.46 74.99±13.64 81.55±11.07 5.04±1.83 6.31±2.34
3+ 9 32 71.54±5.19 76.05±7.27 88.07±6.52 93.12±7.58 7.51±1.73 9.31±2.79
Age, sex ratio, spawning season and fecundity of Alburnoides samiii, from Sefidroud River 95
Figure 4. The mean oocyte diameter [mm] in the go-
nads of A. samiii from the southwestern Caspian
Sea basin, from November 2013 to October 2014.
Table 2. Absolute (Fa) and relative (Fr) fecundity in particular ranges of body length (SL),
body weight (Wb), and age of A. samiii females from the southwestern Caspian Sea basin.
Fa Fr
Parameter n
Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD
45.1-60 3 823-1081 914±145 157-332 216±100
SL [mm] 60.1-75 15 863-2901 1616±185 88-412 220±19
75.1≤ 8 1619-2161 1734±306 99-226 165±35
2.1-6 4 823-912 859±39 157-332 211±82
Wb[g] 6.1-10 16 763-2901 1696±421 88-412 219±85
10.1≤ 6 1140-2161 1714±468 99-208 154±45
1+ 2 837-912 875±53 197-332 264±96
Age 2+ 10 823-2901 1594±704 109-412 227±89
3+ 14 762-2236 1654±486 88-318 183±69
Table 3. Correlation coefficients r and regression equations for the relation between ab-
solute fecundity (Fa) and: body length (TL), body weight (Wb), weight of ovary (Wg),
and age of A. samiii females from the southwestern Caspian Sea basin.
Relation n Linear regression r2 F-value P-value
Fa - SL 26 y = 29.874x - 559.69 0.2343 7.345 0.012
Fa - Wb 26 y = 81.862x + 903.97 0.1101 2.968 0.098
Fa - Wg 26 y = 460.31x + 1164.80 0.1581 4.507 0.044
Fa - Age 26 y = 234.77x + 1011.30 0.0650 1.669 0.209
Discussion stated that a proportion of oldest specimens is low indicates
that very few individuals survive to maximum age, as is
Age and size of fish typical of most fishes. The examined A. samiii, were mature
Most of the examined fish were 2+ years old, some were 1+ at 1+ in age for both sexes. In Azerbaijan, maturity in A.
and small percentage was 3+ (13.14%). Matthews (1998) bipunctatus is attained at 1-2 years and life span is 3 years
96 M. Mansouri-Chorehi et al.
(Abdurakhmanov, 1962). In the studied specimens, body conditions (Thorpe 1984, Fleming & Gross 1990).
length and weight of females were larger than males also Oocyte diameter distribution analysis shows that the re-
males were darker than females in body colour (especially in productive season was absolutely protracted (from late May
the reproductive period). In this regard and by comparison to late September), a common feature for batch spawner
between female and male spirlin, Bura et al. (2008) stated fishes. Spirlin is reported to belong to batch spawners (frac-
that average body length and weight, and maximum body tional, portional, heterochronal; Papadopol and Cristofor
height in females is bigger than males. 1980, Bless 1996, 2001, Breitenstein and Kirchhofer 2000). Sta-
tistically significant relationships were found between the
Reproduction absolute fecundity and body length and gonad weight in A.
The gonad indices (GSI, MGSI and DI) were low in winter samiii. A large fish lays more eggs than a small one, and the
and then increased at the beginning of spring, peaked at the correlation of fecundity with weight in most fish is higher
mid of spring and then decreased until late summer. The than that with length, which in turn is higher than that with
process of accumulating reserve substances in the ovaries of age (Nikolsky 1969).
the females can be obtained partly by tracing the changes in The results of this study provide the first data on repro-
the gonad indices. In species which spawn in late spring and ductive biology of A. samiii, including age structure, matur-
in summer such as spirlin, these indices remain low in win- ity, sex ratio, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, oocyte diame-
ter and then increase sharply just before the spawn (Wootton ter, and spawning time and duration. From the point of view
1979, Marconato & Rasotto 1989, Rinchard & Kestemont of management, the obtained information is useful for con-
1996). A rapid increase in the weight of ovaries takes place servation programs of this fish. Upstream of Sefidroud River
when the temperature rises and increasing amounts of food is more preferred for living by A. samiii, since there are more
are consumed (Wootton 1979). individuals. Spawning in this species takes place between
Spawning of A. samiii was started from beginning of early May and late September, although in some cases a later
May and latest to late summer, which at the late September starting and shorter period is reported, the reproductive cy-
the ovaries of most of the spirlin under study indicated the cle starting earlier and its duration being longer in lower lati-
end of the reproductive period. While a shorter spawning tudes. This population of spirlin had a narrow age range (1+
period is reported for Alburnoides sp. from Rudava stream, in to 3+ years), which most of the examined fish were 2+ years
western Slovakia (Polačik & Kováč 2006), and from the old. Based on our observation during the sampling and the
Keselian stream in the southeastern Caspian Sea basin (Sei- obtained results, it can be concluded the population of A.
fali et al. 2012). It has been found that the reproductive indi- samiii (and probably other fish species in the river) is under
ces for females were always higher than for males. Papado- pressure by habitat degradation and illegal sport fishing. So,
pol and Cristofori (1980) reported a large reproductive po- an urgent habitat protection and a limited fishing activity are
tential of spirlin in Romania, where it reproduces four to five suggested.
times in a season. It can be concluded that the potential
spawning period in these fishes (Alburnoides sp.) is very pro-
longed (Bless, 1994).
Our obtained results showed that the spawning season Acknowledgement. The authors are grateful to Hanieh
Mojdakanlou for her help in laboratory works, and Abouzar Habibi,
of A. samiii started from the mid spring to late summer (19.7-
Adeleh Heidari, Mitra Mohammadi and Kobra Ghasemzadeh for
22.8 °C), while Abdurakhmanov (1962) reported that spawn-
their help in fish collections.
ing of A. bipunctatus takes place in spring (April-June) at 13-
15.6°C and Yildirim (1999) concluded that A. bipunctatus fas-
ciatis (Nordman, 1840) began to spawn at the end of May
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