JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Javascript?
JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side and
server-side web development.

2. Explain Hoisting in javascript

Hoisting is a JavaScript behaviour where variable and function
declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during the
compilation phase, before the code is executed.
Example:
console.log(message); // Output: undefined
var message = 'Hello, hoisting!';

sayHello(); // Output: Hello, hoisting!

function sayHello() {
console.log('Hello, hoisting!');
}

3. What is the difference between == and ===?

“==” checks equality only,
“===” checks for equality as well as the type.

4. What is NaN property in JavaScript?

 NaN property represents the “Not-a-Number” value. It indicates a value
that is not a legal number. Type of NaN will return a Number.
To check if a value is NaN, we use the is NaN() function,
Example:
isNaN("Hello") // Returns true
isNaN(345) // Returns false

5. What is DOM?

DOM stands for the Document Object Model. Dom defines a standard for
accessing the document. It is a platform that allows to dynamically access
and update the content or structure or style of the document.

6. What is the difference between undefined value and null

value?

 Undefined value: A value that is not defined and has no keyword is

known as undefined value.

Example:
int number;//Here, a number has an undefined value.
 Null value: A value that is explicitly specified by the keyword "null" is
known as a null value.

Example:
String str=null;//Here, str has a null value.

7. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'

The result is 33
8. How do you change the style of a HTML element?
document. getElementById("myText").style.fontSize = "10";

9. What is Prompt() method in JavaScript?

A prompt box is a box which allows the user to enter input by providing a
text box. The prompt() method displays a dialog box that prompts the
visitor for input.

10. What is typeof operator?

The typeof operator is a built-in JavaScript operator that allows you to

determine the data type of a given value or expression. It returns a string
indicating the type of the operand.
Example:
let x = 42;
let y = "Hello";
let z = true;

console.log(typeof x); // Output: "number"

console.log(typeof y); // Output: "string"
console.log(typeof z); // Output: "boolean"

11. What is let keyword in JavaScript?

The let keyword is used to declare block-scoped variables. It was

introduced in ECMAScript 6 (ES6) as an alternative to the var keyword,
which declares variables with function scope or global scope.
 The let keyword allows you to declare variables that are limited in scope
to the block, statement, or expression in which they are defined. This
means that a variable declared with let is only accessible within the block
of code where it is defined, including any nested blocks. Outside of that
block, the variable is not accessible.
Example:
function example() {
let x = 10;

if (true) {
let y = 20;
console.log(x); // Output: 10
console.log(y); // Output: 20
}

console.log(x); // Output: 10
console.log(y); // Error: y is not defined
}

example();

12. What is var keyword in JavaScript?

The var keyword is used to declare variables. It was the primary way to
declare variables in JavaScript before the introduction of let and const in
ECMAScript 6 (ES6).
Variables declared with var have function scope or global scope,
depending on where they are declared. This means that a variable
 declared with var is accessible throughout the entire function in which it
is defined, regardless of the block scope.
Example:
function example() {
var x = 10;

if (true) {
var y = 20;
console.log(x); // Output: 10
console.log(y); // Output: 20
}

console.log(x); // Output: 10
console.log(y); // Output: 20
}

example();

13. What is const keyword in JavaScript?

The const keyword is used to declare variables that have block scope and
whose values cannot be reassigned once they are initialized. It was
introduced in ECMAScript 6 (ES6) as a way to declare constants in
JavaScript.
When you declare a variable with const, you must initialize it with a
value at the same time. Once the value is assigned, it cannot be changed
throughout the rest of the program.
Example:
const pi = 3.14;
 console.log(pi); // Output: 3.14

pi = 3.14159; // Error: Assignment to a constant variable

14. What is arrays in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, an array is a data structure used to store multiple values in
a single variable. It is a built-in object type that provides a way to
organize and manipulate collections of elements.
There are two ways to create array in JavaScript like other languages.
• The first way to create array
var names = new Array ();
names [0] = "Vikas";
names [1] = "Ashish";
names [2] = "Nikhil";
• The second way to create array
var names = new Array ("Vikas", "Ashish", "Nikhil");

15. What arrow functions?

Arrow functions, also known as fat arrow functions, are a concise syntax
introduced in ECMAScript 6 (ES6) for defining functions in JavaScript.
They provide a more concise and expressive way to write function
expressions.
Syntax:
(parameters) => {
// function body
};
Example:
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
 console.log(add(2, 3)); // Output: 5

16. What are object? Explain How to add and remove

elements from object.

An object is a data structure that allows you to store and organize data in
key-value pairs.
An object consists of properties, where each property has a key (also
called a property name or identifier) and a corresponding value. The key
is always a string, and the value can be of any data type, including other
objects, arrays, functions, and primitive values such as strings, numbers,
and booleans.
Example:
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 30,
profession: "Developer"
};
delete person.age;

17. How to add JavaScript to HTML document? Explain

each way with examples.

There are three ways to add JavaScript code to an HTML document.
 Inline javascript
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inline JavaScript Example</title>
 </head>
<body>
<h1>Inline JavaScript Example</h1>

<script>
// Inline JavaScript code
alert("Hello, World!");
</script>
</body>
</html>
 Internal javascript
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Internal JavaScript Example</title>
<script>
// Internal JavaScript code
function greet() {
alert("Hello, World!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Internal JavaScript Example</h1>

<button onclick="greet()">Click Me</button>

</body>
</html>
 External javascript
 <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>External JavaScript Example</title>
<script src="script.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>External JavaScript Example</h1>

<button onclick="greet()">Click Me</button>

</body>
</html>

script.js
// External JavaScript code
function greet() {
alert("Hello, World!");
}

18. Who created javascript?

Javascript is created by Brendan Eich. He developed the language while
working at Netscape Communications Corporation in 1995.

19. What are the different ways to access object

properties?
In JavaScript, there are several ways to access object properties.
 Dot notation:
let person = {
 name: "John",
age: 30
};

console.log(person.name); // Output: "John"

console.log(person.age); // Output: 30

 Bracket notation:
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 30
};

console.log(person["name"]); // Output: "John"

console.log(person["age"]); // Output: 30

 Computed property access (ES6):

let propertyName = "name";
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 30
};

console.log(person[propertyName]); // Output: "John"

 Object destructuring (ES6):

let person = {
name: "John",
age: 30
 };

let { name, age } = person;

console.log(name); // Output: "John"

console.log(age); // Output: 30

20. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

Yes, JavaScript is a case-sensitive language.
Example:
let myVariable = 42;
let myvariable = "Hello";

console.log(myVariable); // Output: 42
console.log(myvariable); // Output: "Hello"

21. What advantages are using arrow functions?

 Arrow functions have shorter syntax than regular function expressions.
 Arrow functions have implicit return statements.
 Arrow functions increase readability.

22. What are the primitive data types in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, there are six primitive data types:
 String: Represents a sequence of characters enclosed in single
quotes ('') or double quotes ("").
Example: "Hello, world!"
  Number: Represents numeric values, including integers and
floating-point numbers.
Example: 42, 3.14

 Boolean: Represents a logical value that can be either true or false.

Example: true, false

 Null: Represents the intentional absence of any object value.

Example: null

 Undefined: Represents an uninitialized or unassigned value.

Example: undefined

 Symbol (introduced in ECMAScript 6): Represents a unique and

immutable value that can be used as an identifier for object
properties.
Example: Symbol("mySymbol")

23. What are some advantages of using External

JavaScript?
 It separates HTML and code.
 It makes HTML and JavaScript easier to read and maintain.
 Cached JavaScript files can speed up page loads.

24. Is javascript a statically typed or a dynamically typed

language?
 JavaScript is a dynamically typed language. This means that variable
types are determined dynamically at runtime, rather than being explicitly
declared or enforced during compilation or initialization.
In JavaScript, you can assign a value of any type to a variable without
explicitly specifying its type. The type of a variable can change during
the execution of the program based on the value assigned to it.
Example:
let x = 42; // x is initially assigned a number
x = "Hello"; // x is now assigned a string
x = true; // x is now assigned a Boolean

25. What are the possible ways to create objects in

JavaScript?
In JavaScript, there are four ways to create an object — using object
literals, constructor functions, ES6 classes and object.
 Object Literal:
Example:
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
occupation: "Developer"
};

 Constructor Function:
Example:
function Person(name, age, occupation) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
 this.occupation = occupation;
}

let person = new Person("John", 25, "Developer");

 ES6 Class:
Example:
class Person {
constructor(name, age, occupation) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.occupation = occupation;
}
}

let person = new Person("John", 25, "Developer");

 Object.create():
Example:
let personPrototype = {
greeting: function() {
console.log("Hello, I'm " + this.name);
}
};

let person = Object.create(personPrototype);

person.name = "John";
person.age = 25;
person.occupation = "Developer";
26. What is JavaScript? Explain the features of

JavaScript.
JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side and server-
side web development.
The features of JavaScript are:
 Case Sensitive
In Javascript, names, variables, keywords, and functions are case-
sensitive.
 Arrow Functions
Javascript helps to optimize syntax in anonymous functions with
the arrow function syntax.
 Date and Time Handling
Javascript has built-in functions for getting 'date' and time.
 Event Handling
Events are actions. Javascript provides event-handling options.
 Control Statements
Javascript has control statements like if-else-if, switch case, and
loop. Users can write complex code using these control statements.
 Scripting
Javascript executes the client-side script in the browser.

27. What are events?

Event is the predefined object in js where it contains all the information
related to click event.
28. What is the purpose of the array slice method?
The slice() method in JavaScript is used to create a new array that
contains a shallow copy of a portion of an existing array. It does not
modify the original array but returns a new array with the selected
elements.
Example:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const slicedArray = numbers.slice(1, 4);

console.log(slicedArray); // Output: [2, 3, 4]

29. What is the purpose of the array splice method?

The splice() method in JavaScript is used to change the contents of an
array by removing, replacing, or adding elements. It modifies the original
array and returns an array containing the removed elements.
Example:
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape'];

// Remove one element at index 1

fruits.splice(1, 1);
console.log(fruits); // Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'grape']

30. What are classes in javascript?

Classes in JavaScript are a way to define blueprints for creating objects

with similar properties and behaviors. They are a fundamental part of
object-oriented programming (OOP) in JavaScript. Introduced in
ECMAScript 2015 (ES6)
 Example:
class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

sayHello() {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I am ${this.age}
years old.`);
}
}

31. What is the definition of a Higher-Order Function?

A higher order function is a function that takes one or more functions as
arguments, or returns a function as its result.
Example:
function multiplier(factor) {
return function(number) {
return number * factor;
};
}

const double = multiplier(2);

const triple = multiplier(3);

console.log(double(5)); // Output: 10
console.log(triple(5)); // Output: 15
32. What are the different types of operators in

JavaScript? Explain each type with an Example.

In JavaScript, there are several types of operators that perform different

operations on values. Here are the main types of operators along with
examples:
 Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are used to
perform mathematical calculations.
Example:
let x = 5;
let y = 3;

console.log(x + y); // Addition: 8

console.log(x - y); // Subtraction: 2
console.log(x * y); // Multiplication: 15
console.log(x / y); // Division: 1.6666666666666667
console.log(x % y); // Modulus (Remainder): 2
console.log(x ** y); // Exponentiation: 125

 Comparison Operators: Comparison operators are used to

compare two values and return a Boolean result (true or false).
Example:
let x = 5;
let y = 3;

console.log(x > y); // Greater than: true

console.log(x < y); // Less than: false
console.log(x >= y); // Greater than or equal to: true
 console.log(x <= y); // Less than or equal to: false
console.log(x === y); // Equality: false
console.log(x !== y); // Inequality: true

 Logical Operators: Logical operators are used to combine or

manipulate Boolean values.
Example:
let x = 5;
let y = 3;
let z = 7;

console.log(x > y && x < z); // Logical AND: true

console.log(x > y || x > z); // Logical OR: true
console.log(!(x > y)); // Logical NOT: false

 Unary Operators: Unary operators work on a single operand.

Example:
let x = 5;

console.log(-x); // Negation: -5
console.log(++x); // Increment: 6
console.log(--x); // Decrement: 5
console.log(!true); // Logical NOT: false

 Conditional (Ternary) Operator: The conditional operator

(also known as the ternary operator) is a shorthand for an if...else
statement.
Example:
let age = 18;
let canVote = (age >= 18) ? "Yes" : "No";
 console.log(canVote); // Yes
 Assignment Operators: Assignment operators are used to
assign values to variables.
Example:
let x = 10;

x += 5; // Addition assignment: x = x + 5 (15)

x -= 3; // Subtraction assignment: x = x - 3 (12)
x *= 2; // Multiplication assignment: x = x * 2 (24)
x /= 4; // Division assignment: x = x / 4 (6)
x %= 5; // Modulus assignment: x = x % 5 (1)

33. Explain is Scope in JavaScript?

Scope in JavaScript refers to the visibility and accessibility of variables,

functions, and objects within a particular part of the code during runtime.
It determines where variables and functions are accessible and where they
are not.
 Global Scope: Variables declared outside of any function or block
have global scope. They can be accessed from anywhere in the
code, including inside functions.
Example:
let globalVariable = "I am a global variable";

function globalFunction() {
console.log(globalVariable);
}
 globalFunction(); // Output: I am a global variable

 Local Scope: Variables declared inside a function have local

scope. They are only accessible within that function and are not
visible outside of it.
Example:
function localFunction() {
let localVariable = "I am a local variable";
console.log(localVariable);
}

localFunction(); // Output: I am a local variable

console.log(localVariable); // Error: localVariable is not defined

34. What are the types of errors in javascript?

In JavaScript, there are several types of errors that can occur during the
execution of a program.
 Syntax Errors: Syntax errors occur when the JavaScript code
violates the language's syntax rules.
Example:
if (x > 5 { // SyntaxError: Missing closing parenthesis
console.log("x is greater than 5");
}

 Reference Errors: Reference errors occur when an invalid

reference or identifier is used in the code.
Example:
console.log(message); // ReferenceError: message is not defined
 function myFunction() {
console.log(innerVariable); // ReferenceError: innerVariable is
not defined
}

 Type Errors: Type errors occur when an operation is performed

on a value of an inappropriate type.
Example:
let x = 10;
x(); // TypeError: x is not a function

let person = null;

console.log(person.name); // TypeError: Cannot read property
'name' of null

 Range Errors: Range errors occur when a value is not within the
expected range or set of allowed values.
Example:
let array = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(array[5]); // RangeError: Invalid array index

let negativeNumber = -10;

console.log(Math.sqrt(negativeNumber)); // RangeError: Invalid
argument

 Eval Errors: Eval errors occur when there is an issue with the
eval() function. The eval() function is used to evaluate JavaScript
code dynamically.
Example:
 eval("alert('Hello, World!"); // EvalError: Unterminated string
literal

35. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language

36. What is the use of setInterval?

The setInterval() function is commonly used to set a delay for functions
that are executed again and again, such as animations.

37. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method?

The clearTimeout method in JavaScript is used to cancel a timeout
previously set with the setTimeout function. It allows you to stop the
execution of a function that was scheduled to run after a specific delay.
Example:
function showMessage() {
console.log("Hello, World!");
}

// Schedule the showMessage function to execute after 2 seconds

let timeoutId = setTimeout(showMessage, 2000);

// Cancel the timeout before it executes

clearTimeout(timeoutId);

38. What is the purpose of clearInterval method?

 The clearInterval method in JavaScript is used to cancel the recurring
execution of a function that was scheduled to run at fixed intervals using
the setInterval function.
Example:
let count = 0;

function incrementCount() {
count++;
console.log(count);
}

// Call incrementCount function every 1 second (1000 milliseconds)

let intervalId = setInterval(incrementCount, 1000);

// Stop the interval after 5 seconds

setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(intervalId);
}, 5000);

39. What is the difference between slice and splice?

slice splice
Returns removed elements from Returns selected elements from
the array the array
Mutates original array Does not mutate original array
Can add new elements to array Can’t add new elements

40. What is eval?

 In JavaScript, eval() is a global function that evaluates or executes a
string of code dynamically at runtime. It takes the provided code as a
string parameter and executes it as if it were part of the original code.
Example:
let x = 5;
let y = 10;
let code = "console.log(x + y);";

eval(code); // Output: 15

let dynamicCode = "let z = x * y; console.log(z);";

eval(dynamicCode); // Output: 50

41. What is the purpose of setTimeout function?

The setTimeout function in JavaScript is used to schedule the execution
of a function or the evaluation of a code snippet after a specified delay. It
allows you to introduce a time delay before executing a specific action.
Example:
function showMessage() {
console.log("Hello, World!");
}

// Call showMessage function after 2 seconds

setTimeout(showMessage, 2000);

// Using an anonymous function

setTimeout(function() {
console.log("Delayed message");
 }, 3000);

42. How do you get the current url with javascript?

In JavaScript, you can get the current URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
of the webpage using the window.location object. The window.location
object provides information about the current URL and various properties
and methods to access different parts of the URL.
Example:
let currentURL = window.location.href;
console.log(currentURL);

43. How do you combine two or more arrays?

To combine two or more arrays in JavaScript, you can use the concat()
method or the spread operator (...).
Example:
let array1 = [1, 2, 3];
let array2 = [4, 5, 6];
let array3 = [7, 8, 9];

let combinedArray = array1.concat(array2, array3);

console.log(combinedArray);
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

44. Can I redeclare let and const variables

 In JavaScript, you cannot redeclare a variable using the let or const
keywords within the same scope. If you attempt to redeclare a let or const
variable, it will result in an error.
Example:
let x = 5;
let x = 10; // Error: Identifier 'x' has already been declared

const y = 20;
const y = 30; // Error: Identifier 'y' has already been declared

45. What is an anonymous function?

An anonymous function in JavaScript is a function that is defined without
a name. Instead of providing a name for the function, it is directly
declared as an expression and assigned to a variable or used as a callback.
Example:
let sayHello = function() {
console.log("Hello!");
};

sayHello(); // Output: Hello!

46. How do you display the current date in javascript?

To display the current date in JavaScript, you can use the Date object
along with various methods to extract the desired information. Here's an
Example:
let currentDate = new Date();

let year = currentDate.getFullYear();

 let month = currentDate.getMonth() + 1; // Note: Months are zero-based,
so we add 1 to get the actual month.
let day = currentDate.getDate();

console.log("Current Date: " + year + "-" + month + "-" + day);

47. Explain the different Output statements in JavaScript

with Examples.
In JavaScript, there are several ways to output or display information to
the console or the user.
 console.log():
console.log("Hello, World!"); // Output: Hello, World!

let num = 42;

console.log("The value of num is:", num); // Output: The value of
num is: 42

let person = { name: "John", age: 30 };

console.log(person); // Output: { name: "John", age: 30 }

 alert():
alert("Welcome to our website!"); // Displays a popup with the
message "Welcome to our website!"

 document.write():
document.write("Hello, World!"); // Output: Hello, World!

 innerHTML:
<div id="myElement"></div>
 <script>
let element = document.getElementById("myElement");
element.innerHTML = "Hello, World!"; // The content of the div
will be replaced with "Hello, World!"
</script>

48. What are Events in JS? Briefly Explain Event

Handlers in JS with Examples.

In JavaScript, events are actions or occurrences that happen in the
browser or on a web page. These events can be triggered by the user, such
as clicking a button or submitting a form, or they can be triggered by the
browser itself, such as when the page finishes loading or when a timer
expires. Events allow you to respond to user interactions and perform
specific actions in your JavaScript code.
Example:

<button id="myButton">Click Me</button>

<script>
// Event handler function
function handleClick() {
console.log("Button clicked!");
}

// Attaching the event handler to the button

let button = document.getElementById("myButton");
button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);
 </script>

49. What are functions? Explain the different types of

function with example

In JavaScript, a function is a block of reusable code that performs a
specific task or calculates a value.
 Named Function:
A named function is a function that is defined with a specific name. It can
be called by its name whenever you want to execute its code.
Example:
function greet(name) {
console.log("Hello, " + name + "!");
}

greet("John"); // Output: Hello, John!

 Anonymous Function:
An anonymous function is a function that is not assigned a name. It
is often used as a callback function or assigned to a variable.
Example:
let greet = function (name) {
console.log("Hello, " + name + "!");
};

greet("John"); // Output: Hello, John!

 Arrow Function:
 Arrow functions are a concise syntax introduced in ES6. They
provide a more compact way to define functions
Example:
let greet = (name) => {
console.log("Hello, " + name + "!");
};

greet("John"); // Output: Hello, John!

50. Explain with example About looping and control

statements in JavaScript.
In JavaScript, looping and control statements are used to control the flow
of execution in a program. They allow you to repeat a block of code or
conditionally execute code based on certain conditions.
 for loop:
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4

 while loop:
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4
 do-while loop:
let i = 0;
do {
console.log(i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);
// Output: 0 1 2 3 4

 if statement:
let age = 20;
if (age >= 18) {
console.log("You are an adult.");
} else {
console.log("You are a minor.");
}
// Output: You are an adult.

 switch statement:
let day = "Monday";
switch (day) {
case "Monday":
console.log("It's Monday.");
break;
case "Tuesday":
console.log("It's Tuesday.");
break;
default:
console.log("It's another day.");
}
 // Output: It's Monday.

51. What is DOM in JS? Explain Each DOM methods with

Examples.

In JavaScript, the DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming

interface that represents the structure and content of an HTML or XML
document. It provides methods and properties that allow you to
manipulate and interact with the elements on a web page.
 getElementById():
The getElementById() method is used to select an element from the
DOM based on its unique ID attribute.
Example:
<div id="myDiv">Hello, World!</div>

<script>
let element = document.getElementById("myDiv");
console.log(element.innerHTML); // Output: Hello, World!
</script>

 getElementsByClassName():
The getElementsByClassName() method is used to select elements from
the DOM based on their class names. It returns a collection of elements.
Example:
<p class="highlight">This is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="highlight">This is another paragraph.</p>

<script>
 let elements = document.getElementsByClassName("highlight");
for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
console.log(elements[i].innerHTML);
}
// Output:
// This is a paragraph.
// This is another paragraph.
</script>

 getElementsByTagName():
The getElementsByTagName() method is used to select elements from
the DOM based on their tag names. It returns a collection of elements.
Example:
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<div>This is a div.</div>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

<script>
let elements = document.getElementsByTagName("p");
for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
console.log(elements[i].innerHTML);
}
// Output:
// This is a paragraph.
// This is another paragraph.
</script>

 querySelector():
 The querySelector() method is used to select an element from the DOM
using a CSS selector. It returns the first matching element.
Example:
<div class="myDiv">Hello, World!</div>

<script>
let element = document.querySelector(".myDiv");
console.log(element.innerHTML); // Output: Hello, World!
</script>

52. What are callbacks?

In JavaScript, a callback is a function that is passed as an argument to
another function and is invoked or called within that function.

53. How do you submit a form using JavaScript?

To submit a form using JavaScript, you can utilize the submit() method of
the HTMLFormElement object.
Example:
<form id="myForm">
<input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username">
<input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

<script>
// Get the form element
const form = document.getElementById('myForm');
 // Add an event listener to the form's submit event
form.addEventListener('submit', function(event) {
event.preventDefault(); // Prevent the default form submission behavior

// Perform any necessary form validation or other actions

// Submit the form programmatically

form.submit();
});
</script>

54. How do you check whether a string contains a

substring?
In JavaScript, there are multiple ways to check whether a string contains
a substring. Here are a few common approaches:
 Using the includes() method:
The includes() method is a built-in method for strings that returns true if
the specified substring is found within the string, and false otherwise.
Example:
const str = 'Hello, world!';
const substring = 'world';

console.log(str.includes(substring)); // Output: true

 Using the indexOf() method:
The indexOf() method returns the index of the first occurrence of a
substring within a string. If the substring is not found, it returns -1. You
can use this method to check if the returned index is greater than or equal
to 0.
Example:
 const str = 'Hello, world!';
const substring = 'world';

console.log(str.indexOf(substring) >= 0); // Output: true

55. How do you validate an email in javascript?

To validate an email address in JavaScript, you can use regular

expressions. Regular expressions provide a powerful way to match and
validate patterns.
Example:
function validateEmail(email) {
const emailRegex = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/;
return emailRegex.test(email);
}

// Example usage
const email1 = '[email protected]';
const email2 = 'invalid.email@com';
const email3 = 'another@example';

console.log(validateEmail(email1)); // Output: true

console.log(validateEmail(email2)); // Output: false
console.log(validateEmail(email3)); // Output: false

56. Give an example where do you really need semicolon

 In JavaScript, semicolons are used to terminate statements. While
JavaScript has automatic semicolon insertion (ASI) rules that insert
semicolons in certain cases, there are scenarios where using semicolons
explicitly is necessary.
Example:
// Example 1: Function as an Immediately Invoked Function Expression
(IIFE)
(function() {
console.log('This is an IIFE');
})();

// Example 2: Multiple statements on the same line

const name = 'John Doe'; console.log('Hello, ' + name);

// Example 3: Using semicolons to separate statements

const x = 5;
const y = 10;
const z = x + y;

console.log(z);

57. How do you extend classes?

In JavaScript, you can extend classes using the extends keyword to create
a subclass or derived class. The derived class inherits properties and
methods from the parent class.
Example:
class Animal {
 constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}

speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a sound.`);
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

constructor(name, breed) {
super(name); // Call the parent class constructor using super()
this.breed = breed;
}

speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} barks!`);
}
}

// Create instances of the classes

const animal = new Animal('Animal');
animal.speak(); // Output: "Animal makes a sound."

const dog = new Dog('Buddy', 'Labrador');

dog.speak(); // Output: "Buddy barks!"
58. Explain arrays in JavaScript. Explain methods of

Array with example

Arrays in JavaScript are used to store multiple values in a single variable.

They are ordered, indexed collections of values that can be of any data
type, such as numbers, strings, objects, or even other arrays. Arrays in
JavaScript are dynamic, meaning their size can change dynamically by
adding or removing elements.
 push(): Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and
returns the new length of the array.
Example:
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana'];
fruits.push('orange');
console.log(fruits); // Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

 pop(): Removes the last element from an array and returns that
element.
Example:
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];
const removedFruit = fruits.pop();
console.log(removedFruit); // Output: 'orange'
console.log(fruits); // Output: ['apple', 'banana']

 shift(): Removes the first element from an array and returns that
element.
Example:
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];
const removedFruit = fruits.shift();
console.log(removedFruit); // Output: 'apple'
 console.log(fruits); // Output: ['banana', 'orange']

 unshift(): Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array

and returns the new length of the array.
Example:
const fruits = ['banana', 'orange'];
fruits.unshift('apple');
console.log(fruits); // Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

 slice(): Returns a new array containing a portion of the original

array, specified by start and end indices.
Example:
const fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape', 'mango'];
const slicedFruits = fruits.slice(1, 4);
console.log(slicedFruits); // Output: ['banana', 'orange', 'grape']

 concat(): Joins two or more arrays and returns a new array.

Example:
const fruits1 = ['apple', 'banana'];
const fruits2 = ['orange', 'grape'];
const combinedFruits = fruits1.concat(fruits2);
console.log(combinedFruits); // Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange',
'grape']

59. Explain Strings in JavaScript. Explain methods of

Strings with example

Strings in JavaScript are sequences of characters enclosed in single

quotes ('') or double quotes (""). They are used to represent text and can
be manipulated using various string methods provided by the String
object.
 length: Returns the length of a string.
Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.length); // Output: 13

 charAt(): Returns the character at a specified index in a string.

Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.charAt(7)); // Output: 'W'

 substring(): Returns a portion of a string based on start and end

indices
Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.substring(7, 12)); // Output: 'World'

 toUpperCase(): Converts a string to uppercase.

Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.toUpperCase()); // Output: 'HELLO, WORLD!'

 toLowerCase(): Converts a string to lowercase.

Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.toLowerCase()); // Output: 'hello, world!'

 concat(): Concatenates two or more strings.

Example:
const str1 = 'Hello,';
const str2 = ' World!';
console.log(str1.concat(str2)); // Output: 'Hello, World!'
  indexOf(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified
substring within a string.
Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.indexOf('World')); // Output: 7

 replace(): Replaces a specified value or substring with another

value.
Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.replace('World', 'JavaScript')); // Output: 'Hello,
JavaScript!'

 split(): Splits a string into an array of substrings based on a

specified separator.
Example:
const str = 'Hello, World!';
console.log(str.split(', ')); // Output: ['Hello', 'World!']

60. How do you redirect new page in javascript?

To redirect to a new page in JavaScript, you can use the window.location
object's href property or the assign() method.
 Using window.location.href:
window.location.href = 'https://www.example.com';

 Using window.location.assign():
window.location.assign('https://www.example.com');

 Using window.location.replace():
window.location.replace('https://www.example.com');
61. How do you check if a key exists in an object?
To check if a key exists in an object in JavaScript, you can use the
hasOwnProperty() method or the in operator.
 Using the hasOwnProperty() method:
const obj = { name: 'John', age: 25 };

console.log(obj.hasOwnProperty('name')); // Output: true

console.log(obj.hasOwnProperty('gender')); // Output: false
 Using the in operator:
const obj = { name: 'John', age: 25 };

console.log('name' in obj); // Output: true

console.log('gender' in obj); // Output: false

62. What is an arguments object?

In JavaScript, the arguments object is a built-in object available within
the scope of a function. It contains an array-like collection of arguments
passed to the function when it is invoked.
Example:
function sum() {
let total = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); // Output: 6

console.log(sum(4, 5, 6, 7)); // Output: 22
63. How do you test for an empty object?
To test if an object is empty in JavaScript, you can check if it has any
own properties using the Object.keys() method or by checking the
object's length.
Example:
const obj = {};

if (Object.keys(obj).length === 0) {
console.log("The object is empty");
} else {
console.log("The object is not empty");
}

64. What is this keyword in javascript?

In JavaScript, the this keyword refers to the object that is currently
executing the code or the context in which the code is being executed. It
is a special identifier that allows you to access properties and methods
within the scope of that object.
Example:
const obj = {
name: "John",
sayHello: function() {
console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
}
};

obj.sayHello(); // Output: Hello, John!

65. what are callback fuctions in javascript?
In JavaScript, a callback function is a function that is passed as an
argument to another function and is executed at a later point in time or in
response to an event. Callback functions are a way to ensure that certain
code is executed only after a particular task or operation is completed.
Example:
function doMath(a, b, callback) {
const sum = a + b;
const difference = a - b;
// Call the callback function with the calculated values
callback(sum, difference);
}

// Define a callback function

function handleResults(sum, difference) {
console.log("Sum:", sum);
console.log("Difference:", difference);
}

// Call the doMath function with the handleResults callback

doMath(10, 5, handleResults);

66. Why JavaScript is dynamically typed language? Explain

the uses of JavaScript.

JavaScript is considered a dynamically typed language because it allows
variables to hold values of any data type, and the type of a variable can be
changed during runtime. This means that you don't have to explicitly
 declare the type of a variable before using it, and the type of a variable
can change based on the value assigned to it.
 Web development: JavaScript is primarily used to make web
pages interactive, handle user interactions, and create dynamic
content on websites.

 Client-side scripting: JavaScript runs directly in the web browser,

allowing you to validate forms, manipulate HTML elements, and
enhance the user experience.

 Front-end frameworks: JavaScript frameworks like React,

Angular, and Vue.js enable the development of complex and
interactive user interfaces for web applications.

 Server-side development: With Node.js, JavaScript can be used

on the server-side to build scalable and high-performance
applications, handling server logic and database operations.

 Game development: JavaScript, along with libraries and game

engines, can be used to create browser-based games and even
mobile games.

67. What is the use of a constructor function in

javascript?
In JavaScript, a constructor function is used to create and initialize
objects of a particular class or type. It serves as a blueprint for creating
multiple instances of objects with similar properties and methods.
Example:
 function Person(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;

this.greet = function() {
console.log('Hello, my name is ' + this.name + ' and I am ' + this.age + '
years old.');
};
}

// Creating instances of Person using the constructor function

var person1 = new Person('John', 30);
var person2 = new Person('Jane', 25);

// Accessing properties and invoking methods

console.log(person1.name); // Output: John
console.log(person2.age); // Output: 25
person1.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is John and I am 30 years old.
person2.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is Jane and I am 25 years old.

68. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

JavaScript has no direct relation to Java besides being used for web
technologies. The name choice was a marketing move to encourage
adoption.

69. How do you trim a string in javascript?

In JavaScript, you can trim a string by removing any leading and trailing
whitespace characters (such as spaces, tabs, or line breaks) from it.
JavaScript provides two methods for trimming strings: trim() and
trimStart()/trimEnd().
 trim(): The trim() method removes whitespace from both the
beginning and the end of a string.
 Example:
const str = ' Hello, World! ';
const trimmedStr = str.trim();
console.log(trimmedStr); // Output: 'Hello, World!'
 trimStart() and trimEnd(): These methods allow you to trim
whitespace from either the start or end of a string, respectively.
They are available starting from ECMAScript 2021 (ES12).
Example:
const str = ' Hello, World! ';
const trimmedStartStr = str.trimStart();
const trimmedEndStr = str.trimEnd();
console.log(trimmedStartStr); // Output: 'Hello, World! '
console.log(trimmedEndStr); // Output: ' Hello, World!'