Health Studies Inquiry 1:

Investigation of a drug-related issue

Maya Reda

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

Planning Section

Use of Cannabis among Young People

What is Cannabis?

Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is the most frequently used illicit drug in
Australia. It is derived from a plant called the Cannabis Sativa. It can be smoked using a pipe,
bong, or some sort of vape device, alternatively, it can be eaten. cannabis comes in various
forms such as dried plant leaves or flowers called heads, a dark-coloured adhering material
labelled as hash or hash oil (Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). There are many
distinctive forms of cannabis which are marijuana, hashish, hashoil and concentrates.
Marijuana comes from the leaves and flowers of the cannabis Savita plant. It is the most
common form of cannabis, that can be smoked. Hashish is the hardened resin from the plant
combined with tobacco products, which is then added to food. Hash oil is a liquid attached to
the tip of a joint or cigarette. Concentrates is a cannabis extract that is dissolved in a mixture
of butane hash oil. According to Health Direct, other common names used for cannabis are
yardni, pot, weed, hash, dope, gunja, joint, stick, chronic, cone, choof, mull, 420, dabs,
dabbing or BHO (Healthdirect Australia, n.d.). Many people use cannabis to relax and for
pleasure. An increasing number of doctors prescribe patients with cannabis for particular
medical circumstances and symptoms (Frysh, 2024). Research has shown evidence that
medical cannabis may be beneficial for certain conditions such as relieving childhood
epilepsies, spasticity, pain in sclerosis, chronic non-cancer pain, and chemotherapy-caused
nausea and vomiting (Cannabis, n.d.).

Effects of Cannabis (Short & Long Term)

Cannabis has mind-changing chemicals that can negatively impact both your brain and body.
It is addictive and may affect an individual’s health dramatically The main effects of
consuming cannabis either by inhaling or smoking are substance intoxication, negatively
influencing your mental health, cognitive distortion, substance abuse and brain impairment.
Individuals try cannabis as the main component called THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
arouses the area of the brain that responds to pleasure. This then releases a chemical called
dopamine which is a type of neurotransmitter and hormone (Professional, n.d.). If an
individual inhales cannabis, the THC can get inside their bloodstream instantly causing the
person to get intoxicated immediately within seconds or minutes. Within 30 minutes of
consumption, THC starts to show its effects. These effects diminish within 1 to 3 hours. The
THC can cause medical issues like pain in parts of an individual’s body, nausea, insomnia
and loss of appetite. Cannabis can have different effects on different people depending on
how an individual’s body reacts to the absorption of this illicit drug. It can leave a person
feeling many emotions like apprehensive, fearful or paranoid. Utilising cannabis may
increase an individual’s possibility of depression or aggravate symptoms of any mental
conditions a person may already have. Cannabis influences a person’s senses and judgment.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

The repercussions can differ depending on factors like how vigorous the drug was, how it
was taken and how much of the drug was consumed previously. Cannabis can enhance
senses, change senses of time, impair fine and gross motor skills as well as decrease
self-consciousness. Most people who employ cannabis will develop substance abuse. The
possibility of substance abuse from cannabis is prominent the younger a person starts
consuming the drug and the more prone a person is to it. Cannabis can disrupt a person's
concentration, and retain and absorb information. This lasts for approximately a whole 24
hours after smoking. According to Web Mb, “ Studies note that early cannabis use can
interrupt normal development of grey matter, a type of brain that helps control mental
functions, increasing schizophrenia risks”. Early vulnerability to cannabis is associated with
alternate areas of the brain that are linked to psychosis (Frysh, 2024b). In individuals, who
are less than 25 years of age, and whose brains haven’t fully developed yet, constant use of
cannabis can have long-lasting harmful impacts on memory functions. Consuming cannabis
while pregnant can influence the developing fetus. Later on in life, the child may have issues
with concentration, abstract thinking skills and memory. Cannabis can also affect parts of the
body such as the digestive system, immune system, respiratory system and circulatory
system. Inhaling Cannabis can result in some sort of stinging or burning in one’s mouth or
throat while smoking. Cannabis can cause digestive problems when consumed. While THC
has been proven to control nausea and vomiting, when used frequently it can cause excess
vomiting and nausea. An increased demand for appetite is usual when consuming any form of
THC. This can either be an advantage or a disadvantage for individuals who need to put on
weight or eat more such as people with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy. According to
the Healthline, “Studies involving animals that THC may affect the immune system by
suppressing it”. This could potentially make a person more susceptible to epidemic diseases.
However, for individuals with immunity conditions, this is a benefit (Pietrangelo, 2023).

Causes, age group & statistics

Young people in Australia consume alcohol or drugs particularly cannabis for various
reasons; peer pressure, to feel happier, to feel better and to experiment. Young people
experience a period of curiosity, experimentation and adventure. Most young people take
drugs to control their insecurities, increase their self-esteem, and feel like they are wanted or
fit in among their social circles. Young people usually take drugs to encounter feelings of
satisfaction and exhilaration. Some young people consume drugs as a form of reflection, to
alleviate stress, and to get rid of negative energy such as depression or anxiety. If a young
person only consumes cannabis very rarely it can be hard to pick up any signs. If a young
person uses cannabis regularly, there may be some obvious behaviour changes from their
normal doings. Signs can be sly or easy to catch; these can include changes in friendship
circles, issues with friends, alternate in mood, food appetite, loss of interest in recreational
activities, withdrawal from family and friends, low academic performance and
uncommunicative behaviour (Cannabis Use and Young People - Alcohol and Drug
Foundation, n.d.).

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

In 2023, Queensland consumed approximately 300 kg (kilograms) more than New South
Wales. Per capita, Sydney and Melbourne used less cannabis in 2023 than other states in
Australia. According to the ACIC (Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission), cannabis is
the most commonly used illegal drug in every state and territory in Australia. This data given
by the ACIC is structured to provide a glimpse into the illegal drug trade across Australia as
it guides its research and activities.
Scientists have warned that using
wastewater analysis by itself to draw
inferences about Australia’s drug usage.
Wastewater testing only approximates the
overall composition of drugs from the
weight. It doesn’t indicate who uses these
drugs, how many people are taking drugs
and the percentage of the population who
are consuming these drugs. Figure one on
the right represents the annual drug
consumption in kg (kilograms) consumed
within Australia from 2016 to 2023. This
graph shows that cannabis is the most
commonly used drug nowadays in 2023
with an approximation of 14,000 kg used
in 2023 across the whole of Australia
(Thorne, 2024). An estimated total of
around 32 studies were conducted of
which 13 were first-rate quality. The main components of indication correlated to the
consumption of cannabis were of the male sex, previous or current use of tobacco or alcohol
products, having a troublesome relationship with parents and cannabis utilisation by friends.
The results collected from these studies feature the importance of contrasting individuals,
families and environmental factors in the inception of cannabis usage. These factors must be
put into consideration to organise intervention programs accurately focusing on primary
intervention strategies among young people (Guxensa et al., 2007). Another study was
conducted by BMC, to administer young people’s opinions on the factors related to cannabis
consumption. This study aimed to acquire knowledge of the encounters and opinions of
young people who were non-consumers and cyclic cannabis users and the factors that
influence its use using a model called I-Change. This model states that ‘covert’ and ‘overt’
behaviours are committed by an individual’s motivation or intention to carry out a specific
type of behaviour. Qualitative methodology with a text analysis was used. Focus groups were
run by young people who were rare cannabis users and partly structured interviews were
carried out with young people in recovery who were in a cleansing program. A theoretical
analysis of the interviews was recorded and transcribed using the domains of the I-Change
model. The results of the study showed that personal issues such as social or family problems
can induce cannabis use. There was a lack of understanding and low-risk awareness about the
utilisation of cannabis. There are other factors impacting the consumption of cannabis, the
discernment of advantages such as the emotions of freedom and the effect of the peer group.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

The usage of cannabis in girls
is increasing becoming closer
to the number of boys
(González-Cano-Caballero et
al., 2023). According to the
Australian Government; the
Australian Institute of Health
Welfare, the most common age
group that uses cannabis is
young people aged 18 to 25
years of age. In 2022 and 2023,
11.5 % of the population had
consumed cannabis in the last
year, identifying approximately
2.5 million individuals. This
was almost identical to 2019
when 11.6% of people had
consumed cannabis but still
lower than in 2001 when 12.9% of the population was using cannabis. Figure 2 on the left
shows the use of cannabis by individuals aged 14 and over starting from 2001 to 2023. The
green-coloured line indicates the percentage of people who have used cannabis in their
lifetime. The darker green line demonstrates the percentage of individuals who have recently
or often consumed cannabis. It is known that males would have been more likely to have
consumed cannabis than females and while this prevailed in previous years it is not the case
nowadays, as the gap between
males and females is imminent.
This can be seen in Figure 3
(National Drug Strategy
Household Survey 2022–2023:
Cannabis in the NDSHS, 2024).
An article posted by ABC News
earlier this year explained that
young women aged 18 to 25
years of age are consuming
illicit drugs at a comparable rate
as young men for the first time
since the NDSHS (National
Drug Strategy Household
Survey) began. The NDSHS
discovered that more than one
in 3 young women approximately 35% have used an illicit drug in the last year increasing
from 27% in 2019. It has been historically proven that men have used more illegal drugs in
the past, nonetheless 2022 to 2023 was the first time since observing began that females aged
18 to 25 were as anticipated to consume unlawful drugs as males of the same age which was

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

unusual. Dr Gabrille Phillps did this research and works at the AIHW (Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare). The organisation AIHW has been documenting drug surveys since the
year 1998. Cannabis endures to be the drug of choice for the majority of Australians with the
drug cocaine immediately after. The consumption of cannabis has increased by 6% between
2019 and 2023 especially with 18 to 25-year-olds being the main users (Medhora, 2024).
Cannabis is accessed among young people as it centres around pre-existing connections and
relationships formed through accomplices known to be able to obtain sources of cannabis. It
was found through a conducted study by a group of researchers who work at the National
Drug Research Institute that motivations for giving cannabis out in a shared environment
were correlated to social capital rather than gaining financial benefits. This social supply
‘market’ is assembled on trust and social circles, producing various challenges for law
enforcement. Australian markets for illegal drugs are generally based on friendships and take
place in close settings such as common rooms rather than the street (Australian Institute of
Criminology, 2015)

Purpose of Health Inquiry

Problem Statement

The goal of this inquiry is to apprehend the health-related impacts of cannabis use among 18
to 25-year-olds in Australia, with the purpose of informing public health policies,
intervention strategies and educational programs to alleviate potential adverse effects and
promote intact practices. Cannabis usage is a developing concern among young people in
Australia specifically aged 18 to 25. This age group is at a significant developmental stage
and the rising occurrence of cannabis usage brings up questions about its influence on mental
health, cognitive abilities and overall wellness of an individual. Particularly, this inquiry will
investigate the factors contributing to the increase in cannabis use within this demographic,
the short-term and long-term impacts and the comprehensive social outcomes. This research
aims to focus on the negative health consequences of cannabis consumption on young people
aged 18 to 25 in Australia by inspecting previous studies, disease prevalence data and
medical history. This inquiry will recognise the commonness and patterns of cannabis usage,
evaluate its association with mental health conditions and intellectual disabilities and analyse
the efficacy of present public health policies in reducing these risks. By concentrating on the
health effects of cannabis consumption, this research will supply action-oriented guidance to
enhance public health measures and establish effective prevention and intervention strategies
for young people. Cannabis utilisation among young people is an expanding public health
problem in Australia with important implications for both personal and public health.
According to the National Drug Strategy Household 2022 to 2023, “cannabis is the most
widely used in Australia especially among 18 to 25-year-olds, used by around 2.5 million
individuals in the previous year which is approximately 11.5% of the population. The highest
age group being 18 to 25 year olds with 26% reporting use in the past year” (National Drug
Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, Summary, 2024). The growth in cannabis use among
this age group is unsettling due to the potential health complications. According to the
National Library of Medicine, research indicates that cannabis consumption during teenage

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

years and young adulthood can derange a process of neurogenesis which is essentially brain
development, inducing mental complications such as insufficiency in retaining information,
learning and attention span (Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use, n.d.). Many studies
that have been conducted have shown that there is a strong correlation between cannabis
consumption and mental health conditions.

Many research studies have proved that cannabis usage can aggravate symptoms of
depression, and anxiety and raise the possibility of advancing psychological disorders
particularly in individuals with susceptibility to similar conditions (Adverse Health Effects of
Non-medical Cannabis Use, n.d.). The addiction-prone potential of cannabis cannot be
discarded. Even though many individuals choose not to consume cannabis, the individuals
who do may develop some sort of dependency on the drug. According to the National Library
of Medicine, roughly 9% of users of cannabis will be reliant on it, furthermore, these
statistics rise by 8% making 17% of adolescent users dependent on cannabis which can lead
to consequential social, educational and unfitness for work later in the future, intensifying the
health consequences faced by young people (Marijuana Dependence and Its Treatment, n.d.).
This inquiry will consider the sociocultural and economic factors leading to cannabis usage
among young people in Australia. Apprehending these factors is significant for progressing
public health interventions. The conception of cannabis as a relatively non-toxic, combined
with its rising legislation and normalcy in many parts of the world may result in its increasing
consumption among young people (Cannabis Legalization World Map: UPDATED, n.d.).
Socioeconomic determinants such as education or income can also represent cannabis as a
coping mechanism. The findings from the research will administer valuable insights into the
negative health effects of cannabis consumption on young people in Australia and enlighten
public health policies. Recommendations given will centralise on improving education and
prevention strategies, enhancing access to mental health care and expanding targeted
inventions to decrease the prevalence and alleviate the health impacts of cannabis usage
among young people (Stoner & Research Consultant, 2017).

Focus Group

The focus group is 18 to 25-year-olds for young people’s consumption of cannabis in

Australia. This is because of various reasons, cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug
in this age group, and this age group deals with different stages of development and social
public health. This demographic is at a significant stage, converting from a teenager to an
adult where many physical, social and psychological adaptations occur. Cannabis use within
this age group can provide useful insight into short-term and long-term consequences
directing public and personal health interventions (Oglethorpe, 2011). Young people aged 18
to 25 are still experiencing major brain development specifically in areas like
decision-making, impulse control and emotional adjustments. Cannabis enters the body and
acts upon a system called the endocannabinoid system which plays an important role in
neurodevelopment of the brain. Cannabis use in this period can impact the development of
the brain negatively, causing brain impairment. According to the National Library of
Medicine, studies have proven that heavy usage of cannabis can lead to deficiencies in

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

attention span, ability to retain information and learning abilities. These deficiencies have
extreme effects on an individual academically and later on in life which can have immense
consequences later on in life (Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use, n.d). This age group
is extremely vulnerable to mental health conditions and cannabis consumption can amplify
these issues. According to the Lancet, research shows that there is a strong correlation
between cannabis usage and mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression or
psychosis. Young people are at a larger risk of becoming drug-dependent and prior exposure
to cannabis can increase the possibility of an individual developing an addiction (Adverse
Health Effects of Non-medical Cannabis Use, n.d). Young people are more liable to social
and cultural effects such as substance abuse. Factors such as peer pressure, and the need to
feel accepted into society and for leisure reasons can increase the consumption rates of
cannabis in this demographic. The uniformity and the legislation in other parts of the world
can also change the attitudes of individuals towards young people. According to the National
Drug Strategy Household 2023, cannabis was the most commonly used drug among 18 to
25-year-olds for 6 years in a row (National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023,
Summary, 2024).

Focus Questions

1) How have the historical trends and changes in legislation, attitudes and perceptions
influenced the use of cannabis among young people aged 18 to 25 in Australia?

2) What determinants contribute to the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use among
18 to 25-year-olds in Australia?

3) What are the potential long-term health, social and economic impacts of continued
cannabis use among 18 to 25-year-olds in Australia and what strategies can be
implemented to reduce these effects?

Responses to Focus Questions

1) How have the historical trends and changes in legislation influenced the use of cannabis
among young people aged 18 to 25 in Australia?

Hemp seeds were first introduced in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788, marking the first
European settlement in Botany Bay, Australia at the request of Sir Joseph Banks who was the
main cannabis distributor for England and Australia at that time (Girish, 2022). Hemp seeds
are the seeds of the cannabis plant the sativa plant (WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2024).
During imperialism, the cannabis industry generated Britain’s fleets and economy, however,
Britain’s independence from Russia as their cannabis supplier was holding them back and
restricting their control over the industry. Sir Joseph Banks proposed a solution of using
Australia’s large area of land to grow Britain’s production of cannabis. For the next 15
decades, the manufacturing of cannabis continued in Australia. During the 1800s, cannabis
was used for leisure and medical reasons such as tetanus, nausea, rabies, epilepsy and mental

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

conditions. At that time, Australia had produced medical cannabis cigarettes called ‘Cigares
de Joy’ which were believed to relieve symptoms of coughing, smallpox, asthma and
bronchitis In 1925, countries under the control of the US (United States) including Australia
signed the 1925 Geneva Convention on Opium and Drugs which made cannabis as severe as
other narcotics such as cocaine or opium. The 1925 Geneva Convention made certain limits
to the manufacture, sale, consumption and distribution of cannabis which only permitted
them for specific medical and research objectives. In the subsequent years, the circulation of
anti-cannabis publicity remained in Australia.

In 1928, Victoria merged as the first state to pass the Poisons Act which penalised the illegal
use of Cannabis (Girish, 2022). This act is the conventional medicine and poisons law
authorised in Western Australia which embarks on the framework concerning the usage of
drugs or poisons and supplies a head of power for supplementary legislation (Western
Australian Legislation, 2021). In 1934 South Australia passed the Dangerous Drugs Act
(Girish, 2022). This act was created to control the production, sale, consumption and
dispensation of particular illegal drugs (South Australia. Parliament, 1934). In 1935, New
South Wales passed the Police Offence Amendment Drug Act. In 1937, Queensland passed
the Health Act, Western Australia passed the Proclamation under the police offences drug act
in 1950 and the dangerous drug act in Tasmania in 1959. In the year 1961, another protocol
was signed by Australia named the International Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs which
constrained nations to make cannabis obtainable for medical reasons. Cannabis consumption
in Australia has developed considerably over the past few decades. In the year 1970, cannabis
came out as the most commonly used illegal drug, speculating global trends of major leisure
drug usage during that time. This period saw the formation of cannabis habits in society
mainly driven by subculture movements that encouraged drug use as a way of rebellion
against ordinary societal norms (The Effects of Partial Decriminalisation on Cannabis Use in
South Australia, 1985 to 1993, n.d.).

By the year of 1990, cannabis consumption among young Australians continued to arise,
culminating in the late 1990s and early 2000s. According to the 1998 National Drug Strategy
Household Survey, “ approximately 50% of young adults aged 20 to 29 had consumed
cannabis at least once in their lifetime, with 27% using it in the past year. This time was
pronounced by a thriving acceptance of cannabis consumption, which was affected by
societal changes and the increase in liberal attitudes towards drug usage (1998 National Drug
Strategy Household Survey: Detailed Findings, Summary, 2000). Years later in 2016,
modifications were made to the Narcotic Drugs Act to validate the production of cannabis for
scientific analysis and medical objectives while still making leisure consumption of cannabis
illegal. However, this isn’t the case in the ACT (Australian Capital Territory) which allows its
residents to consume cannabis over the age of 18 (Girish, 2022).

Since 2021, the organisation Therapeutic Goods Administration has managed the supply,
importing, exporting, production and promotion of therapeutic goods and has permitted the
sale of CBD oil, which is a low-dose cannabidiol, over the counter at Australian pharmacies
(Administration, 2023). In Australia, it became lawful to buy products that have small doses

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

of CBD over the counter. However, no item encompassed with CBD has been accepted by the
Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods which is a fundamental requirement of pharmacist
sale. The Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods implies official quality data on its safety,
contaminants, bacterial content, shelf life and efficacy meet the Therapeutic Goods
Administration and is frequently tested in laboratories (ABC News, 2021). Legislative
alterations have played an important role in controlling cannabis usage among young people.
Australia’s way of dealing with cannabis consumption has varied by state varying from strict
probation to more lenient laws. In the year of the early 2000s, various Australian states and
territories started creating cannabis legislation laws put into place. For instance, SA (South
Australia), ACT (Australian Capital Territory) and the Northern Territory executed civil
penalty measures for small cannabis crimes. These adjustments were directed at decreasing
the burden on the judicial system and reducing the disadvantageous social impacts of slight
drug judgements (The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalisation in Australia and the United
States, 2000). The effects of these decriminalisation policies on cannabis consumption among
young people were crucial. Legislative changes in policies and laws led to augmented
perceptions of cannabis as a reduced low consequential drug which has contributed to
increased appaisal of usage among young Australians. According to the Australian Institute
of Health and Welfare, “In 2004, 30% of Australians aged 18 to 25 had used cannabis in the
previous year” which showed an increase in the execution of lenient drug policies (2004
National Drug Strategy Household Survey: First Results, Summary, 2005).

Recently, there has been shifting towards the legalisation and adjustments of cannabis for
medical and leisure reasons. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has legitimised the
occupancy and growth of minor amounts of cannabis for self-consumption in 2020,
distinguishing an important change towards an increased liberal framework. This
decriminalisation policy is probable to impact cannabis consumption among young people as
the increased availability and decreased legal consequences may influence higher usage rates
within the population (Police, 2017). According to the 2019 National Drug Strategy
Household, “ cannabis has remained the most commonly used drug among young Australians
with 24% of those 18 to 24 reporting use in the past year”. This high commonness
emphasises the continual impact of historical trends and decriminalisation policies on
cannabis consumption within this particular demographic (National Drug Strategy Household
Survey 2019, Summary, 2020).

Summary

Cannabis was brought to Australia with the First Fleet in 1788 for both industrial and
therapeutic uses, and by the early 20th century, it was classified as a prohibited substance
under international conventions. Since then, the country has seen substantial changes in
cannabis laws. Cannabis laws were gradually tightened over the 20th century, influencing
public opinion and consumption habits. Examples of these laws include the 1925 Geneva
Convention and the following state-level legislation. Young Australians began using cannabis
more frequently in the late 20th century as a result of cultural changes and changing
perceptions about drug laws. There have been ongoing discussions regarding cannabis

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

regulation and its effects on juvenile consumption, which are reflected in recent legislative
changes such as the 2016 amendment to the Narcotic Drugs Act and the 2020
decriminalisation of cannabis in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Argument

The historical trends and legislative changes that had a significant impact on cannabis
consumption among young people that reinforce the argument that legislative frameworks
shape cannabis use patterns are the early legislation and industrial use, the cultural changes
and the influence of the legislation changes to policy, current and future implications of
cannabis. Although cannabis was first used for industrial purposes, changes in legislation
brought about by international accords such as the Geneva Convention of 1925 started to
limit its use to only medical and research settings. The stigma surrounding cannabis as a
controlled substance was established during this time. Young people’s use of cannabis
increased dramatically in the late 20th century despite harsher laws, thanks to countercultural
movements and shifting public perceptions of drug usage. Cannabis exploration and
acceptance experienced a notable upsurge throughout this period. Legal reforms in the 2000s,
including decriminalisation initiatives in the ACT and South Australia, attempted to lessen
the severity of criminal penalties for infractions involving small amounts of cannabis. These
laws impact young people's attitudes and actions by reflecting a larger trend towards more
permissive cannabis laws. Current events demonstrate the continued shift towards more
liberal cannabis laws, such as the ACT's 2020 legalisation of personal use and small-scale
cannabis farming. Young Australians' consumption patterns are likely to be impacted by these
changes, which could make usage more accessible and normalise it.

2) What determinants of health contribute to the prevalence and patterns of cannabis use
among 18 to 25-year-olds in Australia?

Cannabis consumption among young people aged 18 to 25 in Australia is affected by a

complex relationship between the social, environmental and socioeconomic determinants of
health. These determinants shape the commonness and patterns of cannabis usage in this age
group. Social determinants show that differences in one’s social environment result in an
individual's health status and life expectancy. By modifying the social climate of a
community the quality of life can be improved and disease burden reduced. This enhances the
health of the people living in the community, extricates the government money, and can
influence employment rates, economic growth and productivity. Social determinants that
contribute to the prevalence of cannabis use among 18 to 25-year-olds are stress, addiction,
unemployment and social exclusion. Stress can be defined as living in a constant state of
flight or flight causing individuals to suffer physically and psychologically. The Autonomic
and Sympathetic Nervous Systems’ responses to an aggravating situation are helpful when
the situation needs immediate measures and is soon. However, when stress doesn’t need
flight or fight responses and is sustained for long periods, an individual can undergo both
psychological and physical health issues. The immune system will be compromised due to
lengthened stress resulting in the individual being more susceptible to infections and disease.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

Individuals experiencing extreme stress will suffer symptoms such as anxiety, headaches,
reduced self-esteem, constant infections such as cold and flu, increased fatigue and decreased
mental function (Health Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). The age group of 18 to 25-year-olds
often experience many stressors, academic stress, employment stability and relationships.
Stressors are real or imagined environmental events that cause the stress response. Cannabis
is regularly used as a coping strategy to administer stress and anxiety. According to Research
Gate, a study conducted by Mark Asbridge found that young people who had gone through
high levels of stress were more likely to utilise cannabis as a method of relaxing and
decreasing tension (Normalisation and Denormalisation in Different Legal Contexts:
Comparing Cannabis and Tobacco, n.d.). According to the 2019 National Drug Strategy
Household Survey, “ 24% of Australians aged 18 to 24 consumed cannabis in the past year
promoting the link between stress and cannabis consumption (National Drug Strategy
Household Survey 2019, Summary, 2020).

Addiction is when people turn to alcohol or drugs to avoid their miserable lives which can
lead to other social determinants of health such as poverty, stress and unemployment
worsening. The addiction to unhealthy substances will intensify the issues of the user and
bring up new problems. In company with the physical health effects of the drug or substance
on the body, the emotional tension of coping with addiction is harmful to the health of an
individual. The cost of the substance will guide the user into poverty or place more stress on
already restrained resources and this will place extra stress for the user. Addiction is a chain
reaction (Health Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). The risk of developing a substance abuse
disorder due to cannabis is increased among recurring users, specifically those who start
consuming cannabis during adolescence. Addiction causes ordinary usage and expands the
prevalence of cannabis use within this demographic. According to the National Library of
Medicine, approximately 9% of cannabis users develop substance abuse and this percentage
increases to around 17% for individuals who start their addiction during adolescence. The
early appearance of cannabis consumption expands the likelihood of developing substance
abuse disorders, maintaining a cycle of regular use (Marijuana Dependence and Its
Treatment, n.d).

Working is better for an individual’s health than not working. The financial, social and
psychological outcomes that emerge from not being part of the workforce are detrimental to
an individual’s health. Workless individuals tend to be lower on the social gradient, and
experience stress, anxiety and depression. Individuals who are unemployed for long periods
encounter more illnesses and have shorter lives when compared to others (Health Studies
Year 11 ATAR, n.d.).Young people experiencing unemployment may utilise cannabis as a
means to deal with the lack of job prospects and the connected stress or boredom. According
to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey, unemployed people were more presumably
to consume cannabis when compared to those who are employed. Unemployment influences
financial steadiness but also increases the time obtainable for leisure activities possibly
leading to greater cannabis consumption (National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019,
Summary, 2020). Social exclusion is distinguished by a person who is excluded from society
due to several factors such as unemployment, homelessness, racism, poverty or

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

discrimination. Being excluded from society can result in many issues such as not being able
to access medical services, not being able to liaise with others, lack of support networks,
safety issues and emotional abrasion (Health Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). People who feel
disempowered or isolated from their communities or society may turn to drugs particularly
cannabis to socialise or find comfort. Social exclusion can branch from several factors such
as socioeconomic status, ethnicity or personal situations. According to the National Library
of Medicine, studies have proven that young people who encounter social exclusion are
seemingly to participate in risky illegal behaviours such as consuming drugs (Exploring the
Links Between Social Exclusion and Substance Use, Misuse, and Addiction, n.d.).

The environmental determinants of health can be explained as anything external that acts on
the body which can be chemical, physical or biological and can be linked to a change in
health. There are two environmental determinants: the natural and built environment. The
natural environment includes all the organisms, elements and landscapes found on Earth such
as air, water, climate, plants and animals. The built environment includes aspects of our
surroundings that were created or modified by humans. The environmental determinant that
contributes to the prevalence of cannabis use among 18 to 25-year-olds is food and water
quality. Food and water quality falls underneath the natural environment. The main concern
for food and quality is viruses and bacteria in food or water. Water of good quality and
quantity is an elemental requirement for personal and public well-being. These bacteria or
viruses are naturally present in food or water and become harmful to one’s health if grown in
food or water sources. The two main foodborne diseases are salmonella and campylobacteria.
The two main water-based diseases are hepatitis and enterococci (Health Studies Year 11
ATAR, n.d.). Even though food and water quality are correlated with physical well-being, they
can incidentally affect cannabis consumption. Poor malnutrition and insecure water can result
in negative health outcomes that can aggravate stress and mental health problems, possibly
raising the likelihood of cannabis consumption as a way of dealing with it (Zheng et al.,
2021).

The socioeconomic determinants of health focus on how wealth and economic status greatly
affect health. A person’s access to money can be influenced by their education, employment
and enterprise which are in their control. The socioeconomic determinants that contribute to
the prevalence of cannabis use among 18 to 25-year-olds are education, employment, income,
neighbourhood and family. Individuals with better education will have fewer chronic health
issues and life longer life expectancies. Education shapes health outcomes and also impacts
health behaviours. According to Health Studies ATAR, studies show that people with more
education lead healthier lives, have better health literacy, make better life decisions and
engage in less risky behaviours (Health Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). Higher levels of
education are interdependent with lower rates of substance consumption due to better health
literacy and better coping skills. According to the 2019 Drug Strategy Household Survey,
people with low levels of education were more presumably to consume cannabis. Educational
establishments play a key role in anticipation through health education programs that teach
young people about the negative health consequences associated with cannabis consumption
(National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019, Summary, 2020). Being Employed is better

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

for an individual’s well-being than not being employed. Being employed allows an
individual’s access to services and social status. Income is also linked to health. Low-income
individuals have low health status. Individuals with higher income levels have better
opportunities for healthy living like better access to health-preserving resources such as the
ability to live in safer and healthier communities and access to refurbished schools (Health
Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). A steady employment and better income levels accommodate
financial security and decrease stress, possibly diminishing the likelihood of cannabis
consumption. Low-income earners and individuals with unsteady unemployment are more
likely to consume cannabis as a coping strategy for economic burdens. In 2020, the
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare conducted a survey that illustrated that people in
low-income brackets had greater rates of cannabis consumption when compared to
individuals in higher-income brackets. Employment supplies structure and purpose which can
discourage substance consumption, while unemployment and low income can result in
escalated cannabis usage (National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019, Summary, 2020).

The neighbourhood or community where a family or individual lives will affect health.
According to the Health Studies ATAR, studies have proven that individuals who live in
low-income areas have higher impermanence rates, worse birth results, increased chronic
illnesses and worse health status than individuals living in high-income areas.
Neighbourhoods can impact the quality of schools, life, public spaces and community events
with better socioeconomic areas having a better impact and better means to affect change.
Areas with high accessibility of cannabis, social norms that encourage drug use and restricted
recreational options can all be devoted to increased rates of cannabis use. However,
neighbourhoods with secure family relationships, better access to leisure facilities and strong
law execution tend to have low rates of substance abuse disorders. According to the National
Library of Medicine, studies have proven that young people living in underprivileged
neighbourhoods are more likely to consume cannabis. The environment and social context of
a neighbourhood could either encourage or discourage substance consumption actions
(Characterizing Motivations for Cannabis Use in a Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Drugs:
A Latent Class Analysis, n.d.). The wealth of a person’s close and extended family can affect
their socioeconomic status. Family dynamics and parental authority are important in shaping
young people’s attitudes concerning cannabis consumption. Family history of substance
abuse disorders, lack of authority from the parents and abnormal family relationships can
increase the likelihood of cannabis consumption. However, encouraging family settings and
direct communication about the likelihood of drug usage can decrease the prevalence of
cannabis use. According to the National Library of Medicine, a study conducted by
Hemovich found that young people with a family history of substance abuse disorder were
more presumably likely to consume cannabis underlining the significance of family impact
on oneself (Understanding Early-Onset Drug and Alcohol Outcomes Among Youth: The Role
of Family Structure, Social Factors, and Interpersonal Perceptions of Use, n.d.).

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

Summary

A complex combination of social, environmental, and socioeconomic factors influences

cannabis usage among young people (18–25 years old) in Australia. Stress, addiction,
unemployment, and social marginalisation are examples of social determinants that greatly
influence the prevalence of cannabis use in this population. Environmental determinants that
have an impact on stress levels and general health, such as the quality of food and water,
indirectly influence cannabis use. Socioeconomic determinants including family dynamics,
neighbourhood circumstances, money, work status, and education all have a significant
impact on young people’s coping strategies and cannabis accessibility.

Argument

Various health determinants have a substantial impact on the incidence and patterns of
cannabis use among Australians aged 18 to 25. Social determinants are particularly important
in determining the behaviours associated with cannabis intake. Stress stands out among these
factors as one of the main causes of the elevated cannabis usage rates in this group. In
Australia, interpersonal difficulties, job insecurity, and academic expectations are common
causes of stress among young people. According to the 2019 National Drug Strategy
Household Survey, 24% of Australians between the ages of 18 and 24 reported using
cannabis in the previous year, highlighting the connection between stress and cannabis usage.
According to research, people who are under a lot of stress are more prone to use cannabis as
a coping strategy to ease their tension and anxiety. The quick relaxation that comes from
using cannabis reinforces this coping mechanism, which leads to a cycle of consumption
among stressed people. Addiction is yet another important social factor that increases
cannabis usage. Adolescent cannabis users are more likely to develop substance abuse
disorders than non-users; research from the National Library of Medicine indicates that about
9% of cannabis users and 17% of users who start during adolescence experience such
disorders. In addition to introducing new stressors including financial pressure and social
marginalisation, addiction not only maintains regular cannabis use but also solidifies
consumption patterns. Furthermore, socioeconomic determinants such as income and
employment position have a significant impact on the changes in cannabis consumption. For
example, the National Drug Strategy Household Survey shows that higher rates of cannabis
consumption among young individuals are correlated with unemployment. Cannabis usage is
a potential outlet for managing the stress that comes with financial insecurity and lack of
structure, which typically cause unemployed people to suffer increased levels of stress.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

3) What are the potential long-term health, social and economic impacts of continued
cannabis use among 18 to 25-year-olds in Australia and what strategies can be implemented
to reduce these effects?

The constant use of cannabis among 18 to 25 in Australia has extensive implications that
transcend immediate health concerns. The long-term impacts surround many factors such as
health, social and economic influences. The long-term health impacts of cannabis use are
mental health, cognitive function and physical health. Cannabis consumption has been
closely associated with mental health concerns, specifically among young people. Frequent
cannabis consumption can aggravate symptoms of anxiety and depression which can increase
the possibility of evolving psychological disorders. According to the National Library of
Medicine, a meta-analysis was conducted that showed that people who consume cannabis are
at an increased risk of developing psychological disorders (Dawson et al., 2024). According
to the 2019 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, 24% of Australians aged 18 to 25
years of age announced to be consuming cannabis in the last year. This rising prevalence
demonstrates that a great number of young people may be in the endangerment of mental
health concerns correlated to cannabis usage. Long-term mental health issues can lead to
reduced quality of life, decreased academic performance and job performance as well as
escalating healthcare costs (National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019, Summary,
2020). Cannabis consumption during young adulthood can diminish mental abilities like
memory, attention and decision-making skills. According to the National Library of
Medicine, studies have shown that frequent cannabis usage can result in continuous cognitive
deficiency, which can continue even after the discountation of the substance (Adverse Health
Effects of Marijuana Use, n.d.).

Continual mental defects can have long-term negative health concerns on academic
achievement and job fulfilment. According to PNAS, long-term cannabis patrons who started
using it in adolescence depicted an average IQ reduction of 8 points by mid-adulthood. This
intercultural disability can obstruct young people’s ability to achieve in academic settings and
the competitive labour market, influencing their lifetime income and career development
(Meier et al., 2012). While cannabis is readily perceived as less risky than other illegal
substances, it still poses major risks to physical well-being. Frequent cannabis usage can
result in respiratory problems due to breathing in smoke which suppresses many of the
similar harmful chemicals found in a cigarette. Long-term bronchitis and other respiratory
circumstances are common among persistent cannabis smokers (Tashkin, 2013). Furthermore,
cannabis consumption has corresponded to a rising risk of cardiovascular issues. According
to the National Library of Medicine, a study was conducted to ascertain that cannabis users
had an increased risk of advancement of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. For
young people, these health problems can result in long-term medical issues that instruct
regular treatment and management, therefore enhancing healthcare costs and decreasing
overall quality of life. (Marijuana Associated With Three-fold Risk of Death From
Hypertension, n.d.).

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

The long-term social impacts of cannabis use are academic and job performance and
relationships. The intellectual disability related to cannabis consumption can crucially affect
academic achievement. Frequent cannabis consumption has been associated with lower
grades and increased dropout rates in high school and university students. For 18 to
25-year-old individuals, this can result in the negligence of tertiary education, reducing their
future career prospects. In a workplace setting, cannabis usage can impact effectiveness and
job performance. Employers may be less presumably to hire or keep employees who are
frequent cannabis users due to issues of reliability, overall job performance and mental
functioning. This could result in increased rates of unemployment among young people who
consume cannabis regularly (The Academic Consequences of Marijuana Use During College,
n.d.). Cannabis consumption can also negatively affect relationships between individuals.
Young people who frequently consume cannabis may encounter social exclusion within their
family or friends who discourage their addiction. This could result in tension within the
relationship and decreased social support which are crucial for emotional and psychological
health during this demographic. Furthermore, cannabis consumption can result in
participation in illegal exertion such as buying other illicit drugs or being engrossed in
drug-related behaviours. This can lead to legal problems such as arrests and criminal
documentation (The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use and
Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review, n.d.).

The long-term economic impacts of cannabis are healthcare costs, employment, earnings and
legal and criminal justice costs. The health concerns correlated to long-term cannabis
consumption can result in consequential healthcare costs. Mental health therapy, respiratory
care, and handling of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease can be costly and
place concern on both individuals and the healthcare system. According to the National Drug
Research Institute, the economic hardship of cannabis usage such as blunt healthcare costs as
well as incidental correlated lost output and criminal justice charges (Whetton et al., 2020).
Intellectual disability and decreased academic performance can restrict career prospects and
earning prospects. This can lead to lower lifetime income and decreased economic steadiness
for young people who consume cannabis frequently. Furthermore, employers may be
uncertain about hiring people with a background in drug consumption, limiting job
opportunities and leading to increased unemployment rates among this age group (Cannabis
Use, Employment, and Income: Fixed-effects Analysis of Panel Data, n.d.). Participation in
illegal actions correlated to cannabis consumption can lead to legal fees, fines and custody
costs. These costs can be considerable for people and also place a hardship on the criminal
justice system. According to the Australian Institute of Criminology, drug-related offences
entailing cannabis result in substantial economic expenses (Cannabis, n.d.).

Strategies that could reduce the effects of cannabis use are education and prevention
programs, mental health support, policy and legislative measures, community-based
interventions, research and monitoring. Carrying out comprehensive educational and
effective preventive programs aimed at young people can help decrease cannabis
consumption and its risks. These programs should include precise information about the
negative health outcomes of cannabis usage, encourage healthy coping mechanisms and

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

promote responsible decision-making skills. The World Health Organisation has
recommended school-based programs that are proven to be effective in decreasing substance
consumption among teenagers and young people (World Health Organization: WHO, 2022).
Producing actionable and successful mental health support is important for handling the
fundamental issues that may result in cannabis consumption. This can include offering
counselling services, self-screening for mental health conditions and treatment alternatives
for young people. Early preventative measures can help stop the increase of mental health
issues and reduce the dependency on cannabis as a coping strategy (Stress-Related Factors in
Cannabis Use and Misuse: Implications for Prevention and Treatment, n.d.). Rectifying
cannabis laws to focus on harm decrease rather than disciplinary measures can help alleviate
the negative health outcomes of cannabis consumption. Legislation efforts should be escorted
by strict regulations to control the sale and consumption of cannabis such as age limitations,
quality control and public education programs (The Importance of Policy Change for
Addressing Public Health Problems, n.d.).

Community-based interventions that include families, schools and regional organisations can
produce supportive surroundings that demoralise cannabis consumption. Programs that
captivate parents, teachers and the community can assist in strengthening positive
mannerisms and supply young people with the materials they require to make healthy
decisions. Inventiveness such as young people mentoring programs and extracurricular
activities like providing different outlets for stress and socialisation, decreases the interest in
cannabis consumption (Hawkins et al., 1992). Sequent research and observation of cannabis
consumption trends and their influence on individuals are crucial for developing productive
strategies. This includes gathering information on the presence of usage, health consequences
and the validity of intervention programs. Policymakers and public health officers can utilise
this information to modify and cultivate their approaches to decreasing cannabis consumption
among young people (Degenhardt et al., 2008).

Summary

In Australia, continuing cannabis usage among those aged 18 to 25 has major long-term
health, social, and economic consequences, with health effects being the most important. The
three main health concerns are physical health difficulties, cognitive decline, and mental
health issues. These health problems can have a significant impact on one's capacity to
function well in school and at work, which can lower economic stability and raise medical
expenses. A multimodal strategy including community initiatives, policy changes, mental
health assistance, and education is necessary to lessen these consequences.

Argument

The most important factor for the long-term impacts of using cannabis is the long-term health
effects, which are particularly serious and extensive for young people who use it. These
effects mostly consist of physical health issues, mental health illnesses, and cognitive
declines, all of which have a significant impact on a person's overall functionality and quality

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

of life. Cannabis use is strongly linked to mental health issues, particularly in youth. Regular
use can make anxiety and depressive symptoms worse, which can result in the emergence of
more serious psychiatric illnesses. Cannabis users had a higher risk of psychological
illnesses, according to a meta-analysis published by the National Library of Medicine
(Dawson et al., 2024). A sizeable fraction of the 18 to 25 age group in Australia is in danger
because 24% of them reported using cannabis in the previous year (National Drug Strategy
Household Survey, 2019). A lower quality of life might result from these mental health
problems, which can impact everyday tasks, interpersonal relationships, and general
happiness. Young people who use cannabis may experience severe impairments in their
ability to think, pay attention, and make decisions. Even when usage is stopped, these deficits
may linger, posing long-term difficulties in the workplace and the classroom. According to
studies, long-term cannabis users who started in their teens saw an average 8-point decline in
IQ by the middle of their adult life (Meier et al., 2012). Using cannabis frequently can cause
many physical health problems. Inhaling cannabis smoke can result in chronic respiratory
disorders such as bronchitis and other issues similar to those brought on by tobacco use
(Tashkin, 2013). Additionally, using cannabis is associated with cardiovascular problems,
such as a higher risk of hypertension, which calls for continuous medical supervision and
treatment (National Library of Medicine). These physical health problems not only reduce the
quality of life but also contribute to escalating healthcare costs.

Actions and strategies to address the health issue

The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion is established upon the fundamental prerequisites of
health. These are recognised as significant conditions and materials for health improvement.
The Ottawa Charter sets out three ways that effective health promotion should be conducted
which are enable, mediate and advocate. Enable is to make possible by empowering or
assisting individuals, to give strength to or help with the ability to complete a task. Mediate is
to act between individuals to assist in solving issues, and act as a negotiator to bring about a
common resolution. Advocating is to recommend for a specific cause, it is to push an agenda
or try to impact an outcome. The Ottawa Charter sets out five action areas to educate the
implementation in each country. The five action areas are building healthy public policy,
creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal
skills and reorienting health services. Building healthy public policy puts health on the
agenda of lawmakers and assists individuals guide healthy lives by legalising healthy
behaviours or banning unhealthy ones. The policy involves laws, taxation and organisational
change. An example of this is the banning of cannabis in Australia. Creating supportive
environments is when individuals are linked to their environment, which promotes the health
individuals need to take care of each other, their communities and the natural environment.
These living and working conditions of people and communities are required to be safe,
stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable to promote overall health. An example of this is making
cannabis-free zones. Strengthening community action is when communities need to
participate in change to be empowered. Empowered communities will take control of their
well-being, set their priorities, plan action and evaluate effectiveness. An example of this is
fundraising for individuals who suffer from cannabis's long-term effects either financially,

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 emotionally or psychologically. Developing personal skills is when individuals need to be
committed to developing the skills that are required to guide fulfilling and independent lives
where they can make healthy choices. An example of this is teaching school-aged children
about the risks and long-term effects of drug use particularly cannabis. Reorienting health
services is when healthcare facilities and services are required to move their attitude and
organisation so they can refocus on the needs of the individual and recognise the patient
(Health Studies Year 11 ATAR, n.d.). An example of this is the Project Towards No Drug
Abuse which is an organisation that provides drug prevention programs for young people
(Tom, 2020).

Ottawa Charter Action Area Proposed Actions + Strategies to Evidence to Justify Actions +
address the issue Strategies

Building Healthy Public 1) Administer age restrictions and 1) Studies have shown that
Policy quality control laws rigorous age limits and
- Strict age restrictions on quality control laws can
cannabis purchase and crucially decrease substance
consumption must be put abuse disorders among young
in place and strictly people
enforced to decrease - According to the World Health
cannabis usage among Organisation, extensive policy
young individuals. measures such as age limitations are
Quality control successful in reducing substance
procedures should be consumption among young people
required by law to - Quality controls certify that users
guarantee the security aren’t prone to excessively powerful
and potency of cannabis products which can worsen health
products.
(World Health Organization: WHO,
2) Tax and allocation of revenue to 2024)
health programs
World Health Organization: WHO. (2024, April 25). Alcohol, e-cigarettes, cannabis:
- Impose taxes on cannabis concerning trends in adolescent substance use, shows new
products and use the WHO/Europe report. World Health Organisation.

money collected to https://www.who.int/azerbaijan/news/item/25-04-2024-alcohol--e-cigar

support programmes that ettes--cannabis--concerning-trends-in-adolescent-substance-use--shows

promote mental health, -new-who-europe-report

prevent drug usage

among young adults, and 2) Taxation on alcohol and tobacco
other health-related
services products is effective in decreasing

use. A similar technique with

cannabis can daunt excessive

consumption while provoking funds

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 to public health enterprise

- According to the National Institute

on Drug Abuse, increased prices due

to taxes can result in decreased

consumption of substances among

young people.

- Allocation of revenue to health

programs certifies that there are

materials readily available for

avoidance and treatment services

(National Institute on Drug Abuse

(NIDA), 2024)

- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2024, March 6). National Institutes of
Health (NIH).

https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-drug-abuse-ni

da

Strengthing community action 1) Engage youth in advocacy and 1) Commitment to policy

policy development development can encourage
young people and improve
- Engage young adults in the the effectiveness of health
policy-making and advocacy laws
movements surrounding - According to the Journal of
cannabis usage and regulation. Adolescent Health, youth
- Through this involvement, their participation in advocacy
opinions are taken into account results in increased
and policies are better suited to effectiveness and continual
meet their demands. health interventions
- Involvement in policy
2) Community Education development, young people
Campaigns can assist in producing
targeted and effectual
- Start community-wide measures to address cannabis
educational initiatives that consumption
enlighten people about the
dangers of cannabis usage, (Adolescent Health Interventions:
encourage healthy living, and Conclusions, Evidence Gaps, and

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 strengthen bonds between the Research Priorities, n.d.)
community and youth.
Adolescent Health Interventions: Conclusions, Evidence Gaps, and Research Priorities.

(n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5026678/

2) Education Campaigns have

been proven to alternate

attitudes and behaviours

concerning substance

consumption

- According to a meta-analysis

in the Journal of Substance

Abuse, treatment proved that

community education

programs are successful in

decreasing drug consumption

and refining public health

- These campaigns can

increase awareness, decrease

stigma and offer

community-wide efforts to

support young people

(A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of

Case Management for Substance

Use Disorders: A Recovery

Perspective, n.d.)
A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Case Management for Substance Use Disorders: A

Recovery Perspective. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6477913/

Creating Supportive 1) Developing cannabis- free zones 1) Creating environments that

Environments - In places of employment, public demoralise substance
spaces, and educational consumption can
institutions where young adults significantly decrease usage
congregate, certain areas are - According to the AJPH,
off-limits to cannabis use. smoke-free laws in public places can
- Policies that discourage cannabis result in a decrease in smoking
use and encourage healthy lives percentage figures
should be in place to support - Likewise, cannabis-free zones can
these zones. encourage wholesome behaviours
and decrease the norm of cannabis
2) Enhancing community support consumption
networks
- Create networks of community support (Levy et al., 2017)
that offer information and help to young
Levy, D. E., Adams, I. F., & Adamkiewicz, G. (2017). Delivering on the promise of
adults who are struggling with substance Smoke-Free public housing. American Journal of Public Health,
abuse. 107(3), 380–383. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303606

Peer support groups, counselling

services, and educational workshops are 2) Community support is vital
a few examples of these networks.
for addressing substance

abuse.

- According to the Substance Abuse

and Mental Health Services

Administration,

community-established interventions

are constructive in assisting and

decreasing substance consumption

among young people

- These networks can provide a

supportive environment that supports

healthy behaviours and offers

necessary materials for individuals

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 who seek help

(“Substance Misuse Prevention for

Young Adults,” 2019)

Substance misuse prevention for young adults. (2019). [Guide]. In Substance Misuse

Prevention for Young Adults. National Mental Health and Substance

Use Policy Laboratory.

https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/substance-misuse-prevention

-pep19-pl-guide-1.pdf

Developing Personal Skills 1) School-based education 1) School-based programs are

programs successful in limiting
- Establish thorough substance consumption
education initiatives in - According to the World Health
schools that inform Organisation, educational
students of the dangers of interventions in schools can crucially
cannabis usage, help decrease substance consumption
them make better among young people
decisions, and encourage - These programs provide young
the use of healthy coping people with the knowledgeable skills
strategies. required to make wise and informed
decisions and to withstand peer
2) Mental Health and Coping pressure
Strategies workshops
- Provide workshops that (World Health Organization: WHO,
address stress 2019)
management, mental
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, November 26). Adolescent health.
health awareness, and https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
constructive coping
techniques to lessen the
need for cannabis as a
coping method. 2) Mental health and coping
strategies are important in
preventing substance usage
- According to the National
Institute of Mental Health,
efficacious mental health
interventions can decrease
substance consumption and
enhance the overall
well-being of an individual
- Workshops that educate
individuals to use healthy
coping skills can provide
young people with other
options for substance
consumption

(Substance Use and Co-Occurring

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 Mental Disorders, n.d.)
Substance use and Co-Occurring mental disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental

Health (NIMH).

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-heal

th

Reorienting Health Services 1) Integrating cannabis screening in 1) Early identification and

regular medical appointments intervention are vital to
preventing substance
- Include a cannabis use consumption
screening component in - According to the American
young adults' regular Journal of Preventive
physical examinations to Medicine announces that
spot problematic use regular screening in primary
early and offer prompt care health settings can
solutions identify and decrease
substance consumption
2) Training medical professionals - Combining cannabis
on cannabis consumption screening with regular health
interventions checkups guarantees that
healthcare professionals can
- Give medical provide support and material
professionals the to those who are susceptible
necessary training to to substance use disorders
identify and manage
young adults' cannabis (Primary Healthcare Approach to
use, including short-term Substance Abuse Management, n.d.)
interventions and service
Primary healthcare approach to substance abuse management. (n.d.). National Library
referrals to specialised of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8378164/
providers.
2) Training medical
professionals can improve
their ability to assist young
people in coping with
substance consumption
- According to the Journal of
Substance Abuse Treatment,
healthcare professionals'
training helps improve the
identification and coping of
substance abuse disorders
- Preparing the healthcare
professional with the correct
skills to assist patients with
substance abuse disorders,
can ensure that young people
endure the correct support
and intervention strategies

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 (Primary Healthcare Approach to
Substance Abuse Management, n.d.)
Primary healthcare approach to substance abuse management. (n.d.-b). National Library

of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8378164/

Detailed Evidence For 2 Action Areas

The two strategies for developing personal skills are school-based education programs,
mental health and coping strategies workshops. Developing personal skills through school
and university-based education programs is a significant strategy to assist young people with
a substance abuse disorder. This approach includes executing comprehensive educational
inventiveness that informs school-aged children and university students about the risks of
cannabis consumption, helping them better wise decisions and encouraging healthy coping
skills. This strategy utilises a remake of the current school curriculum by creating a
well-rounded curriculum that focuses on drug education, particularly cannabis. This new
curriculum would include the physical and psychological impacts, and social and legal
implications of cannabis as well as teach young people to use their decision-making and
refusal skills. The biological and psychological impacts of the curriculum would include
comprehensive lessons on how cannabis influences the brain and the body negatively,
specifically focusing on the development of the brain in young adulthood. This would also
include the short-term consequential effects like weakened memory and coordination and
long-term impacts like addiction or mental health conditions (Adverse Health Effects of
Marijuana Use, n.d.). The social and legal implications section of the curriculum would
depict the social effects of cannabis consumption on education involving its negative effects
on relationships, academic achievement and job prospects. Information about laws of
cannabis usage should also be included as well as the legal outcomes (Trends & Issues in
Crime and Criminal Justice, n.d.). Training individuals on how to make wise and informed
decisions and how to be assertive when responding to peer pressure. This could be done by
enacting role-playing situations and interactive workshops which could be beneficial in
teaching these important skills (Implementing the LifeSkills Training Drug Prevention
Program: Factors Related to Implementation Fidelity, n.d.).

Instead of delivering this information about cannabis in a boring and traditional way, there
could be another way to convey this information. This could be done by implementing
workshops, seminars and multimedia materials. Workshops and seminars could be directed
by delivering interactive sessions where students can have open discussions and debate the
information communicated to them in open settings. These seminars or workshops could be
managed by guest speakers such as different healthcare professionals from the same field and
individuals with private experiences of their substance abuse disorders. Utilising multimedia
resources such as videos, podcasts and online educational materials to confer information in
various formats. These resources can make individuals’ knowledge enter their heads before
doing something that they would regret (Coaching to Enhance Quality of Implementation in

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

Prevention, n.d.). Another way of circulating this information to young people aged 18 to 25
is by encompassing technology and social media to make young people aware of the health
consequences that could influence their future lives. Phone apps could be developed to supply
educational content, self-evaluation tools and materials for accessing help and support. These
apps can present personalised feedback and track the progress of how each individual is
doing. Social media campaigns can also be introduced such as using platforms Instagram,
Tiktok and YouTube to distribute information and captivate students in a discussion about
cannabis consumption by producing interesting content that can sympathise with young
people (Social Media and the Wellbeing of Children and Young People: A Literature Review,
n.d.). Education by itself may not be enough to assist young people consuming cannabis
therefore providing university counselling and making peer support groups could be
effective. Building on-site university counselling services where young people can seek aid
and guidance privately. Trained health professionals can help with problems correlating to
cannabis consumption and supply emotional support. Providing peer support groups where
students can distribute encounters and support one another. Peer impacts can be a vital tool in
promoting healthy behaviours (Friends or Foes? A Review of Peer Influence on Self-Care
and Glycemic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes, n.d.).

These strategies would be effective as they promote early intervention, address

misinformation, promote healthy coping mechanisms, and have community or societal
benefits. School-based education programs supply a platform for early intervention strategies.
Educating students about the dangers of cannabis consumption before they begin or while
they are experimenting can reduce the development of long-term health consequences. Early
intervention can crucially decrease the prevalence of cannabis consumption as well as
substance use disorders (A Review of Digital Interventions to Decrease Cannabis Use Among
Patients With Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders, n.d.). There is a significant amount of
misinformation about cannabis, specifically regarding its health consequences and what it can
do to a person. A constructed education program can eliminate myths and provide accurate
and evidence-based knowledge. This information is important in assisting students to make
wise and informed decisions (Responsible and Controlled Use: Older Cannabis Users and
Harm Reduction, n.d.). Young people usually consume cannabis for various reasons, one of
the reasons is using cannabis as a coping strategy for stress, anxiety and other mental health
conditions. Educational programs that promote healthy coping mechanisms like physical
activity, mindfulness exercises and accessing medical assistance can decrease dependency on
cannabis (Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Cannabis Craving and Use in Non-Treatment
Seeking Cannabis-Dependent Adults, n.d.). Decreasing cannabis consumption among young
people has many societal benefits. It can result in reduced healthcare costs, increased
academic performance and job prospects and enhanced overall community well-being (A
Social Media Intervention for Cannabis Use Among Emerging Adults: Randomized
Controlled Trial, n.d.).

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

The two strategies for reorienting health services are integrating cannabis screening in regular
medical appointments and training medical professionals on cannabis consumption
interventions. The action area of reorienting health services to address cannabis consumption
among young people, particularly individuals aged 18 to 25 surrounds incorporating cannabis
screening into frequent medical appointments and training medical professionals on cannabis
use interventions. This strategy goals to observe frequent cannabis consumption early and
supply timely interventions, additionally alleviating potential disadvantageous impacts on
overall health. Utilising cannabis consumption in young people’s frequent physical exams is
an intensive approach to recognise and address substance abuse disorders. Cannabis
screening can be accommodated into standard health examinations, related to how screenings
for alcohol and tobacco are administered. The screening process would include standardised
questions, clinical interviews with health professionals and biomarker testing processes. The
Standardised Questionnaires make use of validated resources like the Cannabis Use Disorder
Identification Test Revised which is used to test the frequency, amount and context of
cannabis consumption which is used to assess the cannabis consumption in the last six
months. A score of eight or more demonstrates risk usage and a score of 12 or higher
demonstrates the requirement to test for substance use disorder (Treating Substance Use
Disorder in Older Adults, n.d.). Participating in short and non-judgemental conversations
about cannabis consumption prevalence, motivations and any encountered consequences. In
scenarios where self-evaluation is unreliable, integrating urine or blood testing to identify
cannabis metabolisms (Biomarkers for the Effects of Cannabis and THC in Healthy
Volunteers, n.d.). The main goal of these screenings is to analyse individuals' possibility of
developing cannabis use disorder early. Early recognition assists healthcare providers in
granting immediate interventions which can involve education about the negative health
consequences of frequent or heavy cannabis consumption, programs for decreasing usage or
referrals to dictinctive services if required. Equipping health professionals with the
appropriate skills and knowledge to manage cannabis consumption among young people.
Training programs should consist of various key areas such as education on cannabis and
screening approaches. Administering comprehensive information on the medical aspect of
cannabis, its impacts on the brain and body, potential medicinal uses and the dangers
associated with leisure use. Teaching healthcare professionals how to proficiently use
screening materials and operating clinical interviews focused on cannabis consumption
(Trevor, 2023). This training can be attained through continuing medical education courses,
online training modules, workshops and incorporation in medical school. This training makes
sure that healthcare professionals are well equipped to assist cannabis consumption users and
individuals who are bound to substance abuse disorders (Continuing Medical Education and
Continuing Professional Development: International Comparisons, n.d.).

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

This strategy includes many parts such as policy development, training programs, resource
allocation, monitoring and allocation. The sector of government in charge of the health sector
should produce policies authorising the inclusion of cannabis screening at regular health
appointments for young people. This can be approved by the national health guidelines and
known medical organisations. Health systems and schools should come together to plan
training programs for past and future healthcare professionals. These programs can be
obligatory when completing university and work placements. Adequate materials must be
supplemented to guarantee the availability of screening resources. Building mechanisms to
detect the effectiveness of screening and intervention programs. This can be done by creating
regular audits, feedback from medical professionals and outcome measurements like
decreasing cannabis consumption among young people. The growing rate of cannabis usage
among young individuals and its possible detrimental effects on health serve as justifications
for the integration of cannabis screening and professional training. Early detection and
treatment can lower the risk of related health problems, stop the development of cannabis use
disorders, and enhance general well-being. By ensuring that medical personnel are properly
trained to address these challenges, better patient outcomes and more economical use of
healthcare resources are achieved (Continuing Medical Education and Continuing
Professional Development: International Comparisons, n.d.).

Conclusion

The investigation into cannabis usage among individuals aged 18 to 25 demonstrates a

sophisticated comprehension of the frequency and consequences of cannabis use in this age
range. Given the related health hazards, the data point to a large increase in cannabis usage
among young individuals, which is concerning. These hazards include the possibility of
mental health problems like anxiety and depression, potential cognitive impairments, and a
higher risk of developing a cannabis use disorder. Young adults who start using cannabis and
keep doing so for various reasons. These include the drug's perceived harmlessness, social
effects, and growing legalisation and accessibility. Peer pressure and cultural norms are two
important social settings that shape opinions about cannabis use. Furthermore, a lot of young
individuals underestimate the possible harm to their health because they think cannabis is a
safer or more natural substitute for other drugs. The effects of cannabis on health are
profound and varied. Long-term usage might cause cognitive impairments, especially
concerning memory and learning. Users also suffer negative effects on their mental health,
with increased rates of sadness, anxiety, and psychosis. Moreover, there is a strong link
between cannabis use in childhood and the emergence of substance use disorders in later life.
Given these results, extensive programmes to lower cannabis usage among young adults must
be put in place. This involves the creation of regulations that support routine cannabis usage
screening in medical settings, with a focus on youth. To guarantee that medical practitioners
are prepared to properly handle and manage cannabis usage and related health risks, training
programmes should be implemented. Public health efforts are also required to debunk
misconceptions about cannabis safety and to increase knowledge of the hazards connected to
its use. It is feasible to lessen the detrimental effects of cannabis on health and promote
young people's well-being by incorporating these strategies into the healthcare system and

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

educational frameworks. The prevalence of cannabis use disorders can be considerably
decreased, and overall health outcomes can be improved, in this population, by early
detection and intervention.

References

- Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Cannabis (marijuana). Better Health

Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/cannabis-marijuana

- Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.). Cannabis (marijuana). Healthdirect.

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/marijuana

- Frysh, P. (2024, January 12). How pot affects your mind and body. WebMD.

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects

- Cannabis.(n.d.).

https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Cannabis#:~:text=Research%20has%

20shown%20some%20evidence,treating%20chronic%20non%2Dcancer%20pain

- Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Dopamine. Cleveland Clinic.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22581-dopamine

- Pietrangelo, A. (2023, May 24). The effects of cannabis on your body. Healthline.

https://www.healthline.com/health/effects-of-cannabis-on-body

- Cannabis use and young people - Alcohol and Drug Foundation. (n.d.).

https://adf.org.au/insights/cannabis-young-people/

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - Guxensa, M., Nebot, M., Ariza, C., & Ochoa, D. (2007). Factors associated with the

onset of cannabis use: a systematic review of cohort studies. Gaceta Sanitaria, 21(3),

252–260. https://doi.org/10.1157/13106811

- Thorne, L. (2024b, March 13). How consumption of heroin, cocaine and other drugs

varies across Australia’s states, territories and regions. ABC News.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-14/australia-regions-meth-cocaine-heroin-mdm

a-cannabis-drug-data/103582050

- González-Cano-Caballero, M., Torrejón-Guirado, M., Cano-Caballero, M. D., Mac

Fadden, I., Barrera-Villalba, M., & Lima-Serrano, M. (2023). Adolescents and

youths’ opinions about the factors associated with cannabis use: a qualitative study

based on the I-Change model. BMC Nursing, 22(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01283-z

- Medhora, S. (2024, February 28). Young women are drinking and using drugs more

than ever before, but we’re not sure why. ABC News.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-29/young-women-drug-and-alcohol-usage/103

524048

- Australian Institute of Criminology (2015) The social supply of cannabis among

young people in Australia social supply of cannabis among young people, Australian

Institute of Criminology. Available at:

https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi503

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023, Summary. (2024, February

29). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household

-survey/contents/summary

- Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827335/

- Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. (n.d.). The Lancet.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)61037-0/abstract

- Marijuana Dependence and Its Treatment. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797098/

- Cannabis Legalization World Map: UPDATED. (n.d.). Cannabis World Times.

https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/article/cannabis-legalization-world-map/

- Stoner, S. A. & Research Consultant. (2017). Effects of marijuana on mental health:

Anxiety disorders [Report]. https://adai.uw.edu/pubs/pdf/2017mjanxiety.pdf

- Oglethorpe, M. (2011, May 10). From child to adult…the social and emotional

changes affecting our teenagers. The Modern Parent.

https://themodernparent.net/from-child-to-adult-the-social-and-emotional-changes-aff

ecting-our-teenagers/

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - WebMD Editorial Contributor. (2024, January 10). Health benefits of hemp seeds.

WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-hemp-seeds

- Girish. (2022, August 10). The history of cannabis in Australia. AltMed.

https://altmed.com.au/legal/the-history-of-cannabis-in-australia/

- Western Australian Legislation. (2021). Requirements of the Medicines and Poisons

Legislation: a summary for public health service facilities.

https://www.health.wa.gov.au/~/media/Corp/Policy-Frameworks/Public-Health/Medic

ines-Handling-Policy/Supporting/Requirements-of-the-Medicines-and-Poisons-Legisl

ation.pdf

- South Australia. Parliament. (1934). Dangerous Drugs Act, 1934. In South Australia

(pp. 1-).

https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/home/historical-numbered-as-made-acts/1934/2180-

Dangerous-Drugs-Act-No-2180-of-1934.pdf

- Administration, T. G. (2023, December 21). The role of the TGA. Therapeutic Goods

Administration (TGA).

https://www.tga.gov.au/role-tga#:~:text=The%20TGA%20is%20responsible%20for%

20regulating%20the%20supply%2C%20import%2C%20export,and%20advertising%

20of%20therapeutic%20goods.&text=The%20ARTG%20contains%20therapeutic%2

0goods%20that%20can%20be%20lawfully%20supplied%20in%20Australia.&text=T

he%20TGA%20is%20a%20part%20of%20the%20Australian%20Government%20De

partment%20of%20Health.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - ABC News. (2021, December 14). It’s legal to buy over-the-counter cannabis in

Australia — so why doesn’t my chemist sell it?

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-14/cannabis-oil-over-the-counter-legal-chemist/

100696870

- The effects of partial decriminalisation on cannabis use in South Australia, 1985 to

1993. (n.d.). Science Direct.

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/783243/1-s2.0-S1326020023X61767/1-s2.0-S132

6020023040645/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPT%2F%2F

%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCy4Qab3

myoB36D%2BWFckMlWIjMu%2B15Dvbsv%2FoksZKQO6QIgAcAaOPAiIggIi%2

FCTsgUdStjquQ9G9GHIICQwC4JfcdMqvAUIjP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2

F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJMCwKjGQdBOO5qHTCqQBXB

QZl9ag7gbJqjoumxHM2F0yie5MfcTYKgukM9zGJKuMH9aaEg1I3W%2FrSXi0fvc

qEzqCO5q2uJaULFBBwOO5AjgVQL8d6km86V2RTWIvGAyu%2Bt3RyeRg4D7A

%2BqfL2gEoTuczotW%2Foh5MoawTFZE5DlOjCW0B%2BaPmdvzRiP5KbumRIW

RBevXL6Tp0UPJRjNVlPOTu8Aw0B3Na4PsZse%2FDgPG9hFBsAnuxuMVvdDUe

uWkPROmKIh0gpVggLZgjIRDmQlJsaay63d%2BPzGV%2FTfUw54C2gNAk%2F7

MeAMxSbSjkJLdOI8VrfWxruHQEIEuYS8IcMV0X%2FHwLTSQhpRD8BvtWz9r3l

0BvB87c55bbSWtoQxQ1QTUVRKXYN0YKzwPMDWz8P9ofRczpb3LqFi%2B%2

BJicu9wGm5Sn9kvUzsBTPgxFkPT%2BuzR8TOOMPAnRDQ82reckZ3Z5Mn65blL

ybHwF2FX8fJuj4B4%2Fn3zibv15kEZDtoOPfoRgIrE4l9JteVPNgfdwJC4KDxMHV

XdKk0U8r0vEqEEaUITFzM4qVW4xpls5PU53hqe7Zwh%2FwQkewlE%2FjI7Dmi3

iay0rOjsUuTISmsDzHrJiLapqBKq7k4bNZQJ7n0f24yZAdUHFHGvqzGzH31awLY

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 NOaSwPlmXnH60EWMP2dKtBbeI4vyq40cmHNsRzQDeHlo8AgXQ5lHJ2Q5%2B

DmoKL7k4S29mXNCmpnbjob6v%2B1C%2FSB8ALSl5EVeqUCd6QQyAYDZLpI

mOibsPXLtN3sxJUhsGSQ7zyAnypwTPqHn4LZ%2Bj2wxtCPrsytL9JICyBk00OtLU

UUlhLaRp7I5XOTt1%2B%2F1kWAL2HDRVwPqZ%2BUGW3gYxIzeg20X1fWAn

p6z6GhakjMLyrq7MGOrEBosawHfWc%2B2Xa4Q44JeNJhkcNggxqHcU9hehfh34g

yTth%2Fvct1c6pnx6xv5zioxSXQ78oiAXL5T8e4IV7Su5yT1CHTZevdqSlgRAB05a

wRK%2FOYakKGbc5Bqd8CnOReCsHJohGNv7dd0z8EwaKtoUpMw9qgleG45iq2X

IfqU%2Bw5UclVKJHCtJfPlSHeSV7BwStmpVLy%2Bse5fIjqqkSb7imX2ljxu3pdD4

XsBwlS7QIntIY&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240

613T121246Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Creden

tial=ASIAQ3PHCVTY3R53CUXF%2F20240613%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_req

uest&X-Amz-Signature=3716bf30d78fe508d1d2c60c826f9da7913f9ad09299f8be654

43f627527c14f&hash=a93d512943d780e6a1369ce70035f00c36f688f42e92ddf71310

b621b93b1664&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176a

fe7c76c2c61&pii=S1326020023040645&tid=spdf-46484dec-fe79-41aa-931e-a42036

a190ac&sid=5924caeb5ec222412c991ce309ff6d2da825gxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d

3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=01175c575251000301&rr=8931fda558e91f5f

&cc=au

- 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings, Summary. (2000,

December 20). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/1998-ndshs-detailed-findings/su

mmary

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - The impact of cannabis decriminalisation in Australia and the United States. (2000).

PubMed.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10881453/#:~:text=Despite%20these%20problems%

2C%20the%20expiation,trafficking%20and%20other%20illicit%20drugs.

- 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results, Summary. (2005, April

7). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/2004-ndshs-first-results/summary

- Police, W. A. (2017, August 25). Illicit drugs and the law. Western Australia Police.

https://www.police.wa.gov.au/Your-Safety/Alcohol-and-drugs/Illicit-drugs-and-the-la

w#:~:text=Possession%20and%20use%20of%20cannabis,implement%20with%20tra

ces%20of%20cannabis

- National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019, Summary. (2020, July 16).

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household

-survey-2019/contents/summary

- Normalisation and denormalisation in different legal contexts: Comparing cannabis

and tobacco. (n.d.). Research Gate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292338339_Normalization_and_denormaliz

ation_in_different_legal_contexts_Comparing_cannabis_and_tobacco

- Health Studies Year 11 ATAR (2nd ed.). (n.d.). Lockhart.

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - Exploring the Links Between Social Exclusion and Substance Use, Misuse, and

Addiction. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249696/

- Zheng, Z., Fiddes, K., & Yang, L. (2021). A narrative review on environmental

impacts of cannabis cultivation. Journal of Cannabis Research, 3(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-021-00090-0

- Characterizing motivations for cannabis use in a cohort of people who use illicit

drugs: A latent class analysis. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241718/

- Understanding Early-Onset Drug and Alcohol Outcomes among Youth: The Role of

Family Structure, Social Factors, and Interpersonal Perceptions of Use. (n.d.).

National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088114/

- Dawson, D., Stjepanovic, D., Lorenzetti, V., Cheung, C., Hall, W., & Leung, J.

(2024). The prevalence of cannabis use disorders in people who use medicinal

cannabis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,

111263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111263

- Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E.,

McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis

users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(40).

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109

- Tashkin, D. P. (2013). Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung. Annals of the

American Thoracic Society, 10(3), 239–247.

https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201212-127fr

- Marijuana associated with three-fold risk of death from hypertension. (n.d.).

https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/marijuana-associated-

with-three-fold-risk-of-death-from-hypertension#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWe%20found

%20higher%20estimated%20cardiovascular,already%20established%20for%20cigare

tte%20smoking.

- The Academic Consequences of Marijuana Use during College. (n.d.). National

Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586361/

- The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use and Associated

Outcomes: A Systematic Review. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10176789/

- Whetton, S., Tait, R. J., Chrzanowska, A., Donnelly, N., McEntee, A., Mukhtar, A.,

Zahra, E., Campbell, G., Degenhardt, L., Dey, T., Abdul Halim, S., Hall, W., Makate,

M., Norman, R., Peacock, A., Roche, A., & National Drug Research Institute. (2020).

Quantifying the social costs of cannabis use to Australia in 2015/16 (R. J. Tait &

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 Steve Allsop, Eds.; No. 2020003). National Drug Research Institute, Curtin

University. https://ndri.curtin.edu.au/ndri/media/documents/publications/T287.pdf

- Cannabis Use, Employment, and Income: Fixed-effects Analysis of Panel Data. (n.d.).

National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867578/

- Cannabis. (n.d.). Australian Institute of Criminology.

https://www.aic.gov.au/subject/cannabis

- World Health Organization: WHO. (2022, April 13). Health-promoting schools.

https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-promoting-schools#tab=tab_1

- Stress-Related Factors in Cannabis Use and Misuse: Implications for Prevention and

Treatment. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696937/

- The Importance of Policy Change for Addressing Public Health Problems. (n.d.).

National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6243447/

- Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for

alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for

substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C.,

Angermeyer, M., Bruffaerts, R., De Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., Karam, A.,

Kostyuchenko, S., Lepine, J. P., Mora, M. E. M., Neumark, Y., Ormel, J. H.,

Pinto-Meza, A., Posada-Villa, J., Stein, D. J., . . . Wells, J. E. (2008). Toward a Global

View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO

World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine, 5(7), e141.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141

- Tom, A. (2020, March 10). Project towards No Drug Abuse (TND) – Blueprints for

Healthy Youth Development.

https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/project-towards-no-drug-abuse/#:~:text=Project

%20Towards%20No%20Drug%20Abuse%20(TND)%20is%20a%20drug%20prevent

ion,over%20a%203%2Dweek%20period.

- Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice. (n.d.). Australian Institute of

Criminology. https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/tandi535.pdf

- Implementing the LifeSkills Training drug prevention program: factors related to

implementation fidelity. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265741/

- Coaching to Enhance Quality of Implementation in Prevention. (n.d.). National

Institute of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3197242/

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review.

(n.d.). Research Gate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281455977_Social_media_and_the_wellbei

ng_of_children_and_young_people_A_literature_review

- Friends or Foes? A Review of Peer Influence on Self-Care and Glycemic Control in

Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356563/

- A Review of Digital Interventions to Decrease Cannabis Use Among Patients With

Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10311985/

- Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. (n.d.).

National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499492/

- Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Cannabis Craving and Use in Non-Treatment

Seeking Cannabis-Dependent Adults. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050879/

- A Social Media Intervention for Cannabis Use among Emerging Adults: Randomized

Controlled Trial. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9549699/

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

 - Treating Substance Use Disorder in Older Adults. (n.d.). National Institute of

Medicine.

https://adai.uw.edu/instruments/pdf/Cannabis%20Use%20Disorders%20Identification

%20Test%20Revised%2059.pdf

- Biomarkers for the effects of cannabis and THC in healthy volunteers. (n.d.). National

Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668079/

- Trevor. (2023, July 6). Medicinal Cannabis Manufacturing Training course.

PharmOut.

https://www.pharmout.net/medicinal-cannabis-manufacturing-training-course/

- Continuing medical education and continuing professional development:

international comparisons. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117549/

Image References

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1

Figure 1 - Thorne, L. (2024, March 13). How consumption of heroin, cocaine and other drugs
varies across Australia’s states, territories and regions. ABC News.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-14/australia-regions-meth-cocaine-heroin-mdma-canna
bis-drug-data/103582050

Figure 2 - National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023: Cannabis in the NDSHS.
(2024, February 29). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs

Figure 3 - National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022–2023: Cannabis in the NDSHS.
(2024, February 29). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/cannabis-ndshs

Maya Reda - Inquiry Task 1