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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction to Battery Bank and Battery Charger

Batteries consisting of a series of individual cells are used to store
electricity and are relied upon to provide the required power for a specified
period within specified voltage limits. Different battery types have different
characteristics best suited to different application. The choice for substation
auxiliary supplies lies between lead acid nickel cadmium cells.

All the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. Alternating

Current (AC) power is required for substation building small power, lightning,
heating and ventilation, some communication equipment, switchgear operating
mechanisms, anti-condensation heaters and motors. Direct Current (DC)
power is used to feed essential services such as circuit breaker trip coils and
associated relays, supervisory control and data acquisition and
communications equipment.

One of the most Important components of a high voltage

industrial/utility substation is the DC system. The DC system provides the
energy required to operate protective devices and high-voltage components for
proper isolation of electrical faults. In the event that the DC system is not
available when required, serve damage to equipment as well as harm to
personnel is a high probability. A typically high-voltage industrial/utility
substation DC system consists of a flooded –cell battery bank and a battery
charger.

Under normal operation conditions, the battery provides very little

current. The battery charger provides the continuous load current and
maintains a charge on the battery bank. The battery bank begins to contribute
current when the load increases beyond the output capability of the battery
charger.

1.2. Aim and Objectives

The system improvement has to be planned properly with the following
objective;
( i ) To study about Battery Charger System
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(ii) To analyze the types of battery of substation

(iii)To study the operation of battery charger
(iv)To study about the maintenance of the battery bank and battery charger
(v) To calculate the rating and load size of charger in substation
(vi)To understand the important of the battery bank and battery charger in
Substation when emergency condition
(vii)To know the operation and calculated result of battery charging system

1.3. Outline of Graduation Thesis

This graduation thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapters one composed of

introduction to battery bank and battery charger, aim and objectives and outlines of
graduation thesis. Background of Chauk Substation is stated in chapter two. Chapter
three consists of function and theory of battery charging system. Chapter four will see
operation and calculation of battery bank and battery charger. And then finally
discussions and conclusion will describe in chapter five.
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CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF CHAUK SUBSTATION
2.1. 132kV Chauk Primary Substation
The about of 132kV Chauk Primary Substation can be studied from the
following datas;
(i) Location ; Chauk Township, Chauk district, Magway Division
(ii) Area ; (66.36) Arce
(iii) Commissioning Date; (20-October-1965)
(iv) Installed Capacity ;132/66/11kV 40MVA (Siemens, Germany)
(v) Transmission Lines and Distribution Feeders
For 132kV transmission lines of Chauk Substation are as follows;
(i) Thazi Line
(ii) Magway Line
(iii) Tanyaung Line
(iv) Kyunchaung Line
For 66kV transmission lines of Chauk Substation are as follows;
(i) Kyaukpadaung Line
(ii) Pakhannge Line
(iii) Nyaung-Oo Line
(iv) Salay Fertilizer Line
(v) Seik-Phyu Line
For11kV distribution feeders are;
(i) Chauk Feeder
(ii) Bagan Feeder
(iii) Myanmar Oil Feeder
(iv) Gwe Cho Feeder
(v) Hydrogen Peroxide Factory Feeder
(vi) Porcelain Insulator Factory Feeder
(vii) Salay Feeder
(viii) Yezat Feeder
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(vi) Transmission Lines and Distribution Feeders

Nyaung-Oo Township, Bagan Township and Kyaukpadaung Township are
saturated in Mandalay division. Pakhannge, Nile Channel River Water Pump, Salay
Fertilizer Factory, Seikphyu Township, Myanmar Oil, Chauk Township, Gwe Cho
Township, Hydrogen peroxide Factory, Porcelain Insulator Factory, Salay
Township, Zeecho Water Pump are saturated in Magway Division.

2.2 Overview of Substation

The present-day electrical power system is Alternating Current (AC) i.e.
electrical power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating
current. The electrical power is produced at the power station which are located at
favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many places
in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics(e.g voltage AC to DC frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply.
This accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage at the power station is stepped up to high voltage for transmission
of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g transformer etc.) used for this
purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the customers’ localities, the voltage may
have to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by a
suitable apparatus called sub-station. Yet at some places in the line of the power
system, it may be desirable to convert large qualities of AC power to DC power for
traction, electroplating, DC motors etc.
This job is again performed by suitable apparatus (e.g ignitron) called sub-
station. It is clear that type of equipment needed in a sub-station will depend upon
the service requirement. Although there can be several types of sub-station, we shall
mainly confine our attention to only those sub-stations where the incoming and
outgoing suppliers are AC i.e sub-stations which change the voltage level of the
electric supply.
Sub-stations are important part of power system. This continuity of supply
depends to a considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-station. It is,
therefore, essential to exercise utmost be kept in view while laying out a sub-station.
(i) It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located
at the center of gravity load.
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(ii) It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration
must be given to the maintenance of regulation clearance, facilities for
carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as
possibility of explosion or fire etc. For reliability, consideration must be
given for good design and construction, the provision of suitable protective
gear etc.
(iii) It should be easily operated and maintained.
(iv) It should involve minimum capital cost.

2.3. Schematic Arrangement of Sub-Station

Distribution or transmission equipment installation is not at generation
station the electric power is produced at low voltages. The electric power should not
be transmitted at these low voltages due to large amount of line losses and economic
reasons. To minimize the losses and for economical transmission the low voltages
are stepped up to high voltages and transmitted to far off place. The consumers
should not use such higher voltages directly and so they must be transformed to low
voltages for distribution purpose and done in these substations. So the substation
may be called link between generation station and consumers. The transmission
voltages are 400kV, 220kV, 132kV, 110kV, 66kV.
Sub-stations usually contain transformers in order to change voltages levels,
they are connected to a bus via circuit breaker. Specifically, sub-stations are used for
some or all of the following purposes; connection of generators, transmission and
distribution line, and loads to each other,; transformation of power form one voltage
level to other; interconnection of alternate source of power; switching for alternate
connections and isolation of failed or overload line or equipment; controlling system
voltage and power flow; reactive power compensation; suppression of overvoltage;
and detection of faults, monitoring recording of information, power measurements;
and remote communications. Minor referred as a sub-station.

2.4. Constituents of Sub-Station

The sub-station is an assembly of the following major electrical equipment:
(i) Electrical power transformers
(ii) Instrument transformers
(iii) Conductors
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(iv) Insulators
(v) Isolators
(vi) Bus bars
(vii) Lightning arrestors
(viii) Circuit breakers
(ix) Relays
(x) Batteries

2.4.1. Electrical Power Transformer

A static electrical machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another circuit without changing frequency is termed as power transformer. The
transformers are generally used to step down or step up the voltage levels of a
system for transmission and generation purpose. These transformers are classified
into different types based on their design, utilization purpose, installation methods,
and so alternating current, meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that
operates in transmission currents into power levels more suitable for residential and
light-commercial applications. The ratio of primary (input) windings to secondary
(output) winding determines the change in current. Single phase transformer abides
by Ohm’s law. And outside of minor inherent loss due to heat, do not create or
remove power.
Single phase transformers are more popular than three phase transformer in
non-urban areas, as the cost of a three phase distribution network is much higher,
and the over electrical demand is lower. The highest voltage available in a single
phase network is regulated by utility infrastructure and industrial regulations. A
single phase transformer is frequently used for power distribution and voltage
reduction for residential and commercial applications. When used with applications,
the lower voltage output is often rectified into DC current before powering
appliances, such as computer.

Figure 2.1. Electrical Power Transformer

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2.4.2. Instrument Transformer

The current and voltage transformers are together called as the instrument
transformer.

Symbol of VT Symbol of CT
Figure 2.2 Instrument Transformer

2.4.2.1. Current transformer

Current transformer is used for the measurement of the alternation current by
taking samples of the higher currents of the system. These reduced samples are in
accurate proportions with the actual high currents of the system. These are used for
installation and maintenance of the current relays in substations for protection
purpose which are normally has low-current ratings for their protection.
A current transformer is essentially a step-up transformer which steps down
the current to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of one or more
turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary consists of a
large number of turns of line wire and provides for the measuring instruments and
relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the fine.
According to design of the primary winding, current transformers can be
divided into two main groups; single-turn and multi-turn primary. Current
transformers of the first group may be of the rod, bus bar, and bushing type, while
those of the second group may be of the wound-coil and the so-called looped or
linked-coil type.
Current transformers are manufactured with porcelain, cast epohide resin,
and oil-immersed paper insulations. In the maintenance of these units, it is necessary
to check regularly that the porcelain and the contact surfaces remain in good
condition, that the oil is at the correct level in the oil-filled transformers, that the
instruments and other devices connected to the secondary operate correctly, that
earthing contacts remain intact, etc. These transformers are designed to provide a
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standard secondary current output of 1to5 A rated current flows through the primary.
A current transformer rated at a 100/5 A is connected in the line to measure current.
If the current in the line is 100 A, current in the secondary will be 5A. Similarly, if
current in consideration will step down the line current by a factor of 20.

2.4.2.2. Voltage transformer

Voltage transformer is quite similar to the current transformer, but it is used
for taking samples of high voltages of a system for providing low-voltage to the
relays of protection system and also to the low-rating meters for voltage
measurements. From this low-voltage measurement, the actual system’s high voltage
can be calculated without measuring high voltages directly to avoid the cost of the
measurement system.
Voltage transformer may be single-phase or three-phase design; and of the
dry or oil-immersed type. During services, voltage transformers require checking for
correct oil level, leaks and fit condition of the bushing, current limiting resistors, and
protective fuses. Besides this, they require regular cleaning of the contacts; outside
maintain the oil level at the gauge mark corresponding to the ambient temperature at
the time of checking.
Outdoor voltage transformers require regular checking for satisfactory
condition of the porcelain shell, the oil expansion chamber, and the moisture
absorbers serving to prevent ingress of moisture to the oil. It is likewise necessary to
check the tightness of the multi-core cable glands and the condition of the terminals
on the block in the terminal box after removing the side-wall plate.
The windings will require a dry-out if it is found that the electric strength of
the oil and the insulation resistance of the windings had dropped below normal. If
some oil leak has reduced the level and left part of the winding uncovered, or if any
traces of moisture are found on the internal parts, the winding will likewise require a
dry-out.
Voltage transformer steps down the voltage to a known ratio. The primary of
this transformer consists of a large turns of fine wire connected across the line. The
secondary winding consists of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments
and relays a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage. A potential
transformer rated at 132kV/110 is connected to a power line. If the line voltage is
132kV, voltage across the secondary will be 110V.
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2.4.3. Conductors
The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly made
of metals such as aluminum and copper) and that allows the flow of electric charge
is called conductor. Conductors permit free movement of the flow of electrons
through them. These are used for the transmission of power or electrical energy from
one place to another place through sub-station. Conductors are of different types and
mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in practical power systems.
A conductor is one of the most important components of transmission and
distribution lines in sub-station. Selecting a proper type of conductor for lines as
important as selecting economic conductor size and economic transmission voltage. A
good conductor should have the following properties:
(i) High electrical conductivity
(ii) High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses
(iii) Relatively lower cost without compromising much of other properties
(iv) Lower weight per unit volume

Figure 2.3. Conductor

2.4.4. Insulators
The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric
charge is called an insulator. Hence, insulators resist electricity with their high
resisting property. There are different types of insulators such as suspension type,
strain type, stray type, shackle, pin type and so on. A few types of insulators are
show in the above figure 2.4. Insulators are used for insulation purpose while electric
poles with conductors to avoid short circuit and for other insulation requirements.
An insulator is also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow
electric current insulating materials valence electrons are tightly-bonded to their
atoms. These materials are used in parts of electrical equipment, also called
insulators or insulation, intended to support or separate electrical conductors without
passing current through themselves. The term is also used more specifically to refer
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insulating supports that attach electric power transmission vires to utility poles or
pylons. Some materials such as glass, paper or Teflon are very good electrical
insulators. A much larger class of materials, for example rubber-like polymers and
most plastics are still “good enough” to insulate electrical wiring and cables even
those they may have lower bulk resistivity. These materials can serve as practical
and safe insulator for low to moderate voltages.
Insulators use for high voltage power transmission is made from glass,
porcelain, or composite polymer materials. Porcelain insulators are made from clay,
quartz or alumina and feldspar, and are covered with a smooth glaze to shed water.
Insulator made from porcelain rich in alumina are used where high mechanical
strength is a criterion. Porcelain has a dielectric strength of about 4-10 kV/mm.
Glass has a higher dielectric strength, but it attracts condensation and the thick
irregular shapes needed for insulators are difficult to cast without internal strains.
Some insulator manufactures stopped making glass insulators in the late 1960s,
switching to ceramic materials.

Figure 2.4. Insulator

2.4.5. Isolators
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty
section or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for
repair from a healthy section in order to avoid occurrence more sever faults. Hence,
it is also called as a disconnected or disconnection switch. There are different types
of insulators used for different application such as single-break isolator, double-
break isolator bus isolator, line isolator, etc.
The conductor carries current and having multiple numbers of incoming and
outgoing line connections can be call as bus bar, which is commonly used in
substation.
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Figure 2.5 Electrical Isolator

2.4.6. Bus Bars

The conductor carries current and having multiple numbers of incoming and
outgoing line connections can be call as bus bar, which is commonly used in
substation. These are classified into different types like single bus, double bus and
ring bus.
These are classified into different types:
(i) Single bus
(ii) Double bus
(iii) Ring bus

Figure 2.6 Bus Bars

2.4.7. Lightning Arrester
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The substation equipment such as conductors, transformers, etc.; are always

erected outdoor. Whenever light surges occur then, a high-voltage pass through these
electrical components causing damage to them. Therefore, to avoid this difficulty,
lightning arresters are placed to pass the entire lightning surges to earth. There are
other arresters which are used to ground the switching surges called as surge
arresters.
The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substation
against travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge
diverter. In other words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the
ground without affecting the continuity of supply. It is connected between the line
and earth, i.e, in parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation.
Lightning arresters are installed on many different pieces of equipment such as
power poles and towers, power transformers, circuit breakers, bus structures, and
steel superstructures in substation.

Figure 2.7 Lightning Arrester

2.4.8. Circuit Breaker

For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or
over load due to short circuit or any other fault the faulty section is disconnected
from the healthy section either manually or automatically. If once the fault is
rectified, again the original circuit can be rebuilt by manually or automatically.
Different types of circuit breakers are designed based on different criteria and usage.
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A circuit breaker is protective device which can out off and protect from
destruction the line when fault occurs in electrical line. A circuit breaker essentially
consists of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes. Under normal operating
conditions these contacts remain closed and will not opened automatically until and
unless the system becomes faulty. Of course, the contacts can be opened manually or
by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system,
the trip coil of the circuit breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled
apart by some mechanism thus opening the circuit.
In general mostly used circuit breakers are;
(i) Oil circuit breaker
(ii) Air circuit breaker
(iii) SF6 circuit breaker
(iv)Vacuum circuit breaker

Table 2.1. Type of Circuit Breakers

Type of circuit Arc quenching medium Voltage range and breaking capacity
breaker
miniature Air at atmospheric 400V-600V , for small current
pressure rating, up to 5MVA
Air-break Air at atmospheric 0.4kV-10kV; 5-750MVA
pressure
Bulk oil Transformer oil 0.4kV-10kV; up to 300MVA
Minimum oil Transformer oil 3.3kV-220kV; 150-25000MVA
Vacuum Vacuum 3.3kV-33kV; 250-2000MVA
SF6 SF6 at 5 kg/cm2 pressure 3.3kV-765kV; 1000-50000MVA
Air blast Compressed air at high 132kV-1100kV; 2500-60000MVA
pressure (20-30 kg/cm2)

2.4.9. Relays
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Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic

operation. Relay consists of the coil which is excited or energized and such that
making the contacts of relay closed activates the relay to breaker or make the circuit
connection. Relay is an automatic device which closes the trip circuit of the circuit
breaker, by closing its contacts, when the actuating quantities read a certain
predetermined magnitude/phase. When a fault occurs, the protection detects and
disconnects the faulty section from the system acting on the circuit breakers for
tripping action. Relays are usually installed with current transformer (C.T) for
current measurement. The current measured by the C.T is proportional to the circuit
current. When the current exceeds a present value, the relay will operate at a time
depending on the characteristic of the relay. There are many varieties of relays for
sensing and responding to a multitude of system conditions and quantities, including
over current, over voltage, differential, impedance, phase sequence etc.
A device is designed so that the electric, magnetic or thermal effect produced
cause a sudden predetermined change in one or more electric circuits when electric
power is applied. It may be either an electromechanical, electronic semiconductor or
transductor type. A relay senses a fault and directs a circuit breaker to interrupt the
circuit.
There are different types of relays
(i) Over current relay
(ii) Define time over current relays
(iii) Voltage relays
(iv) Auxiliary relays
(v) Reclosing relays
(vi) Solid state relays
(vii) Directional relays
(viii) Inverse time over current relays
(ix) Microcontroller relays
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Figure 2.8. Differential Relay

Figure 2.9. Overcurrent Relay

2.4.10. Batteries
Batteries in substation are essential as these are used for auxiliary power source.
When there is no power from main station, batteries are used to supply power to the
meter and other equipments. Batteries provide energy for power circuit breakers to
trip off faults.

Figure 2.9 Battery Banks in Substation

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2.5. Earthing system in Substation

In an electrical installation an earthing system or grounding system connects
specific parts of that installation with the earth’s conductive surface for safety and
functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can effect the safety of the
installation. The grounding system in substation is very important. The functions of
grounding systems or earth mat in include:

(i) To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electric shocks.

(ii) To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of star
connected transformer winding to earth (neutral earthing).
(iii) To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires or the
lightning masts to earth. To provide ground path for surge arresters.
(iv)To provide a path for discharging the charge between the phase and ground
by means of earthing.
(v) To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying
metallic objects in the substation.
In addition to such a grid below ground level, earthing spikes (electrodes) are
driven into the ground and connected electrically to the earth grid, equipment bodies,
structures, naturals etc. are connected to the station earting system by earthing strips.
If the switchyards have a soil of low resistivity, earth resistance of the earth
system would be low. If the soil resistivity is high, the mesh rods are laid at closer
spacing. More electrodes are inserted in the ground.

2.6. Faults in Electrical Systems

An electrical system fault can be defined as a condition in the electrical system
that causes failure of the electrical equipment in the circuit such as; Generators,
Transformers, Bus bars, Cables and all other equipments in the system that operate
at given voltage level.
A power system failure across the town that happened due to a storm breakout
or an internal equipment fault that disrupted the power supply. There are all
essentially the cases of faults in electrical system.
By nature of electrical systems, at the basis level, electrical fault can be
categorized as:
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(i) Short Circuit Faults: This is caused when there is a failure of insulation
causing a short circuit condition. This is by far the most common cause of
failure.
(ii) Open Circuit Faults: This fault occurs when a failure happens in the
conduction path of electricity.

2.6.1. Causes of Power System Faults

The causes of faults are numerous, example;
(i) Lightning
(ii) Heavy winds
(iii) Trees falling across lines
(iv)Vehicles colliding with towers or poles
(v) Birds shorting lines
(vi)Aircraft colliding with lines
(vii) Vandalism
(viii) Small animals entering switchgear
(ix)Line breaks due to excessive loading

2.7. Main Function of a Substation

Substations serve as a sources of energy supply for the local areas of
distribution in which they are located. Their main functions are the following:
(i) To receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generation station
(ii) To reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local use and provide
facilities for switching: and
(iii) To provide points where safety devices may be installed to disconnect
circuits or equipment in the event of trouble
(iv) Voltage on the outgoing distribution feeders can be regulated at a
substation. It is also a convenient place to make measurements to check
the operation of various parts of the system.