1. Bad breath, an unpleasant odour of the 4.

Acupuncture's record of success has been

breath, is usually due to poor hygiene, but it ----- impressive to stimulate a number of
can be an ----- of underlying health problems. research projects investigating its mechanisms
as well as its efficacy.
A) assessment
A) sufficiently
B) occupation
B) vaguely
C) application
C) reluctantly
D) indication
D) devastatingly
E) obstruction
E) coincidentally

2. Depletion of antioxidant defences increases

the body's ----- to oxidation; therefore, the 5. Studies find that losing weight is one of the
consumption of adequate antioxidants is most effective ways to ----- several Health
important. conditions from diabetes to cardiovascular
disease.
A) vulnerability
A) avoid
B) accountability
B) display
C) substitution
C) conceal
D) resistance
D) transmit
E) delusion
E) contradict

3. Some fears and phobias, fears that have

become so excessive or irrational that they 6. Patients with specific pain symptoms of
negatively impact daily life, are more ----- to unknown origin should undergo a thorough
have genetic roots than others. medical examination before starting
biofeedback treatments to ----- any serious
A) likely
underlying disease.
B) proper
A) give up
C) demanding
B) take over
D) distinct
C) rule out
E) willful
D) put across

E) bring about
7. HDL (high-density lipoproteins) cholesterol 10. The intervals specified in the criteria -----
is called good cholesterol because it picks up the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin
the bad LDL (low-density lipoproteins) ----- in (FUO) are arbitrary ones intended to exclude
the arteries and transports it to the liver ---- patients ----- protracted but self-limited viral
down and thus eliminated. illnesses.

A) to be deposited / breaking A) for / with

B) depositing / to break B) in / under

C) to have deposited / having been broken C) from / to

D) being deposited / to have broken D) around / over

E) deposited / to be broken E) about / on

8. People's concepts of Western medicine ----- 11. Abnormal blood flow ----- the heart often
over the past several years, and they ----- means that less oxygen is sent to circulation
much more of their healthcare providers. ----- the body, which can cause fatigue, a lack
of energy, and poor muscle tone.
A) have shifted / are demanding
A) from / throughout
B) have been shifted / had demanded
B) around / over
C) had shifted / were going to demand
C) by / along
D) shifted / demanded
D) towards / without
E) were shifted / will demand
E) about / on

9. Patients with back pain should always use

the lowest possible dose to minimise side 12. Daytime tiredness can be attributed to a
effects and not rely on medications ----- the lack of sleep quality that people miss ----- they
long term unless they have a chronic problem have a large quantity of sleep.
and are ----- close medical supervision.
A) because
A) over / under
B) even if
B) about / in
C) once
C) with / on
D) as long as
D) from / towards
E) whenever
E) along / during
13. Most people realise how dependent on 16. ----- the lungs cannot expand or shrink of
coffee and caffeine they have become ----- their own accord, breathing is made possible
they try to give it up. by the diaphragm and rib muscles.

A) unless A) As if

B) only when B) Whether

C) as if C) Before

D) whether D) Since

E) until E) Just as

14. Liposuction is not a generally 17. To get a broad range of nutrients in your
recommended treatment for cellulite ----- it is diet, enjoy a variety of foods, ----- sticking to
an invasive and potentially life-threatening your favourites; this is particularly important
procedure. with vegetables and fruits, as their nutrient
profiles vary greatly.
A) whether
A) as a result of
B) because
B) at the expense of
C) although
C) rather than
D) whenever
D) in terms of
E) as though
E) compared to

15. ----- it is known that ionising radiation can

cause brain tumours, most people are not 18. ----- being concerned about the
exposed to this type of radiation unless they environment, nearly three-quarters of
are being treated for cancer. Generation Z are unwilling to eat eco-friendly
lab-grown meat.
A) While
A) Similar to
B) Before
B) In spite of
C) So long as
C) Due to
D) Until
D) Instead of
E) As though
E) Prior to
19.If you feel weak and tired, you should
increase your water intake because it will -----
help pick up energy levels ----- decrease your
risk of urinary tract infections.

A) such / that

B) neither / nor

C) whether / or

D) no sooner / than

E) not only / but also

20. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is often

the precursor to a real strokes ----- can result
in loss of speech, memory impairment and
permanent paralysis.

A) which

B) where

C) what

D) whose

E) how
Dietary supplements have become a
multibillion-dollar industry all over the world.
23.
Found (21) ----- the vitamins and minerals on
supermarket shelves are many apparently A) Due to
natural remedies sold as 'dietary
supplements'. Their labels state that these B) For the sake of
products are not intended to treat anything C) Despite
but designed to (22) ----- health. Yet we should
keep in mind that labels do not always tell the D) Rather than
full story. (23) ----- strict requirements of E) In terms of
purity applied in drug development, herbal
and other dietary supplements can include
some harmful parts of the source organism.
(24) ----- , along with the desired substance, a
consumer may ingest fungal spores, heavy 24.
metals, toxins, herbicides, and pesticides.
A) Firstly
Drugs differ from dietary supplements in
purity and method of preparation, which often B) Therefore
takes many years. The probability that a
C) On the contrary
chemical derived from an organism (25) -----
its way to drugstore shelves as a prescription D) However
or over-the-counter medication is 1 in 10.000.
E) Instead

21.
25.
A) off
A) had made
B) from
B) used to make
C) to
C) has to make
D) upon
D) was making
E) among
E) will make

22.

A) receive

B) capture

C) promote

D) acknowledge

E) determine
That heredity plays an important role in 27.
determining one's potential intelligence is
A) measure
beyond dispute. (26) ----- , genetic
investigations have failed to identify smart B) impose
genes, which are genes that give brilliance on
the possessor. Instead, given the complexity of C) lessen
the brain organisation and the need for D) achieve
effective interaction among its many
components, it is not surprising that genetic E) permit
mutations of several genes are known to
(27) ----- the efficiency of brain operation and,
in turn, to diminish potential intelligence. 28.
Mutational disorders range from invisible to
A) On behalf of
dramatic and include trisomy 21, Fragile-X
syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and autism. B) Apart from
(28) ----- these mutational disorders, there are
C) According to
also important epigenetic factors - evident
during the early years of life that are necessary D) Due to
for normal development and organisation. A
E) Instead of
rich array of neuronal networks develops, with
many destined (29) -----; the final product of
such factors is that gyral and sulcal patterns of
monozygotic twins, individuals with identical 29.
genetic constitution, will look different. A) removing
Maturational factors such as myelin
development, which is important for efficient B) having been removed
signal transmission (30) ----- the extensive C) to be removed
neuron network, are known to continue for
many years, peaking around the middle of the D) to have removed
third decade of life.
E) to remove

30.
26.
A) against
A) Therefore
B) under
B) In addition
C) across
C) For instance
D) upon
D) However
E) off
E) Similarly
31. ----as soon as the dieter resumes usual 33. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) may not be
eating patterns. the direct cause of death, ----.

A) Without changing eating patterns, the A) family members or others caring for a
weight lost in a dieting program returns person with AD have an extremely difficult and
stressful job
B) Many obese people underreport the
amount of food they consume B) the generally poorer health of a person with
AD increases the risk of life-threatening
C) The dieter's eating habits often do not
infection
change while undergoing the dieting program
C) several substances are being tested for their
D) Drastically reducing food intake promotes a
ability to slow the progress of AD
loss of five kilos a week
D) the aggravation of the disease can be
E) Dietary goals are unrealistic and set the
controlled thanks to an active lifestyle
person up for failure
E) drugs such as antidepressants, and
sedatives are used to treat the behavioural
symptoms of AD

32. ----; however, there is a body of evidence

to support the idea that what is eaten may
affect the skin.
34. Although the use of prescription
A) Dermatologists and nutritionists have
medications may assist in managing obesity
developed a list of foods to stay away
for some individuals, -----.
B) There is some debate in the medical
A) sedentary lifestyle is one of the underlying
community about the impact of diet on acne
reasons for obesity
C) Researchers have developed suggestions for
B) it is never the sole treatment for the
dietary changes to improve or eliminate acne
condition, nor is it ever considered a cure
D) One of the earliest studies about food and
C) the most successful way to manage it is
acne focused on chocolate
possible through medications
E) There have been isolated studies that
D) appetite-suppressant medications promote
explored the effect of specific supplements on
weight loss by decreasing appetite
acne
E) several of these medications are currently
approved for treatment of obesity
35. When lactose intolerance is suspected in 37. Patients have different abilities to
infants and young children, -----. comprehend medical procedures; some prefer
printed information -----.
A) the symptoms range from a feeling of mild
bloating to severe diarrhoea A) while others learn more from oral
presentations
B) many paediatricians recommend simply
changing from cow's milk to soy milk and B) although skin preparation is often ordered
watching for improvement for all

C) food intolerances involve an exaggerated or C) even if it is helpful for them to express their
abnormal physical reaction to a food or food worries
additive
D) because too much knowledge may increase
D) intolerance caused by temporary intestinal their anxiety
diseases disappears with a successful
E) as pain management after surgery is not the
treatment
primary concern
E) children with carbohydrate intolerance can
lead normal lives with good dietary
management

38. Hallucinations tend to be more distressing

for the person who is having them than for
36. -----; furthermore, research suggests that
others -----.
people may be trained to partially recover
their mental function apparently lost during A) while observing the patient can help to
aging. identify whether hallucinations are a side
effect of medications or a manifestation of
A) The mental faculties of most older people
their disease
remain functioning when challenged by a
commitment to lifelong learning and activity B) only when a medication that is the
suspected cause of hallucinations is changed
B) Senescent cells are no longer able to
to another drug or the times the drug is taken
protect organs and blood vessels, and possibly
are changed
contribute to aging
C) unless they cause the person to feel undue
C) It is known that our cognitive skills tend to
anxiety or to react to them in ways that are
be on the decline as we age
harmless to the person or others
D) Experiments reveal that the build-up of
D) provided that people having delusions have
oxidised protein, the result of free-radical
no awareness that those perceptions may be
attack, may cause brain cells to age
inaccurate or unreal in the first place
E) Forgetfulness can be caused by the use of
E) because the person having them does not
sleeping pills and by any factor decreasing the
know whether what appear to be physical
supply of oxygen to the brain
stimuli are real, whereas others do know that
they are not
 41. It might be difficult to control the dosage
of health supplements in liquid form ----.
39. ----, traditional Muslim medicine is still
being practised widely in many Muslim A) although they contain sugar or sweetener,
societies. which might be unacceptable to some users
A) Because major political and socioeconomic B) unless a proper measuring spoon or cup is
transformations have occurred in the Muslim used and recommended daily intake is
world provided
B) Despite the profound Westernisation of C) because they are suitable for people who
medical theory and the medical establishment cannot swallow tablets or capsules
in the Muslim world
D) while they have a shorter shelf life than
C) Whereas Muslim medicine has always been other forms like pills, gummies, and powders
in contact with other medical systems through
translations E) even if overdose results in potential side
effects, such as gastrointestinal upset and
D) By the time European texts were translated vomiting
into Muslim languages as part of the move
from traditional to Western medicine
E) With the aim of translating Muslim medical
texts into European languages during the
Middle Ages

40. Tooth extraction can be performed with

local anaesthesia -----.
A) so tooth extractions may sometimes need to
be postponed temporarily
B) although it is one of the most common
dental procedures
C) if the tooth is exposed and appears to be
easily removable in one piece
D) while extraction may be used to remove
teeth that are so badly decayed
E) as the dentist may recommend stopping
some certain medications prior to surgery

42. Tourette syndrome rarely occur alone but

rather tend to be comorbid with other
problems, including but not limited to
depression and anxiety disorder.
A) Nadiren tek başına görülen Tourette for understanding and communicating with
sendromu daha çok diğer sorunlarla birlikte children.
görülme eğilimindedir ve bunlar depresyon ve
A) Oyun terapisi, terapi uzmanının oyunların
kaygı bozukluğuyla sınırlı olmayan pek çok
sembolik anlamlarını çocukları anlama ve
problemi içermektedir.
onlarla iletişim kurma aracı olarak kullandığı
B) Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemidir.
görülür ama daha çok depresyonu ve kaygı
B) Oyun terapisi, bir çocuk psikoterapisi
bozukluğunu içeren ancak bunlarla sınırlı
yöntemidir ve terapi uzmanının oyunların
olmayan diğer problemlerle birlikte görülme
sembolik anlamları üzerinden çocukları
eğilimindedir.
anlamasını ve onlarla iletişim kurmasını sağlar.
C) Depresyonu ve kaygı bozukluğunu içeren
C) Oyun terapisi, terapi uzmanının çocukları
Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına görülür
anlamak ve onlarla iletişim kurmak için
ve bunlarla sınırlı değildir; aksine daha çok
kullandığı ve oyunların sembolik anlamlar
başka sorunlarla birlikte görülme
taşıdığı bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemidir.
eğilimindedir.
D) Bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemi olan oyun
D) Nadiren tek başına görülen depresyon ve
terapisi, terapi uzmanının çocukları anlamak ve
kaygı bozukluğu gibi Tourette sendromu da
onlarla iletişim kurmak için oyunların
başka problemlerle birlikte görülme eğiliminde
sembolik anlamlarını kullandığı bir araçtır.
olan bir rahatsızlıktır.
E) Bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemi olan oyun
E) Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına
terapisinde, terapi uzmanı çocuklarla iletişim
görülür; bu sendrom depresyon ve kaygı
kurmak ve onları anlamak için oyunların
bozukluğuyla sınırlı değildir ve daha çok başka
sembolik anlamlarını kullanır.
problemlerle birlikte görülme eğilimindedir.

43. Play therapy is a method of child

psychotherapy in which a therapy expert uses 44. Although many of the adverse effects on
the symbolic meanings of plays as a medium health do not become evident until adulthood,
tobacco addiction is in many ways a disease of branch of dentistry concerned with population
adolescence. oral health.
A) Tütün bağımlılığının sağlık üzerinde A) Bireylerin ağız sağlığına odaklanan diş
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmayan hekimlerinin çoğunluğu, toplumsal ağız
olumsuz etkileri vardır ancak bu bağımlılık sağlığıyla da ilgilenerek yeni bir diş hekimliği
birçok açıdan bir ergenlik dönemi hastalığıdır. dalı oluşturmuştur.
B) Sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu B) Diş hekimlerinin çoğunluğu hem bireylerin
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmasa da hem de toplumun ağız sağlığına odaklanırken
tütün bağımlılığı birçok açıdan bir ergenlik bazı diş hekimleri sadece bir dala yoğunlaşır.
dönemi hastalığıdır.
C) Diş hekimlerinin çoğunluğu bireylerin ağız
C) Tütün bağımlılığı birçok açıdan bir ergenlik sağlığına odaklanırken diş hekimliğinin
dönemi hastalığıdır ama sağlık üzerindeki toplumsal ağız sağlığıyla ilgilenen bir dalı da
olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu yetişkinlik dönemine vardır.
kadar açığa çıkmaz.
D) Toplumsal ağız sağlığı ile ilgilenen diş
D) Birçok açıdan bir ergenlik dönemi hastalığı hekimleri olsa da diş hekimliğinde bireylerin
olan tütün bağımlılığının sağlığa olumsuz çoğu ağız sağlığına odaklananlar çoğunluktadır.
etkisi yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa
E) Diş hekimliğinde toplumsal ağız sağlığıyla
çıkmaz.
ilgilenen bir dal olsa da diş hekimlerinin
E) Sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu çoğunluğu tarafından bireylerin ağız sağlığına
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmayan odaklanılır.
tütün bağımlılığı, birçok açıdan bir ergenlik
dönemi hastalığıdır.

46. Studies show that regular exercise

45. While the majority of the dentists focus on
supported with strength training is key to
the oral health of individuals, there is also a
reducing arthritis pain as working out makes 47. When penicillin was first introduced in the
the muscles around joints strong. 1940s, doctors finally had a good way to treat
infections that had previously claimed
A) Çalışmalar, eklemlerin etrafındaki kasları
thousands of lives.
güçlendirdiği için düzenli egzersizin güç
antrenmanıyla desteklendiğinde romatizmal A) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya başlanan
ağrıları azaltmada önemli bir rolü olabileceğini penisilin, önceden binlerce cana mâl olan
göstermektedir. enfeksiyonları tedavi etmeye çalışan doktorlar
için en sonunda iyi bir yöntem oldu.
B) Çalışmalar, güç antrenmanıyla desteklenen
düzenli egzersizin romatizmal ağrıları B) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya başlanan
azaltmada önemli bir rolü olduğunu penisilin sayesinde doktorlar, önceden binlerce
göstermektedir çünkü egzersiz yapmak cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları nihayet tedavi
eklemlerin etrafındaki kasları güçlendirir. etmek için iyi bir yöntem buldu.
C) Çalışmalar, egzersiz yapmanın eklemlerin C) Penisilin 1940'larda ilk kez kullanılmaya
etrafındaki kasları güçlendirdiğini, dolayısıyla başlandığında doktorların önceden binlerce
güç antrenmanıyla desteklenen düzenli cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları tedavi etmek
egzersizin romatizmal ağrıları azaltmada için nihayet iyi bir yöntemi oldu.
önemli bir rolü olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
D) Penisilin ilk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya
D) Çalışmalar, romatizmal ağrıları azaltmak başlandı ve böylece doktorlar önceden binlerce
amacıyla yapılan ve güç antrenmanıyla cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları tedavi etmede
desteklenen düzenli egzersizin eklemlerin iyi bir yöntem elde etmiş oldu.
etrafındaki kasları güçlendirdiğini
E) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya
göstermektedir.
başlanmasıyla birlikte penisilin, en sonunda,
E) Çalışmalar, romatizmal ağrıları azaltmada önceden binlerce cana mâl olmuş
önemli bir rolü olan güç antrenmanıyla enfeksiyonların tedavisinde doktorlar için iyi
desteklenmiş düzenli egzersizin, eklemlerin bir yöntem hâline geldi.
etrafındaki kasları güçlü hâle getirdiğini
göstermiştir.
48. Kafalarından ciddi şekilde yaralanmış olan A) Allergy to food shows similarity to other
yetişkinler için düzelme iki yıl kadar sürse de environmental allergens such as pollens;
İyileşmenin büyük kısmı travmadan sonraki ilk however, specific risks may cause
altı ay içinde gerçekleşir. symptoms.

A) Although adults who have had a severe B) Allergy to food, which is similar to other
environmental allergens like pollens, may
head injury mostly recover from the trauma
also present additional risks and
within the first six months, improvement
symptoms.
continues for up to two years.
C) Allergy to food is similar to other
B) For adults who have been severely injured environmental allergens such as pollens,
in the head, although improvement continues but it may also include certain risks and
for up to two years, most recovery occurs symptoms.
within the first six months after the trauma.
D) Although allergy to food includes
C) Adults who have been severely injured in certain risks and symptoms, it has also a
the head are expected to get well in the first six lot in common with other environmental
months after the trauma, but their full recovery allergens such as pollens.
continues up to two years.
E) Being allergic to food is similar to being
D) Adults with a severe head injury recover allergic to other environmental allergens
within the first six months after the trauma like pollens, which may include specific
although some wait for up to two years for full risks and symptoms.
recovery
E) For adults who have been severely injured
in the head, recovery mostly occurs within the
first six months after the trauma, but their
situation continues to improve for up to two
years.

50. Beslenmenin son derece önemli bir

parçası olan lif, sindirim sistemindeki
yiyeceğin hareketini yavaşlatır ki bu da
tokluk hissini arttırır.
A) Fibre, an extremely important part of
the diet, slows down the movement of
food in the digestive tract, which increases
the feeling of fullness.
49.Gıda alerjisi polenler gibi diğer çevresel B) Because fibre slows down the
alerjenlere benzer ancak belirli riskler ve movement of food in the digestive tract
belirtiler de içerebilir.
and increases the feeling of fullness, it is D) That the baby has to independently
an extremely important part of the diet. take control of various body functions,
especially breathing, makes birth traumatic
C) Fibre is an extremely important part of for the newborn.
the diet since it increases the feeling of
fullness by slowing down the movement of E) The traumatic experience of birth for the
food in the digestive tract. newborn is a result of the fact that the
baby has to be independent in the control
D) Fibre, which is an extremely important of various important body functions,
part of the diet, slows down the movement including breathing.
of food in the digestive tract and increases
the feeling of fullness.
E) Fibre, an extremely important part of the
diet, not only increases the feeling of
fullness but also slows down the
movement of food in the digestive tract.

52. Aşırı kilo, kalp üzerindeki basıncı arttırır

ve başka risk faktörleri olmasa bile koroner
arter hastalığının gelişme riskini yükseltir.
A) When no other risk factors are present,
excess weight alone is enough to increase
51. Doğum, yenidoğan için travmatiktir the strain on the heart and the risk of
çünkü bebek, nefes almak da dâhil birçok developing coronary artery disease.
önemli vücut fonksiyonunun kontrolünü B) Excess weight increases the strain on
bağımsız bir şekilde ele almak zorundadır. the heart and raises the risk of developing
coronary artery disease even if no other
A) Birth is traumatic for the newborn, as
risk factors are present.
the baby has to independently take control
over various important body functions, C) Coronary artery disease risk raises due
including breathing. to excess weight and even without the
presence of any other risk factors the
B) For the newborn, birth is traumatic in
strain on the heart increases.
that the baby has to be independent and
take control of its important body D) Excess weight raises the risk of
functions, especially breathing. developing coronary artery disease if no
other risk factors are present to increase
C) A newborn experiences birth as
the strain on the heart.
traumatic because the baby has to take
control over important body functions E) Even without other risk factors, excess
such as breathing independently. weight increases the strain on the heart,
which raises the risk of developing
coronary artery disease.
 54. No single specific gene for autism has
been discovered. Although the exact cause
of autism is unknown, it is thought that
autism is due to a combination of genetic
and environmental causes. ----This means
there are probably a number of different
genes as well as unknown environmental
factors involved in the development of
53. Araştırmacılar, çocuklara güçlü autism. Multifactorial conditions tend to
duygularla nasıl başa çıkacaklarını öğreten run in families, but the pattern of
inheritance is not as predictable as with
zihinsel sağlık çalışmalarının oldukça etkili
single gene disorders. The chance of
olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. recurrence is also less than the risk for
A) Researchers have revealed that mental single gene disorders and is usually
health practices that teach children how to derived from empiric or long-term studies
cope with strong feelings are highly of a large number of families.
effective. A) This combination of causative factors is
B) According to researchers, mental health often referred to as multifactorial
practices that help children cope with inheritance.
strong feelings are highly effective. B) The different terms for autism are partly
C) Researchers suggest that mental health due to the different individuals that first
practices that are designed for children described this disorder.
who struggle to cope with strong feelings C) The multiple behavioural problems
are quite effective. associated with this condition necessitate
D) Researchers have found out that mental multidisciplinary care and advocacy for
health practices proved quite effective in their families.
guiding children on how to cope with D) Behaviours change over time and
strong feelings. educational treatments can be used to
E) Mental health practices that offer focus on the appropriate ones.
children various ways to cope with strong E) Several examinations may be necessary
feelings have been found highly effective before a definitive diagnosis can be
by researchers. reached.
 early treatment offers the best opportunity
for a positive outcome. There are no
55. Over the past few years, several studies known measures to prevent brain tumours.
have investigated the link between salt However, lifestyle measures such as daily
and obesity. One study found that people physical exercise and not smoking all help
on high-salt diets were at increased risk of support the body's natural immune system
being severely overweight. In fact, a 2015 efforts to resist the disease.
study found that eating just one extra
gram of salt each day increased the risk of A) Despite advances in cancer biology and
obesity in children by 28 per cent and in surgical techniques, malignant brain
adults by 26 per cent. ---- It also indicated tumours remain one of the most
that because salty food made you thirsty, devastating diagnoses in medicine.
children may be reaching for high-
kilocalorie soft drinks instead of water. B) Chemotherapy is sometimes effective in
achieving remission of cancers that have
A) Despite its negative effects on their metastasized to the brain.
cardiovascular health, seven out of ten
children were found to consume too much C) There is evidence that exposure to
salt. certain toxic chemicals, notably vinyl
chloride, increases the risk for primary
B) Studies showed that 77 per cent of our brain cancer.
sodium intake comes from processed and
fast foods like canned soup or frozen D) Whenever possible, surgery to remove a
pizza. primary tumour is the preferred treatment.

C) Another study suggested that salt made E) They mainly cause seizures, nausea and
food much tastier so children may eat vomiting, and weakness or paralysis on
more of it because it tasted good. one side of the body

D) If individuals were able to reduce their

salt intake, the rates of cardiovascular
disease and mortality would considerably
drop.
E) The few other studies carried out with
teenagers showed that salt reductions had
a greater effect in these populations.

57. People diagnosed with bipolar

disorders experience moods ranging from
deepest depression to mania, often with
periods of less extreme moods, or even
emotional stability, in between. Because
bipolar disorder is thought to be biological
in nature, psychological therapy is
recommended as a companion to, but not
a substitute for, pharmaceutical treatment
56. Neurologists do not know what causes of the disease. Psychotherapy, such as
primary brain tumours to develop. ----- cognitive behavioural therapy, can be a
However, the correlations are not as yet useful tool in helping patients and their
conclusive. Primary brain tumours, families adjust to the disorder, in
cancerous and noncancerous, occur in encouraging compliance to a medication
people of all ages and about equally in regimen. ----- Social support during this
men and women. Early diagnosis allows process for individuals with bipolar
the widest range of treatment options, and disorder could be helpful as well.
A) Therefore, bipolar disorder is a chronic D) Once past the skin surface, the warmth
recurrent illness in over 90 per cent of and moisture allow bacteria to grow
those afflicted. rapidly.
B) Also, educative counselling is E) Skin is the first defence against invading
recommended for the natient and family bacteria and other microbes.
C) Hence, individuals diagnosed with
bipolar disorders experience fluctuations in
mood.
D) Conversely, bipolar disorder requires
lifelong observation and treatment after
diagnosis.
E) As a consequence, all of the bipolar
disorders cause great emotional distress.

59. Frostbite is localised tissue injury that

occurs because of exposure to freezing or
near freezing temperatures. Skin exposed
to temperatures a little below the freezing
mark can take hours to freeze, but very
cold skin can freeze in minutes or seconds.
----A strong wind can lower skin
temperature considerably by dispersing
58. The word cellulitis actually means the thin protective layer of warm air that
'inflammation of the cells'. Specifically, surrounds our bodies. Wet clothing readily
cellulitis refers to an infection of the tissue draws heat away from the skin. The
just below the skin surface. In humans, the evaporation of moisture on the skin also
skin and the tissues under the skin are the produces cooling. For these reasons, wet
most common locations for microbial skin or clothing on a windy day can lead to
infection. ----- An infection can occur frostbite even if the air temperature is
when this normally strong barrier is above the freezing mark.
damaged due to surgery, injury, or a burn. A) The extent of permanent injury is
Even something as small as a scratch or an determined by the length of time the skin
insect bite allows bacteria to enter the skin, is frozen.
which may lead to an infection. Usually,
the immune system kills any invading B) Apart from air temperature, wind speed
bacteria, but sometimes the bacteria are and moisture affect how cold the skin
able to grow and cause an infection. becomes.
A) An untreated infection may spread to C) Thus, high number of frostbite victims
the bloodstream (bacteremia), or into affects the popularity of outdoor winter
deeper tissues. activities.
B) The infected area appears as a red patch D) Many patients experience severe pain in
that gets larger rapidly within the first 24 the affected part during rewarming
hours. treatment.
C) Persons who are at a higher risk for E) Once frostbite sets in, the affected part
cellulitis are those who have a severe begins to feel cold, and usually, numb.
underlying disease.
 62. (I) Feng shui, derived from the Chinese
concept of yin and yang, has been practised
for thousands of years. (II) As a design
philosophy, 'good' feng shui is believed to
promote health, prosperity, creativity, positive
social relationships, self-confidence,
contemplation, and respect for others. (III)
60. (I) Amino acids are small organic acids Evidence of the existence of this practice can
that serve as raw materials of proteins. (II) be found in the alignment and organisation of
Digestion of food proteins releases amino graves in the Yangshao villages from 6000 BCE.
acids, and these are absorbed in the
(IV) In fact, there is compelling evidence
intestine. (III) Depending on the person's
body size and the type of protein that is suggesting that feng shui was not strictly an
consumed, 55 g to 65 g of protein a day Asian entity. (V) In prehistoric Europe, the
supplies adequate amino acids for an practice of arranging objects and structures to
adult. (IV) With a varied diet, neither a be in harmony with the universe was a
meat eater nor a knowledgeable relatively common practice.
vegetarian needs extra protein to obtain
adequate amino acids. (V) Certain amino A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
acids, like aspartic acid and glutamic acid,
are acidic while others like arginine and
lysine are basic.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
63. (I) Cerebral palsy (CP) may restrict a child's
ability to reach for and grasp objects, to move
about, and to communicate with others, which
are all central activities in the child's growth
61. (I) Sleep disturbances are common as and development. (II) Therefore, the disease
we age no matter where you live and how inhibits acquisition of motor skills, knowledge
you maintain your life. (II) This can be due of the world, and social competence. (III) The
to many factors: hormonal and age-related
type of motor impairment and its location are
changes, stressors in life such as heavy
workload and financial burdens, or mental used as the basis for classification. (IV) The
problems like over-anxiety and depression. family can do much to overcome these
(III) In addition, sleep hygiene is important restrictions by adapting the child's
- unless you have a comfortable bed, a environment to meet his or her needs and
dark room, and no screens in bed, you will providing challenges within the child's abilities
have much difficulty in falling asleep. (IV) If to accomplish. (V) The advice and direction of
simple measures do not improve your
an occupational therapist can also be critical
sleep, you should see a doctor for a check-
up to exclude underlying medical issues. to promoting normal development of the child
(V) Some foods and drinks may also with CP.
contribute to poor sleep, particularly fatty
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
snacks and caffeine-laden beverages.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
64. (I) Dental cavities are one of the most
common medical problems in many Western
countries. (II) Mouthwashes that remove
microbes causing cavities are also marketed as
items that prevent bad breath and reduce
stains on the teeth from certain foods and
drinks. (III) Cavities occur mainly because of
the high sugar content of the Western diet,
made worse by poor personal dental hygiene.
(IV) Some people in these regions have a full
set of dentures by middle age, but this can be
avoided if the teeth and gums are adequately
cared for through childhood and adulthood.
(V) Dental problems can be minimised by
brushing and flossing the teeth regularly,
visiting the dentist two or three times a year,
and cutting down on sweet and starchy foods.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

65. (I) Most of the endocrine disorders

recognised before 1970 were clinically
severe and therefore easily diagnosed. (II)
In the last decade, our knowledge of
endocrine physiology, pathophysiology,
biology, molecular biology and genetics
has dramatically expanded. (III) This new
knowledge has changed many of the ways
in which we diagnose and treat endocrine
disorders. (IV) Greater understanding of
the differential diagnosis and biological
mechanisms of hormone excess has made
it possible to distinguish among clinically
similar disorders. (V) This understanding
has also helped researchers identify new
disorders.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

A recently developed mobile app diagnoses

ear infections in children by emitting a soft
chirp and listening to the way the sound
reflects back. To work, all it requires is a A) Acute middle ear infections can now be
smartphone and a paper funnel. The software prevented with the app.
plays a short sound through the paper funnel,
B) The app helped 53 children to recover much
which is placed near the ear canal. Both acute
more quickly.
and chronic middle ear infections cause fluid
to build up behind the eardrum, and sounds C) The app enables early diagnosis even before
that would normally have vibrated the the fluid is built up behind the eardrum.
eardrum are reflected back along the ear
canal. Tested on 53 children aged from 18 D) The app has proved to be more effective to
months to 17 years, the app determined the diagnose young children.
likelihood of fluid being present with an E) The app can be an equivalent of the medical
accuracy of 85 per cent, which is comparable tools in specialist clinics thanks to its success
to medical tools in specialist clinics. The app in diagnosis
includes a funnel shape that can be traced
onto paper from a phone's screen. Ear
infections are common in childhood, but can
be hard to diagnose in young children - they
may tug on their ears or have only vague 68.One can understand from the passage that,
symptoms such as fevers. The developer team in order for the app to go public ----.
hopes to gain approval for the app from the
A) the accuracy level of the app to diagnose
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as
ear infections must be higher than 85 per cent
a medical tool, before releasing it to the
public. B) the number of children diagnosed thanks to
it should increase to a certain level

C) the FDA wants the tests to continue with

66.It is pointed out in the passage that the app
the children with no symptoms at all
-----.
D) the FDA will run a set of tests on various
A) determines the amount of the fluid
age groups
accumulated behind the eardrum
E) the developers will seek the FDA's approval
B) is much better at diagnosing chronic middle
ear infections than acute ones

C) has been designed to treat children with

middle ear infections

D) has been developed to analyse the sound

reflecting back along the ear canal

E) sends a short sound into the ear to help the

eardrum vibrate more

67.Which of the following is true about the The concept of the addicted brain appeals to
app? the intuitive idea that because recreational
drugs exert their actions through specific brain
structures, there must exist obvious and A) scientists that treat drug addiction have
meaningful brain differences between those reached a consensus on sound clinical data
who are afflicted with addiction and those
B) clinical tests on drug addicted brains are
who are not. These differences are then seen
mostly based on animals rather than humans
as the cause of the addiction, and therefore,
as targets for treatment. The diseased-brain C) neither the explanation nor the treatment
perspective has been appealing for scientists of drug addiction is completely scientific
also because it offers treatment approaches
that seem straightforward. Despite this D) it is acceptable to label some people as
seemingly solid scientific consensus, there are diseased-brained if they have drug addiction
virtually no data in humans indicating that E) there is scientific data that explains why
addiction is a disease of the brain. The existing certain brain structures are likely to cause
paradigm is based on intuition and political addiction
necessity, not on data and useful clinical
results. In such a myopic approach, the
socioeconomic and societal factors that lead 71.It is understood from the passage that ----.
to drug addiction are considered a footnote in
research, clinical practices, and policy, despite A) scientists working on drug addiction are
their apparent importance. about to change policies governing their
clinical research

B) socioeconomic factors that lead to drug

69.It is clearly stated in the passage that -----. addiction outweigh the political and intuitive
A) the idea of being addicted to recreational ones
drugs can be intuitively appealing for certain C) clinical studies to be carried out on addicts
people should consider political contexts
B) drug addiction of individuals is mainly D) research on drug addiction has been
attributed to assumed differences in their approached with an inclusive approach that
brain structures has covered even politics
C) some drugs are known to contribute to a E) social factors that cause drug addiction
higher degree of recreation for people deserve much more attention than they have
regardless of their age had till now
D) it is unethical to call people as addicted to
drugs unless they seek a recreational feeling in
drug use

E) it may be wise to see people's brain

structures to check if they are inclined to
addiction or not

70.One can conclude from the passage that

-----. Medical shock is described as acute,
circulatory failure due to blood pressure in the
arteries falling so low that blood is no longer B) maintained
supplied to parts of the body. Hence, the
C) increased
normal functions of the body can no longer
take place, which can be fatal. Shock may D) triggered
develop as a result of injury or illness. The
signs are a cold, clammy skin, cyanois (blue- E) measured
coloured skin due to a lack of oxygen in the
blood), weak or rapid pulse and irregular
breathing. The person may feel anxious or
suffer from confusion or lethargy (lack of 74.It is stated in the passage that treatment of
energy). Blood pressure falls to a low level and shock -----.
may not be detectable by normal methods. A
person in shock requires immediate, A) must involve drugs that raise blood
emergency medical attention. Treatment of pressure
shock relies on the underlying cause of the
B) includes keeping the person awake and in
shock. If due to bleeding or loss of fluid, this
an upright position
must be halted and the person is likely to
require blood transfusion and fluids given C) varies depending on what causes it
intravenously. If it is due to infection, large
D) may not always be readily available
doses of antibiotics are likely to be needed.
The person may also be given druas to raise E) is not possible when due to a viral infection
blood pressure. General measures include
keeping the person warm and calm and lying
down with the legs raised. The person should
be accompanied at all times and emergency
respiration may be needed if breathing stops.

72.Which of the following is given in the

passage as a consequence of shock?

A) High blood pressure

B) Possible death

C) Antibiotic overdose

D) Injury to the blood vessels

E) Significant blood loss

Anxiety is the feeling of apprehension,

73.The underlined word 'halted’ in the passage tension, or uneasiness that one experiences
is closest in meaning to -----. when anticipating danger, either real or
imagined. Symptoms of anxiety include heart
A) stopped palpitations, stomach and intestinal upset,
sweating, headaches, tremour, dryness of the B) can weaken adolescents' memory and their
mouth, dizziness, and fainting. Some anxiety is ability to focus
necessary to motivate behaviour and to
C) might positively pressure adolescents to
protect us from engaging in harmful
excel in school and social environments
behaviour. Studies have shown that emotional
reactions can promote survival. Therefore, D) is a key factor behind becoming successful
people experience anxiety in varying degrees in academic and social life
and frequency. When the body continually
overreacts to perceived threat, an anxiety E) first manifests itself as dissatisfaction after
disorder can result. Anxiety in adolescents can poor school performance
cause problems not only in their academic life
but also in their social life - especially when it
affects their ability to create and maintain
healthy peer interactions and relationships. 77.The passage is mainly about ----
Highly anxious adolescents are typically less
popular than non-anxious adolescents and are A) chemicals in the brain that respond to
more likely to be perceived as shy and socially threats in the environment
withdrawn by peers and teachers. Anxiety can
B) environmental factors causing anxiety and
also affect the intellectual functioning of
motivations to pull through
adolescents, specifically, by impairing their
memory and interfering with the ability to C) complications of anxiety and its
concentrate. consequences in adolescents

D) anxiety disorders in late childhood and

early adolescence

E) roots of anxiety disorder and its treatment

75.According to the passage, some degree of
in adolescents
anxiety is required to -----.

A) help the individual to handle the threats

and challenges of everyday life

B) encourage shy and behaviourally-inhibited

children who experience mild stress

C) provide ways to control and assess an

adolescent's sense of competence

D) overcome specific fears through gradual

exposure to the fearful stimuli

E) relieve depression that may cause

adolescents to fall behind their academic
schedules

As if to demonstrate that not all treatments are

76.We can understand from the passage that
boring, scientific literature maintains that going
anxiety -----. dancing combined with pharmacological treatment
A) in adolescents leads to healthy comparisons is an efficient way to cope with the effects of
Parkinson's disease. There are several probable
of their abilities with others'
reasons for this, according to Dr Silvia Rios B) was eager to learn tango herself after the
Romenets, a neurologist with an interest in study she carried out
behavioural neurology and movement disorders.
For one, there is a link between music and C) obtained similar results from both
dopamine levels, "which partially explains why experiment and control groups
musical experiences are so valued and why they
can be emotional," she says. Dancing also means D) studied the effectiveness of tango on non-
socialising and exercise, along with all of the motor symptoms in Parkinson's
associated benefits. Rios Romenets recently
E) introduced new rhythmic movements
conducted a study on the effects of practising a
particular dance form, the Argentine tango. A suitable for Parkinson's patients
dancer herself, she knew that tango, with its
rhythmic forward and backward movements,
"imitates actual rehabilitation for walking 80.It is stated in the passage that physical
problems, freezing, and balance issues." Previous practices with music such as the Argentine
tango studies had uncovered certain motor tango -----.
benefits for people with Parkinson's, but Rios
Romenets' study at Montreal's McGill University A) may not significantly contribute to life
looked at tango's impact on the disease's non- expectancy of other neurological disorders
motor aspects as well. It found that Parkinson's
patients who took 24 classes over 12 weeks had B) have to be learned by the behavioural
more improvements in balance and walking neurologists themselves
compared to people in a control group who
exercised at home daily. Tango also seemed to
C) have been adapted for walking problems,
provide a modest boost against two non-motor freezing, and balance issues
symptoms - cognitive decline and fatigue.
D) seem beneficial to Parkinson's patients'
both emotional and physical well-beings

E) have no outweighing advantages over the

exercises done at home
78.It can be understood from the passage that
treatment for Parkinson's disease ----.

A) solely includes taking certain

pharmaceuticals

B) can be supported by going dancing

C) must be received in a group by joining a

dance club

D) is impossible despite using medicines and

drugs

E) is likely to be achieved without medical

assistance

79.It is stated in the passage that Rios

Romenets -----. CEVAP ANAHTARI

A) was the first neurologist to uncover motor 1. D

benefits of tango 2. A
3. A
4. A 52. B
5. A 53. A
6. C 54. A
7. E 55. C
8. A 56. C
9. A 57. B
10. A 58. E
11. A 59. B
12. B 60. E
13. B 61. D
14. B 62. B
15. A 63. C
16. D 64. B
17. C 65. A
18. B 66. D
19. E 67. E
20. A 68. E
21. E 69. B
22. C 70. C
23. C 71. E
24. B 72. B
25. E 73. A
26. D 74. C
27. C 75. A
28. B 76. B
29. C 77. C
30. C 78. B
31. A 79. D
32. B 80. D
33. B
34. B
35. B
36. A
37. A
38. E
39. B
40. C
41. B
42. B
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. B
47. C
48. B
49. C
50. A
51. A