Zikria. Ph.

FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTER
Basic Concepts
Information Processing System

DATA INFORMATION DATA PROCESSING

is a collection of is the processed and is the course of doing
independent and organized data presented in things in a sequence of
unorganized facts. a meaningful form. steps.
Information • COMPUTER
Processing is an electronic machine that follows a set of
instructions in order that it may be able to accept
System and gather data and transform these into
information.
Information Processing
System

DATA PROCESSING INFORMATION

SYSTEM
 It accepts and gather data.
(INPUT)

It processes data to
Functions of become information.
Information (PROCESSING)

Processing It stores data and

System information. (STORE)

It presents information.
(OUTPUT)
 HARDWARE is the tangible part
of a computer system.

Three Major
Components
of an SOFTWARE is the non-tangible
part that tells the computer
Information how to do its job.

Processing
System PEOPLEWARE refer to people
who use and operate the
computer system, write
computer programs, and
analyze and design the
information system.
Basic PC
Hardware
HARDWARE is the tangible
part of a computer system.
 In the realm of computer science and technology, various
types of computers exist, each designed for specific
purposes. In this academic-style response, I will outline
some of the primary types of computers:

Supercomputers: Supercomputers are the most powerful

and fastest computers available. They are used for complex
scientific and engineering calculations, simulations,
weather forecasting, and nuclear research. Examples
include IBM's Summit and Sierra.
Types of
Computers Mainframe Computers: Mainframes are large and powerful
machines designed to handle extensive data processing
and management tasks. They are commonly used in large
organizations and government institutions for tasks like
transaction processing and database management.

Minicomputers: Minicomputers are smaller than

mainframes but larger than personal computers. They were
popular in the past for business and scientific applications.
Today, their role has largely been replaced by more
powerful personal computers.
Personal Computers (PCs): Personal computers are the most common
type of computer used by individuals. They come in various forms, including
desktops, laptops, palmtops and tablets. PCs are versatile and used for a
wide range of tasks, from word processing to gaming.
Workstations: Workstations are specialized computers used for tasks that
require significant computing power, such as 3D rendering, computer-aided
design (CAD), and scientific simulations.
Embedded Computers: Embedded computers are integrated into various
devices and systems, including appliances, automobiles, and industrial
machines. They serve specific functions within these devices.
Servers: Servers are computers designed to provide services to other
computers over a network. They handle tasks like web hosting, email, and
data storage.
Cluster Computers: Cluster computers consist of multiple interconnected
computers working together to solve complex problems. They are used in
scientific research, data analysis, and artificial intelligence.
Quantum Computers: Quantum computers are an emerging technology
that uses quantum bits (qubits) to perform calculations. They have the
potential to revolutionize fields like cryptography and optimization.
Cloud Computers: Cloud computing involves accessing and using
computing resources (servers, storage, software) over the internet. It
provides scalability and flexibility for various applications.
Neuromorphic Computers: Neuromorphic computers are inspired by the
human brain's architecture and are designed for tasks related to artificial
intelligence and machine learning.
Raspberry Pi and Single-Board Computers: These are compact and
affordable computers used for educational purposes, hobbyist projects, and
as the basis for various DIY electronics.
Each type of computer serves specific purposes, and advancements in
technology continue to expand the possibilities and applications of
computing devices.
 MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS

MINICOMPUTERS

MICROCOMPUTERS/
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Basic Units of Measurement

BIT is a unit of information equivalent to the BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to

result of a choice between only 2 possible represent one character of alphanumeric data)
alternatives in the binary number system. processed as a single unit for information.
Basic Units of
Measurement

• A byte can be used to represent a single

character, which can be:
• A letter
• A number
• A special character or symbol, or
• A space
 1,024 BYTES = 1 Kilobyte (KB)

1,024 KB =1 Megabyte (MB)

Basic Units of
Measurement 1,024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

1,024 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)

Components
of computer
Basic PC Hardware

• Central Processing Unit

(CPU)
• Memory Unit
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Secondary Storage
Devices
System unit
• Case that holds the power supply,
storage devices, and the circuit
boards (including the
motherboard).
1. Central Processing
Unit

• Brain of the computer.

• The Central Processing
Unit (CPU) is the core
component of a computer
responsible for executing
instructions and
performing calculations.
• It directs and controls the
entire computer system and
performs all arithmetic and
logical operations.
Here are the structural and
functional components of a CPU:
• Structural Components:
1.Control Unit (CU):
2.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
3.Registers:
4.Cache Memory:
• Functional Components:
1.Instruction Fetch:
2.Instruction Decode:
3.Execution of Instructions:
4.Memory Access:
5.Write-back:
These components work together
to execute instructions, perform
calculations, and manage data
within the computer's
architecture.
 2. Memory Unit

Where the programs and data are stored .

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains

the pre-programmed computer
instructions such as the Basic Input
Output System (BIOS).

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is

used to store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only when there is power.

BACK
3. Input Devices

In computing, an input device is a

peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment) used to provide
data and control signals to an
Information Processing System such as
a computer
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
• Touch Screen
LCD/LED Monitor
• Image Capturing
Devices
Keyboard

• Traditional keyboards
• Flexible keyboards
• Ergonomic keyboards
• Wireless keyboards
• PDA keyboards
Two Types of
Mouse

• Mechanical:
a type of computer mouse that has a rubber
or metal ball on its underside and it can roll
in every direction.
• Optical:
This type uses a laser for detecting the
mouse's movement.
How a Mouse Hooks
Up to a PC

• PS/2 Mouse

• Serial Mouse

• USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing
Devices

• Trackball

• Track point

• Touch pad

• Touch Screen
• Joystick – input device for
computer games

• Light Pens – light-sensitive penlike

device

• Stylus – penlike device commonly

used with tablet PCs and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
• Optical scanners
• Card readers
• Bar code readers
• Character and mark recognition
devices
 • Digtial Cameras
Image Capturing
Devices
• Digital Video Cameras
Sound
Card

• A circuit board that gives the computer the ability to accept

audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output
through speakers or headphones.
 Modem
A device that sends and receives data to and from
computers over telephone lines.
 • Media used by the computer in displaying
its responses to our requests and
4. Output instructions.
• Monitor
Devices • Audio Speakers
• Printer
Types of Monitor

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Printers
• IMPACT PRINTERS uses
pressure by physically
striking the paper. Ex. Daisy
wheel printers, line printers,
dot matrix printers & band
printers.
• NON-IMPACT PRINTER does
not apply pressure on the
paper but instead produces
character by using lasers, ink
spray, photography or heat.
 Dot matrix
printer

Laser
printer Inkjet printer

BACK
Speakers
• Output devices that receive
signals from the computer’s
sound card to play music,
narration, or sound effects.
5. Secondary
Storage Devices

• Attached to the
computer system to
allow you to store
programs and data
permanently for the
purpose of retrieving
them for future use.
• Hard disk, CD Rom
Hard Disk Drive or
Hard Disk

• Made of rigid materials unlike

floppy disks
• Holds a greater amount of data
• 10MB in 1980s
• 600MB in mid 1990s
• 4.3GB in 1999
• 180GB in 2001
• 400GB in 2004
• 15TB in 2018
Optical Discs
• A standard part of modern
desktop machines, especially
used for multimedia purposes
and preferred in loading
applications.
Optical Discs
• Compact Disk-CD (0.7-0.9)GB
• Digital Versatile Disk-DVD (4.7-
17)GB
• Blu Ray Disk-BD (25-128)GB
Optical Discs

• CD-ROM read CDs

• CD-Writer read/write CDs
• DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read
DVD
• DVD Writer read/write CDs,
read/write DVDs
 • Solid-State Storage
Other • No moving parts
• Flash memory cards
Secondary
Storage • USB flash drives
 • Casing or Cover
• Power Supply
• Motherboard
• Processor
• Memory
• Video Card

Assembling a
System Unit •
•
Sound card
Floppy disk drive
• Hard disk drive
• CD-ROM drive
• WIFI Card
• Ethernet/LAN Card
Casing or
Cover
• The box or outer shell that
houses most of the computer, it
is usually one of the most
overlooked parts of the PC.
• Protects the computer circuits,
cooling and system organization.
Power Supply
• Responsible for powering every
device in your computer.
• Parts of a Power supply:
• Disk drive connectors
• Motherboard connector
• Power supply fan
• Power switch
• Input voltage selector
• Cover
• Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard
• The physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
• Components are:
• Microprocessor
• (Optional) Coprocessors
• Memory
• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
• Expansion Slot
• Interconnecting circuitry
M
O
T
H
E
R
B
O
A
R
D
Expansion Slots
• Graphic Cards
• Sound Cards
• Modem Cards
• Network Interface Cards/Network Adapter
Ports
• Serial ports – mouse, keyboard, modem
• Parallel ports – printers
• Universal serial bus (USB) – replacing serial and
parallel
• Firewire ports – faster than USB
Software
• Instructions that tell the computer how to
process data into the form you want.
• Software and programs are interchangeable.
• Two major types:
• System and Applications
 System Software
1. System Software enables the application software
to interact with the computer hardware.
• Operating Systems are programs that
coordinate computer resources, provide an
interface between users and the computer; and
run applications.
• Utilities perform specific tasks related to
managing computer resources.
• Device drivers are specialized programs
designed to allow particular input or output
devices to communicate with the rest of the
computer system.
Functions of a System Software

• Managing resources (memory, processing, storage, and devices like

printer).
• Providing user interface
• Running applications
 Here are some examples of system software:
1.Operating System (OS)
2.Device Drivers
3.Firmware
4.BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
5.Utilities Software
6.Virtual Machine Monitors (VMMs) or
Hypervisors
7.File Management Software
Examples 8.Language Translators (e.g., Compilers
and Interpreters)
9.System Libraries
10.Security Software (e.g., Antivirus and
Firewall)
These system software components work
together to provide a stable and efficient
computing environment for users and
application software.
Application software

• Applications Software - provides the

real functionality of a computer. It
help you use your computer to do
specific types of work.
• Basic Applications, widely used in
all career areas.
• Specialized Applications, more
narrowly focused on specific
disciplines and occupations.
 Microsoft Word
Word Processing Software: Google Docs
LibreOffice Writer

Microsoft Excel
Spreadsheet Software: Google Sheets
LibreOffice Calc

Microsoft PowerPoint
Presentation Software: Google Slides
LibreOffice Impress

Microsoft Outlook
Email Clients: Mozilla Thunderbird
Apple Mail

Google Chrome
Web Browsers: Mozilla Firefox
Microsoft Edge
Graphic Adobe Photoshop
Design
Software: Adobe Illustrator
CorelDRAW
Video Editing Adobe Premiere Pro
Software:
Final Cut Pro
DaVinci Resolve
Audio Editing Adobe Audition
Software:
Audacity
Pro Tools
Project Microsoft Project
Management
Software: Trello
Asana
Database Microsoft Access
Management
Software: MySQL
Oracle Database
Gaming Various video games and gaming platforms
Software:

Communication WhatsApp
and Messaging
Apps: Skype

Slack

Financial QuickBooks
Software:
Quicken

TurboTax

Educational Moodle
Software:
Khan Academy

Duolingo

Content Adobe Creative Cloud suite

Creation
Software: Blender (3D modeling and animation)

Autodesk AutoCAD (Computer-Aided Design)

Research SPSS
Software:

Endnote
 Operating systems (OS) are
software that manage
computer hardware and
provide services and
resources for other software
applications. Here are some
examples of operating
Operatin systems:
Microsoft Windows:

g 1. Windows 10
2. Windows 11

systems macOS:

iOS:
1. Apple Laptop

1. Operating system for iPhones and iPads

Android:
1. Operating system for smartphones and tablets
Chrome OS:
1. Operating system developed by Google for
Chromebooks
Linux:
Unix:
DOS
FILES
• FILE is simply a collection of
information that you store
on a disk.
• Must have a unique name
• Two parts: the filename and
extension separated by a
period.
•
RECIPE.DOCX
EXTENSIONS
• Use extension to make your
filenames more descriptive.
• FILENAME.DOCX – M.S.
Word documents
• FILENAME.XLSX – M.S.
Excel documents
• FILENAME.PPTX – M.S.
PowerPoint documents
Programming
languages
• Programming languages are tools that
developers use to create software, applications,
and websites. There are numerous programming
languages, each with its own syntax and use
cases. Here are some examples of programming
languages:
• Python:
• Java:
• C# (C Sharp):
• C++:
• R:
• SQL
• TypeScript:
Abbreviations

• www: World Wide Web

• http: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• com: Commercial
• org: Organization
• net: Network
• etc
Thanks
Any Question