Fundamental Equations of Flow

of Viscous Compressible Fluid

1
 Fundamental Equations of Flow
of Viscous Compressible Fluid
Main governing equations for incompressible fluids:
1. Conservation of mass --------- continuity equation
2. Conservation of momentum --------- Newton’s 2nd law ( Bernulli’s eqn. )

Main governing equations for compressible fluids:

1. Conservation of mass --------- continuity equation
2. Conservation of momentum --------- Newton’s 2nd law
3. Conservation of energy --------- 1st law of thermodynamics
4. Conservation of entropy --------- 2st law of thermodynamics
In addition to:
1. Ideal gas Law ------ PV=mRT
2. Relation between shear stress and shear strain for Newtonian Fluids.
3. Fourier Law of heat conduction.
 Conservation of Mass ( Continuity Equation )
( Mass can neither be created nor destroyed )
The general equation of continuity for three dimensional steady flow

w v.dx.dz
( w  dz).dxdy
z
z

u
( u  dx).dy.dz
dz x
u.dy.dz
dx
x
dy

y
v w.dxdy
( v  dy).dx.dz
y
 u u
Net mass in x-direction= u.dy.dz - ( u  dx).dy.dz =  dx.dy.dz
x x

v v
Net mass in y-direction= v.dx.dz - ( v  dy).dx.dz =  dx.dy.dz
y y

w w
Net mass in z-direction= w.dx.dy - ( w  dz).dx.dy =  dx.dy.dz
z z

Σ net mass = mass storage rate

u v w 
 dx.dy.dz  dx.dy.dz  dx.dy.dz = ( dx.dy.dz)
x y z t

u v  w 
   =
x y z t

 u v  w
    = 0
t x y z
  u v w
   0
t x y z

General equation fof 3-D , unsteady and compressible fluid

Special cases:

1- For steady compressible fluid 0
t
2- For incompressible fluid ( ρ= constant )

 u v w
   0
t x y z

u v w
   0
x y z

Note : The above eqn. can be used for steady & unsteady for
incompressible fluid
3- For 2-D :
u v
 0
x y

u w
 0
x z

v w
 0
y z
II- Cylindrical Coordinates ( r , θ , z ) ------------------(Report-1)

The contiuity eqn. can be expressed as:

General equation fof 3-D , unsteady and compressible fluids.

* special cases:

1- For steady compressible fluid 0
t

2- For incompressible fluid ( ρ=const.)

 vr vr 1 v vz
   0
r r r  z
Note : the above eqn. can be used for steady or unsteady incompressible
fluid.
3- For 2-D Flow
vr vr 1 v
  0
r r r  Polar Cor.
Example: Design of a Compressible
Converging Duct

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Solution

For steady, 2-D, compressible flow:

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The 2-D streamline equation:

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14
Example: vortical flow

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Solution 

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Elementary Hydodynamics-I
 Elementary Hydodynamics
## Although the word hydrodynamics means liquid –
motion but it is used here to define the study of flow
fields of ideal, incompressible fluid by mathematical
models.

## In this chapter the study will be restricted to the

incompressible, ideal , steady flow, in a horizontal plane
i.e 2-D flow.

## Because of simplifying assumptions used , these

methods do not yield the final solutions to engineering
problems, instead they provide a theoretical result form
which the final solution, using some corrections may be
deduced.
Stream Function (Ψ):
It is a mathematical function by which we can draw the
stream lines,
• The pressure & velocity at any point can be calculated.
• All information about the flow is deduced.
In 2-D , Steady flow, in Cartesian Cor.:
Considering the stream line A in figure, by the definition,
no flow crosses it and thus the flow rate Ψ across all lines
per unit height in z-direction is the same:
 Y
B

dq=dΨ
dy udy.1
A .A
1
dx . ΨB= const.
A 2

-vdx.1
ΨA= const.

O x
The rate of flow crossing ( OA1 ) per unit height =
the flow rate crossing ( OA2 )

Since A1, A2 are on the same stream line A and no fluid

crossing the steam line.

If Q = flow rate in m3/s or cm3/s

Ψ = Q/unit height in m2/s or cm2/s
ΨA = const. & ΨB = const.
So flow rate between the two stream lines A&B/unit
height
dΨ = ΨB-ΨA
From drawing :
dΨ = udy.1-vdx.1 dΨ = udy - vdx (1)

Mathematically
In 2-D flow   (2)
d  dx  dy
x y
Ψ = fn. (x,y)   (3) ,(4)
u v
y x
From (1) , (2)
   udy  f n. ( x) or     vdx  f n. ( y)
Condition to have a stream function:
The stream function Ψ(x,y) must satisfy the two-
dimensional form of the incompressible
continuity equation to have a stream function
From continuity equation in (x , y)
u v
  0
x y

 2  2
( )  ( )  0
yx xy

 2  2  2  2

yx xy 
yx xy
Condition for irrotational flow:
For the flow in ( x , y )

 v u 
z  
 x  y 

 

   
 ( ) ( )
x x y y

 2  2
 
x 2
y 2

 2  2
 0 Laplace eqn.
x 2
y 2
In two dimensional Polar Cor. (r , θ ) :

B dr

-vθ. dr.1

A
dΨ

Vr.rdə.1
r rdθ
dθ
r
From drawing :
dΨ = vr .rdθ.1 - vθ .dr.1

Mathematically
In 2-D flow  
d  d  dr
Ψ = fn. (r,θ)  r
1  
vr  v  
r  r

   vr .r.d  f n. (r ) or     v dr  f n. ( )
Energy eqn. For 2-D Flow:
P q2 1
E Z     (udz  dx)
 2g g
Bernulli’s costant (E) exists only if the term
1
   (udz  dx)
g
is to be zero only in two cases of flow :
1- Along a stream line & rotational flow
u v 
 
dx dy dz
or
u 

dx dz
or E1
udz  dx E2

or E3

udz  dx  0
E1≠ E2≠ E3
so
P q2
E  Z   const.
 2g

only along a streamline

2- If the flow is irrotational
0
E1=E

E2=E
For all points of the flow
So
E3 =E
P q2
E  Z   const.
 2g

So we can draw lines ┴ the stream lines having

same energy,
These lines called equipotential lines and can be
represented by the velocity potential function ( Φ )
The velocity potential function ( Φ ) or

equipotential function
The velocity potential function ( Φ ) is a mathematical
function ┴ the stream lines ( Ψ ) and exists only and
only if the flow is irrotational.
Ψ1

Ψ2

Φ3 Ψ3
Φ2
Φ1 Φ2

Ψ1
Φ1
Ψ2 Φ2
Φ1
Φ3
Ψ1 Ψ2
Ψ3
For 2-D Car. Cor. ( x,y )

 
u ,v 
x y
  is function in ( x, y )

 
  udx  f    vdy  f
n. n.
( y) or ( x)
Relation between stream lines and equipotential lines:
stream line   c

d  udy  vdx  0
udy  vdx
dy v

dx  c u
equipotential line   c

d  udx  vdy
udx  vdy
dy u
 c

dx v
dy dy
 c
.  c
 1
dx dx
So equipotential lines ┴ stream lines forming a flow net for
irrotational flow
The Flow Net:
The stream lines have been defined as lines along which
(Ψ) is constant.
Similarly, lines along which (Ф) is constant are called
potential lines.
From the proof stream lines and potential lines are
orthogonal set of lines
Which completely describes the flow in two
dimensional, incompressible, Irrotational flow field.
As the spacing between stream lines and potential lines
approaches to zero
In the limit the lines form the flow net becomes equally
spaced
( i.e. square net is formed )
Φ
Such a net is called flow net. Δn Ψ
Δs

 
q 
s.1 n.1
• The spacing in the flow net becomes a direct
indication of the magnitude of the flow velocity.
•As the spacing becomes larger ,
the velocity decreases,
and from Bernoulli’s
equation the pressure
increases,
•where as deceasing net spacing
indicates increasing in velocity
and decreasing in pressure. Flow net for 90° bend
For 2-D Polar. Cor. ( r,θ )

 1 
vr  , v 
r r 
  is function in (r ,  )

   vr dr  f n. ( ) or    v rd  f n. (r )
 Ex.1
A flow field of Ψ =y – x2
1- Find velocity at any point (q)
2- Describe the flow
3- Draw Ψ=0 , Ψ=1, Ψ=2
Sol.:
 
Since u 1 ,v    2x
y x

u v
From continuity :  0 ( Check )
x y

This equation represents equation of a stream function

and the velocity at any point in the field is:
q  u 2  v 2  1  4x 2
# Incompressible fluid ( continuity eq. valid )
# The flow is steady ( time independent )
# The flow is non-uniform ( x,y )
# The flow is 2-D ( x,y )
# since
 v u 
 z      2  0  2
 x y 
The flow is rotational ( ξ = 2 )
# Ф does not exist
# Bernoulli’s constant ( E ) is the same only along a stream
line
Ψ =y – x2
For Ψ=0 y-x2 =0 y=x2

x 0 1 2 3 -1 -2 -3
y 0 1 4 9 1 4 9
y
Ψ=2

Ψ=1
2

1
Ψ=0
x
0
Ex.2
Describe the flow represented by Ψ = 4x +3y
Find velocity potential function ( Ф ) if it is existed.
Sketch some stream lines & equipotential lines.


u  3m / s
y

v  4 m / s
x
Check
u v
 0
x y
# Incompressible fluid ( continuity eq. valid )
# The flow is steady ( time independent )
# The flow is non-uniform ( x,y )
# The flow is 2-D ( x,y )
# since
 v u 
z 
 x  y 
0
 
The flow is irrotational ( ξ = 0 )
# Ф exists
# Bernoulli’s constant ( E ) is the same for all points of the
flow field
Ψ1 = 0 4x+3y=0 y=-4x/3

x 0 1 2 -1
y 0 -4/3 -8/3 4/3 y

Ψ
 
u      udx  f 1 ( y )
x
  3 x  f 1 ( y )  (1)

v 
y
   vdy  f 2 ( x)

    4dy  f 2 ( x)
  4 y  f 2 ( x )  ( 2 )

from(1) , ( 2)
  3x  4 y  c
or
  3x  4 y

Ф1 = 0 3x-4y=0 y=3x/4

x 0 1 2 -1
y 0 3/4 3/2 -3/4
Ex. 3
The velocity component in a steady, incompressible, two
dimensional flow field are
u  2y v  4x
Determine the corresponding stream function and show
on a sketch several streamlines.
Indicate the direction of flow along the streamlines.

Check
u  2y
v  4x
u v
 0
x y
From the definition of the stream function
 
u  2y v    4x
y x
  y 2  f1 (x)    2 x 2  f 2 (y)   2x 2
 y 2

  2x  y  C
2 2

For simplicity, we set C=0

  2x2  y2
Ex. 4
The two-dimensional flow of a non-viscous,
incompressible fluid in the vicinity of the 90° corner
of Figure E6.4(a) is described by the stream function
  2r 2
s in 2 

Where Ψ has units of m2/s when r is in meters. (a)

Determine, if possible, the corresponding velocity
potential. (b) If the pressure at point (1) on the wall is
30 kPa, what is the pressure at point (2)? Assume the
fluid density is 103 kg/m3 and the x-y plane is
horizontal – that is, there is no difference in elevation
between points (1) and (2).
 1 
vr   4 r cos 2 
r 

v     4 r sin 2 
r

check

from contiuity eq n.
vr vr 1 v
 
r r r 
4r cos 2 1
 4 cos 2  (4r cos 2 )(2)
r r
8 cos 2  8 cos 2  0
 check vorticity
v v 1 vr
 
r r r 
 4 sin 2 1
 ( 4 sin 2 )  ( 4r.(  sin 2 ).2)
r r
 0 (irrotational flow) ,  exists


vr   4 r co s 2     2 r 2 co s 2   f1 (  )
r   2r 2
cos 2   C
1 
v    4 r s in 2     2 r 2 c o s 2   f 2 ( r )
r  Let C=0

  2 r 2
cos 2 
Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2) with no
elevation change

p 1 V1 2 p 2 V 2 2 
    p 2  p 1  ( V1 2  V 2 2 )
 2g  2g 2

V 2  v r 2  v 2
p  ...  3 6 k P a
V1  ...  16 m / s
2 2 2 2

V2 2  ...  4 m 2 / s 2

N ote :
  2 r 2 c o s 2   4 r 2 c o s  sin   4 x y
Ex. 5

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Solution

Continuity :
u v w
  
x y z
000  0

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Ex.: 6

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Solution

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Solution

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