110 ¤ CHAPTER 2 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
(b) If is redefined to be −1 at = 3, then will be equivalent to the function () = − 4, which is continuous
everywhere (and is thus continuous at = 3).
2
27. The domain of () = √ is (−∞ ∞) since the denominator is never 0. By Theorem 5(a), the polynomial 2 is
4 + 2
√
continuous everywhere. By Theorems 5(a), 7, and 9, 4 + 2 is continuous everywhere. Finally, by part 5 of Theorem 4,
() is continuous everywhere.
3 − 1 3 − 1
28. () = = is a rational function, so it is continuous on its domain,
2 + 2 − 15 ( + 5)( − 3)
(−∞ −5) ∪ (−5 3) ∪ (3 ∞), by Theorem 5(b).
cos(2 )
29. The domain of () = must exclude any value of for which 1 − = 0. 1 − = 0 ⇒ = 1 ⇒
1 −
ln( ) = ln 1 ⇒ = 0, so the domain of () is (−∞ 0) ∪ (0 ∞). By Theorems 7 and 9, cos(2 ) is continuous on .
By Theorems 5 and 7 and part 2 of Theorem 4, 1 − is continuous everywhere. Finally, by part 5 of Theorem 4, () is
continuous on its domain.
√ √ √
30. () = 3 − 2 + 3 2 − 3 is defined when 3 − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 3 ≥ 2 ⇒ ≥ 23 . (Note that 3 2 − 3 is defined
√ √
everywhere.) So has domain 23 ∞ . By Theorems 7 and 9, 3 − 2 and 3 2 − 3 are each continuous on their domain
because each is the composite of a root function and a polynomial function. is the sum of these two functions, so it is
continuous at every number in its domain by part 1 of Theorem 4.
31. () = ln(1 − 2 ) is defined when 1 − 2 0 ⇔ 2 1 ⇔ || 1 ⇔ −1 1. Thus, has domain
(−1 1). Now and the composite function ln(1 − 2 ) are continuous on their domains by Theorems 7 and 9. Thus, by part 4
of Theorem 4, () is continuous on its domain.
2 2
32. () = − ln(1 + 2 ) has domain (−∞ ∞) since 1 + 2 0. By Theorems 7 and 9, − and ln(1 + 2 ) are continuous
everywhere. Finally, by part 4 of Theorem 4, () is continuous everywhere.
1 +1 +1
33. () = 1 + = is defined when ≥ 0 ⇒ + 1 ≥ 0 and 0 or + 1 ≤ 0 and 0 ⇒ 0
or ≤ −1, so has domain (−∞ −1] ∪ (0 ∞). is the composite of a root function and a rational function, so it is
continuous at every number in its domain by Theorems 7 and 9.
34. The function () = cos−1 ( − 1) is defined for −1 ≤ − 1 ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤ 2 ⇒ ln( ) ≤ ln 2 [since is
always positive] ⇒ ≤ ln 2, so the domain of is (−∞ ln 2]. The function − 1 is the difference of an exponential and
a constant (polynomial) function, so it is continuous on its domain by Theorem 7 and part 2 of Theorem 4. The inverse
trigonometric function cos−1 is continuous on its domain by Theorem 7. The function is then the composite of continuous
functions, so by Theorem 9 it is continuous on its domain.
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SECTION 2.5 CONTINUITY ¤ 111
√ √ √
35. Because is continuous on and 20 − 2 is continuous on its domain, − 20 ≤ ≤ 20, the product
√ √ √
() = 20 − 2 is continuous on − 20 ≤ ≤ 20. The number 2 is in that domain, so is continuous at 2, and
√
lim () = (2) = 2 16 = 8.
→2
36. The function () = sin(tan(cos )) is the composite of trigonometric functions, so it is continuous throughout its domain.
Now the domain of cos is , −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1, the domain of tan includes [−1 1], and the domain of sin is , so the
domain of is . Thus is continuous at 2,
and lim sin(tan(cos )) = sin(tan(cos 2 )) = sin(tan(0)) = sin(0) = 0.
0→2
5 − 2
37. The function () = ln is continuous throughout its domain because it is the composite of a logarithm function
1+
5 − 2
and a rational function. For the domain of , we must have 0, so the numerator and denominator must have the
1+
√ √
same sign, that is, the domain is (−∞ − 5 ] ∪ (−1 5 ]. The number 1 is in that domain, so is continuous at 1, and
5−1
lim () = (1) = ln = ln 2.
→1 1+1
√
2 −2−4
38. The function () = 3 is continuous throughout its domain because it is the composite of an exponential function,
a root function, and a polynomial. Its domain is
| 2 − 2 − 4 ≥ 0 = | 2 − 2 + 1 ≥ 5 = | ( − 1)2 ≥ 5
√ √ √
= | − 1| ≥ 5 = (−∞ 1 − 5 ] ∪ [1 + 5 ∞)
√
The number 4 is in that domain, so is continuous at 4, and lim () = (4) = 3 16−8−4
= 32 = 9.
→4
1
39. The function () = √ is discontinuous wherever
1 − sin
1 − sin = 0 ⇒ sin = 1 ⇒ =
2
+ 2, where is any
integer. The graph shows the discontinuities for = −1, 0, and 1.
40. The function = arctan(1) is discontinuous only where 1 is
undefined. Thus = arctan(1) is discontinuous at = 0. (From the
graph, note also that the left and righthand limits at = 0 are different.)
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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