Chapter - 5

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)

 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is an approach used in software engineering to model
and design software systems using object-oriented concepts and principles.
 It involves analyzing the problem domain, identifying objects, defining their relationships, and
designing a solution that reflects these concepts.
 Object-oriented analysis and design provide a structured and systematic approach to software
development, emphasizing modularity, reusability, and maintainability.
 By modeling software systems using object-oriented concepts, developers can create flexible,
scalable, and extensible solutions that are easier to understand, implement, and maintain.

Here's an overview of the key steps and concepts in object-oriented analysis and design:
1. Problem Understanding:
 Begin by understanding the problem domain and the requirements of the software system.
 This involves gathering information from stakeholders, domain experts, and users to identify the
scope, objectives, and constraints of the project.

2. Requirements Analysis:
 Analyze and document the functional and non-functional requirements of the software system.
 Identify use cases, scenarios, and user stories to capture the behavior and interactions of the
system from the user's perspective.

3. Object-Oriented Modeling:
 Identify the key entities, objects, and concepts in the problem domain. Represent these entities
as classes in the object-oriented model.
 Define attributes (properties) and behaviors (methods) for each class based on the requirements
and functionality of the system.
 Identify relationships between classes, such as associations, aggregations, compositions, and
inheritance, to model the interactions and dependencies between objects.

4. Use Case Modeling:

 Create use case diagrams to depict the functional requirements of the system and the
interactions between actors (users) and the system.
 Specify the behavior of each use case using activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, or state
diagrams to illustrate the flow of activities and interactions within the system.

5. Class Diagrams:
 Develop class diagrams to represent the static structure of the system, including classes,
attributes, methods, and relationships between classes.
 Use associations, aggregations, compositions, and inheritance to model the associations and
dependencies between classes.

6. Behavioral Modeling:
 Model the dynamic behavior of the system using sequence diagrams, state diagrams, and
collaboration diagrams.

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  Sequence diagrams depict the interactions between objects over time, showing the sequence of
method calls and messages exchanged during the execution of use cases.
 State diagrams represent the different states and transitions of an object over its lifecycle,
capturing its behavior in response to events and stimuli.

7. Architectural Design:
 Define the architectural structure of the system, including components, modules, layers, and
subsystems.
 Identify patterns, frameworks, and design principles to guide the organization and implementation
of the system's architecture.

8. Iterative Development:
 OOAD is often an iterative and incremental process, where the design evolves through
successive refinements and feedback cycles.
 Prototype, validate, and refine the design through iterative development, user feedback, and
testing to ensure that it meets the requirements and objectives of the project.

Hierarchical object-Oriented design

 Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design (HOOD) is an approach to software design that organizes the
system's components into a hierarchical structure based on their relationships and dependencies.
 HOOD extends traditional object-oriented design principles by emphasizing the hierarchical
organization of objects and the encapsulation of behavior within layers of abstraction.
 By adopting Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design principles, software engineers can create well-
structured, modular, and maintainable systems that are easier to understand, extend, and evolve
over time.
 HOOD promotes a clear separation of concerns, facilitates reuse and scalability, and provides a solid
foundation for building complex software systems.

Features of Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design:

1. Hierarchical Decomposition:
 In HOOD, the system is decomposed hierarchically into layers, subsystems, and components
based on their functional and architectural relationships.
 Each layer encapsulates a specific level of abstraction and responsibility, with higher layers
providing more abstract and generalized functionality.

2. Layered Architecture:
 HOOD promotes a layered architecture where each layer represents a distinct level of abstraction
and functionality within the system.
 Layers are organized in a hierarchical fashion, with higher layers building upon lower layers to
provide increasingly complex and specialized functionality.

3. Separation of Concerns:
 HOOD emphasizes the separation of concerns by partitioning the system into cohesive and
loosely-coupled layers.

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  Each layer focuses on a specific aspect of the system's functionality, such as presentation,
business logic, or data access, allowing for easier maintenance, reuse, and evolution of the
system.

4. Abstraction and Encapsulation:

 HOOD uses abstraction and encapsulation to hide implementation details and provide a clear
separation of interfaces and implementations.
 Each layer encapsulates its internal state and behavior, exposing a well-defined interface for
interaction with higher layers.

5. Information Hiding:
 HOOD promotes information hiding by restricting access to internal components and data
structures within each layer.
 Lower layers provide services and functionalities to higher layers through well-defined interfaces,
while hiding the details of their implementation.

6. Modularity and Reusability:

 HOOD encourages modular design principles, allowing for the reuse of components and
subsystems across different layers and projects.
 Modular components can be easily replaced or extended without affecting the overall system,
promoting flexibility and scalability.

7. Dependency Management:
 HOOD manages dependencies between layers through well-defined interfaces and abstraction
layers.
 Dependencies flow in a downward direction, with higher layers depending on lower layers for
services and functionality, while avoiding circular dependencies.

8. Design Patterns and Principles:

 HOOD incorporates design patterns and principles to guide the organization and implementation
of hierarchical designs.
 Common patterns such as Layered Architecture, Model-View-Controller (MVC), and Dependency
Injection are often used to structure and implement hierarchical designs effectively.

Object Modeling Technique

 Object modeling is a technique used in software engineering to represent the structure, behavior,
and interactions of software systems using objects and classes.
 Object modeling helps developers visualize and understand the complexities of a system and
facilitates the creation of robust, maintainable, and scalable software solutions.
 Object modeling techniques provide developers with tools and methodologies for conceptualizing,
designing, and communicating software systems using object-oriented principles and constructs.
 By employing these techniques, software engineers can create well-structured, maintainable, and
scalable software solutions that effectively address the requirements and challenges of the problem
domain.

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Here are some commonly used object modeling techniques:
1. Unified Modeling Language (UML):
 UML is a standardized modeling language used to visually represent software systems. It
provides a set of graphical notations for modeling different aspects of a system, including
classes, objects, relationships, behavior, and architecture.
 Common UML diagrams used for object modeling include:
 Class diagrams: Represent the static structure of the system, including classes,
attributes, methods, and relationships.

 Object diagrams: Show instances of classes and the relationships between them at a
specific point in time.

 Sequence diagrams: Illustrate the interactions between objects over time, depicting the
sequence of messages exchanged between objects during the execution of a use case or
scenario.

 State diagrams: Model the lifecycle and state transitions of objects, showing how objects
behave in response to events and stimuli.

2. Domain-Driven Design (DDD):

 DDD is an approach to software development that emphasizes understanding the domain
(problem space) of the application and modeling it in software.
 DDD advocates for creating a domain model that represents the key concepts, entities,
relationships, and behaviors of the problem domain using object-oriented constructs.
 Domain models are typically represented using UML class diagrams or other modeling
techniques and serve as a shared understanding between domain experts and developers.

3. Object-Relational Mapping (ORM):

 ORM is a technique used to map object-oriented domain models to relational database schemas.
 Object modeling in ORM involves defining classes and relationships in the domain model and
mapping them to tables and associations in a relational database.
 ORM frameworks, such as Hibernate (for Java) and Entity Framework (for .NET), automate the
mapping process and provide mechanisms for querying and manipulating data using object-
oriented constructs.

4. Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs):

 ERDs are a modeling technique used to visualize and design relational database schemas.
 While ERDs primarily focus on data modeling, they can also be used to represent object-oriented
concepts, such as classes, attributes, and relationships, in the context of database design.
 ERDs depict entities as objects, attributes as properties, and relationships as associations
between entities, providing a foundation for object modeling in database-driven applications.

5. CRC Cards (Class-Responsibility-Collaboration):

 CRC cards are a lightweight, hands-on technique for collaboratively designing object-oriented
systems.
 Each CRC card represents a class and includes information about its responsibilities,
collaborators, and relationships with other classes.
 CRC cards are often used in brainstorming sessions and design workshops to explore and refine
the structure and behavior of a system through iterative collaboration.

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Responsibility-driven design

 Responsibility-Driven Design (RDD) is a software design approach that focuses on identifying and
assigning responsibilities to objects within a system.
 RDD emphasizes the decomposition of a system into smaller, more manageable components, each
with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.
 Responsibility-Driven Design promotes a clear and focused design by assigning well-defined
responsibilities to objects and fostering collaboration and interaction between them.
 By embracing RDD principles, developers can create software systems that are modular,
maintainable, and resilient to change, making them easier to understand, extend, and evolve over
time.

Features of Responsibility-driven design

1. Responsibility Identification:
 RDD emphasizes identifying the responsibilities that objects should fulfill within the system.
 Responsibilities represent tasks, behaviors, or duties that objects must perform to achieve
system goals and requirements.

2. Clear Object Roles:

 Objects are assigned specific roles based on their responsibilities within the system.
 Each object is responsible for a well-defined set of tasks or behaviors, which align with its
purpose and capabilities.

3. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP):

 RDD adheres to the Single Responsibility Principle, which states that a class should have only
one reason to change.
 Objects are designed to have clear and focused responsibilities, reducing complexity and
promoting maintainability.

4. Collaboration and Interaction:

 Objects collaborate and interact with each other to fulfill their responsibilities and achieve system
objectives.
 Collaboration is achieved through message passing, where objects send and receive messages
to request or provide services, exchange information, and coordinate activities.

5. Encapsulation:
 RDD promotes encapsulation, where each object encapsulates its state (attributes) and behavior
(methods) within a well-defined interface.
 Encapsulation hides the internal details of an object's implementation, allowing it to fulfill its
responsibilities independently of other objects.

6. Modularity and Reusability:

 RDD encourages modular design, where objects are organized into cohesive and loosely-
coupled components based on their responsibilities.
 Modular components can be reused across different parts of the system, promoting scalability,
flexibility, and maintainability.

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7. Design Patterns:
 RDD often incorporates design patterns to address common design problems and recurring
challenges in object-oriented systems.
 Design patterns provide reusable solutions and best practices for organizing responsibilities,
managing dependencies, and promoting flexibility and extensibility.

8. Iterative Development:
 RDD supports an iterative and incremental development approach, where the design evolves
through successive refinements and feedback cycles.
 Developers start with an initial set of responsibilities and iteratively refine and expand the design
based on changing requirements, feedback, and lessons learned.

9. Domain-Driven Design (DDD) Integration:

 RDD can be integrated with Domain-Driven Design (DDD), which emphasizes understanding the
problem domain and modeling it in software.
 DDD provides techniques for identifying domain objects, aggregates, entities, and value objects,
which can then be assigned responsibilities based on their domain-specific roles and behaviors.

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