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María Alejandra Alvarez
Pharmacological
Properties of
Native Plants
from Argentina
Pharmacological Properties of Native Plants
from Argentina
María Alejandra Alvarez
Pharmacological Properties
of Native Plants from
Argentina
María Alejandra Alvarez
Department of Biotecnología Vegetal
CONICET/ CEBBAD
Universidad Maimónides
Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
There are a large number of native plants used by traditional medicine in Argentina.
The intention of this book is not to describe all the medicinal native species from
Argentina but those with pharmacological studies that validate their pharmacologi-
cal properties. To carry out this selection, the work by Barboza et al. (2009) was of
fundamental importance. The websites of the Darwinion Institute (www.darwin.
edu.ar) and Flora Argentina (www.floraargentina.edu.ar) have been consulted to
update the scientific names and corroborate the distribution data and botanical char-
acteristics found in other sources. The botanical terms used correspond to the glos-
sary compiled by P.P.J. Herman. Each chapter begins with a brief description of the
geographical, ecogeographical, or phytogeographical region in which the selected
species grow. It has not been the intention of this book to describe the medicinal
flora of each of these regions but to locate the selected species within the context of
one of the several regions where they could be found. For this reason, for each spe-
cies, all the provinces in which it is possible to find it are specified.
This work would not have been possible without the invaluable collaboration of Dr.
Chana Pilberg who gave me as a gift a large part of her botanical library; her friend-
ship is one of my greatest privileges. I must also thank my sister, Patricia G. Alvarez,
for generously giving me some of the photographs that illustrate this book. I also
thank all the colleagues who shared with me their publications and my colleagues
from the Pharmacy and Biochemistry School and CEBBAD at Maimónides University,
and Universidad de Buenos Aires for their constant support. Finally, I thank my family
and in particular my daughters for their patience and affectionate collaboration.
References
Barboza GE, Cantero JJ, Núñez C, Pacciaroni A, Ariza Espinar L (2009) Medicinal plants: a gen-
eral review and a phytochemical and ethnopharmacological screening of the native Argentine
Flora. Kurtziana 34(12):7365
v
Book Introduction
The aim of this book is to offer information about native plants with pharmacologi-
cal properties from Argentina to students, researchers, and graduates interested in
the fields of Ethnobotany, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacy, and
Medicine. It describes some of the native species used in folk medicine whose phar-
macological activities have been experimentally tested. Chapter 1 summarizes the
characteristics of the geographical, ecological, and phytogeographical regions from
the country. Also, a brief reference about the legal regulatory framework of medici-
nal plants in Argentina is included. Chapter 2 reviews some aspects of ethnobotany
in Argentina. The following Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 describe native medicinal
plants in their botanical aspects, ethnomedicinal uses, chemical activity, and toxic-
ity and, when appropriate, in the establishment of in vitro cultures and their legal
status. Each of those chapters begins with a brief description of the region in which
the species grow. The following species are described: from Cuyo (Chap. 3), Aloysia
gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron.,
Minthostachys mollis, Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke, and
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.); from the Pampa (Chap. 4), Erythrina crista-galli
L. var. crista-galli, Phytolacca dioica L., Salix humboldtiana Wild, Grindelia pul-
chella Dunal, Larrea cuneifolia Cav., Larrea divaricata Cav., and Larrea nitida
Cav; from Mesopotamia (Chap. 5), Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Cecropiaceae),
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Ilex para-
guariensis A. St.-Hil var. paraguariensis, Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.)
Standl., Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss., and Cambess.) Hieron. ex Niederl.,
Passiflora caerulea L., Blechnum occidentale L., and Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex
Reissek; from the Puna (Chap. 6), Acacia caven (Molina) Molina var. caven,
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia
(Schrad.) Mickel, Plantago australis Lam. subsp. Australis, and Alternanthera pun-
gens Kunth; from the Yungas (Chap. 7), Lepidium didymum L., Clinopodium gil-
liesii (Benth.) Kunze., Smilax campestris Griseb., and Smallanthus macroscyphus
(Baker ex Martius) A. Grau; and from Chaco and Espinal (Chap. 8), the medicinal
species Adiantum raddianum C. Presl., Aloysia citriodora Palau, Bauhinia forficata
subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Fortunato & Wunderlin, Caesalpinia gilliesii var. gilliesii
vii
viii Book Introduction
ix
x Contents
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 249
About the Author
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Argentina Provinces
xvii
List of Figures
xix
xx List of Figures
xxiii
Chapter 1
Introduction: Native Plants of Argentina –
A General Overview
1.1 Introduction
Plants are the perfect machinery that transforms light into chemical energy and
produce also oxygen, a vital element for most of the organisms on Earth. They are
a source of food, fodder fuel, cellulose, paper, timber, textile fibers, essences and
flavors, and medicines. They are also natural pesticides, are helpful to mitigate envi-
ronmental pollution, and have a vital role to fight climate change. Plants are also
central to scientific research on basic aspects of plant life and on challenges related
to agriculture, health, and environment. Besides, plants have been part of ritual,
religious, and festive practices.
Argentina is located in the Southern tip of South America. It shares borders with
Bolivia and Paraguay to the North; Chile to the West; Brazil, Uruguay, and the
South Atlantic Ocean to the East; and Chile and the South Atlantic Ocean to the
South. Their endpoints are North, 21° 46’ S, 66° 13’ W.; South, 55° 03’ S, 66° 31’
W; East, 26° 15’ S, 53° 38’ W; and West, 50° 01’S, 73° 34’ W. The Antarctica
Argentina is located between the meridians 25° W and 74° W and the parallels 60°
S and 90° S (South Pole). The country has a total surface area of 3.761.274 km2,
2.791.810 km2 in the American continent and 969.464 km2 in the Antarctica. The
population is around 40.117.096 inhabitants with a population density of 10.7
inhabitants/km2 (Instituto Geográfico Nacional República Argentina). The country
is composed of 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires which is the
capital city of the country. It is also divided in seven geographical regions: Northwest,
Mesopotamia, the Gran Chaco, the Sierras Pampeanas, Cuyo, Región Pampeana,
and Patagonia. The country has various ecosystems with a substantial biodiversity
due to its large size, geographic variety, and diverse climate types.
The geographical regions from Argentina are the Northwest region, Mesopotamia,
the Gran Chaco, Cuyo, the Pampas, Patagonia, and South Atlantic Islands and
Antarctica.
The Northwest region includes the provinces of Catamarca (CAT), Jujuy (JUJ),
La Rioja (LRI), Salta (SAL), Santiago del Estero (SDE), and Tucumán (TUC). The
climate is varied, with rainfall diminishing from North to South and from East to
West. It comprises two subregions, the Puna and the Yungas. The Puna, to the high
Andean west, is dry and with a great temperature oscillation, mostly cold, frequently
decreasing below freezing point at night. The Yungas, to the East, is tropical, very
hot, and humid.
Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones (MIS), Entre Ríos (ERI), and
Corrientes (COS). The climate is mostly subtropical, with a hot and very humid
tropical climate to the North, gradually becoming temperate and semi-humid to the
South.
The Gran Chaco includes the provinces of Chaco (CHA), Formosa (FOR), and
Santiago del Estero (SDE). The region has a very hot subtropical to tropical climate,
characterized by humid summers and mild dried winters. It has heavy seasonal rain-
falls and periodic droughts.
Cuyo includes areas from the provinces of San Juan (SJU), San Luis (SLU),
and Mendoza (MEN). It has an arid or semiarid climate with an average annual
precipitation of about 100 to 500 millimeters (4 to 20 in). The diurnal temperature
range is very large with extremely hot temperatures during the day followed by
cold nights.
The Región Pampeana could be divided into Llanura pampeana (Pampa’s
plains) and the Sierras Pampeanas (Pampa’s hills). The Llanura pampeana covers
the provinces of Buenos Aires (BAI), La Pampa (LPA), Córdoba (COR), Santa Fe
(SFE), and Entre Ríos (ERI). The climate is temperate, with hot, stormy summers,
and cool winters. The Sierras Pampeanas comprises sectors from the provinces of
San Luis (SLU), San Juan (SJU), Córdoba (COR), La Rioja (LRI), Catamarca
(CAT), Santiago del Estero (SDE), and Tucumán (TUC). They have a temperate
and semiarid climate, with warm summers and cool winters. The Northern-East
slope is covered by rainforest, generating high humidity. The area inside COR and
SLU has a Mediterranean-type climate, with intense summer rainstorms and
snowy winters. The eastern slopes that receive the moist winds from the Atlantic
Ocean have more rainfalls.
Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuquén (NEU), Río Negro (RNE), Chubut
(CHU), Santa Cruz (SCR), and Tierra del Fuego (TDF). The region is very windy,
with mild summers, cold to very cold winters, and heavy snowfall and frost, espe-
cially in mountainous zones. Precipitation steeply diminishes from west to east.
South Atlantic Islands and Antártida Argentina. Argentina is a founding signa-
tory member of the Antarctic Treaty and is also a permanent consulting member.
There are 13 Argentinean bases (6 permanent and 7 seasonal) in Antarctica with
1.2 República Argentina 3
1.2.2 Eco-regions
plants (aguapés, poppies, and sequins of water) forming floating islands with up to
2 m of thickness. It is protected in the Iberá Provincial Reserve.
The Argentina Low Monte is the driest region of the country located in North-
central Argentina covering the eastern foothills of the Andes. It extends from the
Andean mountain range in MEN, along NEU and LPA, to the coast of the Atlantic
Ocean of RNE and northeast of CHU. It shares with the eco-region of the Monte de
Sierras and Bolsones the most arid characteristics of Argentina but differs on its
prevailing landscape of plains and extensive plateaus. The climate is temperate-arid
with scarce precipitations. Average annual temperatures are on the order of
10–14 °C. The vegetation is poorer than in the Mount of Sierras and Bolsones.
The Pampa represents around 60% of the grasslands of the country; it is extended
from BAI (except the southern section), northeast of LPA, and south of COR, SFE,
and ERI. The rains are distributed during the year. Average annual temperatures
range from 15 °C in the South to about 18 ° in the North.
The Alto Paraná Atlantic forests extend from the center and North of the prov-
ince of MIS through ERI as a streamside zone of narrow hills by the rivers from the
basin of the Río de la Plata. The weather is warm and humid, with more intense
rains in the summer. The average annual temperature is on the order of 20 °C. The
red soils, characteristic of the eco-region, are a consequence of the transformation
of the basaltic material under warm and humid conditions. It has 2000 vascular
plants, and the Argentinean sector exhibits the highest biological diversity of all the
country eco-regions. The dominant vegetation is the subtropical forest.
In the South Atlantic islands, due to the extreme climatic conditions and the
rocky nature of the terrain, the soils are poorly developed. There are no natural for-
ests, and the dominant vegetation is steppe grasses with tundra bushes. This eco-
region is remarkably poor in phanerogams, several of which are endemic. Among
the most prominent plant communities are the Tussock grass pastures, which occupy
the coastal areas of Malvinas and South Georgia Islands, with different species of
grasses and mosses, among other plants.
Mar Argentino includes the Argentina Continental Platform which can be subdi-
vided into a coastal subregion, represented by the strip of coast up to 40 m depth and
the subregion of the external platform, which extends from the depths of 40 m to
200 m. On the coasts of CHU, SCR, and TDF, marine vegetation develops with a
huge diversity of green, red, and brown algae on the seabed.
The Antarctic Peninsula has an extremely cold climate, with average tempera-
tures below zero and with snow and ice all year round. Two types of climate are
distinguished: the glacial one, dominant in the sectors covered by ice, and the insu-
lar one that includes the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. Winds are very
strong; temperature is always very low, reaching – 42 °C on polar night and 0 °C in
the hottest months. The flora is very scarce and limited to sectors near the sea, which
lose the snow cover during the brief Antarctica summer. There are lichens or moss
cushions. The only native vascular plant species are Colobanthus quitensis (with
tiny white flowers) and Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic grass) usually among
moss communities. A nitrophilous alga (Prasiola crispa) grows associated with
penguin breeding ground. There are two introduced species (Poa spp.), which grow
near to the permanent bases.
6 1 Introduction: Native Plants of Argentina – A General Overview
Amazonian domain: Despite its small area, the Amazonian domain is the largest
floristic wealth in Argentina.
Yungas province: it has many genus and species in common with the Paranaense
Province, such as Nectandra, Cedrela, Blepharocalyx, Jacaranda sp., etc. However,
unlike the Paranaense province, it has few bamboos and no palm trees. It presents
exclusive genera such as Tipuana, Juglans, Phoebe, and Myroxylon.
Paranaense province: more than 200 arboreal species have been counted in the
Misiones Forest. In the district of the Mixed Jungle are arboreal communities of
laurel forest (Nectandra saligna), Guatambú (Balfourodendron riedelianum),
palo rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), and palmito (Euterpe edulis). Also, there
are arboreal species such as anchico colorado (Parapiptadenia rigida), cancha-
rana (Cabialea oblongifolia), and cocó (Allophylus edulis) among others. The
pindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana) palm are scattered and distributed into the forest.
In the northeastern sector of the MIS jungle, there are Paraná pine (Araucaria
angustifolia) communities.
1.2 República Argentina 7
Fig. 1.1 Phytogeographical regions from Argentina. (Adapted from Cabrera (1971))
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His wife’s dismay only brought a grim smile to Carter’s face. He
unfolded his napkin without further comment. Before Miranda
returned with the soup-tureen, Mrs. Carter rallied sufficiently to lean
over and murmur across the table:
“I’ve got a lot to tell you—that dreadful girl was with that man this
morning—behind the Methodist Church! I saw—”
She stopped, for Leigh had risen suddenly. He flung his napkin on
the table and stalked out of the room with a white face. Mr. Carter
stared after him.
“What the—” he began.
Emily touched his hand warningly. Miranda was returning.
“Leigh’s awfully mashed on Fanchon,” Emily whispered irrelevantly,
returning to her dinner.
Mr. Carter shut his mouth hard, and the conversation languished.
Daniel spoke once about the weather, and his father nodded.
“Judge Jessup handed out a lot of compliments for you to-day, Dan,”
he remembered suddenly.
Mrs. Carter looked pleased, but even this fell flat. They could hear
William’s tramp continuing after Leigh went up-stairs. Mr. Carter rose
once and went to the door.
“Aren’t you coming in to eat your dinner, William?” he demanded.
“I’ve dined,” William replied shortly.
“Then I think you’d better go into the library and sit down,” said his
father meaningly.
William, halting in his walk, stared for a moment, puzzled. Then he
understood, and a deep red went up to his forehead. Without a word,
he turned, went into the library, and shut the door.
Miranda had brought on the dessert, but only Emily and Daniel ate it.
There was a heavy silence. Mr. Carter sat moodily, apparently
listening, and Mrs. Carter could think of nothing to say. She tried two
or three times and stopped, aghast at her own temerity. The three
vacant chairs—William’s, Fanchon’s, and Leigh’s—seemed to gape
at them. Daniel finally rose.
“I’ve got to prepare a paper for Judge Jessup,” he remarked quietly,
and left the room.
They heard him light his cigar and go up-stairs. It was then that Mr.
Carter rose also and went as usual into the library. Emily and her
mother, left alone, gaped at each other in a startled way. They heard
voices in the library, and then a heavy silence, filled with the odor of
tobacco. Emily began to be a little frightened.
“Mama, do you suppose she’s run away?” she whispered in an awed
tone.
Mrs. Carter cast a frightened look toward Miranda’s retreating figure,
and shook her head.
“I don’t know, Emily. Suppose we go and sit in the parlor? I don’t
think papa wants us in the library.”
They spent the evening sitting in the little unused parlor that
Fanchon hated. It was full of heavy stuffed furniture and old-
fashioned cabinets. Accustomed to a family gathering in the library,
they languished there, watching the clock.
“It’s getting awfully late,” said Emily finally, after an interminable hour.
“Where can she be?”
“Emily,” said Mrs. Carter irrelevantly, “I wish you wouldn’t say that
Leigh is ‘mashed’ on her. In the first place it’s absurd, and in the
second it’s vulgar.”
“But he is,” insisted Emily. “He’d get down in the mud and let her
walk on him—like Sir Walter Raleigh’s cloak. He says so.”
“Nonsense!” Mrs. Carter, trembling with nervousness, discovered
that it was half past ten. “You go to bed,” she ordered shortly.
After her daughter went up-stairs, she sat for a long time, waiting.
She was puzzled by the silence in the library. From time to time she
went to the window and looked out anxiously; yet she had no real
hope that her daughter-in-law would appear. She felt sure that
Fanchon had run away, and the disgrace of it made her face burn.
She turned the gas down and sat in semi-darkness, ashamed to look
at her own image in the long mirror between the windows.
The Carters had always had such good wives, such loyal, faithful
women. She had not failed herself, she had done her best, and
William, her first-born, the pride of her heart—must he be disgraced?
She sat there watching and listening until nearly twelve o’clock. Still
she heard occasional sounds from the library. Finally, worn out, she
crept up-stairs to her room; but even there she continued to listen
and tremble at intervals.
At last she heard the sounds of locking up the house and her
husband’s heavy step on the stairs.
Mr. Carter came into the room and slammed the door. His wife had
crept hastily into bed, and she lay there, shivering a little with dread.
“What did you say to him, papa?”
“Say? Not a blamed word!” Mr. Carter sat down and pulled off his
boots, flinging one down with violence. “I guess I don’t have to say
anything,” he remarked grimly. “I reckon the fool’s got about enough.
Marrying a French ballet-dancer!”
Mrs. Carter drew a long breath.
“Where do you s’pose she is, Johnson?”
“How do I know? He’ll have to get a divorce—that’s as plain as the
nose on your face. Then I suppose the donkey’ll want to marry
Rosamond Silvertree, or Bloomie Bloomingkitten, or some other
actress.”
“Oh, hush!” groaned Mrs. Carter, burying her head in her pillow with
a sob. “I can’t bear it! Poor Willie!”
Mr. Carter restrained his tongue, but he flung the other boot into the
corner with a bang more eloquent than words.
XIV
Down in the library William Carter waited alone. He was glad to be
alone. Aware of his father’s attitude, he had dragged through a
fearful evening. Mr. Carter had sat at the table, smoking and reading
his newspaper. He had said nothing about the one subject that was
uppermost in both minds; but at intervals he had lowered his paper
sufficiently to fix a fierce eye on the clock and then to turn it
significantly upon his son. Without meeting his glance, William felt it.
With the tide of rage and grief rising in his own heart, that hostile eye
—which seemed to say, “I told you so!” was intolerable.
He was thankful when his father’s stout figure disappeared into the
front part of the house. He heard the vigorous locking-up without
protest. It was evident that Mr. Carter had decided that Fanchon
wouldn’t return that night, and he was bound to lock up as usual. In
fact, he did it a little more violently than usual. It was an overt act
which relieved his feelings. Then, carrying a pitcher of iced water, he
went heavily up-stairs, and his son heard the sharp closing of his
bedroom door.
It took no very vigorous imagination, either, to fancy his mother’s
anxious inquiry for the truant, and the subsequent comment on the
situation. Even in the solitude of the library William’s face burned. He
was bewildered, too. He knew that he had reached a crisis, and he
did not know how to deal with it. To do anything seemed only to
publish his own misery. He had telephoned twice to the livery-stable
already, and been assured that Mrs. Carter’s horse was still out.
He had no idea where she had gone, and to follow, even in a motor,
would be senseless enough. It was a fine night; a full moon lighted
the roads. If she meant to return, she could get home so easily that
he could not believe she intended to do so.
As for Corwin, William had only seen the man two or three times,
and was cognizant of the gossip only through his father. People
didn’t talk to him.
His father had seen Corwin follow Fanchon, but had Fanchon
planned it all? Or had the man—a hard, coarse-looking brute—
pursued her without any invitation, without her consent? William
Carter did not know; he only felt a blind rage that he had suddenly
been forced to doubt his wife. It was hideous—simply hideous!
They had been quarreling lately nearly all the time—petty quarrels.
Fanchon evidently hated the place, she seemed to hate even her
husband’s people, and he had found her becoming wilder and
stranger every day. He knew she longed to go back to Paris, or at
least to New York; but William had never brought his mind to
consider even the possibility that she was disloyal, or could be. He
could not believe it now, but he found that the conviction was deep-
rooted in his father’s mind, and he saw it in his mother’s kind,
worried eyes.
What had they heard? He did not know—at least he was sure he did
not know it all. He saw something of it in Leigh’s white face to-night.
The boy was fond of Fanchon. William felt relief to think that at least
one member of his family liked her.
He watched the clock until the hands indicated midnight. Where
could she be? He walked the floor again.
Unobserved, he could give way to his agony of mind. Had there
been an accident? Had Fanchon been hurt?
The suspense was fast becoming a deep and keen agony. He was
shaken. He knew that his thoughts had wandered to Virginia, to the
peace he might have had. Had Fanchon seen it? Was she
tormenting him in a wild fit of jealousy, or—intolerable and monstrous
thought!—his wife in flight with a man who looked to him to be no
more than a common gamester?
How still it was! Through the open window the soft night air poured
in; and now it had a difference, a perceptible quickening, the
keenness of the morning. It was nearly one o’clock.
He flung himself into a chair and waited, burying his head in his
hands. He tried to think coherently, but he could not. Then a thrill ran
through him as the telephone-bell rang at his elbow. He snatched up
the receiver. A man’s voice called for Mr. William Carter—a gruff,
half-drowsy negro voice.
“Yes, yes! What is it?” he questioned.
“De boss tol’ me to watch out fo’ dat horse Miz Carter hired, suh. I’s
been up all night—dat horse jes’ come in dis minute. He’s drippin’,
an’ he ain’t got no rider, suh.”
William dropped the receiver and stood motionless, as if turned to
stone. Good God, how he had wronged her! There had been an
accident!
A vision of Fanchon lying by the wayside, her lovely face cold in the
moonlight, her helpless, pretty, idle hands flung out, pierced his
heart. He groaned aloud. Then his sickened brain cleared and he
roused himself. He must get help, hire a motor, and go out to search.
He raised his head sharply. His strained ear caught a sound at the
front door. He crossed the room almost at a stride, switched on the
light in the hall, threw back his father’s elaborate chains and bolts
with a shaking hand, and flung the door open. On the threshold,
deadly pale and dripping wet, stood his wife.
“Fanchon!”
His first impulse of wild relief was lost in another and a stronger
feeling. The look on her face checked the words on his lips.
She came in slowly, reluctantly, putting out a small, groping hand. As
the light from the hall lamp fell full upon her, he saw that she had lost
her hat, and that her pretty hair clung in wet curls to her forehead. All
the gaiety and frivolity of that Parisian habit was gone. It was torn
and muddy and wet. But she did not go to him, she did not exclaim
that she had been hurt and half drowned. She walked past him, a
little unsteadily, and went into the library.
William shut the door and followed her. She had dropped into a chair
and lay there, half reclining, her arm across the back and her face
hidden on it. Her husband stood looking down at her in silence for a
moment; then he turned without a word and went into the dining-
room, poured some brandy into a glass, and brought it.
“Drink this!” he said peremptorily.
She lifted the glass slowly, and, without raising her eyes, tasted the
liquor and then thrust it aside.
“I know what you think!” she said in a low voice. “It isn’t true—I’ve
done nothing—nothing at all!”
His face hardened.
“Why do you say that, Fanchon? I haven’t accused you.”
She turned with a gesture of impatience.
“I know they have—your father and your mother!”
William, who had taken the glass from her, set it down on the table.
“You’re wet through,” he said coldly. “Go up-stairs and change. You
can talk afterward—if you want to.”
“I don’t care if I’m wet!” she answered a little wildly. “I’d rather bear
wet than your face!”
“I’m sorry my face is so unbearable. I had no thought when I saw you
but anxiety. There’s been an accident. You haven’t even told me
whether you’re hurt!”
“It wasn’t an accident,” said Fanchon. “The horse got down in the
stream and wallowed. I had to get off to save myself, and when he
came out he ran off.”
William lifted his eyes reluctantly to hers.
“That horse has just come in, Fanchon. I got a telephone as you
came up the porch steps.”
She did not seem to grasp the significance of this. She put up a
wandering hand and pushed back her damp hair.
“I can’t help it!” she said sharply. “It’s so—I never would have got
here but for a motor. Some people—perfect strangers, too—were
coming this way, and they brought me. We came faster than any
horse could go.”
“Where were you? Where did the horse roll?”
“At Fanshawe’s Creek—you know, half-way to the Mountain Inn.”
William turned abruptly and walked across the room and back again.
“That wouldn’t take an hour and a half for a horse,” he remarked
dryly. “It’s one o’clock, Fanchon.”
A flame of red shot up in her white cheeks.
“I think he got into the water at about eleven o’clock. I tried to make
him ford the stream, and he—he just got down and wallowed in the
water. I had to get off.”
“You went out just after luncheon—while mother was at lunch, in fact
—and you were coming home on those lonely roads at eleven
o’clock at night, alone?”
She sat up in her chair at that, her flushed face turned fully toward
him, and something like a flame kindling in her fawn-like eyes.
“Of course your mother told you!”
“Told me what?”
“About my talk with Corwin in the lane.”
William stared at her.
“My mother told me nothing. I didn’t mean to tell you, I didn’t mean to
say anything,” he added grimly; “but since you’ve said so much, I
will. I heard from father that Corwin followed you out on the turnpike
to-day—to the edification of the town! Was he with you at the creek?”
Fanchon sat quite still, looking at him, her large eyes seeming to
grow larger and darker in her white face. He returned the look as
steadily, not in anger, but with a kind of grimness new in her
experience with him. Neither of them moved, and the stillness in the
room was so deep that they both heard the familiar sounds outside.
The church clock struck in the distance, and some cocks crowed.
The fresh breeze stirred the curtains in the window while the shaded
lamp on the table flared up with the little gust. In the flare William
saw the misery on his wife’s face.
“Fanchon, that man’s pursuing you—he’s a villain! What has
happened? Tell me—I have a right to know!”
Something in his changed tone touched her. She sank back in her
chair, covering her face with her hands.
“Mon Dieu!” she murmured brokenly, and then, as her emotions
swept her away, she burst into wild and uncontrollable weeping, her
sobs shaking her from head to foot.
Something in the passion of her tears, and in the crumpled
helplessness of the small figure in the chair, touched William in his
turn. He stood looking at her without moving, thinking unhappily. He
had made a mess of it; but after all it wasn’t all her fault. It was his,
and he still loved her. From what he had suffered to-night he knew
that he loved her. Suddenly he bent over the small, writhing figure
and spoke.
“Tell me, Fanchon,” he said hoarsely. “Must I thrash that villain?”
Very slowly she raised her head, very slowly and reluctantly she
raised her tear-drenched eyes to his.
“I—I didn’t go with him, I didn’t want to see him—he followed me.”
She hesitated, trembling. “I don’t know how to tell you. He overtook
me and he made me come back. I’d lost my way. He made me go
back to the inn—we ate dinner together.”
“You dined at a public road-house with that man—a man I wouldn’t
ask to my father’s house?”
She nodded, biting her lips.
For a moment he was hot with rage; but he curbed it. He wanted to
be just, and he was deeply moved. As she sat there she looked as
she had looked once in Paris, when he had first seen her—a
butterfly of a creature fighting to live, fighting hopelessly in the midst
of glittering, sordid surroundings. He hadn’t been blinded, his eyes
had been wide open, but he had fallen in love with her; and he had
been moved, too, by compassion. He had snatched her out of that
gay, hollow sham of a life, and he had meant to save her, to keep her
safe. Yet, as she sat there now, she looked forlorn and helpless and
beset.
“Fanchon,” he said gravely and gently, “tell me why you did this. You
didn’t mean to do it, you didn’t set out to do it—why did you? See, I
trust you—I’m asking you to tell me the truth.”
“I lost my way.” She repeated it as if she had a lesson by rote.
“Corwin overtook me and made me turn back. I was hungry, and we
ate dinner at the same table—in the public dining-room. Then—then
I didn’t want him to ride back with me—and I went out of the side
door and started alone. When I came to the crossing above
Fanshawe’s Creek, I didn’t know which way to go, and I chose the
wrong road. I rode so far that I got frightened. I asked at a house out
there—a woman with a queer name—Quantah, I think. I had to come
back to the crossing. Then, when I did get to the creek, the horse lay
down in the water. I sat and waited, dripping, until a motor picked me
up. That’s all.”
“No,” said William, “that’s not all. You’re afraid of that man, Fanchon!”
“I!” she laughed tremulously. “Why do you think that?”
He was watching her, and he saw her eyes change. He was right.
She was afraid of Corwin.
“I don’t think it,” he said gravely. “I know it. Go on, Fanchon; tell me
the rest.”
“I have nothing to tell,” she replied slowly, deliberately, but with
shaking lips. “You—you don’t believe me, n’est-ce-pas?”
William, looking steadily into her face, made no reply. His changed,
white face frightened her. She rose unsteadily to her feet, a forlorn
little figure.
“I’m not afraid of Corwin,” she said angrily, “not a bit! Ciel, why
should I be afraid of any one? I ask you that, mon ami!”
He still said nothing, his grave eyes on hers. Fanchon returned his
look—tried to return it steadily. She had told him a falsehood. She
had never been afraid of falsehood; it was an easy way of escape.
But now, under his eyes, she flinched. She blushed scarlet, put out a
wavering little hand, and tried to catch at his, but he moved away.
“Go up-stairs,” he said gravely, without anger, in the remote tone of a
man who no longer cared. “You’re worn out; you’ll take cold. I told
you so before. Go up-stairs to bed. Shall I rouse Miranda? Do you
need help?”
“Help?” she shivered, but not with cold. “Non, non! No help for me—
here!”
As she spoke she turned, lifted the discarded glass of brandy to her
lips, and drained it. Then, without looking at him again, she left the
room.
The light was still on in the hall, but she felt her way to the stairs
blindly. She was crying. She had not intended to lie to him, but it was
so much easier than to tell the truth. She clung to the banisters for a
moment, sobbing bitterly; then, dashing the tears from her eyes, she
went on, aware that he was still standing motionless where she had
left him.
As she dragged herself to the head of the stairs, she was suddenly
aware of a figure in the upper hall. She stopped and looked around
in a panic. She expected her father-in-law, but it was only Leigh.
“Are you safe?” he asked eagerly. “There’s been an accident—I
knew it! You’ve been hurt, Fanchon?”
She looked at him in surprise.
“Where were you, Leigh?”
“I’ve been up all night. I knew William was, too, and I’ve waited.”
He was eighteen, but he looked younger, and his boyish face was
white with anxiety. With a sudden impulse, Fanchon laid her hands
on his shoulders.
“I’m safe—quite safe, dear boy!” she whispered, and, lifting her pale,
beautiful face to his, she kissed him lightly on both cheeks. “Dear
Leigh—dear brother!” she murmured. “I shall love you—toujours!”
Leigh, unused to being kissed, turned from white to red, but he felt
as if he had received an accolade.
XV
The only member of the Carter family who left the house with a
cheerful face on the following morning was Daniel. There had been
practically nothing said at breakfast. Fanchon kept to her room,
William briefly explaining the accident at the creek and adding that
his wife had a chill. Mrs. Carter went up to see her, but was refused
admittance. So was Emily. Mr. Carter read the newspaper more
thoroughly than usual, and Leigh ate in a dream.
Daniel, aware of the strained atmosphere, found difficulty in
suppressing a smile. He had encountered, at intervals, the
expressive whites of Miranda’s eyes. She had carried up Fanchon’s
breakfast, and she knew Job Wills, the hostler at the livery-stable,
who had come by in the morning, on his way home after an all-night
shift. What Miranda did not know about Mrs. William Carter’s ride
wasn’t worth knowing. Her eyes nearly upset Daniel’s gravity; but he
finally left the house, feeling a little guilty. It was wrong to find
amusement in an incident that seemed so tragic to the others. Daniel
therefore suppressed the twinkle in his eyes and set out for Judge
Jessup’s office.
His way lay through the church lane and down to the lower corner of
the main street. It was a way that, at this season of the year, was full
of blossoming. It was past time now for the early flowers, but an old-
fashioned clustering yellow rose climbed over the Paysons’ fence
and tossed its fragrance and its falling petals to the passers-by like
the confetti at a carnival. A scarlet-hooded woodpecker was climbing
the tall trunk of the old oak by the churchyard gate.
Daniel walked slowly. Rapid motion increased his limp, but when he
moved in his usual leisurely way his step only halted a little. He was
no longer thinking of his own family, nor of the whites of Miranda’s
eyes. His mind had reverted, as it usually did, to Virginia Denbigh.
He was not startled, therefore, when he saw her standing at the
corner of the church. She was not wearing her big hat to-day, but an
odd little bonnet-shaped affair that showed her pretty hair and her
white forehead, and she was dressed in pink. He thought it was the
most lovely shade of pink he had ever seen.
She smiled as she saw him coming.
“I was waiting for you, Dan.”
He flushed, and his eyes shone.
“I like that bonnet, Virginia. At first I thought I couldn’t like anything
but the big hat, but this shows your hair. It’s like sunshine to-day.”
She laughed.
“My hat was a thousand years old! This is brand-new—I trimmed it.”
“I wish I could do anything so well,” he said in a tone of real regret. “I
couldn’t.”
“Not even a speech to the jury?”
She laughed a little tremulously. Something in Daniel always touched
her. She supposed it was his accident.
“Any one can address a jury,” he replied, “but no one but you could
trim that bonnet, Virginia.”
“If you praise it so much, I shall never take it off.” She laughed again,
but her eyes grew very grave and kind. “Dan, I heard you speak in
court yesterday.”
He was startled.
“Really? Where were you, Virginia?”
“Oh, way back! I was passing the court-house, and I heard two
colored men speak about it. One said: ‘Dan Carter, he’s makin’ a
great speech, yessuh, he sho’ is. ’Pears like he’s got dat jury all
bemuzzled!’” Virginia laughed delightedly. “I went in after that. It was
so crowded I thought I’d have to stand, but Mr. Payson was there
near the door, and he made some one bring a chair. I could just see
the back of your head, Dan, but I heard.”
His face glowed now.
“How strange!” he exclaimed in a low voice. “I knew you were there.
No, I didn’t see you, Virginia. I was speaking, and suddenly—well, I
felt that you were there. I remember I half looked around. I thought
you’d smile at me.”
She gave him a quick, startled look—a look that seemed to express
some new perception of him; but his eyes were averted. He was
smiling absently, as if talking to himself.
“I didn’t smile, Dan,” she said softly. “I was too deeply touched. I
don’t know why we all felt that way, but we did. Yet when I took your
speech to pieces in my mind I found how simple it was. You just told
us that man’s story, but you told it so simply it went straight to our
hearts.”
He smiled.
“That’s all I can do, Virginia. I’m a simple fellow—I can only tell the
simple truth. There’s no cause for all this—this fanfare of trumpets in
the newspapers, I mean—about my speech. Anybody could do it.”
She shook her head.
“Nobody else could do it. That’s just it. You’re like Lincoln, Dan. They
say he thought nothing of the Gettysburg address. I believe he wrote
it on his way there. I wish you’d tell me when you’re going to speak
again. I want to be there; I want to hear you ‘bemuzzle’ the jury
again.”
His eyes lit up.
“Will you come? Really?”
“Every time—if you’ll tell me. You can phone me, Dan.”
He drew a long breath.
“I shall make great speeches, sure enough, if you’re there! I couldn’t
help it. Only I wish you’d sit where I can see you—will you, Virginia?”
She laughed.
“In which hat, Dan?”
He considered a moment.
“The old one, please! When I have dreams about you I see you in
that hat.”
“I’m afraid it’s given you nightmare! I didn’t know it was as bad as
that!”
She laughed again, a little tremulously. Suddenly she began to see
what she had never quite seen before. Poor Daniel cared for her!
She was afraid that he cared more than she had dreamed. It touched
her so much that her eyes misted.
“Nightmare? Not a bit of it. I tell you what to do, Virginia—when
you’re through with it let me have it. I’ll hang it up over my desk when
I want an inspiration. A poor lawyer needs an inspiration. The law’s
as dry as dust.”
She lifted her eyes reluctantly but smilingly to him. She had almost
been afraid to meet them, but she was not now. Dan’s look was just
the same look he had always given her—and she had never
understood!
“I’ll give it to you for a waste-paper basket,” she said gaily.
Then she stopped, her hand on the stone gate-post of the old
church. They had been walking slowly through the lane, and Daniel
halted, surprised.
“Going in here, Virginia?”
She smiled.
“Yes. There’s to be a Sunday-school festival. Besides, they’ve just
cleaned up the church. I took all our prayer-books away for the
refurbishing; now I’m going to put them back in the pew.”
As she spoke, he glanced down at the armful of books she held. He
had been to church with the Denbighs more than once, and he
remembered the colonel’s big prayer-book and hymnal and the
books for their guests. He had used that old red one himself. Then
his eye fell upon two smaller ones of brown morocco with Virginia’s
monogram on the clasp of the case.
“You’re still carrying your old set, Virginia,” he remarked thoughtfully.
Here was a chance for a gift, perhaps. “They’re worn at the edges.”
She looked down, blushing suddenly.
“Are they? I hadn’t noticed.”
Something in her tone had made Daniel take the books from the pile
on her arm. It was a set, prayer-book and hymnal bound in one and
prettily mounted. He slipped the clasp and opened them. A faded
pansy slipped between the pages. He clasped it hastily and handed
it back.
“I thought I knew them,” he said hastily.
“Yes?” Virginia’s eyes avoided his. Her lips were trembling, he
thought. “I’ve had them a long time. William—your brother—gave
them to me when I was just sixteen.”
“I wonder,” said Daniel, looking up at the old church, “how long ago
they planted that English ivy! There’s a perfect mantle of it, isn’t
there?”
“Grandfather says the old rector planted it—the one who married
grandfather and grandmother in this very church.”
“I suppose he did as much for my grandparents,” said Daniel. “I
wonder if they gave him a good fee!”
“Oh, you lawyer!” cried Virginia, and laughed happily.
But Daniel continued to look at the ivy. He had seen her face.
“She still loves William,” he thought bitterly.
Virginia, hiding her confusion, began to ascend the old stone steps.
“Why, there’s your father!” she exclaimed suddenly. “I didn’t know
that he often came this way.”
Daniel, who was very pale again, looked around.
“He counted on walking down with me, I fancy,” he remarked quietly,
aware of the thunderstorm in Mr. Carter’s face.
Virginia saw it, too, and made haste.
“I’m going in now. Good-by, Daniel, and remember—about that next
speech.”
He watched her as she went into the old church, stopping at the door
to wave a greeting to his father. Framed thus, she made a picture
that he kept in his mind all the day and many days thereafter.
Mr. Carter came up, a little out of breath and very red.
“Going my way, father?”
“I suppose I am!”
Mr. Carter slowed his steps to suit his lame son’s gait. He was
moody, and he had his morning paper done up like a club in his
hand. He slashed viciously at the church snowball as they reached it.
“My Lord, to think of that lovely girl—and what I’ve got for a
daughter-in-law!” he growled.
Daniel, who understood the process of his father’s mind without
asking any questions, said nothing.
“I’ve got a nickelette-show, a ballet-dancer, a runaway-with-a-
gambler daughter-in-law, that’s what I’ve got!”
They had reached the street now, and Daniel checked him.
“Hush, father!” the young man said gently. “Some one will hear you.”
“Hear me?” bawled Mr. Carter. “Hear me? Drat it! D’you suppose the
whole town doesn’t know? I met Dr. Barbour when I came out of the
house just now. He says the Bulls, those new people at the corner of
Hill Street, brought her home last night at one o’clock—I mean this
morning—in a motor. What d’you suppose they’ll say?”
“Perhaps they’ve got some sense and won’t say anything,”
suggested Daniel, thinking of the prayer-book and Virginia’s face.
“They told Barbour, and he’ll tell every one—and it isn’t twelve hours
old.”
“We can’t do anything, father. Give the girl a chance. William says it
was an accident.”
“An accident? And your mother saw her flirting with Corwin in the
morning!” Mr. Carter could not restrain his ire. “I tell you, Dan, I
wouldn’t mind so much if William wasn’t behaving like a lummox. He
won’t get a divorce. He told me so this morning.”
“Good Heavens, why should he? It isn’t as bad as that. She’s only a
wild girl, and she hates our ways. Why shouldn’t she? We’ve been
finding fault with her from the beginning. I don’t see why you spoke
of a divorce to William.”
“Why?” Mr. Carter set his teeth. Then, as they got to the corner, he
spoke his mind. “I want him to get a divorce, behave like a
gentleman, and marry Virginia Denbigh—if she’ll have him.”
“I’m sure Virginia wouldn’t have him, if he got a divorce to ask her,”
said Daniel quietly. “She’s not that kind of a woman.”
“She’s in love with him,” replied Mr. Carter; “but I don’t care for that,
either, if I can make the fool shake off this—this wildcat!”
Daniel, who had reached Judge Jessup’s door, smiled.
“I’m really sorry for the wildcat,” he said quietly. “She’s alone, and
she hasn’t a friend—unless you count Leigh.”
“Leigh’s a ninny!” Mr. Carter retorted, and went on, still storming, to
his office.
But by twelve o’clock he had worked some of his temper off. The
process of cooling down began and ended, too, in sympathy for
William. After all, it was hardest on William. He had been a donkey,
but he had—in common with the other Carters—a natural horror of
notoriety for his women-folks.
Divorce and scandal! Mr. Carter, thinking hard, could not recall a
single case in his own family. Of course Uncle Duff Carter had
quarreled with his wife, but it was about a back lot that adjoined their
place. He wanted to sow it to oats for his horses, and his wife
wanted to keep it for a private burial-ground for the family. There
hadn’t been the least bit of scandal about that quarrel, and it was
made up before his uncle died. He was buried, by the way, in that
same back lot, with a monument of Florentine marble. His widow had
her own way!
As for a runaway wife, or any kind of a wife who wasn’t what Mr.
Carter called “a lady,” there was no record of it. William, his eldest
son and the pride of his heart, seemed about to make the first break
in a long line. It must distress William as much as it did his father.
Mr. Carter began to feel the greatest compunction about his son. The
boy had behaved like a donkey, but there was no use in crying over
spilt milk. The only way was to help him set it right. Of course, if the
talk got no farther, and William chose to forgive her and could keep
her in hand, there was nothing to be done about it.
As Mr. Carter’s rage against Fanchon began to cool, he saw the
advantage of suppressing the scandal and making her behave. He
had no very clear idea of how this should be done, except his firm
belief that any sensible man could prevent such doings in his own
household. He belonged, too, to a type of manhood that has long
ago decided on the simplest method to avenge an insult to his family.
He couldn’t recall an ancestor who under such provocation would fail
to shoot his man. Times had changed now, but Mr. Carter felt an
intense desire to annihilate that brute, Corwin.
He had no intention of mentioning this to William. The cooling-off
process had reached the stage of common sense; but he felt that he
must talk things over with his son. He had experience of life, if he
had no experience with a recalcitrant wife, and he wanted to suggest
some kind of restraint for his daughter-in-law. It seemed to him a
perfectly practical thing—because he had never tried it. A moral
strait-jacket for Fanchon appealed to his mind, at the moment, more
strongly than any other idea in life.
He got through the morning’s work, lunched alone, and then waited
until three o’clock. At that time he could endure it no longer. He had
caught his two girl stenographers whispering, and he had seen the
office-boy watching the inn opposite, where Corwin had stayed the
day before. The office-boy brought Mr. Carter’s resolution to a head.
He closed his desk sharply, snatched up his hat, and started for
William’s office.