Conceptual Questions Unit # 12

Ans 1:
Data:
Current through the battery I= 3A
Time to deliver current t = 24 hours = 24 x 3600 sec = 86400 s
Charge flowing in time t = Q =?
Formula: Q=Ixt
Sol: Q = 3 x 86400
Q = 259,200 C = 2.6 x105 C
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Ans 2:
In most cases, the internal resistance of emf is very small as compared to the load resistance of electrical circuit. So
potential drop across internal (Ir) is very small as compared to potential drop across load resistance (Vt=IR). So we ignore
the effect of internal resistance of emf source. We have,
ℰ = Vt + Ir
Or ℰ = IR + Ir
As r << R (usually), so
Ir << Vt ∴ 𝓔 ≈ 𝐕𝐭
Ans 3:
Diameter of Aluminum wire should be larger.
Explanation:
We know that, Resistance of a wire is given by
𝝆𝑳
R= 𝑨 , where ρ= resistivity of conductor L= Length of conductor & A= area of conductor
As given, RAl = RCu and LAl = L Cu
∴ ρ α A. As Area of wire α (diameter)2 ∴ 𝛒 α (diameter)2.
As Resistivity (ρ) of aluminum is greater than Resistivity (ρ) of copper, so diameter of Aluminum should be larger than
diameter of copper.
Ans 4:
The relation between terminal potential difference and emf is given by:
Vt = 𝓔 - Ir
Usually, Vt < 𝓔 by a factor Ir, when current is being supplied by the battery i.e battery is discharging. But if we are
charging the battery i.e. current is flowing towards the positive terminal of battery, then
Vt = 𝓔 - (-I)r Vt = 𝓔 + Ir
In this case Vt > ℰ , i.e terminal potential difference exceeds its emf.
Ans 5:
Electro-Motive Force (e.m.f) Potential Difference
It is the work done in moving a unit positive It is the work done or energy supplied by the
charge from negative to positive terminal inside charge as it moves across two points in a circuit.
the battery.
Source of emf converts non-electrical energy to Potential difference causes the dissipation of
electrical energy. electrical energy to non-electrical energy.
Emf is the ‘cause’ Potential difference is the ‘effect’ of the emf.
 Emf is always present in a source even when no Potential difference is only present when current
current flows through it. flows through the circuit.
Ans 6:
Loop Rule:
According to Kirchhoff’s loop rule (KVL),
In a closed loop, “Algebraic sum of all the emf = algebraic sum of all potential drop”
Mathematically, ∑ 𝓔 = ∑ 𝐈𝐑
It means that energy supplied by the source in a closed circuit is equal to energy dissipated across the
components in that circuit. It is in accordance with law of conservation of energy.
Junction Rule:
According to Kirchhoff’s Junction or Current Rule (KCL)
“Sum of all the currents flowing towards a point = Sum of all the currents flowing away from that point”.
It means that if there is no source of sink at that point, the total charge flowing towards a point is equal to total charge
flowing away from that point. So charges remain constant/conserved. So it is in accordance with the law of conservation
of charge.
Ans 7:
The resistance of the conductor rises with rise in temperature because,
 The average kinetic energy of the atoms of the conductor increases.
 The amplitude of vibration of atoms increases.
 The probability of collision of electrons with atoms increases.
 The atoms offer a bigger target.
So opposition to the flow of charges increases that means resistance of the conductor rises with rise in temperature.
Ans 8:
No, the direction of emf provided by a battery does not depend on the direction of current flow through the battery.
The conventional current flows from +ive to –ive terminal through external circuit, but inside the battery the current
flows due to positive charges from –ive to +ive terminal. The Current can flow towards positive terminal of a battery
(charging). Instead, the direction of current through the circuit is determined by the direction of emf ( Discharging) as
current starts to flow from higher potential( +ive terminal).
Ans 9:
Voltage or Potential difference is “the amount of work done in carrying a unit positive charge from one point to another
in electric field”. It means that the charge is moved between two points having different potential values. If we use a
single point, then we have only one certain value of electric potential. So in order to measure voltage, we should have
two different points (reference point is required having different value of electric potential).
We can measure voltage or P.d across two points of a battery or in a circuit using voltmeter.
Ans 10:
Emf is the potential difference across the terminals of the battery when no current flows through it.
Mathematically, 𝓔 = 𝐕𝐭 when I=0. It tells us the energy supplied by the battery per unit charge.
Whereas Potential difference is the energy supplied by the charge as it moves across the circuit.
Mathematically, P.D (V)= IR . It tells us about the dissipation of energy across an electrical component.
Every emf is a potential difference between the terminals of the battery in the absence of electric current through it but
every potential difference cannot be the emf of the source because it can be across the load resistance when current is
passing through it(V=IR).
Ans 11:
Data:
Current flowing = 0.0001A
Time for which charge flows = t = 1 min = 60sec
Amount of charge flowing Q= ?
Formula: Q=Ixt
Sol: Q = 0.0001 x 60
Q= 0.0060 C or 6.0mC
Ans 12:
Wheatstone bridge is an electrical device use to find unknown resistance in a circuit. It consists of four resistors
connected in the form of a bridge. Two opposite ends are connected with battery and other two are with the
galvanometer. When switch is turned on, current flows through the battery and galvanometer shows deflection. The
value of resistances (with the help of variable resistor) are adjusted in such a way that circuit gets balanced and no
current flows through galvanometer. This could be achieved if the potential at one end of galvanometer becomes equal
to the other end. The potential difference across the galvanometer becomes zero so no current flows (I=0).