AS 1418.

14—1996

Australian Standard

Cranes (including hoists and

winches)

Part 14: Requirements for cranes

subject to arduous working
conditions
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/5, Cranes. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 5 February 1996 and
published on 5 July 1996.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/5:

Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australian Chamber of Manufactures
Australian Institute of Building
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Construction and Mining Equipment Association of Australia
Crane Industry Council of Australia
Department of Defence (Commonwealth)
Department of Labour, S.A.
Department of Training and Industrial Relations, Qld
Health and Safety Organisation, Vic.
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Lift Manufacturers Association of Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
Railways of Australia Committee
Tasmania — Development and Resources
Telstra, Australia
University of New South Wales
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WorkCover N.S.W.
Work Health Authority, N.T.
WorkSafe Western Australia

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are
subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as
necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest
editi on, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publi cations; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The
Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications,
new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards
Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard
should be made wit hout delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 94016.

 AS 1418.14—1996

Australian Standard

Cranes (including hoists and

winches)

Part 14: Requirements for cranes

subject to arduous working
conditions
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 0398 4
 AS 1418.14— 1996 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee ME/5 on Cranes as an aid to the specification for cranes subjected to arduous
working conditions. The requirements it specifies are additional to the other parts of
AS 1418 and should be applied to cranes which are subject to those conditions.
The Standard is a result of a consensus among representatives of the Joint Committee to
produce it as an Australian Standard.
This Standard may be specified in its entirety where the entire crane is subjected to
arduous working conditions or it may be specified in part where only a limited part or
parts of a crane are subjected to arduous working conditions.
As an example of the need to specify this Standard in part only, consider a crane that is
subjected to a normal level of duty, except for a very high frequency of lifting. In such a
case, it would be proper to specify the crane Standard normally applicable to the crane
(for example AS 1418.3) and to specify this Standard only for the crane mechanisms
contained in Section 4. Further, it may not be necessary to specify Section 4 in its
entirety. For example, if the crane is for indoor use, weather protection may be omitted.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be
requirements of this Standard.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
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 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australi a publications and software. Except where the
Copyri ght Act allows and except where provided for below no publi cati ons or soft ware produced by Standards Austr alia may be
reproduced, stored in a retri eval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means wit hout prior permission in wri ti ng from
Standards Austr alia. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropri ate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information
on commercial soft ware royalt ies should be dir ected to the head off ice of Standards Australi a.
Standards Austr alia wil l permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia will also permit the inclusion of its copyri ght material in computer soft ware programs for no royalt y
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edit ion of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of materi al in pri nt form or in computer software programs to be used commerciall y, wit h or wit hout payment, or in
commercial contr acts is subject to the payment of a royalt y. This policy may be varied by Standards Australi a at any ti me.
 3 AS 1418.14 — 1996

CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. 5
1.2 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... ... . ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 5
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .... .. ...... ... .. 5
1.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. 7

SECTION 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR BOTH d.c. AND a.c.

CRANES
2.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 MEETING PERFORMANCE CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

SECTION 3 STRUCTURE
3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 GIRDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 END CARRIAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 CRAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 RAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

SECTION 4 MECHANISMS
4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. ... .... . 12
4.2 BUFFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. . .. ..... . 12
4.3 TRACK WHEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... ... .. . . .. .. .. . 12
4.4 BOLTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. . .. ..... . 12
4.5 DRIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . ...... . 12
4.6 GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ....... . 15
4.7 GEARBOXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . 17
4.8 BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. ... .... . 17
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4.9 LUBRICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ........ ... .. .. . . .. ... . . 17

4.10 SHAFTS AND KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ....... .... ... .. .. .. . . 17
4.11 COUPLINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... ... .. .. .. . . ... ... . 18
4.12 SHEAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. . .. ..... . 18
4.13 ROPE DRUMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ........ ... .. .. . . .. ... . . 19
4.14 WIRE ROPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . 19
4.15 HOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . ...... . 19
4.16 GUARDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... ... .. .. .. . . ... ... . 20
4.17 WEATHER PROTECTION . . . . . . . .. .. ... ............. ... .. .. . 20
4.18 BRAKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. . .. ..... . 20

SECTION 5 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND CONTROLS

5.1 ELECTRIC MOTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 CONTROL ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 CRANE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.5 MAIN ISOLATING SWITCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.6 AUXILIARY ISOLATING SWITCHES AND DISTRIBUTION BOARDS . . 22
5.7 ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT HOUSING . 22
 AS 1418.14— 1996 4

Page

5.8 CONDUCTOR AND COLLECTOR SYSTEMS . . ... .. .. ... . .. ...... 22

5.9 CABLES AND WIRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... . . ... .. .. 23
5.10 POWER OUTLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ... .. .. .. .. .. 23
5.11 LIGHTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. ... ..... 23
5.12 FUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ... ........ 23

SECTION 6 CRANE CABS

6.1 STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 CAB ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3 SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4 VISIBILITY AND FIELD OF VISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.5 LIGHTING, HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIRCONDITIONING . . . . . 25
6.6 NOISE LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.7 SEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.8 CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.9 INDICATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.10 MEANS OF ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.11 HOT METAL HANDLING CRANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

SECTION 7 INSPECTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

7.1 INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2 COMMISSIONING TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

APPENDICES
A TYPICAL ARDUOUS WORKING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
B INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY OR ORDER . . . . . . . . 31
C INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY MANUFACTURER . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR BRIDGE CRANES . . . . . . . . . .. 39
E FASTENING OF END CARRIAGE USING SHEAR RINGS . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
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F GEAR INSPECTION CERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48

First published as AS 1418.14 — 1996.

 5 AS 1418.14 — 1996

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Cranes (including hoists and winches)

Part 14: Requirements for cranes subject to arduous working conditions

S E C T I O N 1 S CO P E A N D G E NE R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies the additional requirements to AS 1418.1 for
cranes subject to arduous working conditions.

1.2 APPLICATION Where assessed as necessary, the crane purchaser shall specify the
complete crane or only those components of the crane (e.g. long travel, cross travel, crab)
that will be subjected to arduous working conditions and which shall conform to the
entire, or specific sections of this, Standard.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
B66 Worm gearing (inch series)
1403 Design of rotating steel shafts
1418 Cranes (including hoists and winches)
1418.1 Part 1: General requirements
1418.3 Part 3: Bridge and gantry cranes (including container cranes)
1418.12 Part 12: Crane collector systems
1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and
inspection
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1939 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment (IP Code)
2005 Low-voltage fuses — Fuses with enclosed fuse-links
2005.1 Part 1: General requirements
2005.10 Part 10: General requirements
2074 Steel castings
2184 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear — Moulded-case circuit-breakers for
rated voltages up to and including 600 V a.c. and 250 V d.c.
2549 Cranes— Glossary of terms
2938 Gears —Spur and helical — Guide to specification and rating
3000 Electrical installations — Buildings, structures and premises (known as the
SAA Wiring Rules)
3008 Electrical installations —Selection of cables
3008.1 Part 1: Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV
3190 Approval and test specification —Residual current devices (current-operated
earth-leakage devices)

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 6

AS
3439 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies
3439.1 Part 1: Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies
3678 Structural steel — Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs
3777 Shank hooks and large-eye hooks — Maximum 25 t
3947 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear
3947.3 Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch disconnectors and fuse-combination
units (IEC 947-3)
3947.5.1 Electromechanical control circuit devices
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1(Int) Part 1: General principles
AS/NZS
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
ISO
4779 Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chains of
grade M(4)
7597 Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chains of
grade T(8).
BS
721 Specification for worm gearing
721.1 Part 1: Imperial units
721.2 Part 2: Metric units
1486 Lubricating nipples
1486.2 Part 2: Heavy duty lubricating nipples
2903 Specification for higher tensile steel hooks for chains, slings, blocks and
general engineering purposes
3017 Specification for mild steel forged ramshorn hooks
DIN
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780 Series of modules for gears

780.2 Part 2: Modules for cylindrical worm gear transmission
3966 Information on gear teeth in drawings
3966.3 Worms and worm wheels; information to be given to the manufacturer by the
purchaser in order to obtain the gear required
3974 Accuracy of worms and worm gears
3974.1 Part 1: General bases
3974.2 Part 2: Tolerances for individual errors
3976 Cylindrical worms; dimensions, correlations of shaft centre distances and gear
ratios of worm gear drives
15400 Lifting hooks; materials, mechanical properties, lifting capacity and stresses
15401 Lifting hooks for lifting appliances; Single hooks
15401.1 Part 1: Unmachined parts
15401.2 Part 2: Finished parts with threaded shank
15402 Lifting hooks for lifting appliances; Ramshorn hooks
15402.1 Part 1: Unmachined parts
15402.2 Part 2: Finished parts with threaded shank

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 7 AS 1418.14 — 1996

DIN
15407 Lifting hooks; Laminated point hooks for spigot ladles
15407.1 Part 1: Assembly, principal dimensions
15407.2 Part 2: Components
AISE No. 7 Specification for laminated ladle hooks
AISE No. 8 Crane and Mill Auxiliary Drive Motor Cable Size Wiring Standards
JIS
B1723 Dimensions of cylindrical worm gears
B2803 Hooks
NOHSC
1007 National Standard for Occupational Noise
2009 National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing
at work
AGMA
6022-C Design manual for cylindrical worm gearing
NOTE: Where a Standard consists of more than one part, all relevant parts should be taken into
consideration as well as any Standard used in reference (e.g. material specifications, testing and
procedures).

1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in
AS 1418.1, AS 2549 and those below apply.
1.4.1 Arduous working conditions —include those items which induce additional
stresses on the structure or mechanics of a crane not usually encountered over its working
life when used in normal operation.
Arduous working criteria may be caused by the working environment, lifting requirements
or other conditions.
NOTE: A guide to arduous working conditions is included in Appendix A.
1.4.2 Positive bridge camber — the height above the horizontal plane at the centre of an
upwardly curved bridge beam without load.
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 AS 1418.14— 1996 8

S E C T I O N 2 P ER F OR MA N C E R E Q U I R E M E N T S
F O R B O T H d . c . A ND a . c . C R A N E S

2.1 GENERAL Where no duty cycle is stated, the crane shall be in accordance with
the following:
(a) The minimum average acceleration of the crane motions should be specified by the
purchaser. If the accelerations are not specified by the purchaser, the accelerations
times shall not be greater than the values listed in Table 2.1.
(b) The acceleration times selected for each motion shall not be greater than the values
specified by the purchaser and the selected values shall be stated in the information
supplied by the manufacturer with the tender.
NOTES:
1 A number of duty cycles are specified in Appendix B.
2 An example of information to be supplied by the manufacturer is given in Appendix C.

TABLE 2.1
HOISTING AND TRAVELLING MOTION
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Speed V Acceleration and braking times in seconds for AS 1418.1 classes

m/s M3, M4, M5 M6 M7, M8
Travelling
0.10 1.5 — —
0.16 2 — —
0.25 2.5 1.5 —
0.40 3 2 1.5
0.63 4 2.5 2
1.00 5 3 2.5
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1.25 6 4 3
1.60 7 5 4
2.00 — 6 5
2.50 — 7 6
Hoisting
0.96 1.5 — —
0.10 2 — —
0.16 3 2 —
0.25 4 3 2
0.40 5 4 3
0.63 6 5 4
1.00 7 6 5
1.25 8 7 6

NO TES:
1 The acceleration times should be measured from when the crane starts to move.
2 Wheels shall not slip when starting under minimum static load.

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 9 AS 1418.14 — 1996

2.2 MEETING PERFORMANCE CRITERIA The performance criteria shall be met

when:
(a) The electric supply voltage is maintained within 5 percent of that specified by the
user in Appendix B.
(b) The crane rails are level, straight, and true to span in conformance with AS 1418.1.
(c) The crane alignment is in conformance with Appendix D.
(d) Tests of outdoor cranes are taken on a calm day when the performance time shall be
the average of one run in each direction under similar conditions.
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 AS 1418.14— 1996 10

S E C T I O N 3 S TR U C T U R E

3.1 GENERAL Crane structures shall be in conformance with AS 1418.1.

3.2 GIRDERS
3.2.1 General Girders shall be constructed as box girders.
3.2.2 Girders design Emphasis shall be given to consideration of secondary and local
stresses. Special consideration shall be given to compressive stresses caused by the wheel
loads which, due to high impact factors and high number of cycles, can result in fatigue
cracks in the structure. Local bending moments shall be added to overall bending
moments in calculation of stress range. Local bending moments shall be assumed to be
not less than WL/6 at midpanel and WL/12 at the panel end points —
where
W = the total load on the member arising from live load and also, in the case of
vertical loading, the weight of the member, and
L = the distance between panel points.
3.2.3 Camber of bridge The bridge of the assembled crane shall be positively
cambered under no-load conditions. The camber shall not exceed half of the deflection
which would be caused by the rated capacity.
3.2.4 Attachment of girders to end carriages The main and auxiliary girders shall be
attached to the end carriage by any of the following:
(a) Welding.
(b) Friction grip bolts.
(c) Shear ring connections.
NOTE: The use of shear ring connections is shown in Appendix E.
(d) Fitted bolts.
However, bolting and welding shall not be combined in such a way that they share the
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carrying of any particular load component. Where friction grip bolts are used, sufficient
dowel pins or fitted bolts shall be used to ensure correct alignment. These pins shall not
be taken into account for stress calculations.

3.3 END CARRIAGES

3.3.1 Construction End carriages shall be fabricated from rolled steel sections or
plates, or both, bolted or welded together to form a box. Where more than two wheels are
required—
(a) bogies shall be provided; or
(b) the end carriages shall be articulated.
End carriages shall withstand all stresses imposed on them under the most severe service
conditions, including collision with other cranes and buffers.
If the ends of the end carriages or bogies are designed to receive and support the buffer,
they shall be designed in such a way as to avoid undue dismantling when a track wheel
unit has to be changed. The length of the end carriages shall be such that no part of any
crane will be damaged in collision.

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 11 AS 1418.14 — 1996

3.3.2 Removal of wheels Jacking points shall be provided on each end carriage so that
any wheel may be readily and quickly changed. Axles and pins shall be designed with
provision for removal and replacement where corrosion and wear may occur
(e.g. compensating pins shall be stepped).

3.4 CRAB Axle bearings shall be mounted directly under the main frames of the crab,
except where fixed axles are used, and shall be so arranged that the wheel and axle may
be removed as an assembly.
Jacking points shall be provided.
Where the design of a fabricated crab structure is such that high residual stresses may be
locked in, the frame shall be stress relieved after fabrication and before finish machining.
Where those parts of the frame which support equipment requiring accurate alignment are
fitted with bearing pads, these should be machined after welding and stress relieving of
the structure.

3.5 RAILS Where crane bridge rails are likely to need replacement within the life of
the crane, they shall be clamped or bolted to the crane girder.
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 AS 1418.14— 1996 12

S E C T I O N 4 M E C H A N I S M S

4.1 GENERAL Typical service data for determination of mechanism requirements is

provided in Tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.

4.2 BUFFERS Adequate means shall be provided to absorb the energy of both linearly
and rotationally moving masses of the crane at 100% of travelling speed at buffer impact.
Typically, this would entail the fitting of buffers at each end of the crane end carriage
assembly or at the crane runway end stops, or both when particularly high energy is to be
absorbed. Consideration shall be given to the frequency of buffer impact and ability of the
buffers to dissipate the generated thermal energy. In the case of cabin-operated cranes, the
deceleration due to buffer impact shall not exceed 5 m/s2.

4.3 TRACK WHEELS Track wheels shall be of the double-flanged type or flangeless
wheels combined with lateral side rollers where suitable tracks are provided. The need for
suitable flange lubrication shall be considered. Flange thickness calculated to the relevant
requirement of AS 1418.1 shall be increased by 50%. Width of tread designed to the same
requirement shall be dimensioned with consideration of possible misalignment of tracks or
runway beams caused by outside influences such as cranes working in adjacent bays and
deformation of building structure due to wind loads.
Wheel change facilities shall be in conformance with Clause 3.3.2. Suitable means shall
be used to obtain alignment within the tolerances specified in AS 1418.1 after the
exchange of any wheel.
Track wheels shall be manufactured from either cast or forged high tensile steels,
quenched and tempered to a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 850 MPa.

4.4 BOLTING
4.4.1 General Bolts, set screws and studs (other than those used in crane structures)
shall not be smaller than M12 where practicable, and shall be protected against corrosion
by suitable electroplating or similar. Bolts and set screws in rotating parts shall be locked,
but this provision shall not apply to set screws used for locking purposes. Bolted
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connections in tension should be avoided wherever possible. All holding-down bolts shall
be adequately locked. Taper washers, spot welded in place, shall be provided on the
tapered surface of steel sections. Effective pre-tensioning methods of bolt shanks should
be applied.
4.4.2 Locking Bolts may be locked by the following methods:
(a) Class 1: wire locking; split pin; scotch key.
(b) Class 2: tab washers; selloc pin.
(c) Class 3: stiff nuts (‘Nylock’ or similar); loctite; peened thread; lock nut.
NOTE: Locking methods have been arranged in accordance with their degree of safety.

4.5 DRIVES Selection of drive units shall take into consideration the performance
requirements given in Section 2. A minimum of two independent drive units should be
provided for the crane long travel.
All drive units shall be fitted with drum or disc brakes. Non-positive drive elements shall
not be interposed between the brake and the load (i.e. fluid couplings).

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 13 AS 1418.14 — 1996

TABLE 4.1.1
TYPICAL CRANE SERVICE DATA — ARDUOUS DUTY CRANES IN
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS — MECHANISM CLASSIFICATION
Mechanism classification
Type of crane Motion Class of Group of
State of loading
utilization mechanism
Crane for grabbing work Hoist T5 to T7 L3 M6 to M8
Closing motion T5 to T7 L3 M6 to M8
Cross traverse T5 to T7 L3 M6 to M8
Long travel T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Ladle crane for foundry Hoist T5 to T6 L2 to L3 M5 to M7
work Cross traverse T5 to T6 L2 to L3 Me to M7
Long travel T5 L3 M6
Magnet crane for Hoist T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
stockyard work Cross traverse T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Long travel T5 L3 M6 to M7
Magnet crane for Hoist and auxiliary hoist T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
scrapyard work Cross traverse T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Long travel T5 L3 M6
Process crane Hoist T6 to T7 L2 to L3 M6 to M8
Cross traverse T5 L3 M6
Long travel T6 L3 M7
Shipyard crane Hoist T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Cross traverse T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Long travel T5 to L3 M6 to M7
Ladle crane Hoist and auxiliary hoist T6 to T7 L4 M8
Cross traverse T5 to T6 L4 M7 to M8
Auxiliary traverse T5 to T6 L4 M6 to M7
Long travel T6 to T7 L4 M8
Pig/scrap breaking crane Hoist T5 to T6 L4 M7 to M8
Cross traverse T5 to T6 L4 M7 to M8
Long travel T5 L4 M6
Furnace charging crane Hoist and auxiliary hoist T7 to T8 L3 M8
Cross traverse T7 to T8 L3 M8
Auxiliary traverse T5 to T6 L2 M5 to M6
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Long travel T7 to T8 L3 M8
Forging crane Hoist T6 to T8 L3 M7 to M8
Cross travels T5 to T6 L3 M6 to M7
Long travel T6 to T8 L3 M7 to M8
Process crane: on line Hoist T7 L3 M8
Auxiliary hoist T5 L3 M6
Cross traverse T6 L3 M7
Long travel T7 L4 M7
Heavy mill service crane Hoist T5 to T6 L2 M5 to M6
Auxiliary hoist T4 L2 M4
Cross traverse T5 L2 M5
Long travel T5 to T6 L2 M5 to M6
Goliath or bridge crane Hoist T5 to T7 Ls to L3 M5 to M8
for container handling Traverse T5 to T7 Ls to L3 M5 to M8
duty Travel T5 to T7 L2 to L3 M5 to M8
Heavy duty: Intermittent Hoist (hold and close) T8 to T9 L3 to L4 M7 to M8
grabbing and magnet Cross traverse T6 to T7 L3 to L4 M7 to M8
work Long travel T6 L2 to L3 M6 to M7
Boom hoist T4 L1 M3
Extra heavy duty Hoist (hold and close) T8 to T9 L4 M8
continuous grabbing and Cross traverse T7 to T8 L4 M8
magnet work Long travel T7 L3 M8
Boom hoist T4 L1 M3

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 14

TABLE 4.1.2
TYPICAL CRANE SERVICE DATA — ARDUOUS DUTY CRANES IN
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS—CRANE MOTION OPERATIONAL DATA

Percentage on Number of
Number of starts
Crane type Motion time per hour operational
per hour
% hours per year
Crane for grabbing work Hoist 64 30 220
Closing motion 30 1 100
Cross traverse 40 25-50 1 300
Long travel 35-40 20-55 2 500
Ladle crane for foundry Main hoist 60 100 1 700
work Cross traverse 30 45 850
Long travel 30 20 850
Magnet crane for stockyard Hoist 35 20 2 730
work Cross traverse 30 30 2 350
Long travel 55 30 4 300
Magnet crane for scrapyard Hoist 57 80 4 200
work Cross traverse 20 30 1 440
Long travel 45 30 3 250
Process crane Hoist 35 40 2 000
Cross traverse 30 25 1 200
Long travel 40 25 1 700
Shipyard crane Hoist 35 50 2 000
Cross traverse 30 30 1 500
Long travel 35 25 1 700
Ladle crane Hoist and auxiliary hoist 25 10 2 800
Cross traverse 50 25 3 200
Auxiliary cross traverse 40 20 1 700
Long travel 45 35 2 950
Pig/scrap breaking crane Hoist 50 25 3 100
Cross traverse 40 70 2 600
Long travel 25 70 1 600
Furnace charging crane Hoist and auxiliary hoist 30 10 2 000
Cross traverse 25 20 1 450
Auxiliary traverse 25 20 1 450
Long travel 35 15 2 850
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Forging crane Hoist 35 25 300

Cross travels 40 40 3 200
Long travel 45 20 7 600
Process crane: on line Hoist 90 200 6 600
Cross traverse 75 175 2 900
Long travel 80 175 7 300
Process crane: off line Hoist 60 150 3 000
Cross traverse 50 90 2 000
Long travel 50 75 3 600
Heavy mill service crane Hoist 30 20 1 600
Auxiliary hoist 25 30 1 100
Cross traverse 30 28 1 400
Long travel 40 20 1 900
Goliath or bridge crane for Hoist 75 150 5 000
container handling duty Traverse 60 120 3 000
Travel 50 120 3 000
Heavy duty: Intermittent Hoist (hold and close) 80 35 3 000
grabbing and magnet work Cross traverse 50 35 3 000
Long travel 10 10 1 000
Boom hoist
Extra heavy-duty continuous Hoist (hold and close) 70 290 3 000
grabbing and magnet work Cross traverse 65 200 300
Long travel 10 10 1 000
Boom hoist

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 15 AS 1418.14 — 1996

4.6 GEARS
4.6.1 Spur and helical gears Spur and helical gears shall comply with AS 2938, or
equivalent international Standards.
4.6.2 Worm gears Worm gears shall comply with AS B66 or DIN 780.2, DIN 3966.3,
DIN 3974.1, DIN 3974.2, DIN 3976, BS 721.1 BS 721.2, JIS B1723 and AGMA 6022-C
as appropriate.
4.6.3 Service factors All gearing shall be machined. The choice of the method of
design calculation shall be at the discretion of the gear manufacturer. The origin of the
method selected shall be indicated.
The following factors shall be considered in the design process or when selecting a
proprietary gearbox:
(a) Operating hours per day.
(b) Operating hours per year.
(c) Number of starts per hour. (Include number of starts required to position a payload.)
(d) Type of motor, i.e.
(i) electric motor a.c. or d.c.; or
(ii) hydraulic or pneumatic.
(e) Type of motor control, i.e.
(i) stepped rheostatic resistors;
(ii) thyristor; and
(iii) variable voltage, variable frequency.
(f) Environmental conditions —ambient temperature.
(g) Overall efficiency of gearbox.
The nominal power rating of a gearbox shall be not less than the input power to the
gearbox from the motor.
The gearbox power P G shall be calculated as:
PG = Pm × a 1 × a 2 × a 3
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where
P m = motor power
a1 = mechanical service factor, refer Table 4.6.3.1, and Table 4.6.3.1.1 for the
load conditions group
a2 = motor type factor, refer Table 4.6.3.2
a3 = number of starts per hour factor, refer Table 4.6.3.3
The thermal capacity of a gearbox shall be considered by the designer and incorporated
into the design calculations.
Proprietary gearbox manufactures’ data sheets, incorporating thermal capacity tables, shall
be referred to when selecting a suitable gearbox.
When high shock loads are present in the drive train, e.g. with stepped rheostatic d.c.
motor drives, fabricated steel gearboxes should be used.
4.6.4 Inspection and certification A gearing inspection certificate shall be provided
by the manufacturer recording the measured manufacturing data and details of inspections
carried out on the internal components of each gearbox installed on the crane.
NOTE: Appendix F contains an example of a typical gearing inspection certification format and
shows the minimum amount of information which it shall include. However, this is intended as
a guide only and items not referred to in the Appendix are not precluded from requiring
inspection, testing and certification.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 16

TABLE 4.6.3.1
MECHANICAL SERVICE FACTOR —a1
Load Operating hours/day
condition
group 1 3 8 10

Group 1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.25

Group 2 1.0 1.25 1.25 1.4
Group 3 1.5 1.5 1.60 1.8

TABLE 4.6.3.1.1
LOAD CONDITION GROUP

Load condition Group

Load state
group mechanism
Group 1 L2–L3 M5–M6
Group 2 L3 M6–M7
Group 3 L4 M7–M8

TABLE 4.6.3.2
MOTOR-TYPE FACTOR —a2

Motor type a2
a.c. motor stepless control
hydraulic 1.00
a.c. motor stepped controls 1.1
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d.c. motor stepped controls 1.2

TABLE 4.6.3.3
NUMBER OF STARTS PER HOUR FACTOR —a3

Number of starts per hour a3

<10 1.0
11–20 1.1
21–40 1.2
41–80 1.4
81–160 1.4
161–320 1.5

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 17 AS 1418.14 — 1996

4.7 GEARBOXES Gearboxes shall be so designed that the gears which they enclose
will automatically be lubricated; the gears shall be readily removable and all practicable
measures shall be taken to prevent leakage of oil from the boxes. The boxes shall be of
rigid construction and fitted with inspection covers and lifting lugs. Facilities for oil
filling, adequate breathing, drainage and means of indicating clearly the correct and actual
oil level, shall be provided. All gearboxes shall be thoroughly dressed and cleaned.
Fabricated gearboxes shall be stress relieved and painted internally. The paint shall resist
attack by the type of lubricant to be used.
Gearbox feet shall be machined and shall be seated and positively located on a machined
surface, except where integral or shaft mounted.
Manually operated change gear levers shall be positively locked in position. Provision
shall be made to prevent the hook block from overhauling whilst changing gear.

4.8 BEARINGS
4.8.1 General Anti-friction bearings shall be used throughout except where otherwise
stated by the purchaser.
4.8.2 Capacity and loading All anti-friction bearings shall be selected for a minimum
design life equal to the design life of the crane determined by the operating time and load
conditions applied during the operating time.
4.8.3 Housings All bearing housings shall be made of steel bolted to a rigid portion of
the crane structure and should be located by snug plates or similar devices specifically
designed and manufactured for arduous duty requirements.
4.8.4 Protection The bearings shall be dustproof and weatherproof.

4.9 LUBRICATION Provision shall be made for lubricating all appropriate bearings.
A centralized lubrication system is preferred in which case provision shall be made at the
bearings to vent excess lubricant pressure. If a centralized system is not used, the
lubrication points should be grouped together and be easily accessed from the crane
service platforms. Each lubrication point shall be supplied through an individual supply
pipe.
All pipework should be stainless steel or galvanized and shall be securely fixed and
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protected from damage and be of adequate pressure rating.

The lubrication system shall be dustproof.
Grease nipples shall comply with BS 1486.2.
A lubrication chart shall be provided by the crane manufacturer, indicating all lubricating
points and the type of lubricant to be used. The recommended frequency of lubrication
shall also be indicated.

4.10 SHAFTS AND KEYS Shafts and similar components shall be designed to
minimize the effect of stress raising characteristics due to the shape, fit and working loads
(see AS 1403).
Special care shall be taken during their manufacture to ensure that a smooth machined
finish is achieved in areas where stress concentrations occur.
All gears, track wheels, brake wheels, coupling and similar components required to
transmit torque shall be keyed, splined or shrunk onto shafts.
Keyways, where practical, shall be ‘sled runner’ type (see Figure 4.10). However, where it
is necessary to end mill keyways, the end of the keyway shall finish well clear of any
change in shaft cross-section.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 18

FIGURE 4.10 SLED RUNNER KEYWAY

Keyed components should be assembled with a heavy interference fit in the range H7/r6
or H7/s6.
Splined components shall be so designed that the spline carries only torsional loads.
Radial loads shall be carried on a plain portion of the shaft.
Splines shall be of involute design and shall be side fitting.
Caution should be used for keyless shrink fit less than 100 mm.
Where components need to be dismantled, the shrink fit should be achieved using
cylindrical shaft with tapered intermediate sleeve and tapered bore.
Provision should be made for the oil injection removal of the components subjected to a
heavy interference fit.

4.11 COUPLINGS Solid couplings shall be of steel. All flexible couplings shall be
designed to suit the maximum torque which can be developed. Fluid type couplings shall
be provided with a fluid level indicator. The type of fluid required should be legibly and
permanently marked on the casing.
Alignment shall be such that solid couplings mate accurately. Flexible couplings shall be
fitted between motor shaft and extensions.
Couplings for hoists and travel motion drives shall be interference fit in such a way as to
prevent movement between shaft and coupling. All couplings for drive and travel motion
shall have a service factor of not less than 2.5.
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4.12 SHEAVES
4.12.1 Sheaves Sheaves shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
AS 1418.1 and Table 4.12.1.

TABLE 4.12.1
MINIMUM COEFFICIENT UTILIZATION (Z P) FOR
REEVED SYSTEMS

Classification of
Starts per hour (Zp )
mechanism
90 M1 3.15
120 M2 3.35
150 M3 3.55
180 M4 4.0
240 M5 4.5
300 M6 5.6
360 M7 7.1
360 M8 9.0

NO TE: The higher of alternative Zp values is to be used.

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 19 AS 1418.14 — 1996

4.12.2 Equalizer Sheaves shall be arranged to turn or swivel, if required, in order to

maintain rope alignment.
4.12.3 Fleet angle The recommended rope fleet angle shall not exceed 4 degrees on
either side of a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the sheave.
4.12.4 Material Sheaves shall be made from steel complying with one of the following
Australian Standards:
(a) Cast steel — AS 2074.
(b) Steel plate— AS 3678.

4.13 ROPE DRUMS Rope drums shall be in accordance with AS 1418.1.

4.14 WIRE ROPES The diameter of wire ropes shall be selected in accordance with
the mechanical class or number of starts per hour, whichever is the greater, in accordance
with AS 1418.1 and the utilization factors taken from Tables 4.14 and 4.12.1.

TABLE 4.14
RATIOS FOR DRUM AND SHEAVE PITCH DIAMETERS TO ROPE DIAMETER
Minimum ratio of drum and sheave pitch diameter to steel
wire rope diameter
Classification of
Starts per hour Rope equalizer
mechanism Drums Sheaves
sheaves
(h d ) (h s)
(h e)
90 M1 11.2 12.5 11.2
120 M2 12.5 14.0 12.5
150 M3 14.0 16.0 12.5
180 M4 16.0 18.0 14.0
240 M5 18.0 20.0 14.0
300 M6 20.0 22.4 16.0
360 M7 22.4 25.0 16.0
360 M8 25.0 28.0 18.0

4.15 HOOKS Hooks shall comply with the following Standards:

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(a) Single hooks Single hooks shall comply with AS 3777, ISO 7597, ISO 4779,
DIN 15400 and DIN 15401.1 and 15401.2, BS 2903 or JIS B2803 as applicable.
NOTE: AS 3777 is limited to mild steel hooks up to 25 t capacity and hooks of the same
capacity may not be dimensionally compatible.
(b) Ramshorn hook Ramshorn hooks shall be in conformance with DIN 15400 and
15402.1 and 15402.2 and BS 3017, as applicable.
(c) Laminated hooks Laminated hooks shall be in conformance with DIN 15407.1 and
15407.2 and AISE No. 7.
(d) Crossheads Crossheads, where used, shall be of single-piece steel construction
unless otherwise approved by the purchaser.
(e) Safety catches Safety catches shall be provided for all hooks which are intended to
support personnel.
(f) Suspension hooks Suspension hooks, where fitted, shall comply with the following
requirements:
(i) Bottom suspension The bottom suspension shall have a bearing which is
capable of swivelling with the rated capacity applied.
(ii) Top suspension Where the top suspension is required to swivel, it shall be
fitted with a bearing which may incorporate friction washers.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 20

4.16 GUARDING
4.16.1 General Guarding shall be in conformance with AS 4024.1(Int).
4.16.2 Drives All gear wheels, pinions and chain drives shall be totally encased unless
such parts are so situated in relation to the structure of the crane as to be as safe as if the
complete encasement were provided.
4.16.3 Shafts and coupling Effective guards shall be provided for revolving shafts and
couplings.
4.16.4 Long travel cross-shaft Long travel cross-shafts shall be guarded throughout
their length.
4.16.5 Sheave The sheaves of hook blocks shall be guarded to prevent the trapping of
a hand between a sheave and the in-running rope.

4.17 WEATHER PROTECTION For outdoor cranes, all electrical and mechanical
equipment shall be adequately protected from the weather. All weatherproof covers shall
be readily removable.

4.18 BRAKING Braking requirements shall be in conformance with AS 1418.1 and as

specified by the purchaser. The following shall be considered:
(a) The dynamic braking system shall incorporate a system of electrical braking capable
of decelerating the load under all conditions in a controlled manner. The brakes
shall finally arrest the motion and hold the load.
(b) The braking torque exerted by the brake system shall not be dependent on the force
applied to the braking system by an operator.
(c) In multi-motor drives, where motors are removed from service (usually under
emergency conditions), all electromechanical brakes shall remain operational.
(d) Care shall be taken in the design of braking systems to address the possibility of
brakes not full lifting, for example, due to brake undervoltage conditions or partial
loss of hydraulic fluid.
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 21 AS 1418.14 — 1996

S E C T I O N 5 E L E C T R I C A L E Q U I P M E N T
A N D C O N T R O L S

5.1 ELECTRIC MOTORS Cranes subjected to arduous working conditions generally

have special operational requirements which means motor selection from tables,
service/duty factors and the like do not always yield the correct selection of motor.
It is therefore recommended that specific sizing calculations be performed to ascertain the
correct size of the motor-addressing factors including, but not limited to—
(a) peak torque;
(b) duty cycle;
(c) acceleration times;
(d) intermittent operation;
(e) ambient temperature;
(f) speed control method, e.g. solid state control devices; and
(g) creep speed requirements.
Motors shall be selected from specifications that have been proven on similar arduous-
duty applications. In certain circumstances, external cooling methods may need to be
employed.
Motor enclosure type shall be chosen to suit the application and shall comply with the
provisions of AS 1939, but in no case shall be less than IP23.

5.2 CONTROL ASSEMBLY

5.2.1 Control assembly The control assembly shall comply with AS 1431 and
AS 3439.1.
5.2.2 Control voltage Nominal control voltage shall not exceed a.c. 250 V and
d.c. 230 V. In some systems, lower voltages may be appropriate.
5.2.3 Control wires Wires and wire harnesses outside wire ducts shall be tied down to
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the panel structure at intervals short enough to prevent the fatigue of wires by vibration.
5.2.4 Component mounting Contactors, relays and all other panel components shall be
mounted on suitable switchboard materials, of ample thickness, on suitable supports, and
with the bottom of the lowest panel-mounted device not less than 150 mm from the floor.
Power terminal lugs shall have at least 150 mm clearance from top, sides and bottom of
enclosure.
5.2.5 Enclosures Enclosures for electrical equipment shall conform to AS 1939. They
shall suit the application, but shall not be less than the following:
(a) Panels within crane girders where access to the switchgear is limited to authorized
personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IP00.
(b) Indoor cubicles where forced air ventilation is required, e.g. power electronics
cubicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IP21.
(c) Indoor cubicles where ventilation is not required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IP51.
(d) Cubicles outside a switchroom but inside a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IP51.
(e) Cubicles mounted in the open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IP54.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 22

5.2.6 Switchgear and motor control panels Control panels shall be braced to the
crane structure to prevent vibration. Their doors shall be capable of being maintained in
the fully open position without risk of closing while the crane is operating.

5.3 POWER SUPPLY Information on the power supply should be provided in

accordance with Appendix B.

5.4 CRANE CONTROL If multiple motors are used to drive one motion, the circuits
shall be such that the motors share the load to within ±5% of the load.
When multi-motor travel drives are employed on cranes which have the potential to skew,
the travel drive control shall employ means to maintain the skewing action within
acceptable limits.

5.5 MAIN ISOLATING SWITCHES The whole current isolator shall be capable of
safely performing its desired function without servicing for 25 000 operations or five
years, whichever occurs first.

5.6 AUXILIARY ISOLATING SWITCHES AND DISTRIBUTION BOARDS

5.6.1 Auxiliary isolating switches Auxiliary switches may be required to isolate main
and control supplies to individual drive motions. Such switches shall comply with
AS 3947.3 and shall make and break all power conductors in unison. Fuses shall be HRC
type.
Moulded case current breakers of appropriate fault rating to AS 2184 may be used for this
purpose.
5.6.2 Switchboards Switchboards shall be provided where necessary for power
distribution to other equipment on the crane. All switchboards shall comply with the
applicable Australian Standard for the maximum voltage and type of supply (a.c./d.c.).

5.7 ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT HOUSING

5.7.1 Electrical equipment other than resistor assemblies Electrical switchgear and
control equipment shall be totally enclosed to prevent danger to personnel, or located in a
room with access restricted to authorized personnel. This enclosure shall be securely fixed
to the crane structure.
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5.7.2 Resistor assemblies Resistor assemblies shall be mounted so as to ensure an

adequate flow of cooling air. Mounting should be outside of the switchgear and main
control equipment housing to minimize heating effects.
Resistor assemblies shall not impede maintenance of the drive or access to the platforms
of the crane, and shall be arranged so that maintenance can be performed efficiently on
each resistor unit.

5.8 CONDUCTOR AND COLLECTOR SYSTEMS Power shall be provided by one

of the following:
(a) Crane collector system to AS 1418.12.
(b) A suitable catenary-style festooned system or cable reel shall be designed for the
intended duty and environment. Crane travel catenary systems shall be mounted so
that the cables clear each fixture likely to cause interference or damage during crane
operations.
Maintenance access should be provided on at least one side of any crane travel
catenary system. Cable trolleys shall have prepacked lubricated bearings designed
for minimum maintenance. The design shall consider the build-up of deposited dust.
(c) As specified by the purchaser.

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 23 AS 1418.14 — 1996

5.9 CABLES AND WIRING

5.9.1 Specifications The provisions of AS 3000 and AS 3008.1 shall apply. Cables
subject to cyclic loading may be reduced in size if their adequacy can be demonstrated.
5.9.2 Minimum size Except for electronic circuits, cables shall have a minimum of
1.5 mm2 area. All conductors shall have a minimum of seven strands.
5.9.3 Installation The cables and wiring system for each motion should be
independent.
Cables shall be adequately secured to the main structure of the crane taking due regard for
the weight of the cable and the possibility of vibration. Where mineral-insulated-metal
cables are subject to the effects of high-transient voltages, they shall be suitably protected
by the use of surge-limiting devices.
Consideration should be given when designing the crane for adequate provision of cable
runs and to avoid cable runs in locations where high temperatures are likely to be
experienced under service conditions.
Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent the ingress or collection of water or oil
in any part of a conduit or trunking system.
Procedures for separation between power and control cables shall be followed in order to
minimize the effect of electrically-generated noise and voltage surges, especially when
electronic equipment is installed, such as programmable logic controllers and other
electronic devices.
5.9.4 Termination Where trunking is used, it shall be terminated as close as
practicable to motors, collector gear and other electrical equipment. Where junction
boxes are necessary, as at motor equipment with flexible tails, they shall be rigidly fixed
to the crane structure close to the end of the trunking. Heavy-duty flexible or rigid
conduit should be used to protect cables between the trunking and the connected
apparatus.
5.9.5 Identification Cover of multi-core cables shall bear a ferrule type cable marker.
Cable ends and terminals shall be permanently marked with alphanumeric characters to
correspond with the connection diagrams supplied.

5.10 POWER OUTLETS General purpose, 240 V, 1-phase outlet circuit shall be
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protected by a residual current device (RCD) complying with AS 3190.

Direct current outlets should not exceed 250 V. The associated switch shall be double
pole.

5.11 LIGHTING The lighting shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) The normal voltage of lighting circuits shall not exceed 250 V.
(b) All fittings shall be resiliently mounted with access facilities from walkways or
platforms.
(c) Adequate lighting of the bridge walkways and the cab and bridge approaches shall
be provided if specified in Appendix B.
(d) Underslung lighting (riding lights) shall be provided beneath the bridge, if specified
by the purchaser. All underslung light fittings shall have a safety security chain
fitted.

5.12 FUSES Where low-voltage fuses are required, these shall be in conformance with
AS 2005, Part 1 and Part 10.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 24

S E C T I O N 6 C R AN E C A B S

6.1 STRUCTURE The cab shall be rigidly built of fireproof material and shall be
braced to prevent movement between the supporting members. Where the cab is bolted to
the structure, the bolts should be in shear. If tension bolts are used, they shall be suitably
locked to prevent their loosening by vibration. All steel plates shall be of 3 mm minimum
thickness, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. The floor surface shall be clear of
all trip hazards and unnecessary obstructions. Cab walls and floors exposed to excessive
heat or cold shall be effectively insulated.
In ladle cranes, other cranes handling hot materials and outdoor cranes, cabs shall be
totally enclosed, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. Cabs for other cranes shall
be semi-enclosed, unless a totally enclosed cab is specified by the purchaser. The roof
shall, where practicable, slope down towards the back of the cab and shall be proof
against oil drips.
The cabs of outdoor cranes shall be weatherproof.
If special vision panels are provided in the floor, they shall be suitably guarded.
Arrangements shall be made to ensure that the whole exterior of the cab glazing can be
safely cleaned.
All glazing should be of laminated plate glass of 6 mm minimum thickness. Glazing shall
be firmly mechanically installed from the inside. In hot areas, consideration should be
given for the use of heat resistant glass.
Specific requirements for cabs of hot metal handling cranes are given in Clause 6.11.

6.2 CAB ACCESS

6.2.1 General The entrance to the cab shall be fitted with a door located for safe
access. The door shall slide or open outwards.
The cab floor shall be extended outside the cab on the side containing the door, and if
necessary, sideways to form a platform, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
6.2.2 Emergency access to cab Means shall be provided for reaching the crane
operator and enabling the crane operator to return or be brought to ground or floor level
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in the event of a power failure, sudden indisposition of the crane operator, or other
emergency condition.
The cab shall be fitted with suitable anchorages for the attachment of safety harnesses for
each occupant of the cabin which shall be designed to withstand the forces specified in
AS/NZS 1891.1.

6.3 SIZE The cab shall be built with a clear headroom of not less than 2000 mm. The
dimensions of the cab shall be determined by the requirements of housing the control
gear, accommodating the driver in a sitting position and allowing free access to the door
of the cab.
The area provided for the operational position of the driver shall be not less than 0.5 m2.
This excludes all space occupied by equipment and furniture.

6.4 VISIBILITY AND FIELD OF VISION Cabs shall be so designed that under all
operating conditions the driver’s field of vision is adequate.
If necessary, flat mirrors shall be provided to give the driver extended vision.
Where windows are tinted to prevent glare from sunlight, such tinting shall not impair
vision at night.
Window wipers and demisters shall be provided where necessary.

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 25 AS 1418.14 — 1996

6.5 LIGHTING, HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIRCONDITIONING Control

cabin lighting shall be installed to provide an illumination level of the crane controls of
not less than 300 lux and shall be equipped with dimming control. Except where
specifically excluded, a robust, fixed metal-enclosed non-luminous electric heater shall be
provided in the cab.
In totally enclosed cabs, provision shall be made for efficient ventilation of the cab when
all windows are shut. If specified by the purchaser, a robust extraction fan shall be
provided. It shall be adequately guarded and shall not reduce the headroom of the cab
ceiling below 2000 mm. Totally enclosed cabs should be fitted with airconditioning
equipment.
Where the crane operates in a toxic, irritant or noxious atmosphere, means shall be
provided by filters, absorbents or other method to maintain an adequate positive clean air
pressure so that air in the cabin remains free of contamination.
A socket outlet shall be installed in the cab for use with a portable handlamp and flexible
lead.
Switches for controlling the cab heating, fan and airconditioning equipment, and the cab
lighting switches shall be mounted on a single panel placed so that they are under the
control of the driver from the driving position. The electricity supply to the crane warning
lights in fixed cab cranes shall be via an auxiliary contact of the main circuit breaker.

6.6 NOISE LEVEL The maximum allowable noise exposure level shall be in
accordance with the level specified in NOHSC:1007.
NOTE: Practical guidance for limiting noise levels to that specified in NOHSC:1007 is provided
by NOHSC:2009.

6.7 SEATING
6.7.1 General All seats, console assemblies and their mounting arrangements shall be
capable of withstanding the crane design braking forces.
6.7.2 Operator’s seat For cranes operated from a seated position, the seat should be
fixed to a rotating console assembly, which enables the operator to adjust the position to
fully view the operating area, without the need to twist the operator’s body. All essential
controls necessary to control the crane shall be located on the console within easy reach
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of the operator. The seat shall not swivel relative to controls. The console shall have
sufficient rotation to enable the operator to gain ready access to seat upon entering or
leaving the cabin. The seat shall be fully adjustable for height, forward and backward
movement and backrest rake.
The seat should be mounted on a damping system that is adjustable for individual
operator’s weight.
The seat should be equipped with a headrest and adjustable armrests.
6.7.3 Additional seat In addition to the operator’s seat, an observer’s/instructor’s seat
should be provided in the operator’s cabin and should be firmly secured to the cabin wall
structure at a fixed height. The seat shall be a fold-away type, preferably with a fixed
back rest and a fold-up swab. When folded up, the seat should not impede the clear access
of the operator to the console assembly.

6.8 CONTROLS The purchaser shall provide details of the relative positions required
for the various controls. The control handles shall be placed such that they are in the most
convenient position and within easy reach of the operator’s hands when in the operating
position and at such a level that forearms are approximately horizontal when grasping the
control handles. Neither controls nor other items of equipment shall be placed in the space
immediately in front of the operator.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 26

Control handles shall be arranged, where possible, so that the handles are moved in the
direction of the motion controlled and shall be spaced for easy access and to avoid
interference with one another.
The emergency stop and reset devices shall be located together and shall be readily
accessible to the operator when seated.
In magnet cranes having ‘direct-on-line’ magnet control, the magnet control may be either
hand- or foot-operated. The control shall be arranged to prevent accidental deactivation by
the operator.
Pedal switches and foot brake pedals shall be in the most convenient positions for
efficient operation by the operator. They shall neither have excessive travel, nor be larger
than necessary. Pedals shall not impede the operator during normal operation of the crane
and shall not obstruct the operator when taking or leaving the seat.

6.9 INDICATOR Indicators, gauges, meters, and alarms shall be of adequate size and
located in positions so that the operator can readily and correctly interpret the information
when seated.

6.10 MEANS OF ACCESS Safe means of access shall be provided to the operator’s
cab and to every place where any person may work while engaged on the examination,
servicing and lubrication of the crane. This shall be in accordance with AS 1418.1 and
other relevant parts of AS 1418 and AS 1657.

6.11 HOT METAL HANDLING CRANES

6.11.1 General Where a hot metal handling crane is fitted with operator’s cabin, the
following aspects shall be considered in addition to the preceding clauses.
6.11.2 Cabin location The cabin shall be positioned so that it is as far as possible
away from the heat source without impeding the operator’s view of the operating area.
The cabin shall not be placed so that is in the direct path of a blast in the event of an
explosion.
6.11.3 Cabin construction The cabin shall be constructed from fireproof materials and
be fully insulated from excessive heat, such as is experienced in an explosion. The
structure shall be designed so that it can withstand any anticipated explosion pressures
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and impact from objects possibly contained in a blast.

6.11.4 Windows and doors Where the environment suits the use of glass in the crane
cabin windows, the following aspects shall be considered:
(a) Window glass shall be designed to withstand anticipated explosion pressures and
impact from objects possibly contained in the blast.
(b) Window glazing shall be of laminated construction with three or more layers of
glass in the laminate sandwich. The glass layers shall be of varying thickness, with
the greater thickness layers positioned towards the outside of the cabin. A thick
layer of a suitable plastic resin shall separate the intermediate glass layers from the
final glass layer closest to the crane driver. This resin layer shall act as a shock
absorbing medium for the glass panel if struck by solid objects during an explosion.
(c) Window and door seals shall prevent the ingress of noxious fumes and gases.
High-temperature resistant materials capable of withstanding temperatures greater
than 200°C shall be used for window and door seals.
(d) The weight of window panes shall be apportioned for easy handling by not more
than two persons.
(e) The fixing method of window panes and door construction shall be capable of
withstanding an expected explosion pressure or other abnormal operations event.

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 27 AS 1418.14 — 1996

6.11.5 Access Access to and from the cabin shall be clear and unimpeded.
Consideration should be given to providing a full length access platform for the operator
so that egress from the cabin can be effected at any point along the building should an
abnormal operating event occur.
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 AS 1418.14— 1996 28

S E C T I O N 7 I N S P E C TI O N , T E S T I N G
A N D C O M M I S S IO N I N G

7.1 INSPECTION Prior to its being commissioned, the crane shall be inspected in
accordance with the relevant parts of AS 1418 and as specified by the purchaser.

7.2 COMMISSIONING TESTS

7.2.1 General The following tests shall be carried out during the commissioning of
cranes, unless otherwise required by purchaser:
(a) Pre-operational inspection and testing.
(b) No-load operation and testing.
(c) Load testing.
The required performance of the crane should be agreed between the purchaser and
supplier of the crane. Normally, the required performance will be lifting, lowering and
moving the maximum rated capacity at the rated speeds smoothly and with sufficient
frequency to represent the normal operation of the crane.
A schedule including safety procedures and precautions for each phase of inspection and
testing shall be prepared and agreed between the purchaser and supplier of the crane prior
to commissioning.
7.2.2 Report Accurate and complete reports of all testing shall be prepared. Such
reports shall record all the information checked during the test including clearances,
temperatures, voltages, currents heat generation, noise levels, starting times, acceleration
durations, stopping times, settings and other control set points.
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 29 AS 1418.14 — 1996

APPENDIX A
TYPICAL ARDUOUS WORKING CONDITIONS
(Informative)

Item Impact Consideration

1 Multi-shift operation Long operating hours Lighting. Ambient temperature
Multi-driver Motor starts, gearbox design, operating
temperature; brake heating. L/T wheels and
couplings. Accelerations; flexibility of bridge
Quick maintenance required Cable carriers/mountings. Design for quick
exchange of assemblies
2 High number of Many starts on drives Rating of motors and starters, type of drive
adjustments due to
plugging, inching
Bouncing, swinging of load Ropes come off sheaves, increased load
spectrum
Swinging of flexible cables Clearance, catch points, restraints
3 High speeds Wheel/track interface Wheel and track alignment and joints
Structural vibration Fatigue design. Equipment mounting (especially
electronics)
Driver comfort Cab design
Positioning accuracy. Creep speed control
4 High number of cycles Load swing Rope restraints, acceleration control
resulting in need for
high acceleration and
deceleration.
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Wheel slip, brakes Selection of drives

5 Crane operation without Remote control, cabin Anti-collision; increased loadings
chaser control, Items 2, 3, 10 and
11.
6 Externally induced Noise considerations Fatigue design
vibration
Structural vibration Mounting of equipment
Driver comfort Cab design
7 Corrosive/high Structural rust Protective coatings
humidity environment Moisture on dust (see item 9)
Electrical/electronic Motor selection. Protection of electrical/
equipment electronic equipment
(continued)

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 30

Item Impact Consideration

8 High environmental Cabin heat Insulation, airconditioning
temperature, radiated
heat and thermal
shocks
Heat on bridge Bridge and crab trolley insulation. Electronics
can be affected by some radiant heat.
Mechanical seals. Lubrication. Drive selection.
Surface coating. Hydraulics
Fire risk Adequate thermal protection. Cable protection
and selection
Thermal differential in Span variation, structural design
structural components
Infra-red control Can be affected by surrounding infra-red
radiation
9 Dust Cabin environment Air filtering
Ingress into bearings Sealing. Moisture build-up around
motors/brakes causes arcing. Vacuum
cleaner/blower
Ingress into electrical Wear on bearing surfaces. Sealing equipment
equipment cubicle

10 Off vertical lifts Crab lifting from bridge Detectors

(mast type)
Stability of bridge and crab Adequate brakes/position retention
Side loadings Increase design loads
Mast type used for pushing Traction and travel power. Rope overloads
(usually one side only). Rope guiding
11 Impact loads Driver safety Anti-collision/slowdown devices
Accidental bumping Rope forces equipment stability especially
fixtures by loads electrical/electronic, operator’s sight lines,
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Swinging of flexible cables lights mounting

Collisions with end stops End stop design, plus
above issues. Cable trolleys
Structural fatigue design Small/light structural members
12 Severe momentary Lifted loads caught, Increased design factors on structure and
overloads e.g. magnets lifting scrap, mechanisms, chains and ropes
removing machinery from
foundations, frequent
turning over of steel
structures
Uneven lifted load Extra strain on some hooks and ropes
13 Movement of runway Vibration See Item 6
due to external
influences
Track gauge due to Runway adjustment, wheel width, floating
settlement, wind loads, wheels load factor
vibration

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 31 AS 1418.14 — 1996

APPENDIX B
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY OR ORDER
(Informative)

The purchaser should supply the following information with the enquiry or order:

1 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Crane to be installed in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (town) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (country)

6 Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Capacity: main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tonnes)

aux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tonnes)

8 Span of gantry rail(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

9 Type .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ...

10 Classification of the appliance and its mechanisms.

(a) Where detailed information of the operations that the crane is expected to
perform and of the individual loads to be carried at each stage of the
operations is available, it should be provided as follows:

Utilization: Main hoist: av. lift . . . . . . . . . . . m No. of lifts/h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aux. hoist: av. lift . . . . . . . . . . . m No. of lifts/h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Traverse: av. movement . . . . . . m No. of moves/h . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crane operating hours per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

or per month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Load: Actual loading pattern if known to allow calculation of load spectrum by

AS 1418.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

or % of lifts with over 95% load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Including

% of lifts with 85% to 95% full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lifting

% of lifts with 70% to 85% full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . attachment

% of lifts with 50% to 70% full load .......................

Weight of lifting attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intended design life: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . years

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(b) Where insufficient information of the operations that the crane is expected to
perform is available, the purchaser should request the manufacturer to
recommend the most suitable crane for the anticipated duty.

11 Location: Indoor/outdoor/both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Power supply at the crane long travel collectors

V ............. (nominal) Phase . . . . . . Hz ....................

Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is there a neutral? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Control voltage . . . . . . . . . a.c./d.c.

14 Vertical movement of hook required:

above floor (H 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

below floor (H 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

15 Nature of load . . . . . . . . . .

16 Type of hook or lifting device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Controls: Whether control is from (a) cabin or (b) pendants or (c) by non-conductive
controls.

If (a): Position: on crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

or on bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

or at end or midspan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type: open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

glazed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Special features: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

If (b): From fixed point on crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

From crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mobile on separate track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Any special control requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If (c): Is limited range feature required? . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Is a warning device required on crane? . . . . . . . . .

18 General state of atmosphere or climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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19 Average ambient temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

Maximum temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

Minimum temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

20 Special service conditions. Specify any special service conditions that apply typically
e.g.

(a) Handling molten metal.

(b) Use in hazardous gases, vapours, solids or volatile liquids.

(c) Use in mines or quarries or both.

(d) Certain processes, such as galvanizing, pickling and hot dipping.

(e) Use in saline atmospheres when the degree of exposure should be stated.

(f) The presence of any local heat sources, such as furnaces or radiant space
heating panels.

(g) The need for special precautions against termites.

(h) Any physical obstructions not apparent from the dimensions provided for
clearances.

(i) In the case of pedestrian-controlled cranes, any differences in the operating

floor level.

(j) Any variation in electrical supply greater than ±6% on the nominal voltage.

(k) Any particular requirements concerning headroom above servicing platforms

and if the crane servicing platforms are to be used for other activities. The
need, if any, for fine mesh screens to prevent the dropping of articles from
the servicing areas.
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(l) Wind loading.

(m) Any other conditions.

21 Gantry: existing or new .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .

22 Are long travel conductors to be included? Yes/No Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preferred type or make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Are existing conductors to be used? Yes/No Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NO TE: Information regarding the type of conductors is necessary to enable the crane
manufacturer to provide suitable pick-up shoes.

23 Load and motion limiting devices and load indicating devices

State requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 34

24 Are platforms required on bridge? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Position of access point(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Requirements for emergency escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 Speeds of operation: Full speed Average Other speed

m/min acceleration m/s 2 (if required)
Main
Aux. hoist
Traverse
Luff/slew
Travel
Luff/slew

26 Is any special painting or protective finish required? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ... . .

27 Braking systems

Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aux. hoist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Travel .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ..

Luff/slew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28 (a) Any special requirements, statutory or technical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The schedule of Inspection, Testing and Commissioning (see Section 7).
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29 Are there any other cranes on gantry or in the vicinity? Yes/No . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If so, advise giving full details, such as —

(a) special devices are required to prevent collision of the cranes or their loads;

(b) there is any provision to be made for cranes to be separated by a minimum

distance in order not to overstress the gantry structure; and

(c) any other affects.

30 Dimensions (see Figure B1).

31 Portable lighting and tools. Advise whether provision is to be made for—

(a) portable lighting; and

(b) portable tools.

32 Advise whether cabin heating, airconditioning or air filtration is required.

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 35 AS 1418.14 — 1996

33 Advise whether fixed flood lighting is required on crane.

34 Advise whether 2-way communication is required.

35 Crane illumination and warning lights. Advise requirement for:

(a) Lighting of the bridge walkway and the cab and bridge approaches.

(b) Underslung lighting (number type and location of lamps and lamp fittings)

(i) Warning lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) If so, give details of their function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 Power supply variations:

(a) Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Harmonic content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Voltage spikes — magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) Voltage spikes — frequency occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 Sections of this Standard that shall apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38 Clauses of this Standard that shall apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 Subclauses of this Standard that shall apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 Appendices of this Standard that shall apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 Appendices paragraph numbers of this Standard that shall apply . . . . . . . .

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42 Details of other Parts which do not apply to this Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 36

FIGURE B1 CRANE CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS

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 37 AS 1418.14 — 1996

APPENDIX C
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY MANUFACTURER
(Informative)

The following information should be supplied by the manufacturer.

1 Enquiry ref. no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Tender ref. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Rated capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Span ....................... 6 Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 For use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Appliance classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Group classification of lifting unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Group classification of traverse mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Group classification travel mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Details of motor

m/min kW (each) No. r/min Type

Main hoisting speed: full . . . . . . . . ......... ..... .... ....

other . . . . . . ......... ..... .... ....

9 Power supply for which crane is to be supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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10 Type of speed control of various motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Crane clearance diagram (Figure B1) including the elevation of the crane with the
dimensions, and details of any restrictions in platform and walkway widths and
headroom.

12 Crane plan view showing overall dimensions, wheel centres, cab dimensions,
operator’s cab location and hook approaches.

13 Type of main girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Crane control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 Control position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 Maintenance platform(s) on the crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Cross traverse electrical supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 Long travel electrical supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 38

19 Limiting devices: (a) motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Electrical equipment protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 Crab/trolley gross weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22 Crane gross weight (including lifting unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 Wheel loads and spacing: driven wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . excluding . . . . . . . . . .

trailing . . . . . . . . . . . excluding . . . . . . . . . .

24 Recommended gantry rail section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 Information for design of gantry end stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26 Operator’s cabin access point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 Emergency escape devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28 Additional safety features .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. . ... .. .. .. .. . ... ..

29 Deviations from the requirements of the crane specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 Non-compliance with the requirements of this Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31 List of spare parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32 Schedule of recommended preventative maintenance action, including:

(a) Inspections and frequency

(b) Relubrication and frequency

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

(c) NDT testing, i.e.

(i) gearbox analysis; and

(ii) highly stressed areas requiring periodic crack testing.

33 Other information not scheduled above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 39 AS 1418.14 — 1996

APPENDIX D
MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR BRIDGE CRANES
(Normative)

D1 CRANE SPAN The greatest divergence ∆ s of the crane span s from specified span
shall not exceed the following values:
for s ≤15 m : ∆ s = ±2 mm
for s >15 m : ∆ s = ± [2 + 0.15 • (s − 15)] mm (max. ±15 mm)
(s is to be expressed in m)
(see Figure D1).

FIGURE D1 TOTAL SPAN

D2 WHEEL INCLINATION TO HORIZONTAL In cases where the top of the rail is

flat, the inclination of the wheel axis from the horizontal, for a crane without load, shall
be between +0.2% and -0.05% (see Figure D2).
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FIGURE D2 RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE INCLINATION OF WHEEL

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 40

D3 HORIZONTAL, ADJACENT RAILS The trolley rail distance shall not differ
from the nominal dimension s by more than ±3 mm (see Figure D3).

FIGURE D3 MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL RAIL DISTANCE

D4 VERTICAL, ADJACENT RAILS In a plane perpendicular to the traverse

direction of the crab, the difference in height of two opposite points of the trolley track
shall not exceed 0.15% of the trolley rail distance, with a maximum of 10 mm (see
Figure D4).
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FIGURE D4 RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE VERTICAL DIFFERENTIAL

BETWEEN ADJACENT RAILS

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 41 AS 1418.14 — 1996

D5 VERTICAL, ALONG RAIL Trolley rails shall be laid in such a way that running
surface is horizontal and the greatest unevenness of the bearing surface shall not be more
than ±3 mm for rails up to 3 m and shall not be more than ±0.1% of the trolley wheel
distance if it exceeds 3 m (see Figure D5).

FIGURE D5 RANGE OF TOLERANCE ALONG RAIL

D6 VERTICAL AXES OF RAIL AND RAIL GIRDER The vertical axis of the crab
rails shall not diverge from the vertical axis of the rail girder web by more than half the
thickness of the rail girder web (see Figure D6).
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FIGURE D6 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE MISALIGNMENT OF RAIL WITH RAIL GIRDER

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 42

D7 HORIZONTAL, ALONG RAILS The axes of the crab rails shall not diverge from
their theoretical axis by more than ±1, 0 mm in a rail length of 2 m. There shall be no
misalignments at rail joints (see Figure D7).

FIGURE D7 DEVIATION FROM HORIZONTAL AXIS OF CRANE RAIL

D8 WHEEL ANGLE The axes of the wheel bores shall not have an angular deviation
greater than ±0.04% from its theoretical axis, in the horizontal plane (see Figure D8).
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FIGURE D8 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION OF WHEEL BORE

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 43 AS 1418.14 — 1996

D9 ADJACENT BOGIE WHEELS For wheels mounted in bogies, the axes of the
bogie pins of the unwarped crab and crane bridge shall have an alignment divergence in
the vertical plane, not greater than 0.15% of the wheel distance with a maximum of 2 mm
(see Figure D9) where the axle bores of wheels are opposite to each other (i.e at each side
of the track).

FIGURE D9 RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE HEIGHT DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN

ADJACENT BOGIE WHEELS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE

D10 IN-LINE WHEELS The planes of wheels rolling on a common rail shall not
diverge more than ±1 mm from the rail axis (see Figure D10).
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FIGURE D10 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE HORIZONTAL DEVIATION BETWEEN

IN-LINE WHEELS

For bushed wheels, the above tolerances apply with the wheel in a central position
between the contact surfaces at either side of the wheel.

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 44

D11 GUIDE ROLLERS TO RAIL HEAD If horizontal guide rollers are used, the
centre of the distance between guide rollers at one corner shall not deviate more than
±1 mm from the axis of the rail (see Figure D11).

FIGURE D11 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION BETWEEN GUIDE

ROLLERS AND RAIL HEAD

The diameter tolerance of the wheels should correspond to the ISO tolerance classification
h9. If runner wheel speeds are synchronized by an ‘electrical shaft’, tighter tolerances
may be required. These shall be determined on a case-to-case basis. These tolerances will
apply also to non-driven wheels, as the wheels must be interchangeable.
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 45 AS 1418.14 — 1996

D12 WHEEL FLOAT The allowable wheel float is set out in Figure D12 as a
function of the crane bridge span.

Bridge Span a, min.-max.

b (mm)
s (m) (mm)
15–20
<20 20–30 5
20–30 25–40
>30
Crab 10–15

FIGURE D12 RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE WHEEL FLOAT

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 46

D13 CRANE SQUARENESS For cranes intended to be square, the dimension

measured between the intersection of the centre-line of the track wheel shaft and the
longitudinal centre-line of the track wheel of diagonally opposite track wheels shall not
deviate by more than ±5 mm from the measurement of the corresponding opposite
diagonal (refer to Figure D13).

FIGURE D13 CRANES SQUARENESS

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

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 47 AS 1418.14 — 1996

APPENDIX E
FASTENING OF END CARRIAGE USING SHEAR RINGS
(Informative)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

FIGURE E1 FASTENING OF END CARRIAGE USING SHEAR RINGS

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 AS 1418.14— 1996 48

APPENDIX F
GEAR INSPECTION CERTIFICATE
(Informative)

Crane number: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crane duty: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gearbox location: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gearbox manufacturer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shaft Input 1st Inter 2nd Inter Output

Material
Heat treatment
Soak temperature
Time
Hardness
BHN/VHN
(3 readings)
Gear profile
Gear PCD
Bearing 1 ∅
Mating shaft ∅
Bearing 2 ∅
Gear wheels Input 1st Inter 2nd Inter Output
Material
Heat treatment
Soak temperature
Time
Hardness
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

BHN/VHN
(3 readings) Machining
Gear profile
Gear PCD
Bore ∅ Internal paint
Casing Input 1st Inter 2nd Inter Output
Internal welding
Heat treatment
Soak temperature
Time
Machining
Internal paint
Final assembly O.K. Total backlash

Signature:

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