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Programming in C

Flow of Control
 Flow of control
 The order in which statements are executed
 Transfer of control
 When the next statement
executed is not the next
one in sequence

Flow of Control
 Control structures
combination of individual statements into a logical unit
that regulates the flow of execution in a program or
function
 Sequence
 Selection (Making Decisions)
 Repetition (Looping)

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Boolean Expressions
 Evaluate to true or false
 Forms
 Relational expression: <expr> <relational operator> <expr>
 Examples:
7 < 5
a + b > 6
 Logical expression: <Boolean expr> <logical operator> <Boolean expr>
 Examples:
(x < 7) && (y > 3)

Relational Operators
Standard Algebraic C Relational C Condition
Relational Operator Operator Example Meaning of C Condition
Inequality
< < x<y x is less than y
 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y
> > x>y x is greater than y
 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
Equality
= == x == y x is equal to y
 != x != y x is not equal to y

4th: Ch 4 p. 46
3rd: Ch 5 p. 46

Logical Operators (Compound Relationals)

Ch 6 p. 72
 && (logical AND)
 Returns true if both conditions are true

 || (logical OR)
 Returns true if either of its conditions is true

 ! (logical NOT, logical negation)

 Is a unary operator, only takes one operand following
 Reverses the truth/falsity of its condition
 Returns true when its condition is false

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Logical Operators Truth Table

P Q P && Q P || Q !P

true true true true false

true false false true false

false true false true true

false false false false true

Precedence of Operators
1. (), []
2. Unary +, unary -, !, ++, --
3. Type casting
4. * , / , %
5. + , -
6. <, <=, >, >=
7. ==, !=
8. &&
9. ||
10. =

The if Selection Structure

 Selection structure
 used when we want the computer to choose between
two alternative courses of action

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The if Selection Structure

 if Statement

true
Boolean
Expression

false true block

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The if Selection Structure

General form of if:

if (Boolean Expression)
{
statement1;
statement2;
...
}

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The if-else Selection Structure

 if
 Only performs an action if the condition is true

 if-else
 A different action is performed when condition is
true and when condition is false

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if-else Selection Structure

if-else statement

false true
Boolean
Expression

false block true block

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The if-else Selection Structure

General form of if-else:
if (expression)
{
statement1A;
statement2A;
...
}
else
{
statement1B;
statement2B;
...
}
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The if-else Selection Structure

 Nested if-else structures
 Test for multiple cases by placing if-else selection
structures inside if-else selection structures.

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Nested if-else Structures

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The if-else-if Construct

 Once a condition is met, the rest of the statements are skipped

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The if-else-if Construct

The standard way to indent the previous code is

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The if-else Selection Structure

 Compound statement:
 Set of statements within a pair of braces
 Example:

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The if-else Selection Structure

–Without the braces, only one statement is executed.
e.g. given the following code:

• The statement,

will be executed independent of the value of grade.

• The statement,

will execute only if grade is

greater than or equal to 90.
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The dangling else

Note: the compiler matches an else with the closest unmatched if

The above will be treated as

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The dangling else

If the else is to match the outer if, use braces.

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if-else Construct
 To avoid confusion, and possible errors, it is best to
use braces even for single statements.
 However, code will be longer

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Conditionals
 C uses an integer to represent Boolean values
 Zero is interpreted as false
 Any other integer value is interpreted as true

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Conditionals
 is not a syntax error in C.
 The expression, n = 0, assigns zero to n and the value of
the expression is 0. Zero is interpreted as false, and the
false branch of the if statement will be taken.
 is not a syntax error in C.
 The expression assigns 5 to n. 5 is interpreted as true,
and the true branch of the if statement will be taken.

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Conditionals
 Remember to use the == operator to test for equality.
 To help catch the error when the equality check
involves a constant, put the constant on the left hand
side of the ==.
 For example, use
instead of
Since is not a valid assignment in C, the compiler
will detect this error when == is intended.

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The switch Multiple-Selection Structure

 switch
 Useful when variable or expression is tested for multiple
values
 Consists of a series of case labels and an optional
default case

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The switch Multiple-Selection Structure

With Breaks
case a case a action(s) break

case b case b action(s) break

case z case z action(s) break

default action(s)

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The switch Multiple-Selection Structure

Without Breaks
case a case a action(s)

case b case b action(s)

case z case z action(s)

default action(s)

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switch Statement Syntax

switch (switch_expression)
{
case constant1:
statementSequence1
break;
case constant2:
statementSequence2
break;
…
case constantN:
statementSequenceN
break;
default:
defaultStmtSequence
}

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switch Statement
 The switch_expression is compared against the values
constant1, constant2, …, constantN
 constant1, constant2, …, constantN must be simple
constants or constant expressions.
 Can be a char or an int
 Best to use the same type constant as the switch expression
 If not, a type conversion will be done.

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switch Statement Reminder

 The switch statement ends
 break statement
 end of the switch statement
 When executing the statements after a case label, it
continues to execute until it reaches a break
statement or the end of the switch.
 If you omit the break statements, then after executing
the code for one case, the computer will continue to
execute the code for the next case.

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Example of
switch

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Programming in C

THE END

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