Misr University for Science & Technology

College of Physical Therapy

Research submitted by:

Student Name: Mohamed Ayman Abdelrahim Abdeen

Student ID: 87357

Course name: Human Anatomy 112

Course code: ANAT 112

Research title: Common Peroneal Nerve

Supervised by:

Name of supervisor: DR/Nahed Koura

Spring 2019/2020
 Table of Contents

Content Page
List of Figures 3
List of Abbreviation 4
Abstract 5
Chapter 1: Introduction 6
Chapter 2: Review of literature 7
•2.1: Introduction to sacral plexus 7
•2.2: Sciatic Nerve 8
•2.2.1: Origin of Sciatic Nerve 8
•2.2.2: Course of Sciatic Nerve 8
•2.2.3: Branches of Sciatic nerve 9
•2.2.4: Injuries of Sciatic Nerve 10
•2.3: Common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve 12
•2.3.1: Origin of Common peroneal nerve 12
•2.3.2: Course of Common Peroneal Nerve 12
•2.3.3: Branches of Common Peroneal Nerve 13
•2.3.4: Injuries of common peroneal 14
•2.4: Deep Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve 16
•2.4.1: Origin of Deep Peroneal Nerve 16
•2.4.2: Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve 17
•2.4.3: Branches of Deep Peroneal Nerve 18
•2.4.4: Injury of Deep Peroneal Nerve 19
•2.5: Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve 19
• 2.5.1: Origin of Superficial Peroneal Nerve 19

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 •2.5.2: Course of Superficial Peroneal Nerve 19
•2.5.3: Branches of Superficial Peroneal Nerve 20
•2.5.4: Injury of Superficial Peroneal Nerve 20
Chapter 3: Conclusion 21
References 22
Acknowledgment 25

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 List of Figures

Figure NO. Title Page

Figure 1 Sacral Plexus 7
Figure 2 Origin of Sciatic Nerve 8
Figure 3 Course of Sciatic Nerve 9
Figure 4 Branches of Sciatic Nerve 9
Figure 5 LSS 10
Figure 6 Piriformis Syndrome 11
Figure 7 Origin of Common Fibular Nerve 12
Figure 8 Branches of Common Peroneal Nerve 13
Figure 9 Injury of Common Peroneal Nerve 14
Figure 10 Origin of Deep Peroneal Nerve 16
Figure 11 Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve in the leg 17
Figure 12 Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve in the foot 17
Figure 13 Branches of Deep Peroneal Nerve 18

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 List of Abbreviation

Abbreviation Word
LSS Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
PS Piriformis syndrome
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
CT Computed Tomography
EMG Electromyography
CNS Central Nervous System
CMT Charcot-Marie-Tooth
ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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 Abstract

Background: Nervous system is the body's main mechanism for controlling,

regulating, and interacting. This is the center of all mental activity including
memory, thinking and learning. The nervous system is responsible for controlling
and sustaining homeostasis, in combination with the endocrine system. The
nervous system keeps us in contact with our surroundings (External and Internal
environment) through its receptors. The nervous system, like other systems in the
body, is composed of organs, primarily the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia.
Those, in effect, are made up of various tissues including nerve, blood, and
connective tissue. Together they perform the nervous system’s complex tasks.

We will take a closer view about the nerves of the lower limp which arise from
lumbar vertebrae and sacral vertebrae and each nerve has motor branches and
cutaneous branches, and each nerve has a specific function and course, for example
sciatic nerve, this nerve is located at the back of the thigh and give two branches at
popliteal fossa; Tibial nerve that supply the muscles of the back of the leg and
Common Fibular (Peroneal) nerve that supply the muscles of the anterior aspect of
the leg, and the lateral aspect.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to take a closer view about the course of
Common Peroneal nerve and the muscles that supplied by common peroneal nerve,
so we will be able to diagnose if there is an injury in common peroneal nerve and
how doctors can fix this injury.

Additional researches are needed to know more methods that doctors can use to
treat the injury or damage that occur at common peroneal nerve.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

Before we get into our subject we should discuss the Sciatic nerve because
Common peroneal nerve is a branch of sciatic nerve, and we will discuss the
course of the sciatic nerve and muscles that supplied by it, then we will discuss the
injuries that may happen in the sciatic nerve such as Sciatica that occur when
sciatic nerve is compressed.

Sciatic nerve is the major nerve of the lower limp and the largest and longest nerve
in the human body that located back of the thigh and gives supply to all muscles of
the back of the thigh and its branches; Tibial nerve and Common Peroneal nerve
supply all muscle of leg and foot. (1)

After discussion of the sciatic nerve we will talk about its two main branches tibial
nerve and common peroneal nerve; the tibial nerve that passes into the foot through
the leg's posterior compartment and supply all muscles in the posterior
compartment of the foot, The common peroneal nerve (the common fibular nerve),
which passes into the foot via the leg's anterior and lateral compartments and
supply all muscles of lateral and anterior compartment. (2)

We will explain the course of common peroneal nerve when it origins from the
sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and the branches of common peroneal nerve
which they are superficial branch and deep branch; the superficial branch run along
the lateral aspect of the leg and the deep branch run along the anterior aspect of the
leg. (3)

Finally we must talk about injuries of common peroneal nerve and the symptoms
of each injury and how we can treat it by different methods.

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 Chapter 2: Review of Literature

2.1: Introduction to sacral plexus: Sacral plexus is a network of nerve fibers that
supply the skin and the muscles of the pelvic and the thigh, it is located at the
posterior pelvic wall and anterior to the piriformis muscle (a muscle of the lateral
rotator group of the thigh), Sacral Plexus is formed from anterior divisions of
spinal nerves L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4.

The anterior divisions of sacral plexus divide into several cords and these cords
then join to form the sacral plexus' five main peripheral nerves, and they are
Superior gluteal nerve, Inferior gluteal nerve, Sciatic nerve, Posterior cutaneous
nerve of thigh, Pudendal nerve. (4)

[Sacral Plexus]

(Figure1)

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 2.2: Sciatic Nerve

2.2.1: Origin of Sciatic Nerve: Sciatic nerve arises from sacral plexus (roots of
spinal nerves L4, L5, S1, S2, S3), after its formation, it leaves the pelvis and enters
the region of the gluteal through greater sciatic notch, It emerges below the
piriformis muscle and falls inferolateral. (5)

[Origin of Sciatic Nerve] (6)

(Figure2)

2.2.2: Course of Sciatic Nerve: While the sciatic nerve descends through the
gluteal region, it crosses the posterior surface of four muscles at the gluteal region
and they are Superior Gemellus, Inferior Gemellus, Obturator internus, and
Quadratus femoris. Then it enters the back of the thigh passing deep to the long
head of biceps femoris and superficial to adductor magnus muscle and continues to
the back of the thigh until it reaches the popliteal fossa it divides into Tibial nerve
(medially) and Common peroneal nerve (laterally). (5)

We must notice that sciatic nerve is composed of two separate nerves in the same
connective tissue sheath and divided at popliteal fossa, 12% of people have the two
nerves are separated while they leave the pelvic and in this case common peroneal

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nerve pierces the Piriformis muscle and tibial nerve passes inferior to the
piriformis. (5)

[Course of Sciatic Nerve] (5)

(Figure3)
[Branches of Sciatic Nerve] (7)

2.2.3: Branches of Sciatic nerve: Sciatic

nerve doesn’t give any branches in the
gluteal region but it gives muscular branches
when it descends in the posterior compartmet
of the thigh and supply all muscles of the
back of the thigh(Hamstring muscles):
Semitendinousous, Biceps Femoris,
Semimembranousous, Ischial part of
adductor magnus, but sciatic nerve doesn’t
give any cutanuous branches, Finally siciatic
nerve’s terminal branches are tibial nerve and
common peroneal nerve that give muscular
branch and cutaneous branch. (5) (Figure4)

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2.2.4: Injuries of Sciatic Nerve: Sciatic nerve damage may occur because of
trauma to the nerve (pressure, stretching, or cutting). This form of injury can cause
degrees of loss of muscle power and changed sensation. The causes can be either
spinal or non-spinal or iatrogenic. (8)(9)

1) Spinal Causes: (such as LSS), LSS is a degenerative disease in which the

neural and vascular elements in the lumbar spine have less space available, due to
degenerative changes in the spinal canal. (10)(11)

This compression can also cause radiating pain and [LSS] (12)

numbness to the buttock, thigh, or leg especially during

walking or standing the pain normally reduces when a
patient rests, sits down, or bends over, LSS is associated
with aging and often affects people over the age of 60.
(10)(11)

The most common cause of LSS is the aging because the

tissue in the body become thickening and the bones
become more large so more pressure on the nerve occurs
(14) (Figure5)
and there are another causes such as Congenital, or Degeneration of the spinal
cord, spinal instability. (12)

The diagnosis of LSS is performed by many methods such as X-ray,MRI scan,CT

scan and EMG that is used to ealuate the health condition of muscles and nerves (14)

The tretment of LSS may be by a surgery, or accupuncture, or Message that the

physical therapiest perform tha type of treatment. (14)

We must notice that Sciatica is caused by LSS because sciatic nerve origin from
L4, L5 in addition to the first three of Sacrum (S1, S2, S3).

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2) Non-Spinal Causes: Such as PS; The piriformis is a muscle that stretches out
from the sacrum bone front (That is the triangle-shaped bone in your pelvis
between your two hipbones) the muscle stretches to the top of the femur, around
the sciatic nerve(The femur in your upper leg is the big bone). (13)

When piriformis muscle spasm occurs the muscle presses the sciatic nerve and PS
occurs. (13) [Piriformis Syndrome] (15)

The common symptoms that occur are tingling and

numbness in the buttocks which may extend down
the back of the leg, difficulty in sitting, pain in the
buttocks and the leg that increase during activity. (13)

The causes of PS include Overuse from over-

exercising, Running and other activities associated
with legs, Sitting longer times, and Raise heavy
objects. (13)
(Figure6)
The doctor will do a physical examination to diagnose the PS, You are going to be
put through a range of moves to tell what positions are causing pain, you may also
need to take several imaging tests to help rule out other causes of your pain. A
MRI scan or CT scan can help your doctor decide if your pain is caused by arthritis
or a ruptured disc. If it appears that your symptoms are caused by piriformis
syndrome, a muscle ultrasound may help in the diagnosis of the condition. (13)

PS needs no treatment, the first approaches to take are usually rest and avoiding
activities that cause your symptoms. Without further treatment the pain and
numbness associated with piriformis syndrome will go away. If it doesn't, you
might benefit from physical therapy to improve the strength and endurance of the
piriformis you must learn how to stretch and exercise. (13)

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 2.3: Common Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve

2.3.1: Origin of Common peroneal nerve: the nerve roots are L4, L5, S1, and S2.
The common fibular nerve is a branch of sciatic nerve that begins in the apex of
popliteal fossa and descends laterally to the tibial nerve (the second terminal
branch of Sciatic nerve). (16)

[Origin of Common Fibular Nerve] (17)

(Figure7)

2.3.2: Course of Common Peroneal Nerve: The common fibular nerve follows
the biceps femoris 'medial border, running laterally and inferiorly, over the
gastrocnemius' lateral head. At this stage, the nerve gives two cutaneous branches
which contribute to the innervation of the leg's skin. The nerve wraps around the
neck of the fibula to enter the lateral compartment of the leg, moving through the
fibularis longus muscle attachments. The common fibular nerve ends here by
splitting into the superficial fibular and deep fibular nerves. The nerve can be
palpated behind the head of the fibula and as it winds around the neck of the
fibula. (16)

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2.3.3: Branches of Common Peroneal Nerve: the branches of common peroneal
nerve are divided into motor branches, cutaneous branches and articular branches.

1) Cutaneous branches (16): the cutaneous [Branches of Common Peroneal Nerve] (19)
branches of common peroneal nerve arise as
the common peroneal nerve cross over the
lateral head of gastrocnemius and they are
two branches:

 Sural communicating nerve: this

nerve joins with the branch of the
tibial nerve to form Sural nerve. And
Sural nerve is located between two
bellies of gastrocnemius muscle
(Figure8)
(medial & lateral) and supply the skin of posteriolateral surface of the lower
part of the leg.
 Lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf: this nerve supplies the skin of
Posterior, lateral, and anterior surfaces of the upper part of the leg.

2) Motor branches (18): the common peroneal nerve itself doesn’t have motor
branches except its two terminal branches; superficial and deep, they supply the
muscles of lateral group and anterior group, respectively. And they have cutaneous
branches that we will discuss later.

3) Articular branches: the common peroneal nerve gives branches to supply the
knee and they are superior lateral branch and inferior lateral branch.

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2.3.4: Injuries of common peroneal nerve: Common peroneal nerve
dysfunction is due to peroneal nerve [Injury of Common Peroneal Nerve] (20)
damage which leads to loss of movement
or sensation in the foot and leg. The
dysfunction of common peroneal nerve is
a type of peripheral neuropathy (damage
to nerves outside the CNS), this injury
isn’t associated with the age.
Mononeuropathy is considered a
dysfunction of a single nerve, such as the
common peroneal nerve. Mononeuropathy
indicates damage to the nerves in one (Figure9)
region. The myelin sheath that covers the axon (branch of the nerve cell) is
disrupted by nerve damage, the axon may also be injured and will produce more
severe symptoms. (20)

The causes that lead to common peroneal nerve damage are trauma or injury that
occurs at the knee, Fracture of the Fibula (because the common peroneal nerve is
located around the neck of fibula), Use of a tight plaster cast on the leg, Regularly
wearing high boots, Injury during knee surgery or positioning during anesthesia in
an awkward position, or Knee or hip replacement surgery. (20)

The injury of common peroneal nerve is more common at category of people such
as the very thin people (who has anorexia nervosa), the person who have certain
autoimmune conditions (such as polyarteritis nodosa), the man how has nerve
damage from another medical disorders such as diabetes or alcoholism, the man
who have CMT disease (an inherited disorder that affects all of the peripheral
nerves and leads to damage of the myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers). (20)

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The doctor must differentiate between injury occurs at common peroneal nerve and
other conditions that have the same symptoms (such as ALS) so the doctor must
diagnose exactly the main cause of a peroneal nerve injury to prescribe the most
appropriate therapy, the doctor must start with a careful background when
evaluating a person who may have a peroneal nerve injury, and continue with
clinical and neurological test, to determine the extent of the nerve injury the doctor
may order tests to assess the functioning of the muscles and nerves and the tests
that the doctor ask are: EMG (that measures the activity of the muscles and its
response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle), Nerve conduction study (that
measures the amount and the speed of the impulses that conduct through the
nerves), and there are other tests that the doctor asks such as CT scan, MRI, and
Ultrasound. (21)

There are group of symptoms that the patient of common peroneal nerve injury can
feel and they are disability to do dorsiflexion (put your toes upward), Pain and
weakness and tingling at the leg or the foot, Can’t move the foot, Foot drop gait (at
which the knee is raised too much more than the normal to lift the foot from the
ground), also the patient will lose the sensation of the dorsum of the foot and
lateral aspect of the leg. (21)

The doctor prescribes different courses of therapy according to the location and
degree of the nerve damage and the treatment is divided into non-surgical and
surgical treatments.

1) Non-surgical Treatments: including orthotics, braces or foot splints that fit

inside the person’s shoe. Physical therapy and gait retraining can help the person
improve their mobility. (21)

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2) Surgical Treatments: in some dangerous cases (when the symptoms don’t
release or the patient can’t walk), the surgery is needed and the methods are
Decompression surgery, Nerve repair, Nerve grafting, and Nerve transfer. (21)

If the injury of the common peroneal nerve isn’t treated the complications will
occur and they are permanent weakness of the leg and the foot or may cause
paralysis, and the sensation will disappear at the leg and the foot. (20)

After we discussed the common peroneal nerve, now we will discuss the two
terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve (superficial & deep)

2.4: Deep Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve

2.4.1: Origin of Deep Peroneal Nerve: the nerve roots of deep fibular nerve are
L4, L5, and S1. The nerve is a branch of common fibular nerve. It arises at the
lateral part of the leg between the peroneus longus and the neck of the fibula. (22)

[Origin of Deep Peroneal Nerve]

(Figure10)

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 [Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve in the leg] (22)
2.4.2: Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve:
after the nerve origins within the lateral
compartment, it will descends medially to enter
the anterior compartment of the leg and the
anterior tibial artery is in company with the
nerve as they descend. Deep peroneal nerve is
between the tibialis anterior muscle (medially)
and extensor digitorum longus muscle (laterally)
in the upper 1/3 of the leg, and in the middle 1/3
of the leg it lies between the tibialis anterior
(medially) and extensor hallucis longus
(laterally), but in lower 1/3 of the leg it lies (Figure11)
between the extensor hallucis longus (medially) and extensor digitorum longus
(laterally). (22) [Course of Deep Peroneal Nerve in the foot] (22)

Then deep peroneal nerve will leave the

leg and enters to the dorsum of the foot
(below the extensor retinaclum) then it
divides into two terminal divisions
(medial and lateral). (22)

(Figure12)

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2.4.3: Branches of Deep Peroneal Nerve (22): the deep peroneal nerve gives three
types of branches muscular branch, articular branch, and terminal divisions.

1) Muscular branches: the deep fibular nerve supple the muscles of the anterior
compartment of the leg including: Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus,
Extensor hallucis longus, Peroneus tertius. And all of these muscles are responsible
for dorsiflexion of the foot at ankle joint.

2) Articular branch: the deep peroneal nerve gives a branch to supply the ankle
joint.

3) Terminal divisions: the deep peroneal nerve ends by two divisions Medial and
Lateral; medial branch supplies the skin of the area that lies between 1st and 2nd
toes (1st space), and lateral branch that supply the extensor digitorum brevis and
extensor hallucis brevis.

[Branches of Deep Peroneal Nerve] (23)

(Figure13)
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2.4.4: Injury of Deep Peroneal Nerve: During its course, the deep fibular nerve
can become stuck or compressed through the anterior leg compartment. This
causes muscle weakness and paralysis in muscles of the leg's anterior
compartment, and thus a patient loses the ability to dorsiflex the foot. If any injury
occurs at deep Peroneal nerve, it will lead to foot drop because all muscles of the
extensor group are paralyzed, and the patient’s gait becomes strange. (22)

There are two causes that make the deep peroneal nerve become compressed:
Firstly, when the muscles of the anterior group perform severe exercise leading to
compress the nerve below. Secondly, tight shoes that compress the deep peroneal
nerve that lies below extensor retinaculum and the patient will feel the pain in the
dorsum of the foot. (22)

2.5: Superficial Peroneal (Fibular) Nerve

2.5.1: Origin of Superficial Peroneal Nerve: the nerve roots of superficial

peroneal nerve are L4, L5, and S1. The superficial fibular nerve is a terminal
branch of the common fibular nerve. (24)

2.5.2: Course of Superficial Peroneal Nerve: It arises at the neck of the fibula,
going down between the muscles of the fibularis and the lateral side of the extensor
digitorum longus. Here, motor branches are produced which supply the fibularis
longus and brevis. The nerve continues its descent, having a purely cutaneous
function, providing the anterolateral portion of the lower leg with sensory
innervation. As the superficial fibular nerve enters the lower third of the leg, it
pierces the deep crural fascia and ends by separating the cutaneous nerves into the
medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. These nerves enter the foot to
supply the majority of its dorsal surface. (24)

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2.5.3: Branches of Superficial Peroneal Nerve (24): the superficial peroneal nerve
has two types of branches, and they are motor branches and sensory branches.

1) Motor branches: this nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral compartment of
the leg and they are Fibularis longus and Fibularis Brevis.

2) Sensory branches: The superficial fibular nerve provides skin innervation to

certain leg and foot areas; supplies the skin of anterolateral area of the leg, and the
skin of the dorsum of the foot (except the space between the hallux and the 2nd
digit), via the medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves.

2.5.4: Injury of Superficial Peroneal Nerve (24): there are two types of injury of
superficial peroneal nerve and they are nerve compression and direct damage:

1) Nerve Compression: nerve compression can cause pain and paraesthesia on the
lower leg and foot dorsum. Nerve compression also occurs from ankle sprains or
ankle twisting, as this allows the nerve to stretch in the lower leg.

2) Direct Damage: A fibula fracture, or a perforating wound to the lateral side of

the leg, may damage the superficial fibular nerve.

If any type of injury occurs the muscles of lateral compartment of the leg will
weaken and may paralysis so the patient can’t evert the foot and the sensation of
the dorsum of the foot and the anterolateral surface of the leg will be lost.

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 Chapter 3: Conclusion

In this research, we dicussed an introduction about the sciatic nerve before we get
into our main subject “common peroneal nerve” because common peroneal nerve
is a branch of the sciatic nerve that supply anterior and lateral compartments of the
leg.

The common peronea nerve is a branch but itself has two terminal divisions deep
peroneal nerve and superficial peroneal nerve and any damage may occur to the
common peroneal nerve (such as fracture of the fibula or trauma to the knee) will
lead to paralysis of the muscles of anterior and lateral compartment of the leg and
sensation of the leg and the dorsum of the foot so we must take care and avoid the
damage of common peroneal nerve.

The deep peroneal nerve is a branch of common peroneal nerve and supplies the
muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and ends by two branches medial
and lateral, and any compressin occurs at deep fibular nerve leads to disability to
do dorsiflexion and the gait is abnormal.

The superficial peroneal nerve is also a branch of common peroneal nerve that
supplies rhe muscles of the lateral group of the leg and ends by two cutaneous
branches (medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve) that supply the wide
area of the dorsum of the foot, and the damage to this nerve leads to paralysis of
the muscles that is supplied by this nerve and loss of sensation of the dorsum of the
foot.

So the common peroneal nerve is very important and we must take care and avoid
the conditions that cause damage to this nerve.

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2020]. Available from: https://neupsykey.com/the-diagnostic-anatomy-of-the-sciatic-nerve/

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(20) Common peroneal nerve dysfunction Information | Mount Sinai - New York [Internet].
Mount Sinai Health System. 2020 [cited 18 May 2020]. Available from:
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/common-peroneal-nerve-
dysfunction

(21) Peroneal Nerve Injury [Internet]. 2020 [cited 19 May 2020]. Available from:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/peroneal-nerve-injury

(22) May H. The Deep Fibular Nerve - Course - Motor - Sensory - TeachMeAnatomy [Internet].
Teachmeanatomy.info. 2020 [cited 19 May 2020]. Available from:
https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/nerves/deep-fibular/

(23) Common Fibular Nerve : Course, Motor & Sensory Innervation » How To Relief [Internet].
How To Relief. 2020 [cited 19 May 2020]. Available from:
https://www.howtorelief.com/common-fibular-nerve-course-motor-sensory-innervation/

(24) Sardar M. The Superficial Fibular Nerve - Course - Motor - TeachMeAnatomy [Internet].
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 Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my all doctors (especially DR/ Mostafa Mahran and Dr/
Mohamed Maher) for supporting me and giving me advice that help me to
complete this research, then I would thank my family that supports me as best as
they can.

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 ‫جامعة مصر لمعموم و التكنولوجيا‬

‫كمية العالج الطبيعي‬

‫بحث مقدم من‪:‬‬

‫اسم الطالب‪ :‬محمد أيمن عبدالرحيم عابدين‬

‫كود الطالب‪37877 :‬‬

‫اسم المقرر‪Human Anatomy 112:‬‬

‫كود المقرر‪ANAT 112 :‬‬

‫عنوان البحث‪Common Peroneal Nerve :‬‬

‫يشرف عميها‪:‬‬

‫اسم المشرف‪ :‬د‪/‬ناهد قورة‬

‫ربيع ‪9191/9102‬‬

‫‪Page | 26‬‬