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ME6603 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS L T P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:

• To introduce the concepts of Mathematical Modeling of Engineering Problems.

• To appreciate the use of FEM to a range of Engineering Problems.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Historical Background – Mathematical Modeling of field problems in Engineering – Governing
Equations – Discrete and continuous models – Boundary, Initial and Eigen Value problems–
Weighted Residual Methods – Variational Formulation of Boundary Value Problems – Ritz
Technique – Basic concepts of the Finite Element Method.
UNIT II ONE-DIMENSIONALPROBLEMS 9
One Dimensional Second Order Equations – Discretization – Element types- Linear and Higher
order elements – Derivation of Shape functions and Stiffness matrices and force vectors- Assembly
of Matrices - Solution of problems from solid mechanics and heat transfer. Longitudinal vibration
frequencies and mode shapes. Fourth Order Beam Equation –Transverse deflections and Natural
frequencies of beams.
UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9
Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar Variable Functions – Variational formulation –Finite
Element formulation – Triangular elements – Shape functions and element matrices and vectors.
Application to Field Problems - Thermal problems – Torsion of Non circular shafts –Quadrilateral
elements – Higher Order Elements.

UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9

Equations of elasticity – Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric problems – Body forces and
temperature effects – Stress calculations - Plate and shell elements.

UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION 9

Natural co-ordinate systems – Iso parametric elements – Shape functions for iso parametric
elements – One and two dimensions – Serendipity elements – Numerical integration and
application to plane stress problems - Matrix solution techniques – Solutions Techniques to
Dynamic problems – Introduction to Analysis Software
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students can able to understand different mathematical
Techniques used in FEM analysis and use of them in Structural and thermal problem

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TEXT BOOK:
1. Reddy. J.N., “An Introduction to the Finite Element Method”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2005
2. Seshu, P, “Text Book of Finite Element Analysis”, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi,2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Rao, S.S., “The Finite Element Method in Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Butterworth
Heinemann,2004
2. Logan, D.L., “A first course in Finite Element Method”, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002
3. Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus, Michael E. Plesha, Robert J. Witt, “Concepts and
Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 4th Edition, Wiley Student Edition, 2002.
4. Chandrupatla & Belagundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 3rd
Edition,Prentice Hall College Div, 1990
5. Bhatti Asghar M, "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications", John Wiley
& Sons,2005 (Indian Reprint 2013)

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Subject Code: ME6603 Year/Semester: III /06

Subject Name: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Subject Handler: Dr.D.Muruganandam & Mr.D. Arunkumar
UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Historical Background – Mathematical Modeling of field problems in Engineering – Governing Equations

– Discrete and continuous models – Boundary, Initial and Eigen Value problems– Weighted Residual
Methods – Variational Formulation of Boundary Value Problems – Ritz Technique – Basic concepts of
the Finite Element Method.
PART * A

Q.No. Questions

What should be considered during piecewise trial functions? (APRIL 2011) BTL1
1.
Continuity of the field variable and its derivatives at the junctions are considered.
Mention the basic steps of Rayleigh-Ritz method. (APRIL 2011) BTL1
Basic steps of Rayleigh-Ritz method are, '
2 • Assume a displacement fielda
• Evaluation of the total potential
• (c) Setup and solve the system of equations.
What is meant by node or joint? BTL1
Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected with the
3
adjacent element by nodal point or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are located. The
forces will act only at nodes at any others place in the element.
What is the basic of finite element method? BTL1
4 Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure in to
convenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.
What are the types of boundary conditions? BTL1
5 • Primary boundary conditions
• Secondary boundary conditions
State the methods of engineering analysis. (APRIL 2010) BTL1
• Experimental methods
6
• Analytical methods
• Numerical methods or approximate methods
State the three phases of finite element method. BTL1
• Preprocessing
7
• Analysis
• Post Processing
What is nonstructural problem? (APRIL 2014) BTL1
8 Temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained. By using these values properties such
as heat flow fluid flow for each element can be calculated.
What is structural problem? (APRIL 2013) BTL1
9 Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution stress and strain in
each element can be calculated.
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What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis? BTL1
10 • Force method
• Displacement or stiffness method.
Explain stiffness method. BTL1
11 Displacement or stiffness method, displacement of the nodes is considered as the unknown of the
problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is desirable.
What is meant by post processing? BTL1
12 Analysis and evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post processing. Postprocessor
computer program help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in graphical form.
Name the variation methods. BTL1
13 • Ritz method
• Ray-Leigh Ritz method
What is meant by degrees of freedom? BTL1
14 When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The deformation
includes displacement rotation, and or strains. These are collectively known as degrees of freedom.
What is meant by discretization and assemblage? BTL1
The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known as
15
discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the various
elements together is called assemblage.
What is truss element? BTL1
17 The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint which transmits
only axial force to the element.
What is Aspect ratio? BTL1DYARTHIPLUS.COM
• It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest dimension.
18 • In many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases.
• The conclusion of many researches is that the aspect ratio should be close to unity as
possible
What is Rayleigh-Ritz method? BTL1
19 It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem, encountered
in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is available.
What are the h and p versions of finite element method? BTL1
• It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method.
• In h version, the order of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and
20
the numbers of elements are increased.
• In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of polynomial
approximation of element is increased.
PART * B
Find the nodal displacement and elemental stresses for the bar shown in fig. (13M) (APRIL
2015) BTL3
1
Answer: page – 1.07 Dr. S. Senthil

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Given
Area of element1= 15 cm2
Area of element1= 15 cm2
Area of element1= 24 cm2
Length of element1= 75 cm
Length of element1= 75 cm
Length of element1= 60 cm

Find
Nodal displacement
Elemental Stress

Solution
Finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element

(4 M)

(2 M)
Result

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(7 M)
Calculate nodal displacement and elemental stresses for the truss shown in fig. E= 70 Gpa.
Cross sectional area A= 2 cm2 for all truss members. (13 M) (APRIL 2011) BTL3
Answer: page – 1.09 Dr. S. Senthil

Given
Youngs modulus = 70 Gpa
Area = 2 cm2
Point load = P sin30◦
Point load = - P cos30◦

Find
1. Nodal displacement
2. Stress in the member
Solution

(3 M)

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(7 M)
Result
Nodal displacement at node3 = - 0.3256 mm
Nodal displacement at node4 = - 5.110 mm
Elemental stresses at 1= -37.98 N/mm2
Elemental stresses at 2= 272.51 N/mm2
Elemental stresses at 3= 0 N/mm2 (3M)

The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon AE d2y/dx2 +q0 =0
with the boundary condition y(0)=0, x=L, dy/dx=0, find the value of f(x) using the weighted
residual method. (13M) (APRIL 2014) BTL3
Answer: page – 1.16 Dr. S. Senthil

(7M)

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(6M)

We know that, linearly varying pressure acting on the side J, K, N =0 Determine the
expression for the deflection and bending moment in a simply supported beam subjected
to uniformly distributed load over the entire span. Find the deflection and moment at
midspan and compare with exact solution using Rayleigh Ritz method Use y = a1sin (πx/l)
+ a2 sin(3πx/l). (13M) (NOVEMBER 2008) BTL2
Answer: page – 1.18 Dr. S. Senthil
4
To find :
1. Deflection and Bending moment at midspan.
2. Compare with exact solutions.

SOLUTION

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(7M)

(6M)

Explain briefly General steps of the finite element analysis. (13M) (NOVEMBER 2014) BTL2
Answer: page – 1.27 Dr. S. Senthil

Step 1: Discretization of structure

5 A bar and beam elements are considered as one dimensional element has two nodes,
one at each end as shown.

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(ii) Two Dimensional element: -

Triangular and Rectangular elements are considered as 2D element. These elements are located by
their own place.

’(4M)

Step 2: Numbering of nodes and elements

Step 3: selection of a displacement function

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(9M)

PART * C
Find the solution for the following differential equation.
d2y/dx2+50=0, 0<x<10
Trial function is y=a1x(10-x)
Boundary conditions are y(0)=0 Y(10)=0.
Find the value of the parameter a1 by the following methods
(i)point collocations,
(ii)subdomain collocation,
(iii)least square method,
(iv)galerkins (15m) (May 2014) BTL4
1 Answer: page – 1.101 Dr. S. Senthil

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(6M)

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(9M)

Determine the expression for the deflection and bending moment in a simply supported beam
subjected to uniformly distributed load over the entire span. Find the deflection and moment
at midspan and compare with exact solution using Rayleigh Ritz method Use y = a 1sin (πx/l)
2
+ a2 sin(3πx/l). (15M) (November 2008) BTL2
Answer: page – 1.12 Dr. S. Senthil

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(5M)

(5M)
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(5M)

The differential equation of a physical phenomenon is given by d 2y/dx2 + 500x2=0 ;0<x<1 by

using the trial function, Y=a1(x-x3) + a2(x-x5), calculate the value of the parameter a1 and a2
by the following methods. (15M) BTL2
(i)point collocation
(ii)subdomain method
(iii)least square
(iv)galerkins
Answer: page – 1.17 Dr. S. Senthil

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(10M)

(5M)

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UNIT II ONE-DIMENSIONALPROBLEMS

One Dimensional Second Order Equations – Discretization – Element types- Linear and Higher order
elements – Derivation of Shape functions and Stiffness matrices and force vectors- Assembly of Matrices
- Solution of problems from solid mechanics and heat transfer. Longitudinal vibration frequencies and
mode shapes. Fourth Order Beam Equation –Transverse deflections and Natural frequencies of beams.

PART * A

Q.No. Questions

When do we resort to 1 D quadratic spar elements? (APRIL 2011) BTL1

(i) Better accuracy.
1.
(ii) Representation of curved boundaries.
(iii) Faster convergence.
What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis? BTL1
a. Static analysis:
The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis
2 Example: stress analysis on a beam
b. Dynamic analysis:
The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis.
Example: vibration analysis problem.
Differentiate between global and local axes. BTL1
a. Local axes are established in an element. Since it is in the element level, they change with
3 the change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element.
b. Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same indirection for all the elements
even though the elements are differently oriented.
Name any four FEA software. BTL1
a. ANSYS
4
b. NASTRAN
c. COSMOS
List the two advantages of post processing. BTL1
5 a. Required result can be obtained in graphical form.
b. Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easily and quickly.
During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node? BTL1
a. Concentrated load acting point
6 b. Cross-section changing point
c. Different material interjections
d. Sudden change in point load
Distinguish between potential energy function and potential energy functional. BTL1
If a system has finite number of degree of freedom (q1, q2, and q3), then the potential energy
7 expressed as,
π = f (q1, q2, and q3)IPLUS.COM
It is known as function. If a system has infinite degrees of freedom, then the potential

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What are the types of loading acting on the structure? BTL1

a. Body force (f)
8
b. Traction force (T)
c. Point load (P)
Define traction force. BTL1
Traction force is defined as distributed force acting on the surface of the body. Unit: Force per
9
unit area.
Example: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear
Define the body force. BTL1
A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body Unit: Force per
10
unit volume.
Example: Self weight due to gravity
What is point load? BTL1
11
Point load is force acting at a particular point which causes displacement
What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling. BTL1
12 a. Discretization of structure.
b. Numbering of nodes.
What is discretization? BTL1
13 The art of subdividing a structure in to a convenient number of smaller components is known as
discretization.
What are the classifications of coordinates? (APRIL 2011) BTL1
a. Global coordinates
14
b. Local coordinates
c. Natural coordinates
What is Global coordinates? BTL1
15 The points in the entire structure are defined using coordinates system is known as global
coordinate system.
How do you calculate the size of the global stiffness matrix? (APRIL 2011) BTL1
17
Global stiffness matrix size = Number of nodes X Degrees of freedom per node
What is natural coordinates? BTL1
A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of dimensionless
18
number whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very useful in assembling of
stiffness matrices.
Define shape function. BTL1
Approximate relation φ (x,y) = N1 (x,y) φ1 + N2 (x,y) φ2 + N3 (x,y) φ3
Where φ1, φ2, and φ3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes N1, N2, and N3 are the
19
interpolation functions.
N1, N2, and N3 are also called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or
shape of the element.
What are the characteristic of shape function? BTL1
20 a. It has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at other nodal points.
b. The sum of shape function is equal to one.
PART * B

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Find the nodal displacement developed in the planer truss shown in figure when a vertically
downward load of 1000 N is applied at node 4. The required data are given in the Table 1.
(13M) (NOVEMBER 2014) BTL2
Answer: page – 2.07 Dr. S. Senthil

1
Find
Nodal displacements
Solution

(8M)
Result
Nodal displacements
U5=0.0265 cm
U6= 0.0088 cm
U7= 0.3479 cm
U8= -0.5600 cm (5M)
Consider the triangular element shown in figure. The element is extracted from a thin plate
of thickness 0.5 cm. The material is hot rolled low carbon steel. The nodal coordinates are
2 x1 = 0, y1 = 0; xj 0; yj – 1, xk =2, yk = -2. Determine the elemental stiffness matrix. Assuming
plane stress analysis, take µ = 0.3 and E = 2.1 x 107 N/cm2. (13M) (NOVEMBER 2010) BTL2

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Answer: page – 2.17 Dr. S. Senthil

Solution

(5M)
Result

(8M)

What is one dimensional element? Explain their types? (13M) (MAY 2010) BTL2
Answer: page – 2.27 Dr. S. Senthil
Bar and beam elements are considered as One Dimensional elements. These Elements
are often used to model trusses and frame structures.
1.Bar, Beam and Truss
Bar is a member which resists only axial loads. A beam can resist axial, lateral and twisting loads.
3 A truss is an assemblage of bars with pin joints and a frame is an assemblage of beam elements.

2.Stress, Strain and Displacement

Stress is denoted in the form of vector by the variable x as σx, Strain is denoted in the form of
vector by the variable x as ex, Displacement is denoted in the form of vector by the variable x as
ux. (5M)
3. Types of Loading

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(1) Body force (f)

It is a distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body. Unit is Force
/ Unit volume. Ex: Self weight due to gravity.
(2) Traction (T)
It is a distributed force acting on the surface of the body. Unit is Force / Unit area. But
for one dimensional problem, unit is Force / Unit length. Ex: Frictional resistance,
viscous drag and Surface shear.
(3) Point load (P)
It is a force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.

(4)Finite Element Modeling

It has two processes.
(1) Discretization of structure
(2) Numbering of nodes (8M)

The loading and other parameters for a two bar truss element is shown in Fig. Determine
(i) the element stiffness matrix for each element
(ii) global stiffness matrix
(m) nodal displacements
(iv) reaction forces
(v) the stresses induced in the elements. Assume E = 200 GPa. (13M) BTL 2
Answer: page – 2.32 Dr. S. Senthil

Solution

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(3M)

(10M)
Explain about the beam element and formulate the stiffness matrix. (13M) (NOVEMBER
2009) BTL 2
Answer: page – 2.36 Dr. S. Senthil

• A beam is a long, slender structural member generally subjected to transverse loading that
produces significant bending effects as opposed to twisting or axial effects. An elemental
length of a long beam subjected to arbitrary loading is considered for analysis.
• For this elemental beam length L, we assign two points of interest, i.e., the ends of the
5
beam, which become the nodes of the beam element.
• The bending deformation is measured as a transverse (vertical) displacement and a rotation
(slope). Hence, for each node, we have a vertical displacement and a rotation (slope) – two
degrees of freedom at each node.
• For a single 2- noded beam element, we have a total of 4 degrees of freedom. The
associated “forces” are shear force and bending moment at each node. (6M)

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(7M)
PART * C
Find the slopes at the supports and support reaction forces and support reaction moments
for the beam shown in Figure. Take E=210 GPa, I = 2×10-4 m4 (15M) (MAY 2009) BTL3
Answer: page – 2.25 Dr. S. Senthil

(6M)
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(6M)

(3M)
Given that E=210 GPa and I=4×10-4m4, cross section of the beam is constant. Determine
the deflection and slope at point C. calculate the reaction forces and moments. (15M)
(NOVEMBER 2015) BTL2
Answer: page – 2.28 Dr. S. Senthil

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(5M)

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(5M)

(5M)
Derive the 1-d 2-noded cubic beam element matrices. (15M) (MAY 2009) BTL2
Answer: page – 2.42 Dr. S. Senthil
• A single 1-d 2-noded cubic beam element has two nodes, with two degrees of freedom at
3 each node (one vertical displacement and one rotation or slope).
• There is a total of 4 dof and the displacement polynomial function assumed should have 4
terms, so we choose a cubic polynomial for the vertical deflection.
• Slope is a derivative of the vertical deflections. (4M)

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(8M)

(3M)

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UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar Variable Functions – Variational formulation –Finite
Element formulation – Triangular elements – Shape functions and element matrices and vectors.
Application to Field Problems - Thermal problems – Torsion of Non circular shafts –Quadrilateral
elements – Higher Order Elements.

PART * A

Q.No. Questions

What are higher order elements and why are they preferred? (APRIL 2011) BTL1
• For any element, if the interpolation polynomial is the order of two or more, that element
is known as higher order elements.
1.
• It is used to represent the curved boundaries.
• The number of elements is reduced when compared with straight edge elements to model
geometry
State the properties of stiffness matrix. BTL1
• It is a symmetric matrix.
2
• The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero
• It is an unstable element. So, the determinant is equal to zero.
Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one dimensional bar
element. (APRIL 2011) BTL1
3 U= N1u1+N2u2
N1= 1-X / l N2 = X / l
Define total potential energy.
4
Total potential energy, π = Strain energy (U) + potential energy of the external forces(w)
State the principle of minimum potential energy. (November 2015) BTL1
Among all the displacement equations that satisfied internal compatibility and the boundary
5
condition those that also satisfy the equation of equilibrium make the potential energy a minimum
is a stable system.
What is truss? BTL1
6
A truss is defined as a structure made up of several bars, riveted or welded together.
States the assumption are made while finding the forces in a truss. (APRIL 2012) BTL1
7 • All the members are pin jointed. The truss is loaded only at the joint
• The self weight of the members is neglected unless stated.
State the principles of virtual energy? BTL1
8 A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for the every
kinematically admissible displacement field
What is essential boundary condition? BTL1
9 Primary boundary condition or EBC Boundary condition which in terms of field variable is known
as Primary boundary condition.
10 Natural boundary conditions? BTL1

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Secondary boundary natural boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field
variable is known as secondary boundary condition
How do you define two dimensional elements? (APRIL 2013) BTL1
11 • Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane.
• The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.
What is CST element? BTL1
• Three noded triangular elements are known as CST.
12
• It has six unknown displacement degrees of freedom (u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3).
• The element is called CST because it has a constant strain throughout it.
What is LST element? (November 2012) BTL1
• Six nodded triangular elements are known as LST.
13
• It has twelve unknown displacement degrees of freedom.
• The displacement function for the elements are quadratic instead of linear as in the CST.
What is QST element? (November 2012) BTL1
14 Ten nodded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain triangle. It is also called as cubic
displacement triangle.
What meant by plane stress analysis? BTL1
15 Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress and shear stress directed
perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero
Define plane strain analysis. (November 2015) BTL1
16 Plane strain is defined to be state of strain normal to the xy plane and the shear strains are assumed
to be zero.
State the assumption in the theory of pure torsion. (November 2012) BTL1
• The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic and obeys Hooks law.
• Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.
17
• The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality.
• Strain and deformation are small.

Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plane strain condition. (November
2012) BTL 1
For plane strain problems, stress-strain relationship matrix is

18

Where, E = Youngs modulus

V = Poisson’s ratio

19 Write a strain-displacement matrix for CST element. (November 2012) BTL2

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Write down the expression for the shape function for a constant strain triangular element.
BTL2

20

PART * B
Derivation of stiffness matrix and finite element equation for a truss element. (13M)
(NOVEMBER 2009) BTL2
Answer: page – 3.07 Dr. S. Senthil

There are two joints for an arbitrarily inclined single truss element (at an angle θ ,
positive counter-clockwise from +ve x-axis). For each joint i, there are two degrees of freedom,
i.e., a joint can have horizontal displacement (u1) and vertical displacement (v1). Hence, for a
single truss element, there are 4 degrees of freedom. The nodal displacement degrees of freedom
and the nodal force degrees of freedom are shown in the following figure.

(3M)

Note that the deformations occurring in the truss members are so small that they are only
axial. The axial displacement of the truss can be resolved along horizontal x-axis and vertical y-
axis. But in our derivation, let us resolve the horizontal and vertical displacements (in xy-axes) of
a joint along and perpendicular to the truss member (in x y -axes). Refer to the Figure in the
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next page. Note sin θ component acting towards negative y -direction and all other components
acting towards in +ve x and y directions.

(5M)

(5M)

Formulate the development of element equation. (13M) (NOVEMBER 2009) BTL2

Answer: page – 3.107 Dr. S. Senthil
2

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(7M)

Derive the shape function for the constant strain triangular element. (13M) (November 2012)
BTL2
3
Answer: page – 3.127 Dr. S. Senthil

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Figure shows a 2-D two-variable linear triangular element with three nodes and the two
dof at each node. The nodes are placed at the corners of the triangle. The two variables (dof) are
displacement in x-direction (u) and displacement in y-direction (v). Since each node has two dof,
a single element has 6 dof. The nodal displacement vector is given by

(5M)

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(5M)

(3M)

Determine the stiffness matrix for the straight-sided triangular element of thickness t = 1
mm, as shown. Use E = 70 GPa, n = 0.3 and assume a plane stress condition. (13M)
4 (November 2012) BTL2
Answer: page – 3.37 Dr. S. Senthil

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(3M)
Consider a thin plate having thickness t= 0.5 in. being modeled using two CST elements, as
shown. Assuming plane stress condition, (a) determine the displacements of nodes 1 and 2,
5 and (b) estimate the stresses in both elements. (13M) (November 2012) BTL2
Answer: page – 3.47 Dr. S. Senthil

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PART * C
For the constant strain triangular element shown in figure. Assemble strain-displacement
matrix. Take t = 20 mm, E = 2 X 105 N / mm2. (15M) (November 2012) BTL3
1
Answer: page – 3.07 Dr. S. Senthil

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(5M)

(5M)

Determine the shape functions N1, N2 and N3 at the interior point P for the triangular
element shown in figure. (15M) (November 2012) BTL3
2
Answer: page – 3.17 Dr. S. Senthil

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(8M)
Result

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UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

Equations of elasticity – Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric problems – Body forces and
temperature effects – Stress calculations - Plate and shell elements.

PART * A

Q.No. Questions

What is axisymmetric element? (MAY 2008)BTL1

1. Many three dimensional problem in engineering exhibit symmetry about an axis of rotation such
type of problem are solved by special two dimensional element called the axisymmetric element
What are the conditions for a problem to be axisymmetric? BTL1
a. The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
2
b. All boundary condition must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
c. All loading condition must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
What is the purpose of Isoparametric element? BTL1
It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large number
3
of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body and the
assemblage.
Define super parametric element. (MAY 2008)BTL1
4 If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than of nodes used for defining the
displacement is known as super parametric element.
Define sub parametric element. BTL1
5 If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used for
defining the displacement is known as sub parametric element.
What is meant by Isoparametric element? BTL1
6 If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for
defining the displacement is known as Isoparametric element.
Is beam element an Isoparametric element? (MAY 2009)BTL1
7 Beam element is not an Isoparametric element since the geometry and displacement are defined
by different order interpretation functions.
What is simple natural coordinate? BTL1
8
A simple natural coordinate is one whose value between -1 and 1.
Give example for essential boundary conditions.
9
The geometry boundary condition are displacement, slope.
Write down the shape functions for 4 noded rectangular elements using natural
coordinate system. (MAY 2010)BTL1
10 N1 = 1 (1-e)(1-h) N2 = 1 (1+e)(1-h)4 4
N3 = 1 (1 +e)(1+h) N4 = 1 (1 -e)(1 +h)4 4
Give example for non essential boundary conditions. BTL1
11
The natural boundary conditions are bending moment, shear force
What is meant by degrees of freedom? BTL1
12 When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The deformation
includes displacement rotation, and or strains. These are collectively known as degrees of freedom.
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What is QST element? BTL1

13 Ten noded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain triangle. It is also called as cubic
displacement triangle.
Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST elements. (MAY 2012)
BTL1
Stiffness matrix [K ]=[B ]T [D ][B ]
14
[B]T -Strain displacement
[D]-Stress strain matrix
[B]-Strain displacement matrix
State the assumptions made in the case of truss element. (MAY 2008)
The following assumptions are made in the case of truss element,
15 • All the members are pin jointed.
• The truss is loaded only at the joints
• The self weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
PART * B
Derive the shape function equation for the Axisymmetric element. (13M) (Nov/Dec’10) BTL2
Answer: page – 4.17 Dr. S. Senthil

(6M)

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(5M)

(2M)

Derive the Strain Displacement Matrix for the Axisymmetric element. (13M) (November
2011) BTL2
2
Answer: page – 4.17 Dr. S. Senthil

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(7M)

Derive the Stress Strain Relationship matrix for the Axisymmetric triangular element.
(13M) (November 2013) BTL2
Answer: page – 4.27 Dr. S. Senthil

(3M)

(6M)

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(4M)
The nodal co-ordinates for an axisymmetric triangular element are given below. r1= 10 mm,
r2= 30 mm, r3= 30 mm z1 = 10 mm, z2 = 10 mm, z3 = 40 mm. Evaluate [B] Matrix for the
element. (13M) (November 2014) BTL2
Answer: page – 4.317 Dr. S. Senthil

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(4M)

(2M)

The nodal coordinates for an Axisymmetric triangular element are given below r1= 20 mm,
r2= 40 mm , r3= 30 mm z1 = 40 mm, z2 = 40 mm, z3 = 60 mm. Evaluate [B] Matrix for the
5 element. (13M) (November 2015) BTL2
Answer: page – 4.107 Dr. S. Senthil

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(5M)

(2M)

PART * C
For the element shown in fig, determine the stiffness matrix. Take E = 200Gpa and v = 0.25.
The co-ordinates shown in fig are in millimeters. (15M) (November 2013) BTL2
1
Answer: page – 4.26 Dr. S. Senthil

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(6M)

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For the axisymmetric elements shown in fig, determine the stiffness matrix. Let E = 2.1 x
105 N/mm2 and v = 0.25. The co-ordinates shown in fig are in millimeters. (15M)
(November 2012) BTL2
Answer: page – 4.117 Dr. S. Senthil

(4M)

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(3M)

For the axisymmetric elements shown in fig. Determine the element stresses. Let E = 210
Gpa and v = 0.25. The coordinates are in millimeters. The nodal displacements are u1= 0.05
3 mm, u2= 0.02 mm, u3= 0 mm, w1 = 0.03 mm, w2 = 0.02 mm, w3 = 0 mm. (13M) (November
2014) BTL3
Answer: page – 4.127 Dr. S. Senthil

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UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION

Natural co-ordinate systems – Iso parametric elements – Shape functions for iso parametric elements –
One and two dimensions – Serendipity elements – Numerical integration and application to plane stress
problems - Matrix solution techniques – Solutions Techniques to Dynamic problems – Introduction to
Analysis Software.

PART * A

Q.No Questions

What meant by plane stress analysis? (November 2014)BTL1

1. Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress and shear stress directed
perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
Define plane strain analysis. BTL1
2 Plane strain is defined to be state of strain normal to the x,y plane and the shear strains are assumed
to be zero.
What is truss element? BTL1
3 The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint which transmits
only axial force to the element.
List the two advantages of post processing. (November 2013) BTL1
4 a. Required result can be obtained in graphical form.
b. Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easily and quickly.
What are the h and p versions of finite element method? BTL1
It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
5 polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node? BTL1
a. Concentrated load acting point
6 b. Cross-section changing point
c. Different material inter junction point
d. Sudden change in point load
What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis? BTL1
Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis
7 Example: stress analysis on a beam
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis
Example: vibration analysis problem.
What is meant by discretization and assemblage? BTL1
The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known as
8
discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the various
elements together is called assemblage.
What is Rayleigh-Ritz method? (November 2014)BTL1
9 It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem, encountered
in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is available.
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How do you define two dimensional elements? BTL1

10 Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane. The
basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.
State the principles of virtual energy? (November 2015) BTL1
11 A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for the every
kinematically admissible displacement field.
Define Eigen value problem. BTL1
12
The problem of determining the constant is called eigen value problem.
What is non-homogeneous form? BTL1
13 When the specified values of dependent variables are non-zero, the boundary condition said to be
non-homogeneous.
What is homogeneous form? BTL1
14 When the specified values of dependent variables is zero, the boundary condition are said to be
homogeneous.
Define initial value problem. BTL1
15 An initial value problem is one in which the dependent variable and possibly is derivatives are
specified initially.
Define boundary value problem. BTL1
16 A differential equation is said to describe a boundary value problem if the dependent variable and
its derivatives are required to take specified values on the boundary.
PART * B
For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in fig determine the local co-ordinates
of the point P which has Cartesian co-ordinates (7,4). (13M) (November 2014)BTL2
Answer: page – 5.17 Dr. S. Senthil

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𝟏
2 Evaluate the integeral 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏(𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) and compare with exact solution. (13M) BTL2
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Answer: page – 5.137 Dr. S. Senthil

𝟏
Given integral 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏(𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )

(3M)

(6M)

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(4M)
Derive the shape functions for 4 noded rectangular parent element by using natural co-
ordinates system and co-ordinate transformation. (13M) (November 2015) BTL2
Answer: page – 5.107 Dr. S. Senthil

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(6M)

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(7M)

𝟏
Evaluate the integral by using Gaussian Quadrature 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥. (13M) (November
2010)BTL2
4
Answer: page – 5.217 Dr. S. Senthil

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(8M)

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(5M)
Derive the element stiffness matrix equation for 4 noded isoparametric quadrilateral
element. (13M) (November 2011)BTL2
Answer: page – 5.47 Dr. S. Senthil

(3M)

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(5M)

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(6M)

PART * C
𝟏
Evaluate the integral 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕) 𝑑𝑥. (15M) (November 2011) BTL2
1
Answer: page – 5.147 Dr. S. Senthil

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(4M)

(3M)

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(6M)

(2M)
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Evaluate the integral by applying 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 3 point Gaussian quadrature. (15M)
2 (November 2011)BTL2

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Answer: page – 5.137 Dr. S. Senthil

(5M)

(3M)

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(7M)
𝟏 𝟏
Evaluate the integral by applying 𝑰 = ∫−𝟏(𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + )𝑑𝑥 3 point Gaussian quadrature.
𝒙+𝟐
(15M) (November 2014)BTL2
Answer: page – 5.47 Dr. S. Senthil

(3M)

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(5M)

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(7M)

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