AN1024

PKE System Design Using the PIC16F639

base station unit. Furthermore, due to antenna
Author: Youbok Lee, Ph.D.
orientation properties, the input signal level at the
Microchip Technology Inc.
transponder becomes considerably weaker if the
antenna is not oriented face-to-face with the base
station antenna.
INTRODUCTION
The most probable source of PKE operation failure is
Hands-free Passive Keyless Entry (PKE) is quickly due to a weak input signal level at the transponder.
becoming mainstream in automotive remote keyless Therefore, for a reliable hands-free PKE application, it
entry applications and is a common option on new is necessary to make the input signal strong enough
automobile models. Instead of pressing a transmitter (above input sensitivity level) in any condition within the
button to unlock or lock a car door, it is possible to gain desired communication range.
vehicle access simply having a valid transponder in
your possession. In order to make the PKE system reliable, the system
designer must consider four important parameters:
Hands-free PKE applications require bidirectional
communication between the base station and 1. Output power of the base station command,
transponder units. The base unit inside the vehicle 2. Input sensitivity of the transponder,
transmits a Low-Frequency (LF) command that 3. Antenna directionality, and
searches for a transponder in the field. Once located, 4. Battery life of the transponder.
the transponder in the vehicle owner’s possession then
The PIC16F639 is a microcontroller (MCU) with a
automatically responds to the base unit. The base unit
three-channel analog front-end. The device’s analog
then unlocks the car doors, if a valid authentication
front-end features are controlled by the MCU firmware.
response is received.
Because of its easy-to-use features, the device can be
In typical PKE applications, the base station unit is used for various smart low-frequency sensing and
designed to output the maximum power that is allowed bidirectional communication applications.
by electromagnetic field radiation rules that are
This application note provides design circuit examples
mandated by government agencies. When it operates
of the smart PKE transponder using the PIC16F639
with a 9 to 12 VDC of power source, the maximum
MCU. The MCU firmware examples for the circuits
attainable antenna voltage is about 300 Vpp. Because
shown in this application note are also available. The
of the non-propagating property of the low-frequency
given circuit and MCU firmware examples can be easily
(125 kHz) signal, the signal level becomes only about
modified for users specific applications.
a few mVPP when it is received by a typical key fob
transponder approximately two meters away from the

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 1

AN1024
PIC16F639 PKE TRANSPONDER The AFE section shares three I/O pins in PORTC of the
digital section; RC1, RC2 and RC3, which are internally
The PIC16F639 has a digital MCU section (PIC16F639 bonded with CS, SCLK/ALERT and LFDATA/CCLK/
core) and an analog front-end (AFE) section. The RSSI/SDIO pad of the AFE, respectively. LFDATA/
device can be used for various low-frequency sensing CCLK/RRSI and ALERT are outputs of the AFE. SDIO,
and bidirectional smart communication applications. SCLK and CS are used to program or read the AFE
Figure 1 shows an example of a typical PKE system. Configuration registers. Refer to the PIC12F635/
The base station unit transmits a 125 kHz command to PIC16F636/639 Device Data Sheet (DS41232) for more
search for a valid transponder in the field. The PKE details (see “References”).
transponder sends back a response if the received To save battery power, the digital section is normally in
command is valid. Sleep mode while the AFE section is detecting LF input
The PIC16F639 device has high analog input signals. Although the AFE’s output pads are internally
sensitivity (up to 1 mVPP) and three antenna bonded to the PORTC pins, the AFE output cannot
connection pins. By connecting three antennas that are wake-up the digital section from Sleep by Interrupt-on-
positioned to x, y and z directions, the transponder can change events, because the pins are not Interrupt-on-
pick up signals from any direction at any given time. change pins. Therefore, it is recommended that the
Therefore, it reduces the likelihood of missing signals LFDATA and ALERT pins of the AFE be connected to
due to the properties of antenna directionality. The the PORTA pins externally, as shown in Figure 2.
input signal at each antenna pin is detected The digital section can wake up when one of the
independently and summed afterwards. Each input following three conditions occur:
channel can be independently enabled or disabled by
1. AFE output at LFDATA pin,
programming the Configuration register. The device
consumes less operating power if fewer channels are 2. AFE output at ALERT pin, or
enabled. 3. Any event by push button switches on PORTA.
For hands-free operation, the transponder is continu-
ously waiting and detecting input signals. This presents
an issue for the life expectancy of the battery. There-
fore, in order to reduce the operating current, the digital
MCU section can stay in low-current mode (Sleep),
while the Analog Front-End (AFE) is looking for a valid
input signal. The digital MCU section is waking up only
when the AFE detects a valid input signal. This feature
is possible by using an Output Enable Filter (wake-up
filter). There are nine Output Enable Filter options
available in the PIC16F639. Users can program the
filter using the Configuration register. Once the filter is
programmed, the device passes detected output to the
digital section only if the incoming signal meets the filter
requirement.
Figure 2 shows an example of the PKE transponder
configuration. The transponder consists of the
PIC16F639 device, external LC resonant circuits, push
buttons, a UHF transmitter, battery back-up (optional),
and a 3V lithium battery.
The digital sections have two I/O ports; PORTA and
PORTC. Each of the PORTA pins is individually
configurable as an Interrupt-on-change pin. The pins
on PORTC have no Interrupt-on-change function.

DS01024A-page 2 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
FIGURE 1: BIDIRECTIONAL PASSIVE KEYLESS ENTRY (PKE) SYSTEM

Encrypted
Codes Response
(UHF)
LED
LED
UHF
Ant. X Transmitter
UHF
Receiver LF Command
(125 kHz)
PIC16F639
Microcontroller

Ant. Y
MCU
(MCU)

(PIC16F636)
LF +
Ant. Z
Transmitter/ 3-Input
Receiver Analog Front-End
(MCP2030)
LF Talk-back
125 kHz (125 kHz) 125 kHz
LC Series LC Parallel
Resonant Circuit Resonant Circuit

Base Station Transponder

FIGURE 2: EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE KEYLESS ENTRY (PKE) TRANSPONDER CONFIGURATION

Push Button Switch

+3V
433.92 MHz +3V
VDD VSS
1 20
S0 S3
2 19
S1 S4
3 18
S2 S5
4 17
RF Circuitry
PIC16F639

Data LED
(UHF TX) 5 16
RFEN
6 15 CS

LFDATA/RSSI/SDIO 7 14 SCLK/ALERT
D4
VDDT VSST
8 13
LCZ LCCOM
9 12
Battery D3 C1
(2-3.6V) D1 LCY LCX
10 11
air-core
coil
ferrite-core ferrite-core
coil coil

D2

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 3

AN1024
Wake-up Filter and Signal Detection modulation depth requirement is set to 8% and the
Output Enable Filter is set to (TOEH: 2 ms, TOEL = 2 ms).
Users can program one of the nine possible Output The input signal amplitude is 2.7 mVPP with a
Enable filters using the Configuration registers. Refer to modulation depth of about 9%. Figure 3 shows the
the PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 Device Data Sheet input signal and the demodulated data output after the
(DS41232) for more details (see “References”). wake-up filter is matched. The demodulated output of
Figures 3 and 4 show examples of inputs and the correct (wanted) input signal wakes up the digital
demodulated outputs. The input signal is applied to one section, and will respond if the command is valid.
of the three input pins or on all pins (LCX, LCY, LCZ) at Figure 4 shows the case when the input does not meet
the same time. The outputs are available on the the programmed filter requirement. The demodulated
LFDATA pin of the device. The figures show the output is not available at the output pin since the input
differences in output pins depending on the setting of does not meet the programmed filter requirement. This
the output enable (wake-up) filter option. For the cases ensures that the digital section will not wake-up due to
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the minimum unwanted input signals.

FIGURE 3: INPUT SIGNAL AND DEMODULATED OUTPUT WHEN OUTPUT ENABLE FILTER IS
ENABLED AND INPUT MEETS THE FILTER TIMING REQUIREMENT

FIGURE 4: INPUT SIGNAL AND DEMODULATED OUTPUT WHEN OUTPUT ENABLE FILTER IS
ENABLED AND INPUT DOES NOT MEET THE FILTER TIMING REQUIREMENT

DS01024A-page 4 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
External LC Resonant Antenna For a given LC resonant circuit, the received antenna
voltage is approximately given by Equation 2 (refer to
The PIC16F639 device includes three low-frequency application note AN710, “Antenna Circuit Design for
input channels. The LCX, LCY and LCZ pins are for RFID Applications,” (DS00710) for details):
external LC resonant antenna circuit connections (for
each LF input channel). The external circuits are con-
EQUATION 2:
nected to the antenna input pins and the LCCOM pin.
LCCOM is a common pin for all external antenna cir- fc
cuits. A capacitor (1-10 μF) between the LCCOM pin V coil ≈ -------------------NSQB o cos α
( 1 + Δf )
and ground is recommended to provide a stable condi-
tion for the internal detection circuit when it detects
strong input signals. where:
Although the PIC16F639 has three LC input pins for the fc = Carrier frequency of the base station (Hz)
three external antenna attachments, the user can use Δ f = | fc - fo|
only one or two antennas, instead of using all three,
depending on the application. The operating current fo = Resonant frequency of LC circuit (Hz)
consumption is proportional to the number of channels N = Number of turns of coil in the loop
enabled. Fewer channels enabled results in lower
S = Surface area of loop in square meters
current consumption. However, it is highly
recommended to use all three antennas for hands-free Q = Quality factor of LC circuit
PKE applications. Βo = Magnetic field strength (Weber/m2)
THEORY OF LC RESONANT ANTENNA α = Angle of arrival of signal
To detect a low-frequency magnetic field, a tuned loop In Equation 2, the quality factor (Q) is a measure of the
antenna is commonly used. In order to maximize the selectivity of the frequency of the interest by the tuned
antenna voltage, the loop antenna must be precisely circuit. Assuming that the capacitor is lossless at
tuned to the frequency of interest. For PKE 125 kHz, Q of the LC circuit is mostly governed by the
applications, the antenna should be tuned to the carrier inductor defined by:
frequency of the base station. The loop antenna is
made of a coil (inductor) and capacitors that are EQUATION 3:
forming a parallel LC resonant circuit. The voltage
across the antenna is also maximized by increasing the 2π fo L
Q L = ----------------------
surface area of the loop and quality factor (Q) of the r
circuit.
The resonant frequency of the LC resonant circuit is where fo is the tuned frequency, L is the inductance
given by Equation 1: value and r is the resistance value of the inductor.
In typical transponder applications, the inductance
EQUATION 1: value is in the 1-9 mH range. Q of the LC circuit is
greater than 20 for an air-core inductor and about 40 for
1 a ferrite-core inductor.
f o = ------------------
2π LC
The S cos α term in Equation 2 represents an effective
surface area of the antenna that is defined as an
where L is the inductance of the loop and C is the exposed area of the loop to the incoming magnetic
capacitance. field. The effective antenna surface area is maximized
when cos α becomes unity, which occurs when the
antennas of the base station and the transponder units
are positioned in a face-to-face arrangement. In
practical applications, the user might notice the longest
detection range when the two antennas are facing each
other and the shortest range when they are
orthogonally faced. Figure 5 shows a graphical
demonstration of the antenna orientation problem in
practical applications.

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 5

AN1024
FIGURE 5: ANTENNA ORIENTATION FIGURE 6: RECOMMENDED ANTENNA
DEPENDENCY PLACEMENT ON
TRANSPONDER BOARD
Magnetic field from the base station
Line of axis

Ferrite-core Antenna
a (LCX Input Pin)
Transponder’s LF antenna
with surface area S
Ferrite-core Antenna
Effective Antenna Surface Area = S cos a (LCY Input Pin)

The antenna orientation problem can be significantly

reduced if the three antennas are placed orthogonally
on the same PCB board. This increases the probability
that at least one of the transponder antennas faces Air-core Antenna
(LCZ antenna)
toward the base station antenna at a given incident
during application. Figure 6 shows a graphical
illustration of placing three antennas on the Transponder PCB
transponder board. A large air-core coil is used for LCZ Note 1: Keep the size of the air-core antenna (LCZ)
and two ferrite-core coils are used for LCX and LCY. as large as possible, given the PCB space
There are companies that make the ferrite coils available.
specifically for the 125 kHz RFID and low-frequency 2: Keep the separation between the antennas
sensing applications. as far apart as possible to reduce a mutual
coupling between them.

DS01024A-page 6 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
LC ANTENNA TUNING Battery Back-up and Batteryless Modes
As shown in Equations 2 and 3, the induced coil volt- In real-life applications, there is the chance that the
age is maximized when the LC circuit is tuned precisely battery can be momentarily disconnected from the
to the incoming carrier frequency. In practical applica- circuit by accident, for example, if the unit is dropped
tions, however, the LC resonant frequency differs from onto a hard surface. If this should happen, the data
transponder to transponder due to the tolerance varia- stored in the MCU may not be recovered correctly. To
tion of the LC components. To compensate the error protect the battery from accidental misplacement,
due to the component tolerance, the PIC16F639 has users may consider using a battery back-up circuit. The
an internal resonant capacitor bank per channel. The battery back-up circuit provides a temporary VDD
capacitor value can be programmed up to 63 pF with voltage to the transponder. The circuit is recommended
1 pF per step. Figure 7 shows an example of the for sophisticated transponders, but may not be a
capacitance tuning using the Configuration register bits necessary mechanism for all applications. In Figure 2,
(6 bits). The capacitance is monotonically increased D4 and C1 form the battery back-up circuit. C1 is fully
with the Configuration register bits. Refer to the charged when the battery is connected and provides
PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 Device Data Sheet the VDD when the battery is momentarily disconnected.
(DS41232) for more details (see “References”).
The batteryless mode is the case when the transpon-
The capacitance can be effectively tuned by monitoring der is operating without the battery. In Figure 2, diodes
the RSSI current output. The RSSI output is propor- D1, D2, D3 and C1 form a power-up circuit for battery-
tional to the input signal strength. Therefore, the higher less operation. When the transponder coil develops
RSSI output will be monitored the closer the LC circuit voltages, the coil current flows through the diodes, D1
is tuned to the carrier frequency. and D2, and charges the capacitor, C1, which can pro-
The total capacitance adds up as the Configuration vide the VDD for the transponder. The power-up circuit
register bits step up . The resulting internal capacitance is useful when the PIC16F639 is used for anti-collision
is added to the present capacitor values of the LC transponder applications, where batteryless operation
circuit. The LC resonant frequency will shift to lower by is preferred. The value of the capacitor, C1, for battery-
adding the internal resonant capacitor. less mode is from a few μF to a few Farad (F)
depending on the application.
FIGURE 7: CAPACITANCE TUNING VS.
BIT SETTING

70
60
Capacitance (pF)

50
40 Ch. X
Ch. Y
30 Ch. Z
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
Bit Setting (steps)

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 7

AN1024
LOW-FREQUENCY SIGNAL Examples of the schematics for the PKE transponder
and the base station are shown in Appendix B:
DETECTION ALGORITHM AND
“Transponder”, Figure B-1, Figure C-1 and Figure C-2
DETECTOR OUTPUT respectively. These schematics were developed for
Figure 8 shows the flow chart of the input signal detec- customer training purposes of the PIC16F639
tion with the wake-up filter enabled. transponder. Users can use the circuits as references
when they develop their own systems. Users can also
The MCU firmware, PIC16F639_Basestation.asm, is refer to the PKE reference demonstration kit
available for download from Microchip’s web site, (P/N: APGRD001), which is available from Microchip.
www.microchip.com (see Appendix A: “Source
Code”).

FIGURE 8: PIC16F639 SIGNAL DETECTION FLOW CHART

Start

MCU Programs AFE

Configuration Registers

MCU in Sleep Mode

(while AFE detects input signals)

No
Input Signal in?

Yes

Set AGC Active Status bit

(if AGC is on)

Set Input Channel Receiving

Status bit (CH X, Y or Z)

Input Signal Yes

Disappeared for Soft Reset
> 16 ms?

No

No Wake-up Filter
Enabled?
Yes

Input Signal Incorrect

No Input Signal Continues No
Meets Wake-up Filter
Requirements? for > 32 ms?

Yes Yes
Detected Output on LFDATA Pin Set ALERT Output Pin Low
(LFDATA output wakes up MCU)
Set Alarm Status Bit High
(If ALRTIND Bit is Set)

No
Correct Data?

Yes
= Controlled by MCU
Firmware Send Response via
LF Talk-back or RF Link

DS01024A-page 8 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
TRANSPONDER CIRCUIT See the PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 Device Data
Sheet (DS41232) for more details of the LF talk-back
Figure B-1, in Appendix B: “Transponder”, shows an (see “References”).
example of the PKE transponder circuit which has been
The transponder uses a UHF transmitter for long range
used for customer training and device demonstration
applications. An On-Off-Keying UHF transmitter is
purposes.
formed by the UHF (433.92 MHz) resonator U2 and
The transponder circuit has three external LC resonant power amplifier Q1. The values of capacitors C2 and
circuits, 5 push button switches, a 433.92 MHz C3 are approximately 20 pF range each, but are layout
resonator for UHF data transmission and components dependent. The L1, which is typically formed by a metal
for battery back-up mode. trace on the PCB, is a UHF antenna and its efficiency
Each LC resonant circuit is connected to the LC input increases significantly by increasing its loop area.
and LCCOM pins. The air coil antenna is connected to The UHF transmitter section is turned on when the
the LCX input and the two ferrite-rod inductors are MCU I/O pin outputs a logic level high; otherwise it is
connected to the LCY and LCZ pins. The LCCOM pin turned off. The output of RC5 is the modulation data of
is a common pin for all three antenna connections, the UHF signal and can be reconstructed by the UHF
which is grounded via C11 and R9. Each resonant receiver in the base station.
antenna must be tuned to the carrier frequency of the
base station unit for the best signal reception
conditions. The internal capacitor of each channel can
be used to tune the antenna for the best performance.
When the device is powered up initially, the digital
section programs the Configuration registers of the
AFE using the SPI (CS, SCLK/ALERT, SDIO).
The AFE is very sensitive to environmental noise due
to its high input sensitivity (~3 mVPP); therefore, take
appropriate care to prevent excess AC noise along the
PCB traces. Capacitors C6 and C12 are used for noise
filtering for the VDD and VDDT pins, respectively.
Diodes D1 and D2, and capacitor C5 are for the battery
back-up mode. Diodes D2, D3 and D7 and capacitor
C5 are for batteryless mode. A larger C5 value is
needed for stable batteryless mode operation. Capaci-
tor C5 holds the charges from the battery and from the
coil voltage through diodes D3 and D7. The stored
charge on C5 can keep the PIC16F639 device pow-
ered when the battery is momentarily disconnected.
Diodes D3 and D7 are connected across the air coil,
which develops the strongest coil voltage among the
three external LC resonant antennas.
Once a valid input signal is detected, the digital MCU
section is waken up and transmits a response if the
command is valid.
The transponder can send responses using an internal
modulator (LF talk-back) or an external UHF
transmitter. The analog input channel has an internal
modulator (transistor) per channel between the input
and the LCCOM pins. The internal modulator is turned
on and off if the AFE receives Clamp-On and Clamp-
Off commands from the digital MCU section,
respectively. The antenna voltage is clamped or
unclamped depending upon the Clamp-On or Clamp-
Off command, respectively. This is called LF talk-back,
which is used for proximity range applications only. The
base station can detect the changes in the transponder
antenna voltage and reconstruct the modulation data.

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 9

AN1024
BASE STATION CIRCUIT The change in the coil voltage (across L1) can be
detected through an envelope detector and low-pass
Figure C-1 and Figure C-2, in Appendix C: “Base filter formed by D1 and C5. The detected envelope
Station”, show an example circuit of the base station, passes through active gain filters, U2A and U2B. The
which has been used for customer training and device demodulated analog output is fed into the comparator
demonstration purposes. input pin of the MCU for pulse shaping. The output of
The base station unit consists of a microcontroller, the comparator is available on TP6 and decoded by the
125 kHz transmitter/receiver and an UHF receiver MCU.
module. U4 is the 433.92 MHz ASK receiver module. This
The base station transmits a 125 kHz low-frequency receiver module detects the transponder's UHF
command and receives responses from the responses. The digital output from this module is fed
transponders in the field via UHF or LF talk-back. After into the MCU for decoding. An antenna (a few inches
transmitting the LF commands, it checks whether there long) is typically attached to the antenna pad of the
is any response through LF or UHF link. module to receive a signal in stable condition. Since the
receiver module is next to the LF transmitter section,
The 125 kHz transmitter generates a carrier signal
which produces strong fields, the module typically
based on the MCU's Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
outputs noise. Therefore, it may require an adequate
output. The power of the125 kHz square pulses from
firmware routine to filter out the noise inputs.
the MCU is boosted by the current driver, U1. The
square pulse output from U1 becomes sine waves as it The base station unit displays the data on the LCD or
passes through an LC series resonant circuit that is turns on the buzzer each time valid data is received.
formed by L1, C2, C3 and C4. L1 is an air-core inductor
and is used for the 125 kHz LF antenna. FIRMWARE EXAMPLES
The antenna radiation becomes maximized when the Firmware examples, including HTML documentation
LC series resonant circuit is tuned to the frequency of for the transponder and the base station units are avail-
the PWM signal. At the resonant frequency, the able in an archived file (see Appendix A: “Source
impedance of the LC circuit is minimized. This results Code”).
in a maximum load current through L1 and therefore
produces strong magnetic fields. Users may tune the The main firmware files for the transponder and the
LC circuit by monitoring the coil voltage across L1. base station are PIC16F639_Transponder.asm and
PIC16F639_BaseStation.asm, respectively.
The components after diode D1 are used to receive the
LF talk-back signal from the transponder. When the The firmware does not use the KEELOQ® security IC
transponder responds with LF talk-back, there will be algorithm. Contact Microchip sales for assistance if you
changes in the coil voltage (across L1) due to the mag- want to use KEELOQ security ICs in your design.
netic fields originated by the voltage on the transponder Figure 9 shows an example of the handshake between
coil. Since the voltage on the transponder coil is initially the base station and the transponder.
caused by the voltage of the base station antenna (L1),
Figure 10 shows a communication example between
the return voltage has 180º phase difference with
the transponder and base station units by using the
respect to the originating voltage. Therefore, at a given
firmware.
condition, the voltage across L1 changes with the coil
voltage of the transponder coil.

FIGURE 9: EXAMPLE OF HANDSHAKE BETWEEN BASE STATION AND TRANSPONDER

Base Station AGC Stabilization Pulse + Wake-up Filter + 10 bits (ID Command + Parity + Stop Bit)
Transmits:
(Step 1)
Transponder Header + ID (32 bits) + 4 Parity bits
Transmits:
(Step 2)
Base Station AGC Stabilization Pulse + Wake-up Filter + IFF Command (8 bits) +Challenge (32 bits) + 5 Parity bits +
Transmits: Stop Bit (46 bits)
(Step 3)
Transponder Header + Response (32 bits) + 4 Parity bits (36 bits)
Transmits:
(Step 4)
Base Station: Display message on LCD

DS01024A-page 10 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
FIGURE 10: COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN BASE STATION AND TRANSPONDER

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Base Station
Command

Transponder
Response
Step 4

CONCLUSION REFERENCES
The PIC16F639 device is an easy-to-use, low cost and “PIC12F635/PIC16F636/639 Data Sheet,” DS41232,
secure bidirectional communication transponder. This Microchip Technology Inc.
device can be used for various smart hands-free AN710, “Antenna Circuit Design for RFID
passive keyless entry applications. A basic configura- Applications,” Application Note (DS00710), Microchip
tion of the Passive Keyless Entry (PKE) transponder is Technology Inc.
shown in Figure 2. Example schematics for the tran-
sponder and the base station are shown in Appendix AN959, “Using the PIC16F639 MCU for Smart
B: “Transponder” and Appendix C: “Base Station”. Wireless Applications,” Application Note (DS00950),
Microchip Technology Inc.
The firmware examples for the transponder and the
base station are also provided (see Appendix A: TB088, “PIC16F639 Microcontroller Overview,”
“Source Code”). Users can modify the provided Technical Brief (DS91088) Microchip Technology Inc.
examples for their application purposes. TB090, “MCP2030 Three - Channel Analog Front-End
Device Overview,” Technical Brief (DS91090A)
MEMORY USAGE Microchip Technology Inc.
“MCP2030 Data Sheet”, (DS21981), Microchip
Transponder: Technology Inc.
“Coilcraft Data Sheet”, (P/N 4308 and 5315 Series);
• Program Memory - 1131 words
http://www.coilcraft.com
• Data Memory - 65 Bytes

Base Station:
• Program Memory - 1178 words
• Data Memory - 405 Bytes

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 11

AN1024
APPENDIX A: SOURCE CODE
The complete source code, including any firmware
applications and necessary support files, is available
for download as a single archive file from the Microchip
corporate web site, at:
www.microchip.com

DS01024A-page 12 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
APPENDIX B: TRANSPONDER

FIGURE B-1: TRANSPONDER SCHEMATIC SHEET 1 OF 1

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 13

AN1024
FIGURE B-2: TOP MASK VIEW OF TRANSPONDER

DS01024A-page 14 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
FIGURE B-3: BOTTOM MASK VIEW OF TRANSPONDER

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 15

AN1024
APPENDIX C: BASE STATION

FIGURE C-1: BASE STATION SCHEMATIC SHEET 1 OF 2

DS01024A-page 16 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 AN1024
FIGURE C-2: BASE STATION SCHEMATIC SHEET 2 OF 2

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 17

AN1024
FIGURE C-3: TOP MASK VIEW OF BASE STATION

FIGURE C-4: BOTTOM MASK VIEW OF BASE STATION

DS01024A-page 18 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 APPENDIX D: BILL OF MATERIALS
FIGURE D-1: TRANSPONDER BOM
Qty Component Name RefDes Value Description Mfr. Mfr. P/N Notes

1 BTH-20MM-PTH-MTL BT1 3V/6V 20MM THRU HOLE MT COIN HOLDER Keystone® Electronics 3003
1 CAP-0603-DOUBLE CX 180pF CAP,180PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic® ECJ-1VC1H181J
2 CAP-0603-DOUBLE CY 220pF CAP,220PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H221J
CZ
2 CAP-CRCW0603 C5 1uF CAP 1UF 16V CERAMIC F 0603 Panasonic ECJ-1VF1C105Z
C9

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

1 CAP-CRCW0603 C2 0.5pF CAP,0.5PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H0R5C
1 CAP-CRCW0603 C3 18pF CAP,18PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H180J
2 CAP-CRCW0603 C7a 10uF CAP CER 10UF 10V 10% X5R 0805 Murata® Electronics GRM21BR61A106KE19L
C7b
2 CAP-CRCW0603 C4 100nF CAP CER 0.10UF 50V X7R 10% 0603 TDK C1608X7R1H104K
C6
1 CAP-CRCW0603 C8 100pF CAP CERAMIC 100PF 50V NP0 0603 BC Components VJ0603A101JXACW1BC
1 CAP-CRCW0603 C13 300pF CAP CERM 300PF 5% 50V C0G 0603 Rohm® MCH185A301JK
1 CAP-CRCW0603 C1 470pF CAP,470PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECU-V1H471KBV
2 CAP-CRCW1206 C11 1uF CAP 1UF 25V CERAMIC X7R 1206 Panasonic ECJ-3YB1E105K
C12
1 CAP-CRCW1206 C10 10uF CAP 10UF 16V CERAMIC F 1206 Panasonic ECJ-3YF1C106Z
2 DIO-1N4148WS-SOD-323 D3 1N4148WS DIODE SWITCH 75V 200MW SOD-323 Diodes Inc. 1N4148WS-7
D7
1 DIO-MA2S784-SS-MINI D1 MA2S784 DIODE SCHOTTKY 30V 100MA SS-MINI Panasonic MA2S784-(TX)
1 DIO-ZENER-BZX84-SOT23 D2 5.1V DIODE ZENER 5.1V 0.35W SOT-23 Fairchild® Technologies BZX84C5V1
1 HDR-1X6 J2 1X6 CONN HEADER 1X6 .100" PITCH Samtec® TSW-106-07-S-S
1 ICP-PIC16F639/P-20PIN-PDIP U1 PIC16F639/P PIC, MICROCHIP, 16F639, 20-PIN, PDIP Microchip PIC16F639/P
1 IND-AIR-9MH-PINS-INSIDE LX 9.0mH COIL, AIR, CREDIT CARD, 40AWG Amatech 10-00269
3 IND-PROTO2 LX_ALT 7.1mH INDUCTOR,RFID,TRANSPONDER Coilcraft, Inc 4308TC-715XJBD DO NOT
STUFF
IND-PROTO2 LY 7.1mH
LX_ALT
IND-PROTO2 LZ 7.1mH
3 JMP-2PIN-VIAS JP1 1X2 CONN HEADER 1X2 .100" PITCH Samtec TSW-102-07-S-S
JP3
JP10
7 JMP-3PIN-VIAS JP2 1X3 CONN HEADER 1X3 .100" PITCH Samtec TSW-103-07-S-S
JP4
JP5
JP6
JP7
JP8
JP9
AN1024

DS01024A-page 19
 FIGURE D-1: TRANSPONDER BOM (CONTINUED)
Qty Component Name RefDes Value Description Mfr. Mfr. P/N Notes

3 LED-SML-LX231C-TR-RED- D4 RED LED 2X3MM 635NM RED WTR CLR SMD Lumex® SML-LX23IC-TR
2X3MM-SM D5
D6
5 RES-CRCW0603 R6 4.7K RES 4.75K OHM 1/10W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo® 9C06031A4751FKHFT

DS01024A-page 20
R10
AN1024

R12
R14
R16
1 RES-CRCW0603 R4 10 RES 10.0 OHM 1/10W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A10R0FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW0603 R1 47 RES 47.0 OHM 1/16W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A47R0FKHFT
1 CRCW0603 R2 47K RES 47.0K OHM 1/16W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A4702FKHFT
2 CRCW0603 R13 100K RES 100K OHM 1/10W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A1003FKHFT
R18
1 CRCW0603 R3 220 RES 220 OHM 1/16W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A2200FKHFT
1 CRCW0603 R19 270 RES 270 OHM 1/16W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A2700FKHFT
6 CRCW0603 R5 475 RES 475 OHM 1/16W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C06031A4750FKHFT
R11
R15
R17
R22
R23
2 CRCW1206 R7 10M RES 10.0M OHM 1/10W 1% 0603 SMD Yageo 9C12063A1005FKHFT
R9
1 CRCW1206 R8 Rlimit 1.7 RES 1.00 OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A1R00FGHFT
1 CRCW0603 U2 433.92MHz RESONATOR SAW 433.92MHZ 1 PORT ECS Electronics ECS-SDR1-4339-TR
6 SWT-EVQ-PLMA15 SW0 MOM-NO LIGHT TOUCH SWITCH SMD 260GF 5MM Panasonic EVQ-PLMA15
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
1 TRS-NE94433-SOT23-3 Q1 NE-94433 TRANS NPN OSC FT=2GHZ SOT-23 NEC® Electronics NE94433-T1B
5 TSP-P60R38 TP1 RFPEN TEST POINT PC MINI .040"D WHITE Keystone Electronics 5002
TPC
TPX
TPY
TPZ
1 CR2032 3V BATTERY ST1 Lithium Cell BATTERY 20MM LITHIUM COIN Panasonic-BSG CR2032
10 SHORTING SHUNT J1-J10 Shunt CONN JUMPER SHORTING SHUNT TIN Sullins® STC02SYAN
1 SOCKET 20-PIN SU1 Socket PCB TRANSPONDER CC W/GND Mill-Max® 110-99-320-41-001000
1 PCB PCB1 PCB PLANE Microchip 05-50011_RevB.pcb

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 FIGURE D-2: BASE STATION BOM
Qty Component Name RefDes Value Description Mfr. Mfr. P/N Notes

1 ANTENNA-LEAD A1 6.8” 20MM THRU HOLE MT COIN HOLDER Keystone® Electronics 3003
2 CAP-200LS-NONPOLAR C3 0.200LS CAP,180PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic® ECJ-1VC1H181J
CAP-200LS-NONPOLAR C4
1 CAP-250LS-NONPOLAR C5 1.0nF CAP,220PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H221J
1 CAP-375LS-NONPOLAR C6 2.2nF CAP 1UF 16V CERAMIC F 0603 Panasonic ECJ-1VF1C105Z
5 CAP-CRCW1206 C1 0.1uF CAP,0.5PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H0R5C
CAP-CRCW1206 C7
CAP-CRCW1206 C10
CAP-CRCW1206 C16

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

CAP-CRCW1206 C24
2 CAP-CRCW1206 C9 10nF CAP,18PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECJ-1VC1H180J
CAP-CRCW1206 C12
2 CAP-CRCW1206 C22 20pF CAP CER 10UF 10V 10% X5R 0805 Murata® Electronics GRM21BR61A106KE19L
CAP-CRCW1206 C23
1 CAP-CRCW1206 C8 100pF CAP CER 0.10UF 50V X7R 10% 0603 TDK C1608X7R1H104K
1 CAP-CRCW1206 C11 150pF CAP CERAMIC 100PF 50V NP0 0603 VJ0603A101JXACW1BC
1 CAP-ECQ-P4103JU C2 10nF CAP CERM 300PF 5% 50V C0G 0603 Rohm® MCH185A301JK
1 CAP-EIA3216-A C15 10uF CAP,470PF,50V,CERAMIC,0603,SMD Panasonic ECU-V1H471KBV
2 CAP-CRCW0805 C17 1uF CAP 1UF 25V CERAMIC X7R 1206 Panasonic ECJ-3YB1E105K
CAP-CRCW0805 C18
1 CAP-RAD-160D060S C14 47uF CAP 10UF 16V CERAMIC F 1206 Panasonic ECJ-3YF1C106Z
1 CAP-RAD-400D200S C13 100uF DIODE SWITCH 75V 200MW SOD-323 Diodes Inc. 1N4148WS-7
1 CNN-DB9-MALE-RA-PTH J2 DE-9P (Male) DIODE SCHOTTKY 30V 100MA SS-MINI Panasonic MA2S784-(TX)
1 CNN-POWER-IN-MOD-2.5MM J4 2.5mm DIODE ZENER 5.1V 0.35W SOT-23 Fairchild® Technologies BZX84C5V1
1 RJ11_6PIN J3 ICD CONN HEADER 1X6 .100" PITCH Samtec® TSW-106-07-S-S
1 AMP770969 J1 PIC, MICROCHIP, 16F639, 20-PIN, PDIP Microchip PIC16F639/P
2 DIO-10MQ100N-SMA-SMT D5 10MQ100N COIL, AIR, CREDIT CARD, 40AWG Amatech 10-00269
DIO-10MQ100N-SMA-SMT D8
1 DIO-UF1005-PTH-DO-41 D1 UF1005 INDUCTOR,RFID,TRANSPONDER Coilcraft, Inc 4308TC-715XJBD
1 DIODE-DO214AA D7 1N4148 DIODE SWITCH 75V 500MW MINIMELF Diodes Inc. LL4148-13
4 DIODE-DO214AA D4 1N5819 RECT SCHOTTKY 1A 40V DO-214AA Micro Comm. SMB5819
DIODE-DO214AA D9
DIODE-DO214AA D10
DIODE-DO214AA D11
1 DIODE-DO-41 D6 1N4750 DIODE ZENER 27V 1W 5% DO-41 Diodes Inc. 1N4750A-T
1 ICA-MCP6022/SN-SOIC-8PIN U2 MCP6022 Microchip MCP6022-I/SN
1 MCP201-SO8-150 U5 MCP201 Microchip MCP201-I/SN
1 ICA-TC4422CAT-TO220-5LEAD U1 TC4422CAT Microchip TC4422CAT
1 ICP-PIC18F4680/P-40PDIP U3 PIC18F458/P Microchip PIC18F458-I/P
1 MCP2551-SO8 U6 MCP2551 Microchip MCP2551-I/SN
AN1024

DS01024A-page 21
 FIGURE D-2: BASE STATION BOM (CONTINUED)
Qty Component Name RefDes Value Description Mfr. Mfr. P/N Notes

1 IND-AIR-10-00189-500V-PTH L1 160uH IND 160UH 500V AIR WireBenders® 10-00189

1 IND-DO5022P-SMT L2 DO5022P IND Coilcraft, Inc. Do Not
Populate
1 LCD_2X16_COG LCD1 {Value} LCD United Radiant UMSH-3112JNV-1G

DS01024A-page 22
AN1024

2 LED-SML-LX231C-TR-RED-2X3MM- D2 GRN LED 2X3MM 565NM GRN WTR CLR SMD Lumex SML-LX23GC-TR
SM D3
1 RES0805 R14 1K RES 1.00K OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A1001FKHFT
1 RES0805 R13 4.7K RES 4.75K OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A4751FKHFT
2 RES0805 R18 15K RES 15.0K OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A1502FKHFT
RES0805 R19
2 RES0805 R17 25K RES 24.9K OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A12492FKHFT
RES0805 R20
1 RES0805 R15 120 RES 121 OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A1210FKHFT Do Not
Populate
1 RES0805 R21 Do Not Pop. RES 121 OHM 1/8W 1% 0805 SMD Yageo
1 RES0805 R25 0 RES 0.0 OHM 1/8W 5% 0805 SMD Yageo 9C08052A0R00JLHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R12 1K RES 1.00K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A1001FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R6 3.92K RES 3.92K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A3921FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R9 4.87K RES 4.87K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A4871FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R3 4.99K RES 4.99K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A4991FKHFT
4 RES-CRCW1206 R1 4.99M RES 4.99M OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A4994FKHFT
R2
R11
R22
1 RES-CRCW1206 R10 5.11K RES 5.11K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A5111FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R7 16.5K RES 16.5K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A1652FKHFT
2 RES-CRCW1206 R23 49.9K RES 49.9K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A4992FKHFT
RES-CRCW1206 R24
1 RES-CRCW1206 R8 78.7K RES 78.7K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A7872FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R4 80.6K RES 80.6K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A8062FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R5 162K RES 162K OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A1623FKHFT
1 RES-CRCW1206 R16 270 RES 270 OHM 1/4W 1% 1206 SMD Yageo 9C12063A2700FKHFT
1 RF-MODULE-RR8 U4 433.92MHz RR8 433.92MHZ ASK RF RECEIVER Tellicontrolli AMHRR3-433
7 TSP-P90R60 TP1 WHI TEST POINT PC MULTI PURPOSE WHI Keystone Electronics 5012
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
TP7
2 TSP-P90R60 TP8 BLK TEST POINT PC MULTI PURPOSE BLK Keystone Electronics 5011
TP9

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

 FIGURE D-2: BASE STATION BOM (CONTINUED)
Qty Component Name RefDes Value Description Mfr. Mfr. P/N Notes

1 VRG-5.0V-ZMR500F-SOT23 (223) VR1 LM3480IM3-5.0 IC 5.0 100MA LDO VREG SOT23 National Semiconductor LM3480IM3-5.0
1 XTL-200LS-PTH-CAN Y1 20.0MHz CRYSTAL 20.000MHZ 20PF HC-49/US ECS Inc. ECS-200-20-4
1 SOC-SOCKET-MACH.PINS-40-PIN SU3 40-PIN IC SOCKET 40PIN MS TIN/TIN .600 Mill-Max Corp. 110-93-640-41-001000
1 PCB-BLANK PCB1 Microchip 05-50020_RevB
1 BUZZER BZ1 AUD SIG DEVICE 3-20VDC PCB Mallory Sonalert MSR320
1 NO PATTERN - MODIFICATION Rmod1* 11.0K RES 11.0K OHM 1/4W 1% METAL FILM Yageo MFR-25FBF-11K0

1 NO PATTERN - MODIFICATION Dmod1* 1N41418 RECTIFIER SILICON .15A 75V DO-35 Micro Commercial 1N4148

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN1024

DS01024A-page 23
AN1024
NOTES:

DS01024A-page 24 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
• Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.

• Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.

• There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.

• Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

• Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.

Information contained in this publication regarding device Trademarks

applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron,
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
dsPIC, KEELOQ, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART,
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
PRO MATE, PowerSmart, rfPIC, and SmartShunt are
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WAR-
registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated
RANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
in the U.S.A. and other countries.
WRITTEN OR ORAL, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE,
RELATED TO THE INFORMATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT AmpLab, FilterLab, Migratable Memory, MXDEV, MXLAB,
LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION, QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, PICMASTER, SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of
Microchip disclaims all liability arising from this information and Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
its use. Use of Microchip devices in life support and/or safety Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, dsPICDEM,
applications is entirely at the buyer’s risk, and the buyer agrees dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR,
to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Microchip from any and FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial
all damages, claims, suits, or expenses resulting from such Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, Linear Active Thermistor,
use. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM, PICkit, PICDEM,
any Microchip intellectual property rights. PICDEM.net, PICLAB, PICtail, PowerCal, PowerInfo,
PowerMate, PowerTool, Real ICE, rfLAB, rfPICDEM, Select
Mode, Smart Serial, SmartTel, Total Endurance, UNI/O,
WiperLock and Zena are trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
© 2006, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.

Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 quality system certification for

its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona and Mountain View, California in
October 2003. The Company’s quality system processes and
procedures are for its PICmicro® 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ® code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.

© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc. DS01024A-page 25

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10/31/05

DS01024A-page 26 © 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.