CLASS 1O NOTES

SCIENCE
 REFLECTION
The phenomenon where light rays return to the same medium upon
striking a surface is known as "reflection."
Laws of Reflection: Exam me aayega

The First Law of Reflection: The incident ray, the reflected ray,and the
normal to the surface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

The Second Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the

angle of reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray
and the normal equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the
normal. Normal
R e f l e crta
e d
y

Incldont ray
Mirror

*These laws of reflection are applicable to the reflection of light from any
smooth surface, not júst mirrors.*

Properties of Image Formed by a Plane Mirror:

1. An image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.
2. The Image is laterally inverted
3. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of it
4. The Size of the image is Equal to that of the Object
(m=1)
 Spherical Mirrors:
Mirrors, Whose reflecting surfaces are spherical in the part of a hollow
sphere of glass. A Concave mirror is a curved mirror where the reflecting
surface is on the inner side of the curved shape. Convex Mirror is a curved
mirror where the reflective surface bulges out toward the light source.

Spherical Mirrors:

Convex mirror Concave mirror

(1) Concave mirror - Whose Reflecting Surface is curved inwards is called a concave mirror.
(2) Convex mirror -Whose Reflecting Surface is Gürved outwards is called a convex mirror.

Terms used in Spherical mirors: Convex

Concave Mirror
Mirror

Principle Poi Principle Pole

axis axis

P P
Center of Centor of
Curvature curvature

R R
Radius of
Radius of
curvature
curvature

" Pole: The center of a spherical mirror's reflecting surface coincides with the
mirror's surface itself. Typically, we denote the mirror's pole with the letter "P."
Centre of curvature: A spherical mirror has a curved surface from a
sphere. The center of that sphere is the center of curvature. In concave
mirrors, it's in front, in convex mirrors, it's behind.

" Radius of curvature: The sphere's radius, from which the reflecting
surface of a spherical mirror is derived, is symbolized by the letter "R."
Principal axis: The principal axis of a spherical mirror is a straight line
that extends through the mirror's pole and its center of curvature. This
axis is perpendicular to the mirror's surface at its pole

Principal Focus: Parallel rays meet at the principal focus (F) for a concave
mirror and seem to diverge from the principal focus (F) for a convex mirror.
The distance between the mirror's center and the principal focus is the
focal length.

Aperture: The reflecting surface's diameter in a spherical mirror is called

the aperture. When the aperture is much smaller than the radius of
curvature, we can use R = 2f as an approximation.
Ray Diagrams Rules:
(1)A parallel ray will either pass through or appear to converge at the
principal focus for a concave mirror aDd appear to diverge from the
principal focus for a convex mirror.

Cowex Mirror
Concave MIor

2. Aray directed at the principal focus of a concave mirror or passing

through the principal focus of a convex mirror will come out parallel to
the principal axis.

Concove Convex
Mirror Mirror
 3. A ray passing through the center of curvature of a concave mirror or
directed toward the center of curvature of a convex mirror will be
reflected back along its original path

Concave Convex
Mirror Mirror

4. Ray incident obliquely to the principal axis towards the pole of the
concave mirror on a convex mirror is Reflected Obliquely.

X P H U B F

Concave Convex
Mirror Mirror
EMA
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR:

1) 2),
Object at
infinity P S F

Nature of the
Position of the Object Position of the Image size of the Image
Image

(1) At infinity
At focus, F, behind the
mirror
Highly diminished and
pointed in size
Virtual and
erect

Between infinity and the Between P and F, Virtual and

Diminished
(2) pole of the mirror behind the mirror erect
 IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR:

Concave Miror

Position of object Figure Position of image Nature of image

1. At infinity At the Principal focus

the focal plane
Real, inverted,
extremely
diminished in size
EMA

2. Beyond the centre Between the principal Real, inverted and

of curvature focus and centre of diminished
Curvature

3. At the centre of At the centre of Real, inverted and

Curvature Curvature equal to object

4. Between focus and

centre of curvature
Beyond oente of Real, inverted and
bigger than object.
Curyature

5. At the principal At infinity Extremely

focus magnified

6. Between the pole and Virtual, erect and

principal focus Behind the miror magnified

Uses of Spherical Mirrors:

Concave: Converging) f (ve)
Concave mirrors are used in torches, headlights, shaving mirrors, dental
examinations, and solar furnaces for heat.
Convex:Diverging f=(ve)
Convex mirrors are used in vehicles's rear-view mirrors to provide smaller
but upright images and a wider field of view, enhancing driver visibility.

Sign-convention: Object on the left M

Direction of
1. Object on the left, light comes from theleft. 4
Incident light

2. Start measuring from the mirror's pol. Heigl1t

upwards Distance towards Distance towaras

3. Left is negative, right is positivée X

(+ve) the lef (-ve)
P
the right (+ve)

4. Above the principal axis is positive.

5. Below the principal axis js negative. Height
downwards (-ve)
B

oigin -ais
Mirror

Important: N

v.im
The object distanceu, is always negative.
" The image distance v, is positive if the image is formed
behind a concave mirror and negative if the image is
formed in front of the mirror.
The image distance v, is always positive for a convex
mirror.
" The focal length of a concave mirror is always negative
and that of a convex mirror is always positive.
"The height of an object is always positive.
" If the image is erect the height is taken as positive and if
the image is inverted, the height is taken as negative.
MIRROR FORMULA:

" The distance of the Object from its pole is called the Object
distance (u)
The distance of the Image from its pole is called the image
distance (v)
The distance of the principal focus from the pole is called the focal
length (f)

Magnification (m):
Magnification Produced by a spherical mirror gives the relative Extent to
which the image of an Object is magnified with respect to the Object's
size.

image -V
h object

**+ve,u Virtual +Erect

Magnification
*o** -ve,****** Real + Inverted !
1. O<m«l: Diminished ( Between Oand 1)
2. m=1: Same Size
3. m>1: Enlarged

#An object is placed at a distance of 8cm from a convex mirror of a

focal length of 12cm. Find the position of the image.
 Focal length () = 12cm;

Object distance (u) = -8cm,

By mirror formula;

>V4.8 cm.
Since v = 4.8cm which is positive hence image is behind the mirror.

REFRACTION!
AChange in the path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to
another medium is called the Refraction of light. Normal
Normal
E X P H 9U B

Rarer Denser (n,n)

(n, <n2)

(n) (n)

Denser Rarer
(n, (n,)

Light rays undergo refraction Light rays refract by bending

by bending toward the normal away from the normal when
when they transition from a they transition from a denser
rarer medium to a denser one. mediumn to a rarer one.
LAWS OF REFRACTION:
The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface of separation of two media at the same point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
Snell's law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction for a light of a given color is constant for a
given pair of media. Sin i Constant
Sin r

-p-refractive index
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass slab:
(Normal

Air
Q

Rectangular Glass
glass slab

Air
R
EMA
i= Incident Ray
r= Reflected Ray
e= Emergent Ray

"Angle of incidence =Angle ofemergence (Zi)=(Le)

" When a ray of light is incident perpendicularly on
a plane glass slab, it passes through undeviated. In
this case, the angleof incidence (2i) is 0°, and
therefore., the,angle of refraction (Zr) is also 0°.

Refractive Index:
The refractive index measures how light changes direction when it
moves from air to another material. It shows how fast or slow light
travels and bends in different substances, helping us understand its
behavior.

Refractive index of Medium 2 Speed of Light in Medium 1

with respect to Medium 1 Speed ofLight in Medium 2

Speed of Light in Medium 1

n21 =
Speed ofLight in Medium 2
Absolute refractive index:
The absolute refractive index is the refractive index of a substance
compared to a vacuum (where the first medium is free space or a vacuum).
The refractive index of water is 1.33, which means that light travels about
1.33 times slower in water compared to its speed in air.
C speed of light in vaccum/air
n= V speed of light in medium
Special Question:
#ouestion
Calculate the angle of incidence of the light ray incident on a surface of a plastic slab
of refractive index v3, if the angle of refraction is 30°.
(Use: sin 30° =and
2
sin 60° miro

Solution: Given: Light is travelling from áiî medium to the plastic slab
The angle of refraction r 3o
Refractive index of the plasic slab n, =V3
Refractive index of airn, = 1
The angle of incidencei=?
Using Snell's law -
n,sin i= n,sin r
n,sin r V3 x sin 30° V3
’ sin i = sin 6o°
1 2

’i=60°
Question

The refractive index of dense flint glass is 1.65 and that of alcohol is 1.36 both with
respect to air. What is the refractive index of flint glass with respect to alcohol?
Solution: Refractive index of flint glass =D = 1.65
Refractive index of alcohol = n2 = 1.36
1.65
Therefore, Refractive index of flint glass with respect to alcohol n2 = 3

1.21.
Spherical Lens:
A spherical lens is an optical lens with a curved surface that causes light rays
to converge or diverge.

CONCAVE
cONVEX

1.Thick at middle 1. Thin at middle

2. Converging Lens 2. Diverging lens

(1)Concave lens- Aconcave lens is thin in the iddle and thicker at the edges,
and it makes light spread out.
(2) Convex lens- Aconvex lens has a thicker middle and thinner edges, and it
makes light converge.

Terms used in Spherical Lens:

CuvaRladiuvsalure ol Radius ol
Centre ol Optcal Centre ol Oplical
curvature centre CUrvalure centre

Curvature
C. C
Princpal R, Prnapal
ax1s aws

(a) 16)

" Center of curvature (c): The center of curvature for a

spherical lens is the point on the principal axis that is at the
same distance from the lens as the radius of curvature.
" Principal Axis: An imaginary straight line passing through the
two centers of curvature of a lens is called its principal Axis.

" Principal focus: The point where parallel rays meet (convex
lens) or appear to diverge from (concave lens). Lenses have two
such points.

" Aperture: The aperture of a spherical lens is its effective

diameter, representing the size of the circular outline.

" Optical center (0): The optical center of a lens is where light
passes through without bending.

" Focal length: Focal length is the distance between the principal
focus and the optical center.

Convex lens
Concave levs

RAY DIAGRAMS:
Rules:
" Rays parallel to the principal axis converge at the principal focus
after refraction in aconvex lens, while they appear to diverge from
the principal focus in a concave lens.

F, F,

Convex Lens Concave Lens

 " A ray passing through or directed to the focus willemerge parallel
to the principal axis.

F,

Convex Lens Concave Lens

"A ray directed towards the optical center will emerge without
deviation.

F.
( P H U B

Convex Lens Concave Lens

EMA

Image formation by Convex Lens: M

BCA
2F 2F 2F,

Case (i) Object at infinity Case (ii)Object at beyond 2f

M M

2F, 2F, B
2r F C, B' 2F
C,

Case (ii)Object at 2f Case (iv) Object in between f and 2f

 A
M
M Sv.imP

F
B 2F B
2F F.
C C
C. C

Case (v) Object at f Case (vi) Object dístance <f

Image formation by Concave Lens:

Int1ty

EMA:
2F,

Between infin1ty and M

optical centerO of the
lens

2F, B B

Lens formula & Magnification:

" u= image distance

" v: object distance,
" f:focal length
Note: We apply sign conventions similar to those used for spherical
mirrors, with the exception that all measurements are taken from the
optical center of the lens.

Magnification - Ratio of the height of the Image and the height

of the Object Represented by (m)

hi - height of the image 10

ho- height of the object
(-Ve) Sign shows that the inage is virtual &
erect.
(+Ve) Sign shows that the, image is real &inverted.

Power of
The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or
diverge light and is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length
(F) in meters. It is typically measured in diopters (D) and is
calculated using the formula:

p 1
f= (in m) f- focal length in meter.
SI unit > (D) Dioptre

Comvex lens f+ve/

Power for
iConcave lens f v e /
 #TOP 7 QUESTIONS
Q.1) As the velocity of light increases, the refractive index of the medium decreases.
Light enters from air to water having a refractive index of 4/3. Find the speed of light
in water. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3*10^(8) m/s. [CBSE 2012] (2 - Marks)
Given: n = c=3 x 10 n/s
Solution: 0=?
C
As

3x 10 x 3
4

=2.25 >X 10 u8-l

Q.2)An object is placed at the focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to locate the
position of the image formed, if any. State its position and nature. [CBSE 2013] (2-Marks)
Image is formed at o, image will be real, ivertd
and enlarged.
Solution.: M

B C.
F 2F.

Q.3) What is meant by the power of a lens? Give its SI unit. When two or more lenses are
placed in conta Power of adens is the ability of the lens to converge or
diverge a ray of light incident on it. It is the reciprocal
Soltion: of the focal length of the lens,ie. P=4. The SI unit
of power is D(dioptre) if f is measured in metre.

Q.4) Differentiate between reflection and refraction of light.

Reflection Refraction
Solation: It is the phenomenon It is the phenomenon of
of bouncing back of ray bending a ray of light
of light in the same when it travels from
medium after striking one another medium.
with a surface
Zi= Lr (angle of 2i#2r (angle of
reflcction) refraction)
Reflection can take Refraction can take
place from any surface. place from a transpareut
interface..
Q.5) (a) Name the spherical mirror used as: [CBSE 2012] (2-Marks)
1. Shavingmirror,
2. Rearview mirror in vehicles,
3. Reflector in search - fights.
(b) Write any three differences between a real and virtual image

Solution.: (a) 1. Concave mirror,

2. Convex mirror,
3 Concave parabolic
(b) Real Image Virtual Image
It can be taken on a It can not be taken on
screen a screen

It is always inverted It is always erected

When reflected or When reflccted or
refracted rays actually refracted rays appè
meet at a point, then to meet at a point
real image is formed. then virtuálimage is
formed

Q.6) A2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicúlar to the principal axis of a convex lens of
1focal length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the
position, nature, and size of the mage forms. [AIlIndia 2013](5-Marks)
Solution: In couvex lens, hË =2.0 cm
f= 10 cm
u =- 15 cm
V=?

Lens formula,

V=30 cm

30
2.0-15
hy = 4 cm

Image is real, inverted and four times enlarged.

&7) () Aconcave mirror produces a three-times enlarged image of an object placed 10
cm in front of it Calculate the focal length of the mirror.
(b) Show the formation of the image with the help of a ray diagram when the object is
placed 6 cm away from the pole ofa convex mirror.
(a) u=- 10 cm
Solution: Let a real image is formed iu concave mirror i.e.,
=-=-3
V=3u
v=3X 10 cm =30 cm

Mirror formula,

1 -4

-30 =-7.5 cm
4

(b) When u=-6 cm from pole of a ouvex mirror.

For convex mirror, the image wilD be virtual,
erccted and smaller.

# Competency-based Question-Answer:
Q.) A rear-view mirror is a device that allows the driver to see the traffic on the road
behind him. It usually finds its place at the top of the
windscreen inside the cabin. This device is one of the
most basic but essential safety devices in the vehicle.
It provides assistance to the driver during overtaking.
parking in reverse gear, etc. Generally, vehicles also
have a pair of mirrors attached to the body from the
outside. They are known as 'side mirrors or Outer
Rear View Mirrors (ORVM) which serve the same
purpose. Almost all modern cars mount their side mirrors on the doors-normally at A-pillar
rather than the wings (the portion of the body above the wheel well).
(a) What type of Mirror is required to make ORVM in the vehicles?
(b)What type of image is formed by such a mirror?
(C) Drawa ray diagram to show the formation of an image by this type of mirror.
(d) Why are these types of mirrors used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles?

Solution:

(a) Convex Mirror

(b) Convex mirror always forms an erect, virtual, and diminished image for all positions of
the object placed in front of it.

(C)

(d) Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles to see the traffic at the rear
side (or back side) because- () a convex mirror always produces an erect image of the
object; (i) the image formed in a convex mirroris highly diminished due to which a convex
mirror gives a wide field of view.

Q.2/ The above images are those of gspecialized slide projector. Slides are small
transparencies mounted in
sturdy frames ideally suited
to magnification and
projection since they have a
very high resolution and a
high image quality. There is
a tray where the slides are
to be put into a particular
orientation so that the
viewers can see the enlarged erect images of the transparent slides. This means that the
slides will have to be inserted upside down in the projector tray. To show her students
the images of insects that she investigated in the lab, Mrs. Iyer brought a slide
projector. Her slide projector produced a 500-times enlarged and inverted image of a
slide on a screen 10 m away. (CBSE 22-23 SQPs)

(a) Based on the text and data given in the above paragraph, what kind of lens must the
slide projector have?
(b) If v is the symbol used for image distance andu for object distance then with one
reason state what will be the sign for v/u in the given case.
(c) A slide projector has a convex lens with a focal length of 20 cm. The slide is placed
upside down 21 cm from the lens. How far away should the screen be placed from the
slide projector's lens so that the slide is in focus?
(d) When a slide placed 15 cm behind the lens in the projector, an image is formed 3 m
in front of the lens. If the focal length of the lens is 14 cm, draw a ray diagram to show
image formation. (not to scale)
(d) When a slide is placed 15 cm behind the lens in the projector, an image formed3m
in front of the lens. If the focal length of the lens is 14 cm, draw a ray diagram to show
image formation. (not to scale)

Solktion:
(a) The slide projector has a Convex lens.
(b) Sign of v/u i.e. "m" will be negative as the image formed is real and
inverted.
c) Given f=20cm, u z -21 cm: v (screen distance) =?
using lens formula 1/u + 1/f =
=> 1/v = 1/20 + 1/-21
=> 1/v = 21-20/420 =
v = 420 cm or 4.2m
So, the screen be placed 4.2 m away from the lens of the projector.
() M

2F C,

Here the slide is placed betweenF and 2F of the lens and the image is
formed beyond 2F' of lens on its other side.