SOLUTION MANUAL

CHAPTER 6
Borgnakke and Sonntag

CONTENT

SUBSECTION PROB NO.

In-Text concept questions a-k

Concept-Study guide problems 1- 10
Continuity equation and flow rates 11-19
Single flow, single-device processes
Nozzles, diffusers 20-30 Throttle flow 21-39 Turbines,
expanders 40-47 Compressors, fans 48-57 Heaters, coolers 58-
67 Pumps, pipe and channel flows 68-75
Multiple flow, single-device processes
Turbines, compressors, expanders 76-82
Heat exchangers 83-92 Mixing processes 93-101 Multiple
devices, cycle processes 102-110
Transient processes 111-127 Review Problems 128-141 Heat
Transfer Problems 142-145

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In-Text Concept Questions

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6.a
A mass flow rate into a control volume requires a normal velocity component.
Why?

The tangential velocity component does not bring any substance across the
control volume surface as it flows parallel to it, the normal component of velocity
brings substance in or out of the control volume according to its sign. The normal
component must be into the control volume to bring mass in, just like when you
enter a bus (it does not help that you run parallel with the bus side).
V 6.b
tangential
V

V
normal

Can a steady state device have boundary work?

No. Any change in size of the control volume would require either a
change in mass inside or a change in state inside, neither of which is possible in a
steady-state process.

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6.c
 . .
Can you say something about changes in m and V through a steady flow device?

The continuity equation expresses the conservation of mass, so the total amount
.
of m entering must be equal to the total amount leaving. For a single flow device
the mass flow rate is constant through it, so you have the same mass flow rate
across any total cross-section of the device from the inlet to the exit.

The volume flow rate is related to the mass flow rate as

. .
V =vm
so it can vary if the state changes (then v changes) for a constant mass flow rate.
.
This also means that the velocity can change (influenced by the area as V = VA)
and the flow can experience an acceleration (like in a nozzle) or a deceleration (as
in a diffuser).

6.d
In a multiple device flow system, I want to determine a state property. Where
should I be looking for information—upstream or downstream?

Generally flow is affected more by what happened to it which is upstream

than what is in front of it. Only the pressure information can travel upstream and
give rise to accelerations (nozzle) or decelerations (stagnation type flow). Heat
transfer that can heat or cool a flow can not travel very fast and is easily
overpowered by the convection. If the flow velocity exceeds the speed of sound
even the pressure information can not travel upstream.

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6.e
How does a nozzle or sprayhead generate kinetic energy?
 By accelerating the fluid from a high pressure
towards the lower pressure, which is outside the
nozzle. The higher pressure pushes harder than
the lower pressure so there is a net force on any
mass element to accelerate it.

6.f
What is the difference between a nozzle flow and a throttle process?

In both processes a flow moves from a higher to a lower pressure. In the

nozzle the pressure drop generates kinetic energy, whereas that does not take
place in the throttle process. The pressure drop in the throttle is due to a flow
restriction and represents a loss.

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6.g
If you throttle a saturated liquid what happens to the fluid state? What if this is
done to an ideal gas?
 The throttle process is approximated as a constant enthalpy process. Changing the
state from saturated liquid to a lower pressure with the same h gives a two-phase
state so some of the liquid will vaporize and it becomes colder.

1 2P 1 2
h=C
v
h=CT

If the same process happens in an ideal gas then same h gives the
same temperature (h a function of T only) at the lower pressure.

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6.h
A turbine at the bottom of a dam has a flow of liquid water through it. How does
that produce power? Which terms in the energy equation are important if the CV
is the turbine only? If the CV is the turbine plus the upstream flow up to the top of
the lake, which terms in the energy equation are then important?
 The water at the bottom of the dam in the turbine inlet is at a high
pressure. It runs through a nozzle generating kinetic energy as the pressure drops.
This high kinetic energy flow impacts a set of rotating blades or buckets, which
converts the kinetic energy to power on the shaft and the flow leaves at low
pressure and low velocity.

DAM
Lake
CV Turbine only.
H

The high P in and the low P out shows up in the (h = u + Pv) flow terms of the
energy equation giving the difference in the flow work terms Pv in and out.
CV Turbine plus upstream flow.

For this CV the pressures in and out are the same (1 atm) so the difference is in
the potential energy terms (gz) included in htot.

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6.i
If you compress air the temperature goes up, why? When the hot air, high P flows
in long pipes it eventually cools to ambient T. How does that change the flow?
 As the air is compressed, volume decreases so work is done on a mass
element, its energy and hence temperature goes up. If it flows at nearly
constant P and cools its density increases (v decreases) so it slows down
.
for same mass flow rate ( m = ρAV ) and flow area.

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6.j
A mixing chamber has all flows at the same P, neglecting losses. A heat
exchanger has separate flows exchanging energy, but they do not mix. Why have
both kinds?
 You might allow mixing when you can use the resulting output mixture, say it is
the same substance. You may also allow it if you definitely want the outgoing
mixture, like water out of a faucet where you mix hot and cold water. Even if it
is different substances it may be desirable, say you add water to dry air to make
it more moist, typical for a winter time air-conditioning set-up.

In other cases it is different substances that flow at different pressures with

one flow heating or cooling the other flow. This could be hot combustion gases
heating a flow of water or a primary fluid flow around a nuclear reactor heating a
transfer fluid flow. Here the fluid being heated should stay pure so it does not
absorb gases or radioactive particles and becomes contaminated. Even when the
two flows have the same substance there may be a reason to keep them at separate
pressures.

3 cb
1
CHAMBER
cb
2
MI 124
3 XING

An open mixing chamber A closed tube in shell heat exchanger.

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6.k
o
An initially empty cylinder is filled with air from 20 C, 100 kPa until it is full.
Assuming no heat transfer is the final temperature larger, equal to or smaller than
o
20 C? Does the final T depend on the size of the cylinder?
 This is a transient problem with no heat transfer and no work. The balance
equations for the tank as C.V. become
Continuity Eq.: m2 – 0 = mi
Energy Eq.: m2u2 – 0 = mihi + Q – W = mihi + 0 – 0

Final state: u2 = hi = ui + Pivi & P2 = Pi

T2 > Ti and it does not depend on V

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Concept-Study Guide Problems

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6.1
.
A temperature difference drives a heat transfer. Does a similar concept apply to m ?

Yes. A pressure difference drives the flow. The fluid is accelerated in the
direction of a lower pressure as it is being pushed harder behind it than in front of
it. This also means a higher pressure in front can decelerate the flow to a lower
velocity which happens at a stagnation on a wall.

F=PA F=PA
11 22
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6.2
What kind of effect can be felt upstream in a flow?

Only the pressure can be felt upstream in a subsonic flow. In a supersonic flow no
information can travel upstream. The temperature information travels by
conduction and even small velocities overpowers the conduction with the
convection of energy so the temperature at a given location is mainly given by the
upstream conditions and influenced very little by the downstream conditions.

6.3
Which one of the properties (P, v, T) can be controlled in a flow? How?

Since the flow is not contained there is no direct control over the volume
and thus no control of v. The pressure can be controlled by installation of a pump
or compressor if you want to increase it or use a turbine, nozzle or valve through
which the pressure will decrease. The temperature can be controlled by heating or
cooling the flow in a heat exchanger.
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6.4
Air at 500 kPa is expanded to 100 kPa in two steady flow cases. Case one is a
nozzle and case two is a turbine, the exit state is the same for both cases. What
can you say about the specific turbine work relative to the specific kinetic energy
in the exit flow of the nozzle?

For these single flow devices let us assume they are adiabatic and that the turbine
does not have any exit kinetic energy then the energy equations become: Energy
1 2 1 2
Eq.6.13 nozzle: h1+ 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2

1 2
Energy Eq.6.13 turbine: h1+ 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + gZ2 + wT

1 2
Comparing the two we get 2 V 2 = wT so the result is that the nozzle delivers
kinetic energy of the same amount as the turbine delivers shaft work.

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6.5
Pipes that carry a hot fluid like steam in a power plant, exhaust pipe for a diesel
engine in a ship etc. are often insulated. Is that to reduce the heat loss or is there
another purpose?

You definitely want to insulate pipes that carry hot steam from the boiler to the
turbines in a power plant and pipes that flows hot water from one location to
another. Even if the energy in the flow is unwanted the pipes should be insulated
for safety. Any place that people could touch a hot surface there is a risk of a burn
and that should be avoided.

Pipes for district heating with hot water.

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6.6
A windmill takes a fraction of the wind kinetic energy out as power on a shaft. In
what manner does the temperature and wind velocity influence the power? Hint:
write the power as mass flow rate times specific work.

The work as a fraction f of the flow of kinetic energy becomes

. . . 1 2 1 2
W = m w = m f 2 V in = ρAVin f 2 V in

so the power is proportional to the velocity cubed. The temperature enters through
the density, so assuming air as ideal gas

ρ = 1/v = P/RT
and the power is inversely proportional to temperature.

A windmill farm west of Denmark in the North Sea.

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6.7
An underwater turbine extracts a fraction of the kinetic energy from the ocean
current. In what manner does the temperature and water velocity influence the
power? Hint: write the power as mass flow rate times specific work.

The work as a fraction f of the flow of kinetic energy becomes

. . . 1 2 1 2
W = m w = m f 2 V in = ρAVin f 2 V in

so the power is proportional to the velocity cubed. The temperature enters through
the density, so assuming water is incompressible density is constant and the
power does not vary with the temperature.

A proposed underwater tidal flow turbine farm. Each turbine is for 1 MW with a
diameter of 11.5 m mounted on the seafloor.

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6.8
 A liquid water turbine in the bottom of a dam takes energy out as power on a
shaft. Which term(s) in the energy equation are changing and important?

The water at the bottom of the dam in the turbine inlet is at a high
pressure. In a standard turbine it runs through blade passages like a propeller
shown below to the left. In this case the inlet high pressure is used directly to
generate the force on the moving blades.

For the Pelton turbine shown below it runs through a nozzle generating
kinetic energy as the pressure drops. The high kinetic energy flow impacts a set of
rotating blades or buckets and converts the kinetic energy to power on the shaft so
the flow leaves at low pressure and low velocity.

A Pelton turbine above and insert on left.

A blade type turbine to the left. The
pressure drop and flow rate determine
which one is best for the given case.

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6.9
You blow a balloon up with air. What kind of work terms including flow work do
 you see in that case? Where is the energy stored?

As the balloon is blown up mass flow in has flow work associated with it. Also as
the balloon grows there is a boundary work done by the inside gas and a smaller
boundary work from the outside of the balloon to the atmosphere. The difference
between the latter two work terms goes into stretching the balloon material and
thus becomes internal energy (or you may call that potential energy) of the
balloon material. The work term to the atmosphere is stored in the atmosphere
and the part of the flow work that stays in the gas is stored as the gas internal
energy.

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6.10
A storage tank for natural gas (NG) has a top dome that can move up or down as
 gas is added or subtracted from the tank maintaining 110 kPa, 290 K inside. A
pipeline at 110 kPa, 290 K now supplies some NG to the tank. Does it change
state during the filling process? What happens to the flow work?

As the pressure inside the storage tank is the same as in the pipeline the state does
not change. However the tank volume goes up and work is done on the moving
boundary at the 110 kPa so this work equals the flow work. The net effect is the
flow work goes into raising the dome.

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Continuity equation and flow rates

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6.11
o 2
Carbon dioxide at 200 kPa, 10 C flows at 1 kg/s in a 0.25 m cross sectional area
pipe. Find the velocity and the volume flow rate.

. .
m = AV/v = V /v
3
v = RT/P = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K × 283.15 K/ 200 kPa = 0.267 m /kg
. . 3
V = v m = 0.267 × 1 = 0.267 m /s
. 3 2
V = V / A = 0.267 (m /s) / 0.25 m = 1.07 m/s
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6.12
Air at 35°C, 105 kPa, flows in a 100 mm ⋅ 150 mm rectangular duct in a heating
3
system. The volumetric flow rate is 0.015 m /s. What is the velocity of the air
flowing in the duct and what is the mass flow rate?

Solution:
Assume a constant velocity across the duct area with
-6 2 2
A = 100 × 150 ×10 m = 0.015 m
and the volumetric flow rate from Eq.6.3,
. .
V = m v = AV
. 3
V = V A = 0.015 m /s
2
0.015 m = 1.0 m/s
Ideal gas so note:
RT
v= P = 0.287 × 308.2
3
105 = 0.8424 m /kg
. .
m = V v = 0.015

0.8424 = 0.0178 kg/s

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6.13
An empty bathtub has its drain closed and is being filled with water from the
faucet at a rate of 10 kg/min. After 10 minutes the drain is opened and 4 kg/min
flows out and at the same time the inlet flow is reduced to 2 kg/min. Plot the mass
of the water in the bathtub versus time and determine the time from the very
beginning when the tub will be empty.
Solution:
During the first 10 minutes we have
dmcv

dt = m.i = 10 kg/min , ∆m = m.∆t1 = 10 ⋅ 10 = 100 kg

So we end up with 100 kg after 10 min. For the remaining period we have

dmcv

dt = m.i - m.e= 2 – 4 = -2 kg/min

∆m
∆m2 = m.net ∆t2 ⮴ ∆t2 =
.
m net = -100/-2 = 50 min.
So it will take an additional 50 min. to empty

∆ttot = ∆t1 + ∆t2 = 10 + 50 = 60 min.

kg m t t
10 -20
100 m.
0 min
10 20 10 0 0 min
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6.14
Saturated vapor R-134a leaves the evaporator in a heat pump system at 10°C,
with a steady mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s. What is the smallest diameter tubing that
can be used at this location if the velocity of the refrigerant is not to exceed 7
m/s?
Solution:
. .
Mass flow rate Eq.6.3: m = V /v = AV/v
3
Exit state Table B.5.1: (T = 10°C, x =1) => v = vg = 0.04945 m /kg The

minimum area is associated with the maximum velocity for given m . AMIN
.
= m vg
3
VMAX = 0.1 kg/s × 0.04945 m /kg
π
2 2
7 m/s = 0.000706 m = 4 D MIN

DMIN = 0.03 m = 30 mm

Exit

cb
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6.15
A boiler receives a constant flow of 5000 kg/h liquid water at 5 MPa, 20°C and it
heats the flow such that the exit state is 450°C with a pressure of 4.5 MPa.
Determine the necessary minimum pipe flow area in both the inlet and exit pipe(s)
if there should be no velocities larger than 20 m/s.

Solution:

Mass flow rate from Eq.6.3, both V ≤ 20 m/s

m.i = m.e = (AV/v) i = (AV/v) e = 5000 1

3600 kg/s
3
Table B.1.4 vi = 0.001 m /kg,
3
Table B.1.3 ve = (0.08003 + 0.00633)/2 = 0.07166 m /kg,

.
Ai ≥ vi m /Vi = 0.001⋅ 5000
-5 2 2
3600 / 20 = 6.94 ⋅ 10 m = 0.69 cm

.
Ae ≥ ve m /Ve = 0.07166 ⋅ 5000
-3 2 2
3600 / 20 = 4.98 ⋅ 10 m = 50 cm

Inlet Exit
heater vapor
Super Superheated vapor
ie

liquid Q boiler
cb Q
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6.16
3 o
A hot air home heating system takes 0.25 m /s air at 100 kPa, 17 C into a furnace
o
and heats it to 52 C and delivers the flow to a square duct 0.2 m by 0.2 m at 110
kPa. What is the velocity in the duct?
Solution:

The inflate flow is given by a m.i

Continuity Eq.: m.i = V.i / vi = m.e = AeVe/ve

110
Ideal gas: vi = RTi
3
3 = 0.8479 m / kg
100 = 0.8323 m
Pi = 0.287 ⋅ 290 kg

ve = RTe
Pe = 0.287 ⋅ (52 + 273)

3
m.i = V.i/vi = 0.25/0.8323 = 0.30 kg/s 0.2 ⋅ 0.2 m /s
. 2
Ve = m ve/ Ae = 0.3 ⋅ 0.8479
m = 6.36 m/s
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6.17
A flat channel of depth 1 m has a fully developed laminar flow of air at Po, To
with a velocity profile as: V = 4Vc (1 – x/H)x/H, where Vc is the velocity on the
center-line and x is the distance across the channel as shown in Fig. P6.17. Find
the total mass flow rate and the average velocity both as functions of Vc and H.

. .
m = AV/v = V /v

Since the velocity is distributed we need to integrate over the area. From Eq.6.2

.
V = ⌡⌠ Vlocal dA = ⌡⌠ V(x) W dx

where W is the depth. Substituting the velocity we get

V.= ⌡⌠ 4Vc (x/H) (1 - x/H) W dx

= 4 Vc WH ⌡⌠
z (1 - z) dz (z = x/H)
0

2 2
1 2 1 3 1
= 4 Vc WH ( 2z - 3z | 0 = V
3 c WH = 3 Vc A

2
V = V /A = 3 Vc
.

. . 2
m = V /v = 3 Vc WH/v
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6.18
Nitrogen gas flowing in a 50-mm diameter pipe at 15°C, 200 kPa, at the rate of
0.05 kg/s, encounters a partially closed valve. If there is a pressure drop of 30 kPa
across the valve and essentially no temperature change, what are the velocities
upstream and downstream of the valve?
Solution:

π
2 2
Same inlet and exit area: A = 4 (0.050) = 0.001963 m

Ideal gas: vi = RTi

Pi = 0.2968 × 288.2
3
200 = 0.4277 m /kg
From Eq.6.3,

Vi = m.vi

A = 0.05 × 0.4277
0.001963 = 10.9 m/s

Ideal gas: ve = RTe

Pe = 0.2968 × 288.2
3
170 = 0.5032 m /kg

Ve = m.ve

A = 0.05 × 0.5032
0.001963 = 12.8 m/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.19
o
A household fan of diameter 0.75 m takes air in at 98 kPa, 22 C and delivers it at
o
105 kPa, 23 C with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. What are the mass flow rate (kg/s), the
3
inlet velocity and the outgoing volume flow rate in m /s?
Solution:

Continuity Eq. m.i = m.e = AV/ v

Ideal gas v = RT/P

π π ⋅ 0.75
2 2 2
Area : A = 4 D = 4 = 0.442 m
3
V.e = AVe = 0.442 ⋅1.5 = 0.6627 m /s

ve = RTe
Pe = 0.287 ⋅ (23 + 273)
3
105 = 0.8091 m /kg

m.i = V.e/ve = 0.6627/0.8091 = 0.819 kg/s

AVi /vi = m.i = AVe / ve

Vi = Ve ⋅ (vi / ve) = Ve ⋅RTi

Pive = 1.5 ⋅0.287 ⋅ (22 + 273)

98 ⋅ 0.8091 = 1.6 m/s

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Single flow single device processes

Nozzles, diffusers
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6.20
o
Liquid water at 15 C flows out of a nozzle straight up 15 m. What is nozzle Vexit?
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: hexit + 2 V exit + gHexit = h2 + 2V 2+ gH2

If the water can flow 15 m up it has specific potential energy of gH2 which must
2
equal the specific kinetic energy out of the nozzle V exit/2. The water does not
change P or T so h is the same.

2
V exit/2 = g(H2 – Hexit) = gH =>

2 2
Vexit = 2gH = 2 ⋅ 9.807 ⋅ 15 m /s = 17.15 m/s

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.21
Nitrogen gas flows into a convergent nozzle at 200 kPa, 400 K and very low
velocity. It flows out of the nozzle at 100 kPa, 330 K. If the nozzle is insulated
find the exit velocity.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle steady state one inlet and exit flow, insulated so it is adiabatic.

Inlet Exit

Hi V
Low V

Hi P, A Low P, A cb

1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + ∅ = h2 + 2V 2

2
V 2= 2 ( h1 - h2 ) ≅ 2 CPN2 (T1 – T2 ) = 2 × 1.042 (400 – 330) =
145.88 kJ/kg = 145 880 J/kg
⇒ V2 = 381.9 m/s

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.22
o
A nozzle receives 0.1 kg/s steam at 1 MPa, 400 C with negligible kinetic energy.
o
The exit is at 500 kPa, 350 C and the flow is adiabatic. Find the nozzle exit
velocity and the exit area.
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1+ 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: Z1 = Z2
State 1: V1 = 0 , Table B.1.3 h1 = 3263.88 kJ/kg
State 2: Table B.1.3 h2 = 3167.65 kJ/kg
Then from the energy equation
1 2
2 V 2 = h1 – h2 = 3263.88 – 3167.65 = 96.23 kJ/kg
V2 = 2(h1 - h2) = 2 × 96.23 × 1000 = 438.7 m/s
The mass flow rate from Eq.6.3
.
m = ρAV = AV/v
2 2
A = m.v/V = 0.1 × 0.57012 / 438.7 = 0.00013 m = 1.3 cm

Inlet Exit

Hi V
Low V

Hi P, A Low P, A cb

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.23
In a jet engine a flow of air at 1000 K, 200 kPa and 30 m/s enters a nozzle, as
shown in Fig. P6.23, where the air exits at 850 K, 90 kPa. What is the exit
velocity assuming no heat loss?
Solution:
C.V. nozzle. No work, no heat transfer
Continuity m.i = m.e = m.
. 2 2
Energy : m (hi + ½Vi ) = m.(he+ ½Ve )
Due to high T take h from table A.7.1

2 2
½Ve = ½ Vi + hi - he

=1
2
2000 (30) + 1046.22 – 877.4
= 0.45 + 168.82 = 169.27 kJ/kg

1/2
Ve = (2000 × 169.27) = 581.8 m/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.24
In a jet engine a flow of air at 1000 K, 200 kPa and 40 m/s enters a nozzle where
the air exits at 500 m/s, 90 kPa. What is the exit temperature assuming no heat
loss?

Solution:
C.V. nozzle, no work, no heat transfer
Continuity m.i = m.e = m.
. 2 2
Energy : m (hi + ½Vi ) = m.(he+ ½Ve )

Due to the high T we take the h value from Table A.7.1

2
he = hi + ½ Vi - ½Ve2
2 2
= 1046.22 + 0.5 ⋅ (40 – 500 ) (1/1000)
= 1046.22 – 124.2 = 922.02 kJ/kg

Interpolation in Table A.7.1

Te = 850 + 50 922.02 - 877.4

933.15 - 877.4 = 890 K

40 m/s 200 kPa 500 m/s 90 kPa

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.25
Superheated vapor ammonia enters an insulated nozzle at 20°C, 800 kPa, shown
in Fig. P6.25, with a low velocity and at the steady rate of 0.01 kg/s. The
ammonia exits at 300 kPa with a velocity of 450 m/s. Determine the temperature
(or quality, if saturated) and the exit area of the nozzle.
Solution:
C.V. Nozzle, steady state, 1 inlet and 1 exit flow, insulated so no heat transfer.
2 2
Energy Eq.6.13: q + hi + V i /2 = he + V e/2,

Process: q = 0, Vi = 0
2
Table B.2.2: hi = 1464.9 = he + 450 /(2×1000) ⇒ he = 1363.6 kJ/kg Table

B.2.1: Pe = 300 kPa Sat. state at −9.2°C :

he = 1363.6 = 138.0 + xe × 1293.8,

3
=> xe = 0.947, ve = 0.001536 + xe × 0.4064 = 0.3864 m /kg Ae =
-6
m.eve/Ve = 0.01 × 0.3864 / 450 = 8.56 × 10 m2

Inlet Exit

Hi V
Low V

Hi P, A Low P, A cb
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.26
Air flows into a diffuser at 300 m/s, 300 K and 100 kPa. At the exit the velocity is
very small but the pressure is high. Find the exit temperature assuming zero heat
transfer.
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = 0
1 2
h2 = h1 + 2V 1

1 2 C/
T2 = T1 + 2 × (V 1 p)
1 2
= 300 + 2 × 300 / (1.004 × 1000) = 344.8K

Inlet Hi V Low V

Exit
Hi P, A Low P, A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.27
A sluice gate dams water up 5 m. There is a small hole at the bottom of the gate
o
so liquid water at 20 C comes out of a 1 cm diameter hole. Neglect any changes
in internal energy and find the exit velocity and mass flow rate.
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1+ 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: h1 = h2 both at P = 1 atm
V1 = 0 Z1 = Z2 + 5 m

Water
5m

g (Z1 − Z2)
1 2
2V 2=
.
V2 = 2g(Z1 - Z2) = 2 ⋅ 9.806 ⋅ 5 = 9.902 m/s m = ρΑV = AV/v
π
2
= 4D × (V2/v)

π
2
= 4× (0.01) × (9.902 / 0.001002) = 0.776 kg/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.28
A diffuser, shown in Fig. P6.28, has air entering at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a
2
velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet cross-sectional area of the diffuser is 100 mm . At
2
the exit, the area is 860 mm , and the exit velocity is 20 m/s. Determine the exit
pressure and temperature of the air.
Solution:

Continuity Eq.6.3: m.i = AiVi/vi = m.e = AeVe/ve,

1 2 1
Energy Eq.(per unit mass flow)6.13: hi + 2Vi = he + 2Ve2

−
1 2 1 2
he - hi = 2 ×200 /1000 2 ×20 /1000 = 19.8 kJ/kg

Te = Ti + (he - hi)/Cp = 300 + 19.8/1.004 = 319.72 K

Now use the continuity equation and the ideal gas law

i 
ve = v   AeVe


AiVi = (RTi/Pi)   AeVe
AiVi = RTe/Pe

i 
Pe = P   Te


Ti   AiVi


AeVe= 100   319.72


300   100 × 200

860 × 20 = 123.92 kPa

Inlet Hi V Low V

Exit
Hi P, A Low P, A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.29
A diffuser receives an ideal gas flow at 100 kPa, 300 K with a velocity of 250 m/s
and the exit velocity is 25 m/s. Determine the exit temperature if the gas is argon,
helium or nitrogen.
Solution:

C.V. Diffuser: m.i = m.e & assume no heat transfer ⇒

Energy Eq.6.13: h 1 2 1 2 + h ⇒h =h 1 2 1 2
i+ 2V i= 2V e e e i + 2 V i - 2V e
h –h (T –T 1 2 2 1 2 2
e i ≈ Cp e i ) = 2 ( V i - V e ) = 2 ( 250 – 25 )
= 30937.5 J/kg = 30.938 kJ/kg
Specific heats for ideal gases are from table A.5

Argon Cp = 0.52 kJ/kg K; ∆T = 30.938

= 59.5 T
0.52 e = 359.5 K

Helium Cp = 5.913 kJ/kg K; ∆T = 30.938

= 5.96 T
5.193 e = 306 K

Nitrogen Cp = 1.042 kJ/kg K; ∆T = 30.938

= 29.7 T
1.042 e = 330 K

Inlet Hi V Low V

Exit
Hi P, A Low P, A
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.30
The front of a jet engine acts as a diffuser receiving air at 900 km/h, -5°C, 50 kPa,
bringing it to 80 m/s relative to the engine before entering the compressor. If the
flow area is reduced to 80% of the inlet area find the temperature and pressure in
the compressor inlet.
Solution:
C.V. Diffuser, Steady state, 1 inlet, 1 exit flow, no q, no w.

Continuity Eq.6.3: m.i = m.e = (AV/v)

.(h 1 2 . 1 2 +h
Energy Eq.6.12: m i+ 2V i)=m ( 2V e e)

h –h =C (T –T ⋅
1 900 1000
e i p e
1 2 1 2
i)= 2V i- 2V e= 2 (
3600 )2− 12 (80)2
= 28050 J/kg = 28.05 kJ/kg

∆T = 28.05/1.004 = 27.9 ⇒ T
e = −5 + 27.9 = 22.9°C

Now use the continuity eq.:

A V /v = A V /v ⇒ v i 
i i i e e e e = v   AeVe
AiVi

ve = vi ⋅0.8 ⋅ 80

= v ⋅ 0.256
1 ⋅ 250 i

Ideal gas: Pv = RT => v = RT /P = RT ⋅ 0.256/P

e e e i i

P = P (T /T
e i e i)/0.256 = 50 ⋅ 296/268 ⋅ 0.256 = 215.7 kPa

Fan
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

Throttle flow
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.31
o
Carbon dioxide used as a natural refrigerant flows out of a cooler at 10 MPa, 40 C
after which it is throttled to 1.4 MPa. Find the state (T, x) for the exit flow.

C.V. Throttle. Steady state,

Process with: q = w = 0; and Vi = Ve, Zi = Ze
Energy Eq.6.13: hi = he,
Inlet state: Table B.3.2 hi = 200.14 kJ/kg
Exit state: Table B.3.1 since h < hg = 323.87 kJ/kg
o
Interpolate: T = -30.6 C, hf = 19.2, hfg = 304.67 kJ/kg
x = (200.14 – 19.2) / 304.67 = 0.594
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.32
o o
R-134a at 30 C, 800 kPa is throttled so it becomes cold at –10 C. What is exit P?

State 1 is slightly compressed liquid so

Table B.5.1: h = hf = 241.79 kJ/kg
At the lower temperature it becomes two-phase since the throttle flow has
o
constant h and at –10 C: hg = 392.28 kJ/kg

P = Psat = 201.7 kPa

12 P 1 2
h=C
v
h=CT

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.33
Helium is throttled from 1.2 MPa, 20°C, to a pressure of 100 kPa. The diameter of
the exit pipe is so much larger than the inlet pipe that the inlet and exit velocities
are equal. Find the exit temperature of the helium and the ratio of the pipe
diameters.
Solution:
C.V. Throttle. Steady state,
Process with: q = w = 0; and Vi = Ve, Zi = Ze
Energy Eq.6.13: hi = he, Ideal gas => Ti = Te = 20°C
.
m = AV
RT/P But m., V, T are constant => PiAi = PeAe
1/2
1/2  = 3.464
⇒ De Pi =   1.2
0.1

Di =   P e
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.34
Saturated vapor R-134a at 500 kPa is throttled to 200 kPa in a steady flow
through a valve. The kinetic energy in the inlet and exit flow is the same. What is
the exit temperature?

Solution:
Steady throttle flow

Continuity m.i = m.e = m.

1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = V1
⇒ h2 = h1 = 407.45 kJ/kg from Table B.5.2

State 2: P2 & h2 ⇒ superheated vapor

o o
Interpolate between 0 C and 10 C in table B.5.2 in the 200 kPa subtable

T2 = 0 + 10 407.45 – 400.91

o
409.5 – 400.91 = 7.6 C

ie 500 kPa
T
cb i h=Ce 200 v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.35
o
Saturated liquid R-410a at 25 C is throttled to 400 kPa in your refrigerator. What
is the exit temperature? Find the percent increase in the volume flow rate. Solution:
Steady throttle flow. Assume no heat transfer and no change in kinetic or
potential energy.

o
he = hi = hf 25 C= 97.59 kJ/kg = hf e + xe hfg e at 400 kPa

o
From table B.3.1 we get Te = Tsat ( 400 kPa ) = -20 C
xe = he – hf e
hfg e = 97.59 – 28.24

243.65 = 0.28463
3
ve = vf + xe vfg = 0.000803 + xe 0.064 = 0.01902 m /kg

o 3
vi = vf 25 C= 0.000944 m /kg
. .
V = m v so the ratio becomes
V.e
.
V.i = m ve
. e
m vi = v vi = 0.01902

0.000994 = 20.23

So the increase is 19.23 times or 1923 %

T
i e
i
cb
e
h=C
v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.36
o
Carbon dioxide is throttled from 20 C, 2 MPa to 800 kPa. Find the exit
temperature assuming ideal gas behavior and repeat for real-gas behavior.
C.V. Throttle (valve, restriction), Steady flow, 1 inlet and exit, no q, w
Energy Eq.6.13: hi = he
o
Ideal gas: same h gives Ti = Te = 20 C
0.8 MPa
Real gas :  hi = he = 368.42 kJ/kg Pe = Table B.3.2
Te = 5.3°C ( = 278 K)
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.37
o
Liquid water at 180 C, 2000 kPa is throttled into a flash evaporator chamber
having a pressure of 500 kPa. Neglect any change in the kinetic energy. What is
the fraction of liquid and vapor in the chamber?
Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = V1
⇒ h2 = h1 = 763.71 kJ/kg from Table B.1.4

State 2: P2 & h2 ⇒ 2 – phase

h2 = hf + x2 hfg
x2 = (h2 - hf ) / hfg= 763.71 – 640.21

2108.47 = 0.0586

Fraction of Vapor: x2 = 0.0586 (5.86 %)

Liquid: 1 - x2 = 0.941 (94.1 %)

Two-phase out of the

valve. The liquid drops
to the bottom.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.38
o
R-134a is throttled in a line flowing at 25 C, 750 kPa with negligible kinetic
energy to a pressure of 165 kPa. Find the exit temperature and the ratio of exit
pipe diameter to that of the inlet pipe (Dex/Din) so the velocity stays constant.

Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = V1
3
State 1, Table B.5.1: h1 = 234.59 kJ/kg, v1 = vf = 0.000829 m /kg
Use energy eq.: ⇒ h2 = h1 = 234.59 kJ/kg

State 2: P2 & h2 ⇒ 2 – phase and T2 = Tsat (165 kPa) = -15°C h2 = hf + x2 hfg =

234.59 kJ/kg
x2 = (h2 - hf ) / hfg= (234.59 – 180.19) / 209 = 0.2603
3
v2 = vf + x2 × vfg = 0.000746 + 0.2603 ⋅ 0.11932 = 0.0318 m /kg
Now the continuity equation with V2 = V1 gives, from Eq.6.3,
.
m = ρΑV = AV/v = A1V1/v1 = (A2 V1) / v2

2
(A2 / A1) = v2 / v1 = (D2 / D1)
0.5 0.5
(D2/D1) = (v2 / v1) = (0.0318 / 0.000829) = 6.19
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.39
Water flowing in a line at 400 kPa, saturated vapor, is taken out through a valve
to 100 kPa. What is the temperature as it leaves the valve assuming no changes in
kinetic energy and no heat transfer?
Solution:
C.V. Valve. Steady state, single inlet and exit flow

Continuity Eq.: m.1 = m.2

.
Energy Eq.6.12: m.1h1 + Q = m.2h2 + W.

Process: Throttling
.
Small surface area: Q = 0; 12
.
No shaft: W = 0

Table B.1.2: h2 = h1 = 2738.6 kJ/kg ⇒ T2 = 131.1°C

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

Turbines, Expanders
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.40
o
A steam turbine has an inlet of 2 kg/s water at 1000 kPa, 350 C and velocity of
o
15 m/s. The exit is at 100 kPa, 150 C and very low velocity. Find the specific
work and the power produced.

Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2 + wT
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = 0
Table B.1.3: h1 = 3157.65 kJ/kg, h2 = 2776.38 kJ/kg
1 2 2
wT = h1 + 2 V 1 – h2 = 3157.65 + 15
2000 – 2776.38 = 381.4 kJ/kg
2 2
(remember to convert m /s = J/kg to kJ/kg by dividing with 1000)

1
.
W.T = m × wT = 2 kg/s × 381.4 kJ/kg
W
= 762.8 kW T 2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.41
Air at 20 m/s, 260 K, 75 kPa with 5 kg/s flows into a jet engine and it flows out at
500 m/s, 800 K, 75 kPa. What is the change (power) in flow of kinetic energy?

1 2 2
m.∆KE = m. 2 (V e – V i)

1 2 2 2
= 5 kg/s ⋅ 2 (500 – 20 ) (m/s) 1

1000 (kW/W) = 624 kW

cb
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.42
o
A liquid water turbine receives 2 kg/s water at 2000 kPa, 20 C and velocity of 15
o
m/s. The exit is at 100 kPa, 20 C and very low velocity. Find the specific work
and the power produced.

Solution:
1 2 1 2
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 + 2V 1+ gZ1 = h2 + 2V 2+ gZ2 + wT
Process: Z1 = Z2 and V2 = 0
State 1: Table B.1.4 h1 = 85.82 kJ/kg
State 2: Table B.1.1 h2 = 83.94 (which is at 2.3 kPa so we should add

∆Pv = 97.7 × 0.001 to this)

2 V 1 − h2 =
1 2 2
wT = h1 + 85.82 + 15 /2000 – 83.94 = 1.99 kJ/kg
.
W.T = m × wT = 2 × 1.9925 = 3.985 kW

Notice how insignificant the specific kinetic energy is.

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.43
A windmill with rotor diameter of 30 m takes 40% of the kinetic energy out as
o
shaft work on a day with 20 C and wind speed of 30 km/h. What power is
produced?

Solution:
Continuity Eq. m.i = m.e = m.

. 2 2
Energy m (hi + ½Vi + gZi) = m.(he+ ½Ve + gZe) + W.
. 2
Process information: W = m.½Vi ⋅ 0.4

.
m = ρAV =AVi /vi
π π
2 2 2
A = 4 D = 4 30 = 706.85 m

vi = RTi/Pi = 0.287 ⋅ 293

3
101.3 = 0.8301 m /kg
Vi = 30 km/h = 30 ⋅ 1000

3600 = 8.3333 m/s

.
m = AVi /vi = 706.85 ⋅ 8.3333

0.8301 = 7096 kg/s

2 2 2 2
½ Vi = ½ 8.3333 m /s = 34.722 J/kg

. 2
W = 0.4 m.½ Vi = 0.4 ⋅7096 ⋅ 34.722 = 98 555 W
= 98.56 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.44
Hoover Dam across the Colorado River dams up Lake Mead 200 m higher than
the river downstream. The electric generators driven by water-powered turbines
deliver 1300 MW of power. If the water is 17.5°C, find the minimum amount of
water running through the turbines.
Solution:
C.V.: H2O pipe + turbines,

DAM
Lake
H
Mead
T

Continuity: m.in = m.ex;

2 2
Energy Eq.6.13: (h+ V /2 + gz)in = (h+ V /2 + gz)ex + wT

Water states: hin ≅ hex ; vin ≅ vex

Now the specific turbine work becomes
wT = gzin - gzex = 9.807 × 200/1000 = 1.961 kJ/kg
. 3
m = W.T/wT = 1300×10 kW
5
1.961 kJ/kg = 6.63 ×10 kg/s
. 5 3
V = m.v = 6.63 ×10 × 0.001001 = 664 m /s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.45
A small expander (a turbine with heat transfer) has 0.05 kg/s helium entering at
1000 kPa, 550 K and it leaves at 250 kPa, 300 K. The power output on the shaft is
measured to 55 kW. Find the rate of heat transfer neglecting kinetic energies. Solution:

C.V. Expander. Steady . . e W

operation m.he + W. Q = m (he - T
Q.
hi) + W.
Cont. m.i = m.e = m. i cb
.
Energy m.hi + Q =

Use heat capacity from tbl A.5: Cp He = 5.193 kJ/kg K

.
Q = m.Cp (Te - Ti) + W.
= 0.05 ⋅ 5.193 (300 - 550) + 55
= - 64.91 + 55 = -9.9 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.46
A small turbine, shown in Fig. P 6.46, is operated at part load by throttling a 0.25
kg/s steam supply at 1.4 MPa, 250°C down to 1.1 MPa before it enters the turbine
and the exhaust is at 10 kPa. If the turbine produces 110 kW, find the exhaust
temperature (and quality if saturated).
Solution:
C.V. Throttle, Steady, q = 0 and w = 0. No change in kinetic or potential
energy. The energy equation then reduces to

Energy Eq.6.13: h1 = h2 = 2927.2 kJ/kg from Table B.1.3 C.V.

Turbine, Steady, no heat transfer, specific work: w = 110

0.25 = 440 kJ/kg

Energy Eq.: h1 = h2 = h3 + w = State 3: (P, h) Table B.1.2 h < v

h 2487.2 = 191.83 + x3 × 1
2927.2 kJ/kg ⇒ h3 = 2927.2 - g
2392.8 2
440 = 2487.2 kJ/kg
⇒ T = 45.8°C , x3 = 0.959 3
T
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.47
A small, high-speed turbine operating on compressed air produces a power output
of 100 W. The inlet state is 400 kPa, 50°C, and the exit state is 150 kPa, −30°C.
Assuming the velocities to be low and the process to be adiabatic, find the
required mass flow rate of air through the turbine.
Solution:

C.V. Turbine, no heat transfer, no ∆KE, no ∆PE

Energy Eq.6.13: hin = hex + wT

Ideal gas so use constant specific heat from Table A.5

≅C
wT = hin - hex p(Tin - Tex)

= 1.004 (kJ/kg K) [50 - (-30)] K = 80.3 kJ/kg

. .
W = m.wT ⇒ m = W./wT = 0.1/80.3 = 0.00125 kg/s

The dentist’s drill has a

small air flow and is not
really adiabatic.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

Compressors, fans
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.48
o
A compressor in a commercial refrigerator receives R-410a at -25 C, x = 1. The
o
exit is at 800 kPa, 40 C. Neglect kinetic energies and find the specific work.

Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and Eq.6.13 reduces to
exit flow. For this device we also assume no e
heat transfer and Zi = Ze
cb
-
From Table B.4.1 : hi = 269.77 kJ/kg From W
C
Table B.4.2 : he = 319.42 kJ/kg Energy

w
c = hi – he = (269.77 – 319.42) = -49.65 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.49
A refrigerator uses the natural refrigerant carbon dioxide where the compressor
o
brings 0.02 kg/s from 1 MPa, -20 C to 6 MPa using 2 kW of power. Find the
compressor exit temperature.

Solution:
i
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and Eq.6.13 reduces to
exit flow. For this device we also assume no e
heat transfer and Zi = Ze
cb
-
From Table B.3.2 : hi = 342.31 kJ/kg Energy WC

. w . .
W = m. c = m (hi – he) ⇒ he = hi – W./m
he = (342.31 – (–2)/0.02) = 442.31 kJ/kg
From Table B.3.2 :
o
Te = 100 + 20 (442.31 – 421.69)/(445.02 – 421.69) = 117.7 C
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.50
o o
A compressor brings R-134a from 150 kPa, -10 C to 1200 kPa, 50 C. It is water
cooled with a heat loss estimated as 40 kW and the shaft work input is measured to be
150 kW. How much is the mass flow rate through the compressor?
Solution:
C.V Compressor. Steady flow. Neglect 1
. 2 Compressor
kinetic and potential energies. Energy : m hi +
. -W
Q = m.he + W. c
Q
cool
. .
m = (Q - W.)/(he - hi) Look in table B.5.2

hi = 393.84 kJ/kg, he = 426.84 kJ/kg

.
m = -40 – (-150)
426.84 – 393.84 = 3.333 kg/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.51
An ordinary portable fan blows 0.2 kg/s room air with a velocity of 18 m/s (see
Fig. P6.19). What is the minimum power electric motor that can drive it? Hint:
Are there any changes in P or T?
Solution:
C.V. Fan plus space out to near stagnant inlet room air.
2 2
Energy Eq.6.13: q + hi + Vi /2 = he + Ve /2 + w

Here q ≅ 0, Vi ≅ 0 and hi = he same P and T

−w = Ve /2 = 18 /2000 = 0.162 kJ/kg

2 2

.
−W = −m.w = 0.2 kg/s ⋅ 0.162 kJ/kg = 0.032 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.52
The compressor of a large gas turbine receives air from the ambient at 95 kPa,
20°C, with a low velocity. At the compressor discharge, air exits at 1.52 MPa,

430°C, with velocity of 90 m/s. The power input to the compressor is 5000 kW.
Determine the mass flow rate of air through the unit.
Solution:
C.V. Compressor, steady state, single inlet and exit flow.
2 2
Energy Eq.6.13: q + hi + Vi /2 = he + Ve /2 + w

Here we assume q ≅ 0 and Vi ≅ 0 so using constant CPo from A.5 -

2 2
w = CPo(Te - Ti) + Ve /2 = 1.004(430 - 20) + (90)

2 × 1000 = 415.5 kJ/kg

Notice the kinetic energy is 1% of the work and can be neglected in most
cases. The mass flow rate is then from the power and the specific work
.
m = W.c

-w = 5000
415.5 = 12.0 kg/s
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.53
A compressor in an industrial air-conditioner compresses ammonia from a state of
saturated vapor at 150 kPa to a pressure of 800 kPa. At the exit the temperature is
o
measured to be 100 C and the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s. What is the required
motor size (kW) for this compressor?

Solution:
C.V. Compressor. Assume adiabatic and neglect kinetic energies.
Energy Eq.6.13: wC = h1 – h2
States: 1: B.2.2: h1 = 1410.9 kJ/kg
2: B.1.3 h2,AC = 1670.6 kJ/kg

Energy equation:
–wC = h2 – h1 = 1670.6 – 1410.9 = 259.7 kJ/kg
.
W = 0.5 kg/s × 259.7 kJ/kg = 129.8 kW

P
2 ac

v
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.54
An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPa, 17°C and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to
a constant-pressure cooler, which it exits at 300 K. Find the specific compressor
work and the specific heat transfer in the cooler.

Solution
C.V. air compressor q = 0
Continuity Eq.: m.2 = m.1
+w
Energy Eq.6.13: h1 c = h2

Q
cool
1
23

Compressor
-W
c

Compressor section Cooler section

Table A.7:
w
c in = h2 - h1 = 607.02 - 290.17 = 316.85 kJ/kg
C.V. cooler w = 0/

Continuity Eq.: m.3 = m.1

=q
Energy Eq.6.13: h2 out + h3
q
out = h2 - h3 = 607.02 - 300.19 = 306.83 kJ/kg
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.55
o
An exhaust fan in a building should be able to move 2.5 kg/s air at 98 kPa, 20 C
through a 0.4 m diameter vent hole. How high a velocity must it generate and how
much power is required to do that?
Solution:
C.V. Fan and vent hole. Steady state with uniform velocity out.
.
Continuity Eq.: m = constant = ρΑV = AV / v =AVP/RT

π
2
Ideal gas : Pv = RT, and area is A = 4 D

Now the velocity is found

.π π ⋅ 0.4
⋅ 98) = 17.1 m/s
2 2
V=m RT/( 4 P) = 2.5 ⋅ 0.287 ⋅ 293.15 / ( 4
D
The kinetic energy out is
2 1 2
2V 2= 2⋅ 17.1 / 1000 = 0.146 kJ/kg
1

which is provided by the work (only two terms in energy equation that does
not cancel, we assume V1 = 0)
.1 2
W.in = m 2 V 2 = 2.5 ⋅ 0.146 = 0.366 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.56
How much power is needed to run the fan in Problem 6.19?
o
A household fan of diameter 0.75 m takes air in at 98 kPa, 22 C and delivers it at
o
105 kPa, 23 C with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. What are the mass flow rate (kg/s), the
3
inlet velocity and the outgoing volume flow rate in m /s?
Solution:
Continuity Eq. m.i = m.e = AV/ v
Ideal gas v = RT/P

π π ⋅ 0.75
2 2 2
Area : A = 4 D = 4 = 0.442 m
3
V.e = AVe = 0.442 ⋅1.5 = 0.6627 m /s

ve = RTe
Pe = 0.287 ⋅ 296
3
105 = 0.8091 m /kg

m.i = V.e/ve = 0.6627/0.8091 = 0.819 kg/s

AVi /vi = m.i = AVe / ve

Vi = Ve ⋅ (vi / ve) = Ve ⋅ (RTi)/(Pive) = 1.5 ⋅0.287 ⋅ (22 + 273)

98 ⋅ 0.8091 = 1.6 m/s

. 2 . 2
m (hi + ½Vi ) = m (he+ ½Ve ) +W.
. . 2 2 . 2 2
W = m (hi + ½Vi – he – ½Ve ) = m [Cp (Ti-Te) + ½ Vi – ½Ve ]
2 2
= 0.819 [ 1.004 (-1) + 1.6 - 1.5
2000 ] = 0.819 [ -1.004 + 0.000155]
= - 0.81 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.57
A compressor in an air-conditioner receives saturated vapor R-410a at 400 kPa
o
and brings it to 1.8 MPa, 60 C in an adiabatic compression. Find the flow rate for
a compressor work of 2 kW?

C.V. Compressor. Assume adiabatic and neglect kinetic energies.

Energy Eq.6.13: w = h1 - h2
States: 1: B.4.2 h1 = 271.9 kJ/kg
2: B.4.2 h2 = 323.92 kJ/kg
–wC = h2 – h1 = 323.92 – 271.9 = 52.02 kJ/kg

. . . .
W = m wC ⌦ m = W / wC = 2 kW/ 52.02 kJ/kg = 0.038 kg/s
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Heaters/Coolers
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6.58
Carbon dioxide enters a steady-state, steady-flow heater at 300 kPa, 300 K, and
exits at 275 kPa, 1500 K, as shown in Fig. P6.58. Changes in kinetic and potential
energies are negligible. Calculate the required heat transfer per kilogram of
carbon dioxide flowing through the heater.
Solution:
C.V. Heater Steady state single inlet and exit flow.
Energy Eq.6.13: q + hi = he

e
i

Table A.8: q = he - hi = 1614.9 – 214.4 = 1400.5 kJ/kg

[If we use Cp0 from A.5 then q ≅ 0.842(1500 - 300) = 1010.4 kJ/kg]

∆T, T
Too large ave to use Cp0 at room temperature.
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.59
o
A condenser (cooler) receives 0.05 kg/s R-410a at 2000 kPa, 60 C and cools it to
o
15 C. Assume the exit properties are as for saturated liquid same T. What cooling
capacity (kW) must the condenser have?
Solution:
C.V. R-410a condenser. Steady state single flow, heat transfer out and no
work.
. .
Energy Eq.6.12: m h1 = m h2 + Q.out
Inlet state: Table B.4.2 h1 = 320.62 kJ/kg,
Exit state: Table B.4.1 h2 = 81.15 kJ/kg (compressed liquid) Process:
Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes.
Cooling capacity is taken as the heat transfer out i.e. positive out so
.
Q.out = m ( h1- h2) = 0.05 kg/s (320.62 – 81.15) kJ/kg
= 11.9735 kW = 12 kW

Q
cool
1
2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.60
Saturated liquid nitrogen at 600 kPa enters a boiler at a rate of 0.005 kg/s and
exits as saturated vapor. It then flows into a super heater also at 600 kPa where it
exits at 600 kPa, 280 K. Find the rate of heat transfer in the boiler and the super
heater.
Solution:
C.V.: boiler steady single inlet and exit flow, neglect KE, PE energies in flow

Continuity Eq.: m.1 = m.2 = m.3

Super 1 600 12
23 P
1 2 3v 3
heater vapor T

cb boiler Q v
Q

Table B.6.1: h1 = -81.469 kJ/kg, h2 = 86.85 kJ/kg,

Table B.6.2: h3 = 289.05 kJ/kg
Energy Eq.6.13: qboiler = h2 – h1 = 86.85 - (- 81.469) = 168.32 kJ/kg

Q.boiler = m.1qboiler = 0.005 ⋅ 168.32 = 0.842 kW

C.V. Superheater (same approximations as for boiler)
Energy Eq.6.13: qsup heater = h3 – h2 = 289.05 – 86.85 = 202.2 kJ/kg

Q.sup heater = m.2qsup heater = 0.005 ⋅ 202.2 = 1.01 kW

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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.61
The air conditioner in a house or a car has a cooler that brings atmospheric air from
o o
30 C to 10 C both states at 101 kPa. If the flow rate is 0.5 kg/s find the rate of
heat transfer.

Solution:
CV. Cooler. Steady state single flow with heat transfer.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy and no work term.

Energy Eq.6.13: qout = hi – he

Use constant heat capacity from Table A.5 (T is around 300 K)

qout = hi − he = Cp (Ti − Te)

= 1.004 kJ
⋅ (30 – 10) K = 20.1 kJ/kg
kg K

.
Q.out = m qout = 0.5 ⋅ 20.1 = 10 kW
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.62
A chiller cools liquid water for air-conditioning purposes. Assume 2.5 kg/s water
o o
at 20 C, 100 kPa is cooled to 5 C in a chiller. How much heat transfer (kW) is
needed?
Solution:
C.V. Chiller. Steady state single flow with heat transfer. Neglect changes in
kinetic and potential energy and no work term.
Energy Eq.6.13: qout = hi – he
Properties from Table B.1.1:
hi = 83.94 kJ/kg and he = 20.98 kJ/kg
Now the energy equation gives
qout = 83.94 – 20.98 = 62.96 kJ/kg
.
Q.out = m qout = 2.5 ⋅ 62.96 = 157.4 kW

Alternative property treatment since single phase and small ∆T

If we take constant heat capacity for the liquid from Table A.4

qout = hi – he ≅ Cp (Ti - Te )
= 4.18 (20 – 5) = 62.7 kJ/kg
.
Q.out = m qout = 2.5 ⋅ 62.7 = 156.75 kW

Q
cool
1
2
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Borgnakke and Sonntag

6.63
Carbon dioxide used as a natural refrigerant flows through a cooler at 10 MPa,
o
which is supercritical so no condensation occurs. The inlet is at 200 C and the
o
exit is at 40 C. Find the specific heat transfer.

C.V. Cooler. Steady state single flow with heat transfer. Neglect changes in
kinetic and potential energy and no work term.
Energy Eq.6.13: 0 = hi – he + q
Properties from Table B.3.2:
hi = 519.49 kJ/kg and he = 200.14 kJ/kg
Now the energy equation gives
q = 200.14 – 519.49 = –319.35 kJ/kg
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